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Journal articles on the topic 'Computer fonts'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Kubiak, Ireneusz. "Font Design—Shape Processing of Text Information Structures in the Process of Non-Invasive Data Acquisition." Computers 8, no. 4 (September 23, 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers8040070.

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Computer fonts can be a solution that supports the protection of information against electromagnetic penetration; however, not every font has features that counteract this process. The distinctive features of a font’s characters define the font. This article presents two new sets of computer fonts. These fonts are fully usable in everyday work. Additionally, they make it impossible to obtain information using non-invasive methods. The names of these fonts are directly related to the shapes of their characters. Each character in these fonts is built using only vertical and horizontal lines. The differences between the fonts lie in the widths of the vertical lines. The Safe Symmetrical font is built from vertical lines with the same width. The Safe Asymmetrical font is built from vertical lines with two different line widths. However, the appropriate proportions of the widths of the lines and clearances of each character need to be met for the safe fonts. The structures of the characters of the safe fonts ensure a high level of similarity between the characters. Additionally, these fonts do not make it difficult to read text in its primary form. However, sensitive transmissions are free from distinctive features, and the recognition of each character in reconstructed images is very difficult in contrast to traditional fonts, such as the Sang Mun font and Null Pointer font, which have many distinctive features. The usefulness of the computer fonts was assessed by the character error rate (CER); an analysis of this parameter was conducted in this work. The CER obtained very high values for the safe fonts; the values for traditional fonts were much lower. This article aims to presentat of a new solution in the area of protecting information against electromagnetic penetration. This is a new approach that could replace old solutions by incorporating heavy shielding, power and signal filters, and electromagnetic gaskets. Additionally, the application of these new fonts is very easy, as a user only needs to ensure that either the Safe Asymmetrical font or the Safe Symmetrical font is installed on the computer station that processes the text data.

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2

Kumar, Avinash, Kyeolhee Kang, Ammar ul Hassan Muhammad, and Jaeyoung Choi. "FontFusionGAN: Refinement of Handwritten Fonts by Font Fusion." Electronics 12, no. 20 (October 13, 2023): 4246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12204246.

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Handwritten fonts possess unique expressive qualities; however, their clarity often suffers because of inconsistent handwriting. This study introduces FontFusionGAN (FFGAN), a novel method that enhances handwritten fonts by mixing them with printed fonts. The proposed approach leverages a generative adversarial network (GAN) to synthesize fonts that combine the desirable features of both handwritten and printed font styles. Training a GAN on a comprehensive dataset of handwritten and printed fonts enables it to produce legible and visually appealing font samples. The methodology was applied to a dataset of handwriting fonts, showing substantial enhancements in the legibility of the original fonts, while retaining their unique aesthetic essence. Unlike the original GAN setting where a single noise vector is used to generate a sample image, we randomly selected two noise vectors, z1 and z2, from a Gaussian distribution to train the generator. Simultaneously, we input a real image into the fusion encoder for exact reconstruction. This technique ensured the learning of style mixing during training. During inference, we provided the encoder with two font images, one handwritten and the other printed font, to obtain their respective latent vectors. Subsequently, the latent vector of the handwritten font image was injected into the first five layers of the generator, whereas the latent vector of the printed font image was injected into the last two layers to obtain a refined handwritten font image. The proposed method has the potential to improve the readability of handwritten fonts, offering benefits across diverse applications, such as document composition, letter writing, and assisting individuals with reading and writing difficulties.

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3

Wright, T. "History and technology of computer fonts." IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 20, no. 2 (1998): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/85.667294.

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4

Griffee, A. W., and C. A. Casey. "An introduction to typographic fonts and digital font resources." IBM Systems Journal 27, no. 2 (1988): 206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/sj.272.0206.

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5

James, Stephen E. "Soft Palette Fonts." Electronic Library 5, no. 2 (February 1987): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb044737.

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6

Chen, Keh‐Jiann, Chien‐Chiao Yang, and Wei‐Chiao Wu. "A computer aided design system for artistic Chinese fonts." Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers 9, no. 4 (June 1986): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533839.1986.9676909.

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7

Gossling, T. H. "Beyond Hershey: A Representation of Fonts for Computer Graphics." Computer Graphics Forum 5, no. 4 (December 1986): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.1986.tb00315.x.

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8

McCallum, J. "Fonts are intellectual property too!" ITNOW 49, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwm002.

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9

Marovac, Nenad. "Handling fonts in electronic publishing systems." Computers & Graphics 11, no. 3 (January 1987): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0097-8493(87)90009-4.

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10

Lingan, Loganathan. "Anachronism in Fonts and Relative Dating of Computer Printed Documents: A Case Report." Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences & Forensic Medicine 2, no. 2 (September 7, 2020): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/qzjs3127.

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In the field of forensic document examination, identification of fonts and their dates of release may provide a lead as to the relative age of computer printouts. Hence, fonts in a printout can be used as a means of evaluation of an anachronism or chronological inconsistency. Therefore, an anachronism betrays the fabricated nature of the questioned documents. In the present case study, the traditional methodology of typescript matching coupled with an off-line digital tool were used in identifying pre-dated documents and disproving the genuineness of the documents in question. The procedure adopted for differentiation, identification and confirmation of font(s) and years of release of fonts for commercial use is discussed.Hence, in this case report it was safely concluded that the disputed agreement for sale could have been prepared on a later date than the purported date of execution i.e.1993 for the reason that the use of the “Comic Sans MS” font is an anachronism.

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11

Hersch, Roger D., and Claude Betrisey. "Model-based matching and hinting of fonts." ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 25, no. 4 (July 2, 1991): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/127719.122726.

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12

Çakir, Ahmet. "Digital fonts and reading." Behaviour & Information Technology 35, no. 10 (July 19, 2016): 872–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2016.1196036.

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13

Ip, Horace H. S., Helena T. F. Wong, and Florence Y. Mong. "Fractal coding of Chinese scalable calligraphic fonts." Computers & Graphics 18, no. 3 (May 1994): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0097-8493(94)90036-1.

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14

Shamir, Ariel, and Ari Rappoport. "Compacting oriental fonts by optimizing parametric elements." Visual Computer 15, no. 6 (October 1, 1999): 302–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003710050179.

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15

Wallace, Shaun, Zoya Bylinskii, Jonathan Dobres, Bernard Kerr, Sam Berlow, Rick Treitman, Nirmal Kumawat, et al. "Towards Individuated Reading Experiences: Different Fonts Increase Reading Speed for Different Individuals." ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 29, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3502222.

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In our age of ubiquitous digital displays, adults often read in short, opportunistic interludes. In this context of Interlude Reading , we consider if manipulating font choice can improve adult readers’ reading outcomes. Our studies normalize font size by human perception and use hundreds of crowdsourced participants to provide a foundation for understanding, which fonts people prefer and which fonts make them more effective readers. Participants’ reading speeds (measured in words-per-minute (WPM)) increased by 35% when comparing fastest and slowest fonts without affecting reading comprehension. High WPM variability across fonts suggests that one font does not fit all. We provide font recommendations related to higher reading speed and discuss the need for individuation, allowing digital devices to match their readers’ needs in the moment. We provide recommendations from one of the most significant online reading efforts to date. To complement this, we release our materials and tools with this article.

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16

Balashova, Elena, Amit H. Bermano, Vladimir G. Kim, Stephen DiVerdi, Aaron Hertzmann, and Thomas Funkhouser. "Learning A Stroke‐Based Representation for Fonts." Computer Graphics Forum 38, no. 1 (October 5, 2018): 429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13540.

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17

Gunna, Sanjana, Rohit Saluja, and Cheerakkuzhi Veluthemana Jawahar. "Improving Scene Text Recognition for Indian Languages with Transfer Learning and Font Diversity." Journal of Imaging 8, no. 4 (March 23, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8040086.

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Reading Indian scene texts is complex due to the use of regional vocabulary, multiple fonts/scripts, and text size. This work investigates the significant differences in Indian and Latin Scene Text Recognition (STR) systems. Recent STR works rely on synthetic generators that involve diverse fonts to ensure robust reading solutions. We present utilizing additional non-Unicode fonts with generally employed Unicode fonts to cover font diversity in such synthesizers for Indian languages. We also perform experiments on transfer learning among six different Indian languages. Our transfer learning experiments on synthetic images with common backgrounds provide an exciting insight that Indian scripts can benefit from each other than from the extensive English datasets. Our evaluations for the real settings help us achieve significant improvements over previous methods on four Indian languages from standard datasets like IIIT-ILST, MLT-17, and the new dataset (we release) containing 440 scene images with 500 Gujarati and 2535 Tamil words. Further enriching the synthetic dataset with non-Unicode fonts and multiple augmentations helps us achieve a remarkable Word Recognition Rate gain of over 33% on the IIIT-ILST Hindi dataset. We also present the results of lexicon-based transcription approaches for all six languages.

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18

Matsukida, Hirotsugu, Yuta Mieno, and Hiroyuki Fujioka. "Reconstructing Handwriting Character Font Models with Incorrect Stroke Order." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 6, no. 2 (April 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmcmc.2014040101.

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This paper considers the problem for reconstructing handwriting character fonts based on the so-called dynamic font method. In particular, supposing that the authors are given such character fonts with incorrect stroke order, the authors develop a scheme for correctly modifying the stroke order of characters. Such a scheme is developed by utilizing the so-called starting point fixation method and the dynamic font method. Then it is shown using a theory of smoothing splines that the authors can reconstruct the character fonts to natural cursive characters even when the stroke order of characters is incorrect. The usefulness and effectiveness are examined by experimental studies.

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19

Heller, Stephen. "Computer Software Reviews. Printer Fonts: Bitstream Facelift and HP Type Director 2.0." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 31, no. 3 (August 1, 1991): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci00003a601.

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20

Moon, Y. S., and W. K. Hui. "High quality Chinese fonts generation for desktop publishing — a computer vision approach." Pattern Recognition Letters 9, no. 2 (February 1989): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(89)90047-0.

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21

Jung, Younghun, Younghun Jung, Byunghak Ahn, and Byunghak Ahn. "A Method of Designing a Slanted Cursive Font through Analysis of Hangeul Slanted and Cursive Fonts." Archives of Design Research 34, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15187/adr.2021.05.34.2.47.

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22

Catalano, Frank. "Fancy Fonts: Symbol library for Mac printing." Electronic Library 5, no. 4 (April 1987): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb044755.

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23

Parker, J. R. "Scaling low-resolution bitmap fonts using linear feature extraction." Visual Computer 6, no. 2 (March 1990): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01901068.

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24

Bojan, Banjanin, and Nedeljkovic Uroš. "Font hinting techniques and the importance of applying these techniques for high-quality display of fonts on the output device screen." Journal of Graphic Engineering and Design 3, no. 1 (June 2012): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/jged-2012-1-023.

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In the era of contemporary and rapid way of life and with advancing digital technology, the display of electronic content on different types of portable devices becomes a part of everyday life. Whether it is on the screen of a Tablet PC, mobile phone or e-book reader, the font needs to be designed in such a way that the displayed message is received and understood as easy and efficiently as possible.When it comes to digital font, intended for display on screen, it is necessary to take into account the properties of the output device and font size to be used. Since the text is intended for display on small screens (especially in case of portable devices), the used font should be adapted to such conditions, namely, it should be designed so as to be readable and legible even at small sizes and at different resolutions of the device.The integral part of contemporary outline fonts are additional instructions on how rasterizer is to render letters at lower resolutions and lower font sizes. These instructions are known as hints, or hint mechanisms, and the process of defining these instructions is called hinting. The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the issues of the display of small sizes fonts on screen. The paper will also elaborate the hinting techniques with emphasis on TrueType hint mechanisms that are most suitable for high-quality display on the output device screen, as well as some methods of automatic hinting. Theoretical basis introduced here, represent foundation on which further exploration will lay on. It is important for broadening the knowledge in the field of rasterization and automatic hinting but also for finding new solutions for the simpler and better hinting.

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25

Fischer, Thomas, Björn Lundell, and Jonas Gamalielsson. "On PDF/A Conformance and Font Usage in PDF Documents Provided by Public Sector Organizations." International Journal of Standardization Research 20, no. 1 (September 6, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsr.329605.

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The use of appropriate fonts and file formats for long-term maintenance of digital assets is a challenge for organizations in the public sector. The article reports from a study which investigated the PDF/A conformance and font usage in PDF files provided by Swedish public sector organizations (PSOs). This article presents an analysis of the PDF files' properties and font usage including a categorization of fonts' licenses. This study is motivated by the PDF/A-1 standard's requirement that ‘only fonts that are legally embeddable in a file for unlimited, universal rendering shall be used.' Analyzing PDF sets from three PSOs, the finding shows that the proportion of files that claim or succeed at conforming to PDF/A greatly varies among the sets despite similar backgrounds. Although the most popular way to make use of fonts is by embedding a subset of the font data, for some fonts expected to be ‘always available,' a considerable proportion of PDF files does not include any font data. This puts the onus of locating this data on the PDF reader which is problematic for long-term archival.

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26

Benzarti, Faouzi, Ilyes Ouled Omar, and Sofiene Haboubi. "New architectural optical character recognition approach for cursive fonts: the historical Maghrebian font as an example." International Journal of Innovative Computing and Applications 14, no. 1/2 (2023): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijica.2023.10054515.

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27

Omar, Ilyes Ouled, Sofiene Haboubi, and Faouzi Benzarti. "New architectural optical character recognition approach for cursive fonts: the historical Maghrebian font as an example." International Journal of Innovative Computing and Applications 14, no. 1/2 (2023): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijica.2023.129361.

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28

Punsongserm, Rachapoom. "Effectiveness of Predominant Letterforms in Multi-Viewing Distances: Thai Universal Design Font Versus Familiar Thai Text Fonts." Archives of Design Research 36, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 87–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.15187/adr.2023.11.36.4.87.

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29

Fu, Jiao, Jian Zhong, Keying Deng, Yuqian Wu, and Xia Yang. ""View Wisps of Smoke Rising from The Stove Again"." International Journal of Education and Humanities 13, no. 2 (April 3, 2024): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/p7b9tz46.

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Chinese calligraphy is the carrier of cultural heritage and has profound cultural connotations. The origin of Chinese calligraphy can be traced back to the ancient oracle bone inscriptions and Chinese bronze inscriptions period, which has a history of several thousand years. It is a key element of Chinese culture and an important means to inherit China's excellent traditional culture in the new era. Under the impact of information technology and “fast food ” culture, various computer fonts and personalized fonts have emerged, and people tend to use some "odd" fonts, and their cultural awareness is gradually weakened. In the new era, Chinese calligraphy culture is full of vigor, which requires us to deeply understand the essence of calligraphy culture, respect history and culture better, enhance cultural identity, and firmly believe in culture. We should adapt to the development of science and technology, using artificial intelligence technology to add new energy to traditional culture, inherit the historical context better, create an atmosphere where everyone strives to be a cultural inheritor, and carry forward the spirit of writing.

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30

Bratić, Diana, Nikolina Stanić Loknar, and Tajana Koren Ivančević. "Readability Evaluation of Variable Handwritten Fonts on Different Screen Sizes Using Fuzzy Logic." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 16, no. 11 (June 7, 2022): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i11.31137.

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According to the OpenType standard, variable font is a single font file which contains all style versions of one typeface family, as opposed to standard font families that use different files for each style version. Therefore, they are suitable for use on web because one file with all the necessary typeface styles is significantly smaller in size than classic families with multiple files. This shortens the font loading time, which enables wide range of typographical use on various devices. This paper investigates the readability of handwritten variable fonts in a responsible web environment on four screen sizes: extra small, small, medium, and large. Seven letter cuts were made from basic monoline handwritten font: thin, ultra-light, light, regular, semi-bold, bold, and ultra-bold. This paper presents model of readability evaluation using the fuzzy logic based postprocessing method for segmentation values related to evaluation criteria. Linguistic variable’s values are used to rate readability level against each of the criteria i.e., attributes. Prototype of a variable handwritten fonts are tested in responsive web environment, using CSS technology. The results show that readability evaluation has measurable output because the score combine various numeral factors affecting the readability of particular letter cut. Also, the results indicate that this type of font is not suitable for displays on extra small and medium screens such as mobile phones and tablets. That knowledge opens advanced possibilities to designers when designing for web because variable handwritten fonts are relatively simple, uniform and easily manageable. Using of proposed model in short time can show readability level of some font type on a new web.

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31

Becker, Donald A. "Enhancing the User-Friendliness of Macintosh Foreign Character Fonts." CALICO Journal 6, no. 2 (January 14, 2013): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cj.v6i2.7-25.

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The popularity of the Macintosh with users of foreign character fonts is explained to a large extent by the letters WYSIWYG: "What you see is what you get." However, with writing systems as complex as those of India or even as straightforward as those of Armenia and Ancient Greece, seeing on the Macintosh screen what one wants to get has often required the mastery of some highly arbitrary keyboard layouts. This article suggests some ways of enhancing the user-friendliness of many Macintosh fonts with the aid of three commercial programs: MacKeymeleon, FONTastic Plus, and Tempo (and Tempo II).

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32

Kubiak, Ireneusz, Alexandru Boitan, and Simona Halunga. "Assessing the Security of TEMPEST Fonts against Electromagnetic Eavesdropping by Using Different Specialized Receivers." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 19, 2020): 2828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082828.

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The main topic of the present paper is the printed text protection against electromagnetic infiltration. There are many solutions to protect such data. One of these methods is the one that uses computer fonts that are characterized by special shapes. The suitability of the solution has to be confirmed by many tests and analyses. An important element of such researches is the class of receiving devices used. In the case of measurements of the valuable emissions arising from electronic data processing of the printed text, typical receivers that are used for measurements of electromagnetic compatibility cannot be used. They have to be dedicated devices for measuring the very low level of signal that arises unintentionally. The sensitivity of the receiver must be very high in wide measuring bands. In addition, in order to assess the method of preventing electromagnetic infiltration, it is important to verify it by independent institutions. An additional advantage is the use of different receivers in the assessment process. This paper presents the results of studies made regarding the suitability of two sets of fonts with special shapes (secure symmetrical and secure asymmetrical) in secure information processing. The analysis of the fonts was based on visual examination, a basic method of preliminary assessment of electromagnetic emissions correlated with processed text information, of the images reproduced from unwanted emissions. The tests were carried out at two independent institutions, Military Communication Institute—Poland, Special Telecommunications Services—Romania, using three different types of receivers: Tempest Test System DSI-1550A, Rohde & Schwarz FSET22 and Rohde & Schwarz FSWT. The images obtained in the two independent laboratories with different setup and test equipment confirmed thus without doubt the possibility of using special fonts as the solution against an effectiveness of electromagnetic infiltration. The above assessment is correct, regardless of the used receiver and the environment of implementation of the secure fonts.

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33

Tang, Shusen, Zeqing Xia, Zhouhui Lian, Yingmin Tang, and Jianguo Xiao. "FontRNN: Generating Large‐scale Chinese Fonts via Recurrent Neural Network." Computer Graphics Forum 38, no. 7 (October 2019): 567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13861.

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34

Sieghart, Sabina. "The Influence of Fonts on the Reading Performance in Easy-to-Read Texts: A Legibility Study with 145 Participants." Design Issues 39, no. 3 (2023): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/desi_a_00724.

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Abstract This study examines whether the common typographical recommendations for texts in easy-to-read language are helpful. So far, using a sans-serif font in 14 pt has been suggested. The statistical evaluation shows that Thesis TheSans is read significantly faster than Arial. Fonts with serifs are read slightly faster. The font size of 12 pt is large enough. The study clearly indicates that the strict commitment to sans serif fonts—and the Arial font in particular—for texts in easy-to-read language is wrong. The results can be used by designers and clients as a valid decision-making aid when creating barrier-free communication.

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35

Boitan, Alexandru, Ireneusz Kubiak, Simona Halunga, Artur Przybysz, and Andrzej Stańczak. "Method of Colors and Secure Fonts Used for Source Shaping of Valuable Emissions from Projector in Electromagnetic Eavesdropping Process." Symmetry 12, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 1908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111908.

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The protection of information processed electronically involves a large number of IT devices from computer sets or laptops to monitors, printers, servers, etc. In many cases, classified information processing might be associated with the use of projectors, which are an indispensable element of meetings for a limited group of people. Such devices are connected to computers through interfaces of various analogue and digital standards and can become an additional source of unwanted emissions, and the distinctive features of these emissions allow the information displayed to be unwantedly reproduced. This paper offers evidence of the existing threat related to electromagnetic infiltration of several projectors, by showing images reconstructed from registered revealing emissions. The paper presents an analysis of several solutions that can be used to reduce the level of infiltration susceptibility of projectors or to highlight this property in the device assessment process. The possibilities of using special computer fonts and the so-called method of colors—background color and text color—is analyzed. The tests were carried out on randomly selected projectors in two independent laboratories, and, based on these results, a number of interesting conclusions have been highlighted at the end.

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36

Lim, Soon-Bum, Jongwoo Lee, Xiaotong Zhao, and Yoojeong Song. "Detection Model of Hangul Stroke Elements: Expansion of Non-Structured Font and Influence Evaluation by Stroke Element Combinations." Electronics 12, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020383.

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With the increase of various media, fonts continue to be newly developed. In Korea, numerous ‘Hangul’ fonts are also being developed, and as a result, the need for research on determining the similarity between fonts is emerging. For example, when creating a document, the font to be used must be downloaded from each computing environment. However, this is a very cumbersome process. If there is a font that is not supported in the system, the above problem can be easily solved by recommending the most similar font that can replace it. According to this need, we conducted various prior studies for similar font recommendations. As a result, we developed a ‘stroke element’ that exists in each consonant and vowel in Korean font and developed a font recommendation model using a stroke element. However, there is a limitation in that the existing research was studied only for the structured fonts corresponding to the printed type. Additionally, the font size was not considered in the font recommendation. In this study, two experiments were conducted to expand the font recommendation model by supplementing the limitations of existing studies. First, in order to enable similar font recommendations based on the stroke element even in fonts with various shapes, the font was classified according to the shape, and the stroke elements in each classification were detected. Second, when the font sizes were different, the change in the font recommendations result based on the stroke element was analyzed. In conclusion, we found that it was necessary to find a plan to extract stroke elements for font recommendation of fonts that do not belong to standard fonts. In addition, since the influence of the stroke element varies depending on the size of the font, we propose a stroke element weight model that can be used for recommendation by reflecting it.

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37

Hitch, Doug. "Inuktitut Syllabics and Microcomputers." section I 38, no. 1 (September 30, 2002): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/003072ar.

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Abstract Word processing with Syllables is now very common. Many different approaches have been used. In 1985 a computer code standard like the ASCII was proposed for Syllables in order to facilitate communication. This has not been widely implemented and is not likely to gain further recognition. Macintosh computers have always had a built-in ability to show Syllables on the screen. DOS computers have employed various technologies to do this. For both types of computers there are Syllables word-processing solutions that employ the proposed standard and those that do not. Today the Macintosh is the machine of choice for work with Syllables. Three different strategies are currently in use with the Macintosh, involving a keyboard translator, over-striking, or Option key. There are four outline fonts for the Mac on the market. Two organizations, the ISO and Unicode, inc., are working on a new computer code which will contain more than 65,000 characters. Syllables should be included in this set. It would be useful to standardize the Syllables keyboard. There are different key layouts for almost every solution. A standard layout for Syllables, like that for English, will probably survive through several generations of technological change.

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38

Alexeeva, Svetlana, Vladislav Zubov, and Alena Konina. "Adolescents reading texts in LexiaD, a dyslexia-specific Cyrillic font: A mobile eye-tracking study." Russian Journal of Cognitive Science 9, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2022): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47010/22.1-2.5.

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Recently, LexiaD, a dyslexia-specific Cyrillic font, was tested alongside the widely used Arial font in an experiment during which adolescents with and without dyslexia silently read sentences on a computer screen (Alexeeva et al., 2022). LexiaD showed a worse performance than Arial at the beginning of the experiment, but by the end of it, LexiaD demonstrated a positive effect in feature extraction and similar performance in lexical access, text integration, and global reading processing. We suggest that Arial’s initial advantage can be explained either by its familiarity or by its design features. The current study aims to test these assumptions in adolescents without dyslexia by comparing LexiaD with two popular fonts familiar to adolescents: Times New Roman and Roboto (a default font for the Google applications that is similar to Arial). Participants silently read printed versions of three texts (one in each of the three fonts) while their eye movements were recorded using a mobile eye tracker (Pupil Core glasses). In reading speed measures, Roboto outperformed LexiaD, whereas we found no evidence that Times New Roman’s performance was better than that of LexiaD. Moreover, there was no evidence that the control fonts differed in terms of subjective font familiarity. Therefore, we speculate that it was the design features that contributed the most to Arial becoming a facilitating font in the previous experiment. A study that investigates the efficiency of LexiaD, Arial/Roboto, and Times New Roman in a less experienced group (with participants less accustomed to particular fonts) is required to replicate our results. Involving people with dyslexia in future studies is extremely important.

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Alzubaidi, Mohammad A., Mwaffaq Otoom, and Nouran S. Ahmad. "Real-time Assistive Reader Pen for Arabic Language." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 1 (April 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3423133.

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Disability is an impairment affecting an individual's livelihood and independence. Assistive technology enables the disabled cohort of the community to break the barriers to learning, access information, contribute to the community, and live independently. This article proposes an assistive device to enable people with visual disabilities and learning disabilities to access printed Arabic material in real-time, and to help them participate in the education system and the professional workforce. This proposed assistive device employs Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Text To Speech (TTS) conversion, using concatenation synthesis. OCR is achieved using image processing, character extraction, and classification, while Arabic speech synthesis is achieved through concatenation synthesis, followed by Multi Band Re-synthesis Overlap-Add (MBROLA). Waveform generation in the second phase produces vocal output for the disabled user to hear. OCR character and word accuracy tests were conducted for nine Arabic fonts. The results show that six fonts were recognized with over 60% character accuracy and two fonts were recognized with over 88% accuracy. A Mean Opinion Score (MOS) test for speech quality was conducted. The results showed an overall MOS score of 3.53/5 and indicated that users were able to understand the speech. A real-time usability testing was conducted with 10 subjects. The results showed an overall average of agreements scores of 3.9/5 and indicated that the proposed Arabic reader pen meets the real-time constraints and is pleasant and satisfying to use and can contribute to make printed Arabic material accessible to visually impaired persons and people with learning disabilities.

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Raitt, David. "World Watch." Electronic Library 14, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb045462.

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World Watch is a nifty little software package for Windows which displays world and regional maps showing cities and the local time for various locations selected by the user. In addition, a dynamic illuminated pattern in the centre of the map shows those areas of the world currently experiencing daylight. The pattern highlights the progress of seasons, displays sunrise and sunset as they happen and automatically adjusts to summer or daylight saving time. World Watch also doubles as a very nice screen saver which utilises all the functions of the program. The package contains a 3.5″ disk and user manual (pretty good), and installing the program is simplicity itself — simply insert the diskette and follow instructions, and in an instant the program is ready for use and/or customisation. There is the possibility to use small fonts (as opposed to the Windows system fonts), though these fonts are not mentioned in the manual. Besides how to operate and customise World Watch, the user manual also provides some technical information on how the program works, a glossary of terms, and the coordinates and time relative to GMT of the cities included in the package.

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Sarfraz, M., and F. A. Razzak. "A Web based system to capture outlines of Arabic fonts." Information Sciences 150, no. 3-4 (April 2003): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-0255(02)00376-6.

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Salih, Sardar O. "Kurdish- Arabic Text in Computer with Non-Standards, Challenges and Recommendations." Academic Journal of Nawroz University 9, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v9n1a584.

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This paper determines challenges when using Kurdish-Arabic script (Kurdish and Arabic characters) with computer. Any written script in computer passes in three steps, started from input characters (creating characters), store created characters (encoding) and displaying characters on screen or printing on printer. In Kurdish-Arabic written system (Central Kurdistan) challenges occur on these three steps, as a result, there is not standard (compatible issue) for Kurdish-Arabic script, such as keyboard layout (position of characters and ordered on board) (input issue), encoding for storing script and fonts to displaying Kurdish-Arabic script when using Arabic based keyboard. This research tries to find issues with cases while using this script and proposed recommendations which help to reduce these challenges.

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Yang, Zhihua, Lihua Yang, Dongxu Qi, and Ching Y. Suen. "An EMD-based recognition method for Chinese fonts and styles." Pattern Recognition Letters 27, no. 14 (October 2006): 1692–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2006.03.002.

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Chang, Kuang-Yao, and Gregory Y. Tang. "A data compression method on chinese fonts using classification techniques." Pattern Recognition 25, no. 9 (September 1992): 1023–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(92)90065-q.

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Toraichi, Kazuo. "On a method of automatically compressing fonts with high resolution." Pattern Recognition 26, no. 2 (February 1993): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(93)90031-q.

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Carr, Lloyd. "Simon Garfield: Just My Type, A Book About Fonts." Publishing Research Quarterly 27, no. 2 (February 23, 2011): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12109-011-9204-9.

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Lim, Soon-Bum, Young-Seo Ji, Byunghak Ahn, Jae Hong Park, and Yoojeong Song. "Implementing and Evaluating a Font Recommendation System Through Emotion-Based Content-Font Mapping." Applied Sciences 14, no. 3 (January 29, 2024): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14031123.

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Rapid digital content growth demands pivotal font selection for design and communication. Our study focuses on a font recommendation system that aligns fonts with content emotions. To achieve this, we define font-emotions and quantify them. Additionally, we leverage deep learning techniques for content analysis. Understanding common emotional perceptions, we aimed to align fonts with content emotions. After evaluating diverse mapping methods, we determined a correlation analysis-based model to be most effective. Implementing this model, we verified its utility through usability evaluations. Our proposed system not only assists users with limited design knowledge in receiving contextually fitting font suggestions but also extends its application across various digital content realms.

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Memon, Irfanullah, Ammar ul Hassan Muhammad, and Jaeyoung Choi. "Robustness of Contrastive Learning on Multilingual Font Style Classification Using Various Contrastive Loss Functions." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (March 13, 2023): 3635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063635.

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Font is a crucial design aspect, however, classifying fonts is challenging compared with that of other natural objects, as fonts differ from images. This paper presents the application of contrastive learning in font style classification. We conducted various experiments to demonstrate the robustness of contrastive image representation learning. First, we built a multilingual synthetic dataset for Chinese, English, and Korean fonts. Next, we trained the model using various contrastive loss functions, i.e., normalized temperature scaled cross-entropy loss, triplet loss, and supervised contrastive loss. We made some explicit changes to the approach of applying contrastive learning in the domain of font style classification by not applying any image augmentation. We compared the results with those of a fully supervised approach and achieved comparable results using contrastive learning with fewer annotated images and a smaller number of training epochs. In addition, we also evaluated the effect of applying different contrastive loss functions on training.

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HALFON, EFRAIM, and MORLEY HOWELL. "VISUALIZATION OF LIMNOLOGICAL DATA AS TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER GENERATED ANIMATIONS." Journal of Biological Systems 02, no. 04 (December 1994): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339094000271.

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DATA ANIMATOR is a software program to develop and display limnological data as computer generated animations. The purpose of the program is to visualize in a dynamical fashion a variety of data collected in lakes. Examples are originated from Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario. Data collected at different stations and different times are interpolated in space and in time. Lake topography and lake bathymetry files are used to relate data collected in the lake(s) with topographical features. A graphic user interface allows the user to choose two- or three-dimensional views, a viewpoint, fonts, colour palette, data and keyframes. A typical 1800 frame animation can be displayed in a minute at 30 frames per second. Rendering time is about 12 hours. Animations can be displayed on a monitor or transferred to video tape.

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Öz Pektaş, Hatice. "Font games in typography education: Typewar." SHS Web of Conferences 48 (2018): 01072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184801072.

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Typography is an area of expertise that focuses on artistic and design-based features and production technologies of all printed scripts. Although typography is an important element of many design branches, it is primarily one of the basic courses of Communication Design, Visual Communication Design, and Graphic Design departments. Current education methods are outdated and boring for the young target audience who got used to a lifestyle full of computers and mobile devices. Digital games are important means used in educational environments thanks to computer technologies. In 2017-2018 Academic Year’s Fall Semester, 20 students from Graphic Design and Communication Design Departments who took Typography I course was made to play "typewar" game and the results of the games were recorded and the success of the students in recognizing the writing types in this game was measured. The typewar game was preferred in order to teach students "the anatomical structures of the whole alphabet by introducing serif and non-serif fonts" as a purpose of the course. In the research, it was observed that there was a difference in the number of the font types that students can remember and distinguish between classical methods and typewar game. In the survey made after the game, students’ opinion on the use of games in typography education was taken.

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