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Journal articles on the topic 'Computer programming language'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Olatunji, Ezekiel Kolawole, John B. Oladosu, Odetunji A. Odejobi, and Stephen O. Olabiyisi. "Design and implementation of an African native language-based programming language." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v10.i2.pp171-177.

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<p>Most of the existing high level programming languages havehitherto borrowed their lexical items from human languages including European and Asian languages. However, there is paucity of research information on programming languages developed with the lexicons of an African indigenous language. This research explored the design and implementation of an African indigenous language-based programming language using Yoruba as case study. Yoruba is the first language of over 30 million people in the south-west of Nigeria, Africa; and is spoken by over one hundred million people world-wide. It is hoped, as established by research studies, that making computer programming possible in one’s mother tongue will enhance computer-based problem-solving processes by indigenous learners and teachers. The alphabets and reserved words of the programming language were respectively formed from the basic Yoruba alphabets and standard Yoruba words. The lexical items and syntactic structures of the programming language were designed with appropriate regular expressions and context-free grammars, using Backus-Naur Form (BNF) notations. A prototype implementation of the programming language was carried out as a source-to-source, 5-pass compiler. QBasic within QB64 IDE was the implementation language. The results from implementation showed functional correctness and effectiveness of the developed programming language. Thus lexical items of a programming language need not be borrowed exclusively from European and Asian languages, they can and should be borrowed from most African native languages. Furthermore, the developed native language programming language can be used to introduce computer programming to indigenous pupils of primary and junior secondary schools.</p>

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2

Ellero, Andrea, and Paola Pellegrini. "Computer Language Effciency via Data Envelopment Analysis." Advances in Operations Research 2011 (2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/154516.

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The selection of the computer language to adopt is usually driven by intuition and expertise, since it is very diffcult to compare languages taking into account all their characteristics. In this paper, we analyze the effciency of programming languages through Data Envelopment Analysis. We collected the input data fromThe Computer Language Benchmarks Game: we consider a large set of languages in terms of computational time, memory usage, and source code size. Various benchmark problems are tackled. We analyze the results first of all considering programming languages individually. Then, we evaluate families of them sharing some characteristics, for example, being compiled or interpreted.

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Mitchell, John C. "Programming language methods in computer security." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 36, no. 3 (March 2001): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/373243.360205.

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Rodríguez, Santiago, José L. Pedraza, Antonio García, Francisco Rosales, and Rafael Méndez. "Computer-Assisted Assembly Language Programming Laboratory." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 44, no. 3 (July 2007): 216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijeee.44.3.2.

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This paper presents a new approach for managing laboratory work mini-projects that is used in the Computer Architecture Department of the Technical University of Madrid (UPM). The approach is based on a chain of tools (a Delivery Agent; an Automatic Project Evaluator; and a Plagiarism Detection Assistant) that a small number of teachers can use to efficiently manage a course with a large number of students (400 each year). Students use this tool chain to complete the Assembly Language Programming laboratory assignments using an MC88110 simulator built in our department. Jointly, these tools have demonstrated over the last decade what important benefits can be gained from the exploitation of a global laboratory work management system. Some of the benefits may have a continuation in an area of growing importance that we have not yet explored, such as distance learning environments for technical subjects.

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Olatunji, Ezekiel K., John B. Oladosu, Odetunji A. Odejobi, and Stephen O. Olabiyisi. "A Needs Assessment for Indigenous African Language-Based Programming Languages." Annals of Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ast-2019-0007.

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AbstractThe development of an African native language-based programming language, using Yoruba as a case study, is envisioned. Programming languages based on the lexicons of indigenous African languages are rare to come by unlike those based on Asian and / or European languages. Availability of programming languages based on lexicons of African indigenous language would facilitate comprehension of problem-solving processes using computer by indigenous learners and teachers as confirmed by research results. In order to further assess the relevance, usefulness and needfulness of such a programming language, a preliminary needs assessment survey was carried out. The needs assessment was carried out through design of a structured questionnaire which was administered to 130 stakeholders in computer profession and computer education; including some staffers and learners of some primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions in Oyo and Osun states of Nigeria, Africa. The responses to the questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The analysis of the responses to the questionnaire shows that 89% of the respondents to the questionnaire expressed excitement and willingness to program or learn programming in their mother tongue-based programming language, if such a programming language is developed. This result shows the high degree of relevance, usefulness and needfulness of a native language-based programming language as well as the worthwhileness of embarking on development of such a programming language.

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EBERBACH, EUGENIUSZ. "SEMAL: A COST LANGUAGE BASED ON THE CALCULUS OF SELF-MODIFIABLE ALGORITHMS." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 04, no. 03 (September 1994): 391–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194094000192.

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The design, specification, and preliminary implementation of the SEMAL language, based upon the Calculus of Self-modifiable Algorithms model of computation is presented. A Calculus of Self-modifiable Algorithms is a universal theory for parallel and intelligent systems, integrating different styles of programming, and applied to a wealth of domains of future generation computers. It has some features from logic, rule-based, procedural, functional, and object-oriented programming. It has been designed to be a relatively universal tool for AI similar to the way Hoare’s Communicating Sequential Processes and Milner’s Calculus of Communicating Systems are basic theories for parallel systems. The formal basis of this approach is described. The model is used to derive a new programming paradigm, so-called cost languages and new computer architectures cost-driven computers. As a representative of cost languages, the SEMAL language is presented.

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7

Riecke, Jon G. "Programming language semantics." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 32, no. 1 (January 1997): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/251595.251613.

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8

Seidman, Robert H. "Computer Programming and Logical Reasoning: Unintended Cognitive Effects." Journal of Educational Technology Systems 18, no. 2 (December 1989): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/myuy-g56t-226t-pvt0.

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Recent research results having to do with explicit instruction in computer programming and cognitive skills indicate an increased emphasis upon the structure of the learning environment surrounding programming languages. A new research direction concerned with transfer effects due to environmental aspects of programming instruction is emerging. A conceptual analysis of the syntax and semantics of the IF-THEN [ELSE] conditional command is presented which suggests that mastering a procedural language itself (independent of environment) might have unintended, indirect, and potentially negative effects upon fundamental intellectual skills. Research is reported which suggests that there are unintended side-effects upon childrens' conditional reasoning ability due to learning a procedural computer programming language.

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9

Wirth, Niklaus. "From programming language design to computer construction." Communications of the ACM 28, no. 2 (February 1985): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2786.2789.

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Zhang, Feng, Guofan Li, Cong Liu, and Qian Song. "Flowchart-Based Cross-Language Source Code Similarity Detection." Scientific Programming 2020 (December 17, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8835310.

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Source code similarity detection has various applications in code plagiarism detection and software intellectual property protection. In computer programming teaching, students may convert the source code written in one programming language into another language for their code assignment submission. Existing similarity measures of source code written in the same language are not applicable for the cross-language code similarity detection because of syntactic differences among different programming languages. Meanwhile, existing cross-language source similarity detection approaches are susceptible to complex code obfuscation techniques, such as replacing equivalent control structure and adding redundant statements. To solve this problem, we propose a cross-language code similarity detection (CLCSD) approach based on code flowcharts. In general, two source code fragments written in different programming languages are transformed into standardized code flowcharts (SCFC), and their similarity is obtained by measuring their corresponding SCFC. More specifically, we first introduce the standardized code flowchart (SCFC) model to be the uniform flowcharts representation of source code written in different languages. SCFC is language-independent, and therefore, it can be used as the intermediate structure for source code similarity detection. Meanwhile, transformation techniques are given to transform source code written in a specific programming language into an SCFC. Second, we propose the SCFC-SPGK algorithm based on the shortest path graph kernel to measure the similarity between two SCFCs. Thus, the similarity between two pieces of source code in different programming languages is given by the similarity between SCFCs. Experimental results show that compared with existing approaches, CLCSD has higher accuracy in cross-language source code similarity detection. Furthermore, CLCSD cannot only handle common source code obfuscation techniques used by students in computer programming teaching but also obtain nearly 90% accuracy in dealing with some complex obfuscation techniques.

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Wang, Ge, Perry R. Cook, and Spencer Salazar. "ChucK: A Strongly Timed Computer Music Language." Computer Music Journal 39, no. 4 (December 2015): 10–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/comj_a_00324.

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ChucK is a programming language designed for computer music. It aims to be expressive and straightforward to read and write with respect to time and concurrency, and to provide a platform for precise audio synthesis and analysis and for rapid experimentation in computer music. In particular, ChucK defines the notion of a strongly timed audio programming language, comprising a versatile time-based programming model that allows programmers to flexibly and precisely control the flow of time in code and use the keyword now as a time-aware control construct, and gives programmers the ability to use the timing mechanism to realize sample-accurate concurrent programming. Several case studies are presented that illustrate the workings, properties, and personality of the language. We also discuss applications of ChucK in laptop orchestras, computer music pedagogy, and mobile music instruments. Properties and affordances of the language and its future directions are outlined.

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Azad M. San Ahmed, Rania, Sardasht M-Raouf Mahmood, Rebwar M. Nabi, and Dana L. Hussein. "The Impact of Teaching Materials on Learning Computer Programming Languages in Kurdistan Region Universities and Institutes." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 1 (May 3, 2018): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2018.1.7.

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It is evident that learning and teaching computer programming are considered as one of the striking challenges in academic environments. Meanwhile, selecting the correct and appropriate materials can leave an enormous impact in learning computer programming languages. However, recently this argument has been put under scrutiny as to which types of materials motivate learners to learn computer programming languages as well as enhance learning outcomes. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the current teaching and learning materials of computer programming languages in Kurdistan region of Iraq universities. Additionally, another aim is to give a rigorous analysis of how materials help students to learn computer programming language. A further focus is to identify the difficulties of learning computer programming languages at undergraduate level which constitutes technical Diploma and Bachelor. The last but not the least, this paper examines new approaches to teaching programming languages as a cognitive model for programming education.

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Frisbie, Ralph, Richard Hendrickson, and Michael Metcalf. "The F programming language." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 32, no. 6 (June 1997): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/261353.261363.

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Li, Chang. "Concurrent programming language—LISPTALK." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 23, no. 4 (April 1988): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/44326.44334.

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Kaplan, Randy M. "The IL programming language." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 26, no. 8 (August 1991): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/122598.122601.

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Jaeschke, Rex. "The C programming language." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 33, no. 4 (April 1998): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/278283.278284.

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Nofre, David. "The Politics of Early Programming Languages." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 51, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 379–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2021.51.3.379.

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There probably has never been such a controversial programming language as Algol. In the early 1960s the disciplinary success of the so-called Algol project in helping to forge the discipline of computer science was not matched by a significant adoption of the Algol language, in any of its three versions. This contrast is even more striking when considering the contemporary success of IBM’s Fortran, a language that, like Algol, was also conceived for scientific computation, but unlike Algol, initially only available for IBM computers. Through extensive archival research, this article shows how the relentless pursuit of a still better language that came to dominate the agenda of the Algol project brought to the fore the tension between the research-driven dimension of the project and the goal of developing a reliable programming language. Such a strong research-oriented agenda increased IBM’s doubts about a project that the firm already felt little urge to support. Yet IBM did not want to appear as obstructing the development of either Algol or Cobol, even if these “common languages” posed a clear risk to the firm’s marketing model. The US Department of Defense’s endorsement of Cobol and the rising popularity of Algol in Europe convinced IBM to push for the use of Fortran in Western Europe in order to protect the domestic market. IBM’s action in support of Fortran reminds us of the power imbalances that have shaped computer science.

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Felleisen, Matthias, Robert Bruce Findler, Matthew Flatt, Shriram Krishnamurthi, Eli Barzilay, Jay McCarthy, and Sam Tobin-Hochstadt. "A programmable programming language." Communications of the ACM 61, no. 3 (February 21, 2018): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3127323.

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Holt, Richard C., and James R. Cordy. "The Turing programming language." Communications of the ACM 31, no. 12 (December 1988): 1410–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/53580.53581.

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Vasić, Marko, David Soloveichik, and Sarfraz Khurshid. "CRN++: Molecular programming language." Natural Computing 19, no. 2 (January 3, 2020): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11047-019-09775-1.

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21

Del Bonifro, Francesca, Maurizio Gabbrielli, Antonio Lategano, and Stefano Zacchiroli. "Image-based many-language programming language identification." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (July 23, 2021): e631. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.631.

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Programming language identification (PLI) is a common need in automatic program comprehension as well as a prerequisite for deeper forms of code understanding. Image-based approaches to PLI have recently emerged and are appealing due to their applicability to code screenshots and programming video tutorials. However, they remain limited to the recognition of a small amount of programming languages (up to 10 languages in the literature). We show that it is possible to perform image-based PLI on a large number of programming languages (up to 149 in our experiments) with high (92%) precision and recall, using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and transfer learning, starting from readily-available pretrained CNNs. Results were obtained on a large real-world dataset of 300,000 code snippets extracted from popular GitHub repositories. By scrambling specific character classes and comparing identification performances we also show that the characters that contribute the most to the visual recognizability of programming languages are symbols (e.g., punctuation, mathematical operators and parentheses), followed by alphabetic characters, with digits and indentation having a negligible impact.

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Albizuri-Romero, M. B. "Programming interactively with a graphical abstract programming language." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 24, no. 11 (November 1989): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/71605.71615.

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23

CLEMENTS, JOHN, and KATHI FISLER. "“Little language” project modules." Journal of Functional Programming 20, no. 1 (January 2010): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796809990281.

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AbstractMany computer science departments are debating the role of programming languages in the curriculum. These discussions often question the relevance and appeal of programming-languages content for today's students. In our experience, domain-specific, “little languages” projects provide a compelling illustration of the importance of programming-language concepts. This paper describes projects that prototype mainstream applications such as PowerPoint, TurboTax, and animation scripting. We have used these exercises as modules in non-programming languages courses, including courses for first year students. Such modules both encourage students to study linguistic topics in more depth and provide linguistic perspective to students who might not otherwise be exposed to the area.

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Lazebna, Nataliia, Yuliya Fedorova, and Mariia Kuznetsova. "SCRATCH LANGUAGE OF PROGRAMMING VS ENGLISH LANGUAGE: COMPARING MATHEMATICAL AND LINGUISTIC FEATURES." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 6 (November 30, 2019): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2019.00982.

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This paper focuses on Scratch language of programming and traces its math and linguistic features. From a complex consideration about Scratch language programming in linguistic paradigm, focusing on structural, semantic and syntactic features and logic of its narration, this research attempts to clarify specifics of the language and correlate it with the English language features. Global integration of ideas and sciences underline the crucial importance of programming and language conglomerate. Human-computer interfaces, software systems, and development of various programming languages depend on well-balanced structure, shape, logic, and appearance of the actual code. Dynamic characteristics of the Scratch programming environment sustain the creation of interactive and media-rich projects. Ad expansion of Scratch for mediation of animated stories, music videos, science projects, tutorials, and other contents necessitates multifaceted analysis of this programming environment and evokes the interest of researching Scratch from the math and linguistic perspective as one possible projection on various aspects of the considered programming language.

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Naveed, Muhammad Shumail, Muhammad Sarim, and Kamran Ahsan. "Learners Programming Language a Helping System for Introductory Programming Courses." July 2016 35, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1603.05.

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Programming is the core of computer science and due to this momentousness a special care is taken in designing the curriculum of programming courses. A substantial work has been conducted on the definition of programming courses, yet the introductory programming courses are still facing high attrition, low retention and lack of motivation. This paper introduced a tiny pre-programming language called LPL (Learners Programming Language) as a ZPL (Zeroth Programming Language) to illuminate novice students about elementary concepts of introductory programming before introducing the first imperative programming course. The overall objective and design philosophy of LPL is based on a hypothesis that the soft introduction of a simple and paradigm specific textual programming can increase the motivation level of novice students and reduce the congenital complexities and hardness of the first programming course and eventually improve the retention rate and may be fruitful in reducing the dropout/failure level. LPL also generates the equivalent high level programs from user source program and eventually very fruitful in understanding the syntax of introductory programming languages. To overcome the inherent complexities of unusual and rigid syntax of introductory programming languages, the LPL provide elementary programming concepts in the form of algorithmic and plain natural language based computational statements. The initial results obtained after the introduction of LPL are very encouraging in motivating novice students and improving the retention rate.

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Jones, Russell. "The C programming language." Data Processing 27, no. 10 (December 1985): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-684x(85)90032-2.

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Agarwal, Pankaj. "The Cell Programming Language." Artificial Life 2, no. 1 (October 1994): 37–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.1994.2.1.37.

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In developmental biology, modeling and simulation play an important role in understanding cellular behavior. This article includes a review of the general models of development that are based on cellular interaction. Inspired by these models, we suggest a simple language, the Cell Programming Language (CPL), to write computer programs to describe this developmental behavior. These programs are an estimate of the minimal information needed to model realistically such developmental systems. Using these programs, it is possible to simulate and visualize cell behavior. We have employed CPL to model the following: aggregation in cellular slime mold in response to a chemotactic agent, cellular segregation and engulfment due to differential adhesion, and precartilage formation in vertebrate limbs. We believe CPL is a useful tool for developing, understanding, and checking biological models.

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Coblenz, Michael, Gauri Kambhatla, Paulette Koronkevich, Jenna L. Wise, Celeste Barnaby, Joshua Sunshine, Jonathan Aldrich, and Brad A. Myers. "PLIERS." ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 28, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3452379.

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Programming language design requires making many usability-related design decisions. However, existing HCI methods can be impractical to apply to programming languages: languages have high iteration costs, programmers require significant learning time, and user performance has high variance. To address these problems, we adapted both formative and summative HCI methods to make them more suitable for programming language design. We integrated these methods into a new process, PLIERS, for designing programming languages in a user-centered way. We assessed PLIERS by using it to design two new programming languages. Glacier extends Java to enable programmers to express immutability properties effectively and easily. Obsidian is a language for blockchains that includes verification of critical safety properties. Empirical studies showed that the PLIERS process resulted in languages that could be used effectively by many programmers and revealed additional opportunities for language improvement.

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Altintas, Tugba, Ali Gunes, and Hamiyet Sayan. "A peer-assisted learning experience in computer programming language learning and developing computer programming skills." Innovations in Education and Teaching International 53, no. 3 (December 22, 2014): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2014.993418.

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Nishino, Hiroki, Naotoshi Osaka, and Ryohei Nakatsu. "The Microsound Synthesis Framework in the LC Computer Music Programming Language." Computer Music Journal 39, no. 4 (December 2015): 49–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/comj_a_00331.

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This article describes the design of a framework for sound synthesis in LC, a new computer music language we prototyped, together with concrete code examples. Unlike existing unit-generator languages, LC provides objects as well as library functions and methods that can directly represent microsounds and related manipulations that are involved in microsound synthesis. Furthermore, LC is equipped with traditional unit generators, and these two different abstractions can collaborate seamlessly. Although the framework for microsound synthesis itself is not particularly bound to the entire language design of LC, such seamless unification between the traditional concept of unit generators and LC’s microsound synthesis framework contribute to making LC’s programming model for microsound synthesis simpler and terser in comparison with existing unit-generator languages. These features of LC’s entire sound-synthesis framework can help computer musicians to creatively explore the domain of microsound synthesis and would also be beneficial for further research in computer music language as a design exemplar.

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Haghish, E. F. "Markdoc: Literate Programming in Stata." Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata 16, no. 4 (December 2016): 964–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536867x1601600409.

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Rigorous documentation of the analysis plan, procedure, and computer codes enhances the comprehensibility and transparency of data analysis. Documentation is particularly critical when the codes and data are meant to be publicly shared and examined by the scientific community to evaluate the analysis or adapt the results. The popular approach for documenting computer codes is known as literate programming, which requires preparing a trilingual script file that includes a programming language for running the data analysis, a human language for documentation, and a markup language for typesetting the document. In this article, I introduce markdoc, a software package for interactive literate programming and generating dynamic-analysis documents in Stata. markdoc recognizes Mark-down, LATEX, and HTML markup languages and can export documents in several formats, such as PDF, Microsoft Office .docx, OpenOffice and LibreOffice .odt, LATEX, HTML, ePub, and Markdown.

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Ciatto, Giovanni, Stefano Mariani, and Andrea Omicini. "ReSpecTX: Programming interaction made easy." Computer Science and Information Systems 15, no. 3 (2018): 655–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis180111031c.

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In this paper we present the ReSpecTX language, toolchain, and standard library as a first step of a path aimed at closing the gap between coordination languages ? mostly a prerogative of the academic realm until now ? and their industrial counterparts. Since the limited adoption of coordination languages within the industrial realm is also due to the lack of suitable toolchains and libraries of reusable mechanisms, ReSpecTX equips a core coordination language (ReSpecT) with tools and features commonly found in mainstream programming languages. In particular, ReSpecTX makes it possible to provide a reference library of reusable and composable interaction patterns.

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Lisachenko, Alexey V. "Law as a Programming Language." Review of Central and East European Law 37, no. 1 (2012): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092598812x13274154886584.

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AbstractThe author draws a parallel between the world of law and the world of the computer. Law accordingly can be seen as a collection of programs, as a programming language—as a programming environment of human society. In this article, the social roles are highlighted in this tripartite system, and the author points to the dangers of turning law from something humanistic into something mechanistic.

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Anderson, D. P., and R. Kiuvila. "Formula: a programming language for expressive computer music." Computer 24, no. 7 (July 1991): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2.84829.

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Pell, AR. "Programming language methodologies." Microprocessors and Microsystems 9, no. 3 (April 1985): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-9331(85)90365-5.

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Abadi, Martín. "Secrecy in Programming-Language Semantics." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 20 (1999): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1571-0661(04)80068-9.

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Mernik, Marjan, and Viljem Žumer. "Incremental programming language development." Computer Languages, Systems & Structures 31, no. 1 (April 2005): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cl.2004.02.001.

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Paolini, Luca. "A stable programming language." Information and Computation 204, no. 3 (March 2006): 339–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ic.2005.11.002.

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Rock, S. T. "Developing robot programming languages using an existing language as a base—A viewpoint." Robotica 7, no. 1 (January 1989): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700005051.

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SUMMARYThe development of robot languages has followed a pattern similar to that of conventional programming languages, where robot languages have been based on an existing programming language. This paper first identifies the use of an existing base as one way of developing robot programming languages, and discusses the areas of difficulty in this approach. Then, on-line and off-line programming of robots is discussed and the requirements of robot programming languages that are different to those of non-specialised programming languages are presented. A discussion and evaluation of some programming languages in terms of their appropriateness for use as the base for an intelligent robot programming language is presented. This leads to the conclusion that no current language forms an adequate base for intelligent robot programming languages. What is needed as a base is a language for use in the artificial intelligence domain, that incorporates real-time facilities.

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Prather, Ronald E. "A modular mathematical programming language." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 33, no. 3 (March 1998): 38–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/275168.275172.

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Terry, P. D. "Umbriel—another minimal programming language." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 30, no. 5 (May 1995): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/201937.201939.

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Carlstrom, Brian D., Austen McDonald, Hassan Chafi, JaeWoong Chung, Chi Cao Minh, Christos Kozyrakis, and Kunle Olukotun. "The Atomos transactional programming language." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 41, no. 6 (June 11, 2006): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1133255.1133983.

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43

Fisher, Kathleen, and Chandra Krintz. "SIGPLAN programming language curriculum workshop." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 43, no. 11 (November 30, 2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1480828.1480830.

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44

Allen, Eric, Ras Bodik, Kim Bruce, Kathleen Fisher, Stephen Freund, Robert Harper, Chandra Krintz, et al. "SIGPLAN programming language curriculum workshop." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 43, no. 11 (November 30, 2008): 6–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1480828.1480831.

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45

Fisher, Kathleen, and Chandra Krintz. "SIGPLAN programming language curriculum workshop." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 43, no. 11 (November 30, 2008): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1480828.1480832.

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46

Ramsdell, J. D. "The Alonzo functional programming language." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 24, no. 9 (August 11, 1989): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/68127.68139.

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Sweeney, Tim. "The next mainstream programming language." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 41, no. 1 (January 12, 2006): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1111320.1111061.

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Lafferty, Donal, and Vinny Cahill. "Language-independent aspect-oriented programming." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 38, no. 11 (November 26, 2003): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/949343.949307.

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Chen, Haiming, and Yunmei Dong. "Yet another meta-language for programming language processing." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 37, no. 6 (June 2, 2002): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/571727.571733.

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Cheng, Chin-Chuan. "Language and Computers." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 7 (March 1986): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026719050000163x.

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Abstract:

Language, writing, and the computer, as Wang (1986) states, must rank among the highest of our most important inventions since each has profoundly determined the development of the human species. There have been numerous interactions among these three types of human institutions. Writing, of course, is largely a reflection of language. Since its inception four decades ago, the computer has depended on various forms of language and writing to communicate with its human creators. Some of these forms were specially invented programming languages for a small breed of people.

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