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1
Kasapidou, Eleni. "Vitamin E, selenium and meat quality in sheep." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271830.
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Robson, Alice Evelyn. "The effects of protein supplementation and forage to concentrate ratio on the performance and carcass composition of beef heifers offered grass silage-based diets." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336121.
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Kridis, Mansour S. F. "Energy evaluation of grass silage." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283846.
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Jacobs, Joseph Leonard. "Enzyme additives for grass silage." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329306.
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Holden, A. N. G. "Some effects of silage inoculants on aerobic stability of grass silage." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382433.
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Pauly, Thomas M. "Heterogeneity and hygienic quality of grass silage /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5475-1.pdf.
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Jakhmola, Ramesh C. "Studies on ensiling of grass and straw mixtures." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1989. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU020961.
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The present series of experiments were carried out to determine the effect of i) ensiling straw and grass in various proportions, on chemical composition and nutritive value of silage, ii) homogeneity of mixing of grass and straw on fermentation quality and nutritive value of silage, iii) urea and/or enzyme treatment of straw on chemical composition and nutritive value of grass+ straw silage, and iv) co-conservation of grass-straw on nutritive value of straw. In some experiments feeding value is assessed in the laboratory, and in others by actual feeding trial. In addition a method was developed for determining water in silages using near infrared transmittance spectroscopy. Mixing straw with grass during ensiling diluted crude protein but increased the cell wall constituents. Straw modified fermentation, and more lactic acid and acetic acid were produced in grass+ straw silage than grass-only silage. The fermentation was also affected by the type of grass. The concentrations of ammonia were higher and lactic acid and acetic acid were lower in the silages made from grass/legume than that from only grass. A thorough mixing of grass+ straw is required because ensiling grass and straw in alternate layers increased butyric acid content in silage. Animals ate 22% less dry matter from the silage made in layers than from that made from thoroughly mixed grass+ straw. However, more intensive mixing of grass and silage was not beneficial, as it reduced the digestibility of nutrients and only slightly increased dry matter intake. Increasing the proportion of straw in grass+ straw in a grass+ straw silage reduced intakes of dry matter and digestibility of nutrients. Treatment of straw with urea (60 g/kg straw DM) increased lactic acid content and reduced the contents of cell wall constituents. Urea increased intake and digestibility of nutrients, but enzyme had small effect on intake and digestibility of nutrients by sheep. However, a combination of urea and enzyme was most effective, and increases in the intake of dry matter and digestibility of nutrients were significantly greater in these silages than those treated with either urea or enzyme. The straw composition of cell wall constitutents from straw occurred during ensiling. A method developed for determination of water using NITS is fast and reliable. The model uses the absorbance ratio (OD at 1940 nm/OD at 2284 nm) as a predictor of water in dimethyl sulphoxide which was used to extract water from silages.
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Greathead, Henry M. R. "Fat and protein metabolism in cattle fed on grass silage." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339657.
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Nsereko, Victor Leonard Joseph. "Peptidase inhibitors as additives for ensilage : effects on silage characteristics with reference to peptide nitrogen." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU079015.
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Novel approaches to manipulating proteolysis in ensiled perennial ryegrass (PRG) were investigated. The effects of the following on nitrogen (N) distribution in silage were investigated: E- 64, a specific cysteine-peptidase inhibitor (CPI); pepstatin A a specific aspartic-peptidase inhibitor; cystamine dihyrochloride (CYS) and N-ethylmaleimide, general CPIs, and formic acid (FA). Treatment with FA or CPIs reduced total soluble N, as a result of reduced proteolysis, and FA and CYS treatments increased peptide N concentrations (determined using fluroescamine or ninhydrin assays, and by amino acid analysis) compared to the control. Pepstatin A had little or no effect on the N constituents of silage. Characterisation of silage peptides using Sephadex G-25 suggested that they were predominantly di and tripeptides, with a small proportion of longer peptides (>7 amino acid residues). Forty additional compounds were screened for their efficacy as inhibitors of proteolysis in aqueous extracts of PRG. Five selected compounds were applied to PRG at ensilage: TPCK, a non specific CPI; chelators, 1,10-phenanthroline and 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ); bestatin, a metallo-peptidase inhibitor; and N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATEE), a serine-peptidase inhibitor. When compared to the control, TPCK and 1,10- phenanthroline reduced total soluble N and increased peptide N concentrations; 8-HQ increased only peptide N concentrations. These chelators also restricted fermentation. The effects of Trypticase (peptides produced by enzymic hydrolysis of casein), silage extracts and N fractions prepared from silage extracts by cation exchange chromatography, as sources of N, on the growth of rumen bacteria, Megasphaera elsdenii, Prevotella ruminicola and Selenomonas ruminantium, supplied with glucose as an energy substrate in vitro, were investigated. No growth was observed on media containing extracts from silages produced in the presence of chelators but all bacteria grew on purified N fractions. Increasing silage peptide N therefore did not enhance microbial growth but for some treatments, silage N supported faster growth than Trypticase.
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Al-Rwidah, M. N. "The consequences of ensiling grass with absorbent materials." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382427.
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Pomerleau, Yvan N. "Fish meal supplementation of high quality grass silage in dairy cows." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20842.
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The aim of this study was to maximize good quality grass silage utilization either by supplying a source of rumen undegradable protein or by a reduction of the concentrate in the diet. A randomized incomplete block design was used to evaluate feed intake, milk production and health incidence occurring in fifty-nine Holstein dairy cow (11 primiparous) distributed randomly to receive three different diets between wk 4 and 24 of lactation. The diets were composed of grass silage (predominance of timothy) offered ad libitum supplemented either with a mixture of cereal grains (wheat:barley 50:50) at 100% of recommendations plus soybean meal (Trt 1), or fish meal (Trt 2), or with cereal grains at 75% of recommendations plus fish meal (Trt 3). The grass silage was harvested at an approximate chop length of 8--10 cm, averaged 37.1% DM and was stored in heap silos.Finally, an economic evaluation of the treatments was done using milk income, feed cost, health cost, and net income. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Pomerleau, Yvan N. "Fish meal supplementation of high-quality grass silage in dairy cows." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0001/MQ44249.pdf.
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Martin, Janet Heather. "The feeding of supplementary forage to grazing sheep." Thesis, Bangor University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364559.
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Smeed, Mark. "Changes in density profile and effluent permeability of bunker ensiled grass." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268312.
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Makoni, Nathaniel Fungayi. "Effect of grass maturity and wilting on the nitrogen fractions in silage, their rate and extent of degradation in the rumen." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28024.
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The available literature indicates that, silages containing more undegraded protein will be better feeds for high levels of production from ruminants. Ensiling excessively wet herbage will increase degradation of both protein and energy. Ensiling wilted herbage will increase aerobic losses initially, during compaction and later, during removal which decreases digestibility. This study was carried out, to evaluate the effect of grass/legume maturity and wilting on the nitrogen fractions in silage, their rate and extent of degradation in the rumen and to determine the availability of undegraded silage protein and microbial protein to the animal. At the beginning of this study, laboratory assessment of the nutritional composition of both grass/legume parent material, and their ensiled products was carried out. The results for both parent herbage and silage were then compared on DM basis. While, silage crude protein (CP) (p<0.05), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) (p<0.001), ash (p<0.001), acid detergent fibre (ADF) (p<0.05), and grass/legume ammonia-N (NH₃N) (p<0.001), were significantly increased by wilting, silage hot water insoluble nitrogen (HWIN) was significantly reduced (p<0.001). Significantly lower pH (p<0.05), NH₃N (p<0.05), and ash (p<0.01) contents were observed in mature silage. The composition of silage nutrients was found to be governed by that of the standing crop, at the time of cutting and by modifications which take place during wilting and ensiling. Although, wilting increased WSC content, it had the undesirable effect of reducing silage hot water insoluble nitrogen. Maturity had desirable effects of reducing volatile NH₃N and silage pH. The fermented herbage contained lower levels of nutrients than the parent material.
In the second part of this study, the nylon bag technique was used to determine the rate and extent of protein degradation (in the rumen) of immature unwilted and wilted, mature unwilted and wilted silages. Estimates of effective protein degradation as a function of rumen outflow rate and degradation rate were also evaluated. The study showed that wilting and maturity significantly reduced (p<0.05) the soluble nitrogen fraction of the grass/legume silage. DM disappearance was significantly reduced (p<0.05) by wilting. The insoluble protein fraction was increased (p<0.05) in the mature silages. At an estimated rumen outflow rate of 0.02%, effective DM and CP degradation were significantly reduced (p<0.05) by wilting. From these findings, it is likely that supplementation of both protein and energy is required most for the unwilted and immature silages. Also, when silages are wilted more undegraded protein leaves the rumen compared with unwilted silage.
In the final part of the study, the effect of wilting and maturity on rumen degradation of silage N fractions were estimated using four rumen and duodenal cannulated steers and heifers fed on grass/legume silage, at maintenance level. Solute, particulate, and RNA markers were used to determine digesta flow rate and microbial N respectively.
Measurements of digestibility of DM, CP and ADF, proportions of duodenal bacterial N, amount of undegraded protein entering the duodenum, degradability of silage protein, rumen NH₃N and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) were made. This showed that, there were no significant differences (p<0.05) in PUN and rumen NH₃N among silages. Significant increases (p<0.05) in duodenal and fecal CP and reduced (p<0.01) fecal ADF were observed in animals given wilted silages. The degradability and digestibility
results were much lower than expected and no apparent differences (p<0.05) were observed among silages.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Lengowski, Melanie [Verfasser], and Markus [Akademischer Betreuer] Rodehutscord. "Studies on the composition of the ruminal microbial community using grass silage and corn silage / Melanie Lengowski ; Betreuer: Markus Rodehutscord." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1152321218/34.
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Dawson, Lynne Evelyn Rosemary. "Examination of factors influencing the voluntary food intake of grass silage by ruminants." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295409.
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Wright, David Andrew. "The influence of different factors on the drying rate of silage grass and development of predictive models." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388063.
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Barlow, Rebecca Louise. "Yield, Quality, and Botanical Composition of AUtumn-Accumulated Grass-Legume Mixtures and Digestibility of Ensiled Autumn-Accumulated Orchardgrass and Alfalfa." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9841.
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Beef cattle producers in the southeastern US often stockpile forage in late summer to extend the grazing season and reduce feeding costs. Three stockpiled grass-legume mixtures were evaluated for winter grazing. In addition, stockpiled forages were ensiled and evaluated as livestock feed. Four accumulation dates and seven harvest dates were randomized to small plots of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) -red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) -red clover, and orchardgrass-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The amount of grass and legume in the fescue-red clover mixture shifted from less than 30% grass and more than 60% legume in October to over 60% grass and less than 10% legume in April. All forage mixtures contained at least 15% CP from November to March. Fescue-red clover was higher in TNC and lower in NDF, ADF and cellulose in January and March than the orchardgrass-legume mixtures. Fescue-red clover was higher in yield than the orchardgrass-legume mixtures from November to February. Delaying stockpiling until September 1 or 15 increased (P <.05) legume content and decreased dead grass content in orchardgrass-clover and orchardgrass-alfalfa. Accumulating growth from September 15 increased percent CP in fescue-red clover and orchardgrass-clover, compared to August 15, and decreased percent NDF in all forage mixtures. Percent IVDMD increased in orchardgrass-clover when stockpiling was delayed until September 15. May yields decreased only in orchardgrass-alfalfa when stockpiling was delayed until September. Orchardgrass stockpiled on August 3 and September 3, and alfalfa stockpiled on September 3 were ensiled alone. Chemical composition of silages was determined after 90 d of fermentation. Silages averaged 16.0% CP and 44.7% NDF. Digestibility of the ensiled stockpiled forages was estimated using acid insoluble ash as a marker with 18 wether lambs. No differences were observed in DM or CP digestibility, but NDF digestibility was lower for alfalfa silage than for orchardgrass silages. All stockpiled grass-legume mixtures provided high quality winter grazing, and all silages were of good quality and digestibility. Fescue-red clover maintained both good quality and higher yield than the other mixtures. Ensiling stockpiled alfalfa and orchard grass provided a method of maintaining CP and digestibility for subsequent feeding.Master of Science
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Hopper, P. G. "The effect of an inoculant of lactic acid bacteria on the chemical composition and nutritive value of grass silage." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379745.
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Keady, Timothy Walter Joseph. "Studies of the mode of a bacterial inoculant as a silage additive and an evaluation of its efficacy." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334569.
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Povey, Gillian Margaret. "Responses of store lambs to protein and energy supplementation of grass silage as a finishing ration." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304559.
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Silva, Jussimara Manoela Nascimento [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento de microrganismos e valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-Tifton 85." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104979.
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silva_jmn_dr_jabo.pdf: 226978 bytes, checksum: b750d41fae4be269e3578a4ae3813b74 (MD5)Objetivou-se estudar o valor nutritivo e desenvolvimento de fungos e de Listeria spp. no capim-Tifton 85 (híbrido de Cynodon, PI 290884 originário da África do Sul com o Tifton 68 (Cynodon nlemfuensis) ensilado sem emurchecimento (umidade 60-70%), submetido a pré-secagem (umidade 40-50%) e com adição ou não de polpa cítrica (5% do peso verde). As amostras foram colhidas na abertura dos silos e aos 15 e 30 dias após a abertura, para avaliação da ocorrência de Listeria spp e de fungos, do padrão de fermentação (pH, N amoniacal, ácidos orgânicos), teores de matéria seca, de proteína bruta, de nitrogênio associado a parede celular, dos constituintes da parede celular e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). Os dados foram analisados segundo o delineamento em blocos completos casualisados, em esquema de parcela subdividida, sendo que nas parcelas foram avaliadas as silagens submetidas ao emurchecimento e uso ou não de polpa cítrica e nas subparcelas os períodos de exposição ao ar, com quatro repetições. Constatou-se a presença de Listeria spp em 65,6% das silagens de alta matéria seca, sendo que destas 10% foram positivas para Listeria monocytogenes. As silagens de alta matéria seca apresentaram pouca estabilidade aeróbia, tendo sido registrado aumento na ocorrência dos fungos Penicillium, Fusarium e Pithomyces com o prolongamento do período de exposição ao ar. Esses resultados evidenciaram o risco potencial que silagens de gramíneas com alto conteúdo de matéria seca pode representar para a saúde dos animais e humanos. Em termos de padrão de fermentação observou-se baixos teores de ácidos orgânicos e de N amoniacal, altos valores de pH, provavelmente devido aos elevados conteúdos de matéria seca causados pelo emurchecimento e adição de polpa cítrica...
This research was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and fungal and Listeria spp. occurrence of the no wilted (60 to 70% of moisture) and wilted (40 to 50% of moisture) Tifton 85 ensiled with or without citrus pulp (5.0% of the wet weight). The high dry matter silage were harvested, immediately after the silos opening, also 15 and 30 days after the air exposition. It was evaluated the Listeria and fungal occurrences, fermentation characteristics (pH, amoniacal nitrogen, organic acids), values of dry matter, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The data were analyzed according to a randomized block design in split plot scheme, being the silages studied in plots and the periods of air exposure in the split plots, with four replications. It was observed Listeria spp in 65.6% of the high dry matter silage samples, and Listeria monocytogenes occurred in 10.0% of these samples. The high dry matter silage was air unstable and Penicillium, Fusarium e Pithomyces occurrence increased during the air exposition period. These data showed the potential risk that the high dry matter grass silage could represent to the animal and human health. In relation to the fermentation characteristics, it was observed lowest values of amoniacal nitrogen, organic acid, and highest pH values, probably due to the high dry matter content of the silage. The high dry matter silage showed lowest N-NH3/N total values, preserving the crude protein content, probably caused by the low Clostridium activity. The NDIN and ADIN contents increased during the air exposition periods, in function of the microorganism's activity, resulted in high temperature of the high dry matter silage... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address)
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Samuel, Carl Warren Charles. "Correlating physio-chemical process parameters with microbial community dynamics in co-digestion of cattle slurry and grass silage." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/4142.
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Improvements in biogas and methane production from on-farm anaerobic digesters (AD) are limited by the inherent complexity of the microbial community (MC) dynamics. The aim of this research was to improve CH4 production by investigating the impact of co-digesting of cattle slurry (CS) and grass silage (GS) on microbial community dynamics and the AD process. Batch and continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) laboratory experiments were conducted under mesophilic conditions (37◦C) with three feedstock mixtures of CS:GS ratios 100:0, 80:20 and 60:40. The microbial community was characterised using high throughput next generation sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA amplicons on an Illumina MiSeq platform along with a novel high resolution denoising bioinformatics algorithm called DADA2 and the Sylva 123 reference database. The research findings indicate that: · The co-digested treatment with the highest level of GS had the highest specific CH4 production. CH4 production from the 60:40 treatment was approximately 30% higher than the CS-only treatment. The CS-only and co-digested treatments both had similar hydrolysis constants therefore on-farm AD operators can co-digest CS with GS to increase CH4 production without having to alter the AD plant's hydraulic retention time. · Increased levels of CH4 production was associated with decreasing levels of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), effluent volatile solids (VS), pH and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA). Over 80% of the phylogenetic differences observed were due to changes in these AD process parameters. Therefore TAN, %VS destroyed, pH and TVFA are important AD process parameters to monitor CH4 production when co-digesting CS with GS. · The GS co-substrate enhanced CH4 production by influencing microbial community shifts. The relative abundance of the bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes was higher in the co-digested treatment (26%) than the CS-only treatment (19%) in the CSTR experiment. Novel bacteria from phylum Bacteroidetes namely Fermentimonas caenicola strain ING2-E5B and Petrimonas mucosa strain ING2-E5A, purported to have enhanced hydrolytic capabilities for complex carbohydrates, peaked in relative abundance in the co-digested treatment. ii · Process instability occurred when the loading rate of the CSTRs treating the CS-only and the co-digested treatments increased to 1g VS/m3 per day. This was likely due to increased levels of TAN during HRT 1 and 2 along with increases in the relative abundance of Dysgonomonas spp. which degrade carbohydrates without producing H2/CO2. Subsequent substrate limitation adversely affected the growth of hydrogenotrophic methanogens and resulted in propionate and butyrate accumulation. CH4 production increased by co-digesting cattle slurry (CS) with grass silage (GS). However, operators of on-farm AD plants should correlate microbial community changes with variations in the physico-chemical AD process parameters during reactor start-up and at regular intervals during normal operations to maximize digester performance.
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Telles, Margareth Maria. "CaracterÃsticas fermentativas e valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-elefante contendo subprodutos do urucum, caju e manga." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4534.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorEsta Pesquisa foi conduzida no NÃcleo de Pesquisa em Forragicultura-NPF no Departamento de Zootecnia do Centro de CiÃncias AgrÃrias da Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC), em Fortaleza, CE. Avaliaram-se as caracterÃsticas bromatolÃgicas e fermentativas das silagens de capim-elefante contendo nÃveis crescentes de adiÃÃo do subproduto do processamento do urucum (SPU), à ensilagem. Foram testados os seguintes tratamentos: T1 â silagem de capim-elefante, T2 â silagem de capimelefante com 4% de SPU, T3 â silagem de capim-elefante com 8% de SPU, T4 â silagem de capim-elefante com 12% de SPU e T5 â silagem de capim-elefante com 16% de SPU, com base na matÃria natural. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetiÃÃes. Como silos experimentais, foram utilizados tambores plÃsticos de 210 L. Determinaram-se os teores de matÃria seca (MS), matÃria orgÃnica (MO), proteÃna bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente Ãcido (FDA), hemicelulose, extrato etÃreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CHOT), carboidratos nÃo fibrosos (CNF), nitrogÃnio insolÃvel em detergente neutro (NIDN, % do N total), nitrogÃnio insolÃvel em detergente Ãcido (NIDA, % do N total), os valores de pH e teores nitrogÃnio amoniacal (N-NH3, % do N total), Ãcido lÃtico, acÃtico, propiÃnico e butÃrico. Verificou-se efeito linear crescente da adiÃÃo de SPU sobre os teores de MS, MO, PB, EE, CNF, valor de pH e teor de Ãcido propiÃnico. NÃo foi verificada diferenÃa significativa entre as silagens quanto aos teores hemicelulose, NIDN (% do N total), Ãcido lÃtico, acÃtico e butÃrico. Para NIDA (% do N total) e N-NH3 (% do N total) houve efeito quadrÃtico e para FDN, FDA e CHOT observou efeito linear decrescente em funÃÃo da adiÃÃo do SPU. Conclui-se que o SPU melhora as caracterÃsticas bromatolÃgicas e fermentativas das silagens, recomendando-se a adiÃÃo de 16%, na matÃria natural, no momento da ensilagem do capim-elefante
This research was carried out at the Forage Research Sector â NPF/DZ/CCA/UFC. The chemical and fermentative characteristics elephant grass silages with increasing levels of annatto by-product processing (ABP) addition at ensiling were evaluated. The following treatments were used: T1 â Elephant grass silage, T2 - Elephant grass silage with 4% of annatto seed by-product processing (ABP), T3 - Elephant grass silage with 8% of ABP, T4 - Elephant grass silage with 12% of ABP and T5 - Elephant grass silage with 16% of ABP, on a fresh matter basis. A randomized completely design with four replicates was adopted. As experimental silos, plastic drums of 210 L were used. The dry matter (DM), the organic matter (OM), the crude protein (CP), the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the acid detergent fiber (ADF), the hemicelluloses, the ether extract (EE), the total carbohydrates (TC), the non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), the neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN,% total N), the acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN, % total N), the pH values, the ammonia nitrogen (in percentage of the total nitrogen, N-NH3, % total N), the lactic acid, the acetic acid, the butyric acid and the propionic acid levels were determined. A linear increasing effect (P<0.01) of the ABP addition on the DM, OM, CP, EE, NFC, acid propionic levels and on the pH values was verified. There was no significant difference among the silages on the hemicellulose, NDIN (% total N), lactic acid,acetic acid and acid butyric levels. With regard to ADIN (% total N) and N-NH3 (% total N) there was a quadratic effect and to NDF, ADF and TC a decreasing linear effect of the ABP addition was observed. One concludes that ABP improves the chemical and fermentative characteristics of the silages, recommending 16% of addition, in a fresh matter basis, at the elephant grass ensilage
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Telles, Margareth Maria. "Características fermentativas e valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-elefante contendo subprodutos do urucum, caju e manga." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2006. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/17063.
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TELLES, Margareth Maria. Características fermentativas e valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-elefante contendo subprodutos do urucum, caju e manga. 2006. 130 f. Tese (doutorado em Zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2006.Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-04-19T19:32:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_tese_mmtelles.pdf: 612422 bytes, checksum: c80d63681a855fb7d8cbe000e31df740 (MD5)
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This research was carried out at the Forage Research Sector – NPF/DZ/CCA/UFC. The chemical and fermentative characteristics elephant grass silages with increasing levels of annatto by-product processing (ABP) addition at ensiling were evaluated. The following treatments were used: T1 – Elephant grass silage, T2 - Elephant grass silage with 4% of annatto seed by-product processing (ABP), T3 - Elephant grass silage with 8% of ABP, T4 - Elephant grass silage with 12% of ABP and T5 - Elephant grass silage with 16% of ABP, on a fresh matter basis. A randomized completely design with four replicates was adopted. As experimental silos, plastic drums of 210 L were used. The dry matter (DM), the organic matter (OM), the crude protein (CP), the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the acid detergent fiber (ADF), the hemicelluloses, the ether extract (EE), the total carbohydrates (TC), the non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), the neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN,% total N), the acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN, % total N), the pH values, the ammonia nitrogen (in percentage of the total nitrogen, N-NH3, % total N), the lactic acid, the acetic acid, the butyric acid and the propionic acid levels were determined. A linear increasing effect (P<0.01) of the ABP addition on the DM, OM, CP, EE, NFC, acid propionic levels and on the pH values was verified. There was no significant difference among the silages on the hemicellulose, NDIN (% total N), lactic acid,acetic acid and acid butyric levels. With regard to ADIN (% total N) and N-NH3 (% total N) there was a quadratic effect and to NDF, ADF and TC a decreasing linear effect of the ABP addition was observed. One concludes that ABP improves the chemical and fermentative characteristics of the silages, recommending 16% of addition, in a fresh matter basis, at the elephant grass ensilage.
Esta Pesquisa foi conduzida no Núcleo de Pesquisa em Forragicultura-NPF no Departamento de Zootecnia do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), em Fortaleza, CE. Avaliaram-se as características bromatológicas e fermentativas das silagens de capim-elefante contendo níveis crescentes de adição do subproduto do processamento do urucum (SPU), à ensilagem. Foram testados os seguintes tratamentos: T1 – silagem de capim-elefante, T2 – silagem de capimelefante com 4% de SPU, T3 – silagem de capim-elefante com 8% de SPU, T4 – silagem de capim-elefante com 12% de SPU e T5 – silagem de capim-elefante com 16% de SPU, com base na matéria natural. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Como silos experimentais, foram utilizados tambores plásticos de 210 L. Determinaram-se os teores de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose, extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CHOT), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro (NIDN, % do N total), nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido (NIDA, % do N total), os valores de pH e teores nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3, % do N total), ácido lático, acético, propiônico e butírico. Verificou-se efeito linear crescente da adição de SPU sobre os teores de MS, MO, PB, EE, CNF, valor de pH e teor de ácido propiônico. Não foi verificada diferença significativa entre as silagens quanto aos teores hemicelulose, NIDN (% do N total), ácido lático, acético e butírico. Para NIDA (% do N total) e N-NH3 (% do N total) houve efeito quadrático e para FDN, FDA e CHOT observou efeito linear decrescente em função da adição do SPU. Conclui-se que o SPU melhora as características bromatológicas e fermentativas das silagens, recomendando-se a adição de 16%, na matéria natural, no momento da ensilagem do capim-elefante.
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Camargo, Mariele Santana. "Utilização de glifosato na produção de silagem emurchecida de Brachiaria brizantha, Stapf. cv. Xaraés." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-06042006-154342/.
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O experimento teve por objetivo avaliar diferentes estratégias de manejo para ensilagem do capim Xaraés (Brachiaria brizantha, Stapf., cv Xaraés), considerando os reflexos destas sobre a composição químico-bromatológica e estabilidade aeróbia das silagens obtidas. Os tratamentos foram assim definidos: Controle - corte e ensilagem; Em ceifa, emurchecimento (5 horas) e ensilagem; Glifosato 0h+Em aplicação de glifosato (3 mL/1,5L H2O), ceifa, emurchecimento (5 horas) e ensilagem; Glifosato 24h+Em - aplicação de glifosato, ceifa após aproximadamente 24 horas da aplicação, emurchecimento (5 horas) e ensilagem; Glifosato 72h+Em - aplicação de glifosato, ceifa 72 horas após a aplicação, emurchecimento (5 horas) e ensilagem; Glifosato 72h - aplicação de glifosato, corte 72 horas após a aplicação, e ensilagem. Confirmando a tendência típica de gramíneas tropicais a forragem apresentou, originalmente, baixo teor de MS e de carboidratos solúveis. Características como produtividade, PB, fração fibrosa e digestibilidade apontam para sua utilização como silagem através de alternativas capazes de contornar os problemas relativos a alta umidade. Em relação às características das silagens obtidas, os tratamentos não se mostraram efetivos na elevação do teor de MS aos níveis preconizados, resultando em silagens com alto teor de N-NH3, AGVs, e redução sensível das frações solúveis em favor das fibrosas. Como conseqüência disto, a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens foi alta, com degradação evidente apenas nas frações fibrosas. De forma geral, o emurchecimento determinou melhoria nas silagens quando comparadas as silagens não emurchecidas (P<0,05), mesmo não tendo sido atingido o teor de MS planejado. A aplicação do glifosato não determinou alterações consistentes em relação às variáveis analisadas (P>0,05), com exceção para a redução da proteólise durante a fermentação.The trial focused on the management strategies to ensile Xaraés grass (Brachiaria brizantha, Stapf. cv Xaraés) considering side effects on chemical composition and aerobic stability of silages. Treatments were described as follows: Control cut and ensiled; Em - chopped, wilted (5 hours) and ensiled; Gly0h+EM - glyphosate (3mL/1,5L H2O), chopped, wilted (5 hours) and ensiled; Gly24h+EM - glyphosate, chopped 24 h latter, wilted (5 hours) and ensiled; Gly72h+EM - glyphosate, chopped 72 h latter, wilted (5 hours) and ensiled; Gly72h - glyphosate, cut 72 h latter and ensiled. Forage samples showed low content of DM and soluble carbohydrate which was typical. DM yield, CP, fiber fraction and digestibility, however demonstrated a interesting potential for this forage source which need alternative strategy to overcome the problems related with excessive moisture content. Treatments studied were not effective to improve DM content as planned, resulting in silages containing higher levels of N-NH3, VFAs, fiber fractions and marked decrease in soluble fractions. Generally, the wilting resulted in better silage quality as compared with the wet silages, even though. The DM goal was not achieved. Glyphosate did not determined, consistent changes on the studied variables, with exception to lower level of proteolysis on the treated silages.
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Thomson, Anna Laura. "Incorporating grass-clover and lucerne silages into UK dairy systems : forage agronomy, silage analysis accuracy and lucerne feeding strategy." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/76116/.
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Red clover (trifolium pratense), white clover (trifolium repens) and lucerne (medicago sativa) are currently the most viable forage legumes for european farming systems. Knowing the agronomy and feeding strategies representing ‘best practice’ for these forages in livestock production systems is key as the industry turns to low input forages to meet sustainability targets. The research question addressed in this thesis was whether these forage legumes could be grown and fed more efficiently, with a focus on their use in the UK dairy sector. Limitations to their utilisation are discussed and potential practical solutions were assessed. This included investigations into the effects of sowing timing and plant maturity on yield and feeding value of lucerne, and the effect of chop length and inclusion rate of lucerne silage in a total mixed ration with maize silage on dry matter intake, milk yield, total tract digestibility, and rumen functionality in both ‘normal’ and ‘challenging’ rumen environments of dairy cattle. Furthermore, to ensure precise diet rationing, the method by which most legume-containing silage samples are analysed for nutritional content in the UK (Near Infra-Red Reflectance Spectroscopy) was tested for accuracy for both grass-clover and lucerne silages. Improved grass-clover prediction equations were calibrated from the data collated in the study, which will be adapted for commercial implementation in the future. Key findings from these studies which can be used to enhance best practice guidelines for farmers included: (i) it was advantageous to sow lucerne in spring rather than autumn for greater yield and reduced weed burden, (ii) including lucerne silage in a TMR diet with maize silage at 25% of forage DM and at a short chop length was beneficial to dry matter digestibility, and therefore metabolisable energy supply, relative to inclusion at 75% of forage DM and a long lucerne chop length, and (iii) a high inclusion rate of lucerne silage in the diet can mitigate against sub-acute rumen acidosis risk resulting from short-term feed deprivation followed by refeeding.
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Silva, Jussimara Manoela Nascimento. "Desenvolvimento de microrganismos e valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-Tifton 85 /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104979.
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Resumo: Objetivou-se estudar o valor nutritivo e desenvolvimento de fungos e de Listeria spp. no capim-Tifton 85 (híbrido de Cynodon, PI 290884 originário da África do Sul com o Tifton 68 (Cynodon nlemfuensis) ensilado sem emurchecimento (umidade 60-70%), submetido a pré-secagem (umidade 40-50%) e com adição ou não de polpa cítrica (5% do peso verde). As amostras foram colhidas na abertura dos silos e aos 15 e 30 dias após a abertura, para avaliação da ocorrência de Listeria spp e de fungos, do padrão de fermentação (pH, N amoniacal, ácidos orgânicos), teores de matéria seca, de proteína bruta, de nitrogênio associado a parede celular, dos constituintes da parede celular e digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria seca (DIVMS). Os dados foram analisados segundo o delineamento em blocos completos casualisados, em esquema de parcela subdividida, sendo que nas parcelas foram avaliadas as silagens submetidas ao emurchecimento e uso ou não de polpa cítrica e nas subparcelas os períodos de exposição ao ar, com quatro repetições. Constatou-se a presença de Listeria spp em 65,6% das silagens de alta matéria seca, sendo que destas 10% foram positivas para Listeria monocytogenes. As silagens de alta matéria seca apresentaram pouca estabilidade aeróbia, tendo sido registrado aumento na ocorrência dos fungos Penicillium, Fusarium e Pithomyces com o prolongamento do período de exposição ao ar. Esses resultados evidenciaram o risco potencial que silagens de gramíneas com alto conteúdo de matéria seca pode representar para a saúde dos animais e humanos. Em termos de padrão de fermentação observou-se baixos teores de ácidos orgânicos e de N amoniacal, altos valores de pH, provavelmente devido aos elevados conteúdos de matéria seca causados pelo emurchecimento e adição de polpa cítrica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)Abstract: This research was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and fungal and Listeria spp. occurrence of the no wilted (60 to 70% of moisture) and wilted (40 to 50% of moisture) Tifton 85 ensiled with or without citrus pulp (5.0% of the wet weight). The high dry matter silage were harvested, immediately after the silos opening, also 15 and 30 days after the air exposition. It was evaluated the Listeria and fungal occurrences, fermentation characteristics (pH, amoniacal nitrogen, organic acids), values of dry matter, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and "in vitro" dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The data were analyzed according to a randomized block design in split plot scheme, being the silages studied in plots and the periods of air exposure in the split plots, with four replications. It was observed Listeria spp in 65.6% of the high dry matter silage samples, and Listeria monocytogenes occurred in 10.0% of these samples. The high dry matter silage was air unstable and Penicillium, Fusarium e Pithomyces occurrence increased during the air exposition period. These data showed the potential risk that the high dry matter grass silage could represent to the animal and human health. In relation to the fermentation characteristics, it was observed lowest values of amoniacal nitrogen, organic acid, and highest pH values, probably due to the high dry matter content of the silage. The high dry matter silage showed lowest N-NH3/N total values, preserving the crude protein content, probably caused by the low Clostridium activity. The NDIN and ADIN contents increased during the air exposition periods, in function of the microorganism's activity, resulted in high temperature of the high dry matter silage... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address)
Orientador: Ruben Pablo Schocken-Iturrino
Coorientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis
Banca: Luis Roberto de Andrade Rodrigues
Banca: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira
Banca: Ciniro Costa
Banca: Luciano de Almeida Corrêa
Doutor
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Sanderson, Ruth. "The effect of supplements of fishmeal and specific amino acids on the growth and efficiency of young steers given grass silage." Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315408.
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Kirby, P. S. "Protein supplementation of beef cattle diets : A study of protein supplementation of grass silage diets for growing and finishing British Friesian steers." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371477.
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Small, James Charles. "An evaluation, through dairy cattle, of systems of harvesting grass for silage and the response in milk production to source of supplementary protein." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254207.
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Kafilzadeh, Farokh. "The effect of processed cereals or molasses on digestion in the rumen and nutrient supply to the duodenum of heifers fed grass silage." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315607.
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Valenzuela, Hernan Felipe Elizalde. "Studies on the effects of chemical and physical characteristics of grass silage and degree of competition per feeding space on the feeding of lactating dairy cows." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333804.
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Copani, Giuseppe. "Benefit of including bioactive legumes (sainfoin, red clover) in grass-based silages on ruminant production and pollutant emissions." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22594/document.
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Les légumineuses permettent de réduire les intrants en élevage (engrais, concentrés) en raison notamment de leurs niveaux élevés en protéines. Cependant, à la fois pendant le processus d'ensilage et celui de fermentation dans le rumen, les protéines peuvent subir une importante dégradation, ce qui affecte la valeur nutritive des fourrages et induit des rejets d'azote (N) importants, notamment dans l'urine. Certaines légumineuses peuvent alors être d'un intérêt particulier car elles produisent des composés secondaires qui peuvent modifier positivement les processus fermentaires et digestifs. Ainsi, les tannins condensés (CT) présents dans le sainfoin (SF, Onobrychis viciifolia) sont capables de se lier aux protéines, réduisant leur dégradation dans le silo et le rumen et se traduisant par un transfert de l'excrétion d'azote de l'urine vers les fèces. Le trèfle violet (RC, Trifolium pratense) contient la polyphénoloxydase (PPO), une enzyme qui catalyse l'oxydation de différents composés phénoliques en quinones. Comme les CTs, les quinones sont capables de former des complexes avec les protéines permettant de réduire leur dégradation dans le silo et le rumen. L'objectif de cette thèse était alors d'étudier et de quantifier les bénéfices potentiels de l'utilisation de ces deux espèces de légumineuses bioactives sur i) la qualité et la conservation des ensilages, ii) la fermentation ruminale, l'efficacité digestive et les performances des ovins, et iii) l'empreinte environnementale (excrétion d'N et de CH4). Nous avons effectué deux essais in vitro et deux essais in vivo, basés sur des ensilages composés de ces deux légumineuses, seules ou en mélange avec une graminée (la fléole- T, Phleum pratense L.) qui nous a servie de contrôle. Les essais in vitro nous ont permis de nous focaliser sur la qualité et la conservation des ensilages ainsi que sur la fermentation ruminale, tandis que les essais in vivo se sont concentrés sur la performance et l'efficacité digestive des agneaux, ainsi que sur leur bilan azoté et leurs émissions de CH4. L'inclusion de légumineuses bioactives dans les ensilages d'herbe a amélioré la qualité du fourrage, la fermentation pendant le processus d'ensilage ainsi que la protection des protéines contre une dégradation au sein du silo et du rumen. Globalement, l'alimentation des agneaux avec des mélanges comportant ces légumineuses s'est traduite par une augmentation de l'ingestion de matière sèche, en comparaison des agneaux alimentés avec la graminée pure. Néanmoins, en raison de la digestibilité nettement plus faible de T-SF, probablement due à une composition et une nature des fibres différentes ainsi qu'à la présence de CT, les agneaux ayant reçu T-SF ont montré une ingestion et des performances plus faibles que ceux ayant reçu les ensilages contenant RC. Dans le rumen, il semble que les protéines de RC aient été plus protégées de la dégradation que celles de SF, tandis que dans la suite du tractus digestif, les complexes formés entre protéines et CT (avec SF) se seraient moins dissociés que ceux formés entre protéines et quinones (avec RC), ce qui pourrait en partie expliquer le transfert d'excrétion de l'N de l'urine vers les fèces, observé chez les agneaux alimentés avec T-SF et bénéfique pour l'environnement. SF a également permis de réduire légèrement les émissions de CH4. Ainsi, utiliser des légumineuses bioactives dans les pratiques d'alimentation des ruminants apparaît une stratégie prometteuse pour fournir des produits animaux de façon plus durable. Nos résultats montrent que chaque espèce apporte des avantages différents, plutôt orientés vers la qualité de l'aliment et les performances animales pour RC mais plutôt orientés vers la réduction des rejets pour SF. Des recherches complémentaires sont donc nécessaires pour mieux caractériser ces avantages et élargir les investigations à d'autres espèces, d'autres mélanges et d'autres bénéfices potentiels. (...)Fodder legume species allow to reduce inputs in livestock breeding systems (fertilizer, concentrates) notably because they contain high levels of crude proteins which are of primary importance in ruminant nutrition. However, during both silage and rumen fermentation processes, proteins are submitted to degradation which affects forage nutritive value and leads to nitrogen (N) losses notably via urine. Some specific legumes can then be of particular interest as they produce plant secondary compounds that can positively affect silage and digestive processes. Condensed tannins (CTs) present in sainfoin (SF, Onobrychis viciifolia) are able to bind with proteins thereby reducing their degradation in the silo and the rumen, resulting in a shift in N excretion from urine to faeces. Red clover (RC, Trifolium pratense) contains polyphenol oxidase (PPO), an enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of different phenolics into quinones. As CTs, quinones are able to form complexes with proteins that will similarly reduce their degradation in the silo and the rumen. The aim of this thesis was to investigate and quantify the potential benefits of using these two bioactive legume species on i) quality and conservation of silages, ii) rumen fermentation, digestive efficiency and sheep performance, and iii) environmental footprint (N excretion and CH4 emissions). We conducted two in vitro and two in vivo trials which were based on silages of pure legumes or of different mixtures with the grass species (timothy T, Phleum pratense L.), which served as control. In the in vitro trials, we focussed on silage quality, silage conservation and rumen fermentation, while in the in vivo trials, we focussed on lambs' performance, digestion efficiency, N balance and CH4 emissions. Including bioactive legumes in mixtures with grass improved, compared to pure grass, forage quality and fermentation during the silage making process, as well as proteins' protection from degradation within both the silos and the rumen. Lambs fed with the mixtures involving legumes responded with an increase in DM intake compared to their counterparts fed with T. Nevertheless, due to a possibly different fibre composition and to the presence of CT which impaired SF digestibility, lambs that consumed T-SF showed lower intake and performance than those that received RC-containing silages. In the rumen, RC proteins appeared more protected from degradation than SF ones, while in the subsequent parts of the digestive tract, the proteins-CT complexes (from SF) might less dissociate than the proteins-quinones ones (from RC). This could partly explain the environment-friendly shift in N excretion from urine to faeces when animals are fed with T-SF. SF also allowed to slightly reduce CH4 emissions. Thus, utilizing bioactive legumes in livestock feeding practices is a promising strategy to produce animal products more sustainably. Our results show different benefits relative to the bioactive legume species involved, directed towards boosted forage quality and animals' performance for RC but towards lowered wastes for SF. Further research is thus needed to better characterize these benefits and enlarging investigations to other plant species, mixtures and potential benefits (e.g. health). This will help to determine the appropriate choice of plant species according to the objectives
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Lobo, José Ricardo. "Avaliação da idade de corte e do uso de polpa cítrica sobre a qualidade fermentativa e estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de capim-elefante." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-22032007-181810/.
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Foram estudados os efeitos da idade de corte e da adição de polpa cítrica sobre a qualidade fermentativa, estabilidade aeróbia e o valor nutritivo da silagem de capim-elefante. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial de tratamentos do tipo 5x4. O capim-elefante apresentando 40, 60, 80, 100, e 120 dias de crescimento foi ensilado com níveis crescentes de polpa cítrica peletizada: 0; 3; 6 e 9% com base na matéria fresca. As silagens foram produzidas em 80 silos experimentais (4 repetições/tratamento), confeccionados a partir de baldes plásticos. A abertura dos silos ocorreu 145 dias após a ensilagem, ocasião em que foram determinados os teores de ácidos orgânicos, estabilidade aeróbia e composição químico-bromatológica das silagens. Foi observado efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) da idade de corte e curvilinear da adição de polpa cítrica sobre os teores de matéria seca. Em relação aos teores de PB também houve efeito de interação entre as variáveis independentes, porém a resposta foi curvilinear para ambas. Não houve efeito de interação entre idade de corte e nível de polpa para os valores de FDN, FDA, Lignina e NIDA. Para a variável FDN houve efeito linear crescente para idade de corte e linear decrescente para nível de polpa. Já para a variável FDA não houve efeito de nenhuma das duas variáveis independentes, enquanto para Lignina houve apenas efeito linear crescente para idade de corte. Para a variável CHOs houve efeito de interação entre as variáveis independentes, sendo uma resposta linear crescente para ambas. As variáveis independentes não apresentaram efeito de interação entre si em relação aos teores de NIDA, havendo apenas efeito curvilinear para ambas, separadamente. Já para as variáveis Poder Tampão e Digestibilidade in vitro da Matéria Seca não houve efeito de interação entre idade de corte e nível de polpa cítrica. O que houve foi um efeito linear decrescente para idade de corte e linear crescente para o nível de polpa. No contexto da fermentação, para a variável álcool não houve efeito de interação entre as variáveis independentes, sendo que a idade de corte causou uma resposta curvilinear e o nível de polpa uma resposta linear crescente. Para os teores de ácidos orgânicos (acético, propiônico, butírico e lático) observou-se efeito de interação entre a idade de corte e o nível de polpa cítrica, sendo que para o ácido acético houve efeito linear decrescente para a idade de corte e efeito quadrático para o nível de polpa cítrica, enquanto para o ácido propiônico houve efeito quadrático para ambas. Para o ácido butírico e o ácido lático houve efeito quadrático para a idade de corte e efeito linear crescente para o nível de polpa cítrica. Foi observado ainda efeito de interação entre a idade de corte e o nível de polpa cítrica para as variáveis relação lático/acético e pH, sendo quadrática para ambas as variáveis independentes. Já para as variáveis N-NH3 e Perdas de MS houve efeito de interação, sendo linear para a idade de corte e quadrático para o nível de polpa. Em relação à estabilidade aeróbia, para a variável temperatura máxima houve efeito de interação, sendo que para a idade de corte a resposta foi curvilinear e para o nível de polpa foi linear crescente. Não houve efeito da idade de corte e do nível de polpa cítrica sobre o tempo para atingir a temperatura máxima. Já para as variáveis taxa para elevação da temperatura e tempo para elevação da temperatura em 2ºC não houve interação entre idade de corte e nível de polpa. Para a variável taxa para elevação da temperatura houve resposta curvilinear para idade de corte e linear crescente para nível de polpa e para a variável tempo para elevação da temperatura em 2ºC houve apenas efeito linear crescente da idade de corteThe effects of crop age and addition of citrus pulp on fermentation pattern, aerobic stability and nutritive value of elephant grass silage were studied. A completely randomized design with a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement was used. Elephant grass was harvested on 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 days of age and ensiled with increasing levels of citrus pulp pellets: 0, 3, 6 and 9% (original matter basis). Silages were produced using 80 experimental silos (4 repetitions/treatment), made of plastic buckets with Bunsen valves. Silos were opened 145 days after ensiling, when organic acids concentrations, aerobic stability and chemical composition of silages were determined. A positive linear effect (P<0.05) of crop age and a curvilinear effect of citrus pulp addition on dry matter content were observed. Relating to CP levels, there was also interaction between the studied factors, but the response was curvilinear for both factors. No interaction effects between crop age and citrus pulp addition on NDF, ADF, lignin and ADIN were found. For NDF, there was a positive linear effect of crop age and a negative linear effect of citrus pulp. Regarding ADF, no effect of the studied factors was shown, while for lignin there was only a positive linear effect of crop age. For soluble carbohydrates, an interaction effect was found between the studied factors, with a positive linear effect of both factors. Crop age and citrus pulp addition did not interact for ADIN contents, but there was curvilinear effect for both factors, separately. For buffer capacity and in vitro digestibility of dry matter, no interaction effect was found between crop age and citrus pulp addition, but there was a negative linear effect of crop age and a positive linear effect of citrus pulp addition. Regarding fermentation, there was no interaction between the studied factors on alcohol concentration, but crop age caused a curvilinear response and citrus pulp addition caused a positive linear response. For organic acids concentration (acetic, propionic, butiric and lactic), there was an interaction effect between crop age and citrus pulp addition, so that for acetic acid, there was negative linear effect of crop age and quadratic effect of citrus pulp addition, while for propionic acid there were quadratic effects of factors. Relating to butiric and lactic acids, quadratic effect was shown for crop age and positive linear effect for citrus pulp addition. An interaction effect was found between crop age and citrus pulp addition for the variables lactic/acetic ratio and pH, being quadratic for both studied factors. For the variables NH3-N and loss of DM, there was interaction effect, being linear for crop age and quadratic for citrus pulp addition. Regarding aerobic stability, for the variable maximum temperature an interaction effect was found between factors, so that crop age caused a curvilinear response and citrus pulp addition caused a linear response. The studied factors did not influence the variable time to achieve the maximum temperature. Relating to the variables rate for increasing temperature and time for increasing temperature in 2ºC, there was no interaction between crop age and citrus pulp addition. For the variable rate for increasing temperature, there was a curvilinear response for crop age and a positive linear response for citrus pulp addition and for the variable time for increasing temperature in 2ºC, there was only a positive linear effect of crop age
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Forli, Fernanda. "Produção de silagem de capim braquiária em pomar de laranja." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-20102003-163027/.
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O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a possibilidade da exploração simultânea de pomar de citros com braquiária da entrelinha para produção de silagem. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos principais quanto ao manejo da braquiária (A: adubação do pomar na linha e manejo da braquiária da entrelinha através de roçadas; B: adubação do pomar na linha, sendo a entrelinha cortada para silagem; C: adubação do pomar na linha e na entrelinha, sendo a braquiária cortada para silagem), com sete repetições, totalizando 21 parcelas de três linhas de citros cada. A linha central foi utilizada para avaliação dos citros, e a entrelinha central para avaliar a braquiária. Foram realizados dois cortes de braquiária na época das águas para avaliação da produção de MS e de atributos químico-bromatológicos (QB). Após o corte, a braquiária foi armazenada de três formas: congelada in natura; em minissilos de PVC, sem adição de polpa cítrica, e em minissilos de PVC com adição de polpa cítrica (7, 14 e 21%), com quatro repetições. O material foi ensilado por 35 dias, sendo após aberto e congelado. Avaliou-se, nas amostras congeladas, as características QB: MS, PB, FDN, pH e PT. Fez-se a determinação dos teores de macro e micronutrientes nas folhas de citros e da braquiária, e amostragem do solo da linha e da entrelinha para avaliação da fertilidade. No pomar de citros avaliou-se a produção e as características físicas e tecnológicas dos frutos nas épocas de safra e colheita temporã. Observou-se que a produtividade e as características tecnológicas e físicas dos frutos não foram afetadas pelo manejo da braquiária. No estado nutricional dos citros, observou-se diferença nos teores de cálcio, sendo superiores no tratamento C. Os atributos químicos do solo na linha do pomar não apresentaram diferença entre os tratamentos. Na braquiária, os tratamentos não influenciaram o estado nutricional e os principais atributos químicos do solo. Quanto à produção de MS, nos tratamentos B e C, observou-se diferença entre os mesmos nas duas épocas de corte, com produção de MS 60% superior em C. Nas características QB, houve influência dos tratamentos B e C, da época de corte e da prática de ensilagem em relação a MS, PB, FDN, pH e PT, além de interações entre essas variáveis. Em função dos resultados obtidos quanto à produção e qualidade de citros e da braquiária para ensilagem, conclui-se a viabilidade da exploração desse sistema (pomar de citros e braquiária para ensilagem), desde que seja feita reposição dos nutrientes extraídos através de adubação diferenciada para as duas espécies vegetais.The objective of this study was to verify the possibility of simultaneous exploration of citrus orchard with brachiaria of interrow for silage production aiming at dairy cow food complementation. The treatment were: A - fertilization of the orchard in the row and manipulation of brachiaria of the interrow by hoeing; B fertilization of orchard in the row, and having the interrow cut for the silage; C fertilization of orchard in the row and in the interrow, having the brachiaria cut for silage. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 7 replications, totalling twenty-one parcels with three lines of citrus each. The central line was used for the evaluation of citrus and the central interrow to evaluate the brachiaria. Two cuts of brachiaria were made in the rainy season for the evaluation of dry matter ha -1 and chemicalbromatological attributes production. After cutting, the brachiaria was stored in three different ways: frozen in natura; stored in mini silos of PVC with and without the addition of citric pulp; with four replications. The material was stored in silo for 35 days, and it was opened and frozen afterwards. The following chemical-bromatological characteristics were evaluated within these material dry matter, raw protein, fiber acid detergent, free acidity, and buffer capacity. Macro and micronutrients contents in the leaves were determinated, and samples of soil in the row and interrow were taken for the evaluation of soil fertility. In the citrus orchard, the production and the physical and technological characteristics of fruits in two periods (in season and out of season) were evaluated. The results showed that the productivity and the fruits technological and physical characteristics were not affected by the way the manipulation of brachiaria in the interrow was conducted. Within the plants nutritional state, a difference only for the contents of calcium, which were superior in treatment C, could be observed. The soils chemical attributes in the orchards line did not present any difference among the treatments. Concerning the brachiaria, the treatments did not have any influence in the nutritional state, nor in the main soils chemical attributes. Concerning the production of dry matter, in treatments B and C, a difference between them was observed, in the two seasons of cut, in the production of dry matter: up to 60% for treatment C. Concerning the chemical-bromatological characteristics, there was an influence of the treatments B and C, of the cutting period and of the practice of storage in silos in relation to the contents of dry matter, raw protein, fiber acid detergent, free acidity and buffer capacity in relation; besides the interaction effects among these three variables. Due to the obtained results in relation to the production and quality of citrus and of brachiaria for storage in silos, we can conclude the viability of the exploration of this system (orchard of citrus and brachiaria for storage in silos), as long as the reposition of the extracted nutrients through different fertilization for each vegetal species is executed.
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Paziani, Solidete de Fátima. "Controle de perdas na ensilagem, desempenho e digestão de nutrientes em bovinos de corte alimentados com rações contendo silagens de capim Tanzânia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-23102006-164429/.
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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do teor de matéria seca (MS), do tamanho de partícula e da adição de inoculante bacteriano sobre as características químico-físicas e perdas no processo de conservação da silagem de capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximum, Jacq. cv. Tanzânia), assim como avaliou o comportamento ingestivo, digestão de nutrientes e o desempenho em bovinos de corte. No experimento I analisou-se o efeito dos tratamentos sobre a fermentação e as perdas na ensilagem. Os índices de recuperação de matéria seca (RMS) e as perdas na forma de efluente e gases foram de 90,58%; 53,66 kg.t MV-1 e 6,40% da MS nas silagens nãoemurchecidas, 93,62%; 16,81 kg.t MV-1 e 4,97% em silagens adicionadas com milheto grão e 92,19%; 3,55 kg.t MV-1 e 6,16% nas silagens emurchecidas, respectivamente. O teor de MS influenciou a densidade de massa verde e MS, resultando em 346 e 105 kg.m-3 para silagens emurchecidas, 454 e 144 kg.m-3 naquelas adicionadas com milheto e 442 e 97 kg.m-3 com umidade original, respectivamente O uso do inoculante bacteriano diminuiu a RMS, não alterando o teor de PB e produção de amônia Silagens com adição do milheto tiveram suas frações fibrosas diluídas (FDN, FDA, CEL e HEMI). O experimento II avaliou o comportamento ingestivo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em bovinos Nelore providos de cânulas ruminal e duodenal recebendo rações com 87% de silagem de capim. Não houve efeito de tratamento sobre os valores médios de digestibilidade da MS (61,4%), FDA (59,7%), PB (43,9%) e FDN (60,3%), desaparecimento intestinal de MS (5,9%), FDN (3,0%) e FDA (4,4%), comportamento ingestivo, parâmetros de degradabilidade ruminal, parâmetros de cinética de passagem de sólidos e líquidos (2,4% e 3,2% hora-1), nem sobre o consumo médio (1,1% PV). O experimento III avaliou o efeito dos tratamentos sobre as propriedades físicas e perdas por deterioração da silagem de capim Tanzânia, sobre a ingestão de MS (IMS), o ganho de peso (GPV) e a conversão alimentar (CA) de novilhas Nelore alimentadas com rações completas contendo silagem de capim. A redução no tamanho da partícula não elevou as densidades de matéria seca (DMS) e de matéria verde (DMV) nem reduziu as perdas (P=0,60). O emurchecimento tendeu a diminuir a DMV (460 kg.m-3), porém não diminui a DMS, devido maior teor de MS, mas elevou as perdas em comparação ao tratamento com adição de milheto grão (29,1 vs 17,9%). Houve tendência (P=0,09) de aumento nas perdas na presença do inoculante bacteriano. Não houve efeito de tratamentos sobre a IMS (2,36% PV), GPV (1,03 kg.animal.dia-1) e CA (7,91 kg MS.kg GPV-1). Como os procedimentos adotados na ensilagem não tiveram efeito sobre a RMS, nem sobre os parâmetros ingestivos, digestivos e de desempenho dos animais, a opção pelas práticas a serem adotadas na ensilagem dependerá da ponderação de fatores que facilite a operacionalidade e reduza os custos na confecção da silagem. Sugere-se que a recomendação de práticas na ensilagem considere o controle de perdas integrado, desde a colheita da forragem até o desempenho de animais.The present trial aimed to study the effect of dry matter content (DM), particle size and bacterial inoculant on the chemical-physical composition and conservation losses of Tanzania grass silage (Panicum maximum, Jacq. cv. Tanzânia), as well evaluated the ingestive behavior, nutrient digestion and performance of beef cattle. The experiment I analyzed the effects of treatments on silage fermentation and losses. DM recovery rate, effluent and gases losses were 90.58%; 53.66 kg.t wet forage-1 and 6.40% DM for wet silages, 93.62%; 16.81 kg.t wet forage-1 and 4.97% for millet added silages and 92.19%; 3.55 kg.t wet forage-1 and 6.16% for wilted silages, respectivelly. DM content influenced wet and dry silo bulk densities, resulting in 346 and 105 kg.m-3 for wilted silages, 454 and 144 kg.m-3 for millet aded silages and 442 and 97 kg.m-3 for wet silages, respectivelly. Bacterial inoculant led to a lower DM recovery and did not alter either CP content or the ammonia yield in the silages. Pearl millet addition determined lower fiber content in the silages (NDF, ADF, CEL and HEMI) due dilution effect. The experiment II acessed the ingestive behavior and nutrient digestion of Nellore beef steers ruminally and duodenally cannulated fed 87% silage TMR diets. The DM (61.4%), ADF (59.7%), CP (43.9%) and NDF (60.3%) total digestibilities, and the intestinal digestibilities for DM (5.9%), NDF (3.0%) and ADF (4.4%), ingestive behavior, in situ degradability, ruminal passage rate of solid and liquid phases (2,4% and 3,2% hour -1), and the mean DM intake (1,1% BW) were not significantly changed by treatments. Experiment III evaluated the effect of treatments on physical parameters and unloading losses of Tanzania grass silage, DM intake (DMI), performance (BWG) and feed conversion (FC) of Nellore heifers fed TMR containig grass silagen. By reducing the particle size no changes were observed neither in DM (DMD) and wet silo bulk (WD) nor on the unloading losses of silages (P=0.60). The forage wilting tended to reduce WD (460 kg.m-3), but did not changed the DMD, due to the compensatory higher DM content. However, wilting increased losses when compared to the addition of pearl millet (29.1 vs 17.9%). The addition of bacterial inoculant showed a trend (P=0.09) for increased losses. No significantlly differences were observed for the treatments in the DMI (2.4% BW), BWG (1.03 kg.animal.d-1) and FC (7.91 kg DM.kg BWG-1). The ensiling strategies established in Tanzânia grass silages did not result in significant changes neither in DMR nor in ingestive, digestive and animal performance parameters. According to the observed trend it might be concluded that the strategies adopted during the ensiling of Tanzania grass will be dependent on operational and costs restrictions. Some of these data are in conflict with the updated literature and because of this it might be suggested a decision based on the overall control of losses from the forage harvesting stage through the animal performance.
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SANTOS, Rerisson José Cipriano dos. "Avaliação de clones de Pennisetum sp. para a produção de silagem." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2010. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6876.
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The experiment was carried out at the experimental Station of Itambé-PE from the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, the objective was to evaluate forages and silages of different clones of Pennisetum sp.,cut at 56 days of regrowt. Treatments were five clones of Pennisetum sp. (IPA HV 241, IPA/UFRPE A-146 2.37, IPA/UFRPE A-2.114, Elephant B and Mott), using a complete randomized block design with four replications. Experimental PVC silos were opened after 90 days of storage and chemical analysis were performed responses variable determined included dry matter (DM) concentration, crude protein (CP), ashes (CZ), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicelluloss (HEM), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN), and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), besides pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, buffering capacity, soluble carbohydrates, and the organoleptic features of the silages were perfomed. Calculations of losses by effluents, gases and dry matter recovery were perfomed. Forages before ensiling showed significant differences (P<0,005) for dry matter concentration, NDIN, soluble carbohydrates, and in vitro DM digestibility. Silages of the same forages, however, did not present significant differences for most of the variables related to chemical composition (NDF, ADF, hemicelluloss, ashes, pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, effluents and gases). In general, the grass elephant of size dawn IPA/UFRPE TAIWAN A-146 2.37, showed a better quality of silage with better dry matter contend and coefficient of fermentation. All other clones of Pennisetum sp. showed efficiency in the fermentation process, despite the reduced levels of DM.
O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimentalde Itambé-PE, pertencente ao Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, objetivando avaliar forragens e silagens de diferentes clones de Pennisetum sp., cortado aos 56 dias de idade. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de cinco clones de Pennisetum (IPA HV 241, IPA/UFRPE Taiwan A-146 2.114, IPA/UFRPE Taiwan A-146 2.37, Elefante B e Mott), em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Utilizou-se PVC, com abertura após 90 dias de armazenamento, para avaliação de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), cinzas (CZ), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro (NIDN), nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido (NIDA), pH, nitrogênio amoniacal, poder tampão, carboidratos solúveis coeficiente de fermentação e as características organolépticas das silagens na abertura dos silos. Foram realizados cálculos de perdas por efluentes, gases e recuperação de matéria seca. Para as forragens, antes de ensilar, observou-se diferenças significativas (P<0,05) para o teor de matéria seca, nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido (NIDA), nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro (NIND), carboidratos solúveis, Coeficiente de fermentação e digestibilidade in vitro. Em relação às silagens, observou-se a não ocorrência de diferenças significativas na maioria das características da composição química (FDN, FDA, hemicelulose, cinza, pH, nitrogênio amoniacal, efluentes e gases). De maneira geral, o capim elefante de porte baixo, IPA/UFRPE TAIWAN A-146 2.37, apresentou melhor qualidade da silagem com melhor teor de MS e melhor coeficiente de fermentação. Todos os demais clones de Pennisetum sp. apresentaram eficiência no processo fermentativo, apesar dos teores reduzidos de MS.
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Mari, Lucas José. "Intervalo entre cortes em capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf cv. Marandu): produção, valor nutritivo e perdas associadas à fermentação da silagem." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-20102003-164240/.
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Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar os efeitos do intervalo entre cortes e da estação do ano, sobre a produção de matéria seca (MS), composição morfológica e químico-bromatológica do capim-Marandu. Os tratamentos consistiram em seis intervalos entre cortes (T15, T30, T45, T60 T75 e T90), com forragens colhidas, respectivamente, aos 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 e 90 dias de rebrotação, conduzidos ao longo de 12 meses. Parte da forragem colhida foi ensilada em janeiro (verão) e julho (inverno), exceto T75. Foram realizados dois ensaios, no primeiro houve a caracterização da produção de MS, composição morfológica e químico-bromatológica da forragem. Num segundo ensaio foi caracterizada a composição químico-bromatológica das silagens de capim-Marandu e foram avaliados alguns parâmetros físicos das mesmas, como densidade da massa verde (DMV), da massa seca (DMS), tamanho médio das partículas, condutividade elétrica (CE) e atividade de água (Aw). O processo fermentativo foi avaliado indiretamente através da quantificação das perdas por gases, produção de efluente e taxa de recuperação de MS das silagens. O delineamento experimental constituiu-se de blocos completos casualizados avaliando seis tratamentos para o primeiro ensaio e cinco no segundo. Para o ensaio de produção e qualidade da forragem os dados foram agrupados em ciclos de cortes de 90 dias para efeito de comparação entre os tratamentos. As produções de MS nos tratamentos T30 e T45 (21 t ha -1 ano -1 ) foram inferiores (P<0,01) aos demais (27 t ha -1 ano -1 ) e a produção de MS digestível (16,2 t ha -1 ano -1 ) seguiu a mesma tendência. As alterações encontradas nas variáveis estudadas foram, sobretudo, decorrentes das variações ambientais, que levaram a alterações na composição morfológica e químico-bromatológica. Em geral, maiores intervalos entre cortes proporcionaram redução na porcentagem de folhas e aumento na de hastes que, como conseqüência, levaram ao declínio nos teores de proteína bruta (PB) e na digestibilidade verdadeira in vitro da matéria seca (DVIVMS), além de aumentos nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). A silagem de inverno promoveu discreta alteração na composição químico-bromatológica entre os tratamentos, restringindo-se a variações nos teores de PB, FDN e celulose que levaram a alterações na DVIVMS. Na silagem de verão observou-se consistência de redução do valor nutritivo com a maior extensão do intervalo entre cortes da forragem ensilada, com aumento das frações da parede celular, exceto hemicelulose, e diminuição nos componentes do conteúdo celular. Os valores de pH (4,9), apesar de elevados, estiveram dentro da amplitude de variação esperada para silagens de capins tropicais. O menor tamanho de partículas (31 mm) proporcionou maiores (P<0,01) DMV (633 kg m -3 ). Os maiores teores de MS nas silagens confeccionadas no inverno levaram a maiores perdas por gases e menores produções de efluente, com maiores taxas de recuperação de MS. A otimização do intervalo entre cortes, visando conciliar elevada produção de MS e valor nutritivo satisfatório, ocorreu ao redor dos 60 dias de crescimento vegetativo, quando a baixa digestibilidade (63,1%) foi compensada pela maior produção de MS (27 t ha -1 ano -1 ) e menores perdas (3,45% MS) no processo fermentativo.The objectives of this study were to evaluate cutting intervals and season of the year on dry matter (DM) yield, morphological and chemical composition of Marandu grass. Treatments consisted of Marandu grass harvested at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90-d intervals and was carried out during 12 months. Part of the harvested forage was ensiled, both in the summer (January) and in the winter (July) cuts, except that of 75-d interval. In the first trial was evaluated the dry matter (DM) yield, morphological composition and nutritive value of Marandu grass. In the second trial, silage samples were submitted to chemical and physical analysis (electrical conductivity - EC, water activity - Aw, particle size - PS, fresh matter density - FMD, dry matter density - DMD, effluent yield, gases losses and dry matter recovery rate-DMRR). Randomized blocks with six treatments in the first trial and five treatments in the second one was the experimental design chosen. In the first trial data were pooled in 90-d interval to compare treatments. DM yield was lower (P<0.01) at 30 and 45-d interval (21 t ha -1 year -1 ) as compared to 15, 60, 75 and 90-d interval (27 t ha -1 year -1 ). Digestible DM yield (16.2 t ha -1 year -1 ) followed the same pattern. Values observed in the measured parameters were probably due to environmental conditions, leading to morphological and chemical composition changes. In general, samples harvested at longer cutting intervals showed a decrease in leaves, crude protein (CP) content and in vitro true DM digestibility (IVTDMD) and an increase in stems and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content. Among treatments, the winter cut silages showed minor chemical composition changes as compared to the summer cut silages. The summer cut silages showed a trend for increasing cell wall fractions, except hemicellulose and decreasing cell soluble contents as the cutting intervals were increased. Average silage pH values were 4.9. Small particle size (31 mm) silages had higher (P<0.01) FMD (633 kg m -3 ). The higher DM content observed in the winter cut silages led to increased gases losses and DMRR and lower effluent yield. The 60-d cutting interval is recommended based on productivity (27 t ha -1 year -1 ), digestibility (63.1%) and fermentation losses (3.4% DM) values.
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Ferreira, Daniele de Jesus. "Streptococcus bovis isolado do rúmen como aditivo para silagem de capim-elefante." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2010. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5631.
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This work consisted of two experiments and wos developed in a area of the Animal Science Department, Federal University of Viçosa. The first experiment evaluated the development of microbial populations, fermentation characteristics, and gases effluent, recovery of dry matter and crude protein, the chemical composition, the in vitro dry matter digestibility of elephant grass inoculated with lactic acid bacteria. The experiment design was completely randomized with four inoculant and six replications: Elephant grass silage without inoculant (control), Elephant grass silage inoculated with 106 ufc/g of strains of Enterococcus faecium, Elephant grass silage inoculated with 106 ufc/g strains of Streptococcus bovis JB1, Elephant grass silage inoculated with 106 ufc/g of strains of Streptococcus bovis HC5. A experimental silos used with a capacity of 15 L equipped with bunsen valve for exhaust of the gases and 3 kg of sand added to the bottom to retain the effluent. In the control silage and the silage inoculated with Enterococcus faecium, respectively (P<0.05) showed higher numbers of populations of enterobacteria, fungi and yeasts. The silages inoculated with Streptococcus bovis JB1 and HC5, besides having the smallest populations of enterobacteria, fungi and yeasts showed higher numbers (P<0.05) of lactic acid bacteria, 10.03 and 9.97 log ufc/g, respectively . The pH and ammonia-N were lower (P<0.05) for silage inoculated with Streptococcus bovis JB1 and HC5, respectively. The silages inoculated with Streptococcus bovis JB1 and HC5 showed the highest values (P<0.05) of lactic acid, 6.78 and 6.62% DM, respectively, and the lowest values of acetic, propionic and butyric . The silage inoculated with Streptococcus bovis showed a higher content (P<0.05) crude protein and high recovery of dry matter and crude protein, and smallest losses of gases and effluents (P<0.05). There was a similarity of positive responses among Streptococcus bovis (JB1) and Streptococcus bovis (HC5), whereas the choice between them more closely to the cost of disposal. In the second experiment, it was evaluated the intake and digestibility and degradability of nutrients to achieve this, we used 20 adult sheep, mixed breed animals, distributed in a completely randomized design with four inoculants five replicates per treatment: Elephant grass silage without inoculant (control), Elephant grass silage inoculated with 106 ufc/g of strains of Enterococcus faecium, Elephant grass silage inoculated with 106 ufc/g strains of Streptococcusbovis JB1, Elephant grass silage inoculated with 106 ufc/g of strains of Streptococcus bovis HC5. For ensiling of elephant grass, it used a 100 kg weight capacity plastic bags, with a total of five bags, totaling 500 kg of green fodder per treatment. The elephant grass was used come from the same Capineira the first experiment and had the same cultural tract. The evaluation period lasted 21 days being 15 for diet adaptation and six for the collections. There was statistical difference (P<0,05) between the consumption of dry matter in silages, and the highest recorded values was for the inoculated silages. Silage without inoculation had the lowest values (P<0.05) of dry matter intake (1.43% PV or 42.79 g/kg BW0,75/day) and silage inoculated with Streptococcus bovis HC5 that showed better dry matter intake (2.29% or 56.10g/kg BW0,75/day). The lowest digestibility of dry matter occurred in the control silage (42.79% DM) followed by elephant grass silage inoculated with Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus bovis JB1, respectively. For the apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, was no effect of inoculation (P<0.05) with values greater than five percentage points compared to elephant grass silage without inoculant. For the other nutrients there was no observed effect of microbial additives (P>0.05). In relation to degradability, the soluble fraction (a), particularly in silages inoculated with Streptococcus bovis JB1 and HC5 showed in higher values, 30.77 and 29.95%, respectively, dry matter and 37.01 and 36.66% for crude protein, respectively. It was concluded that the bacterial inoculation promotes greater consumption, apparent digestibility and dry matter degradability silage of elephant grass, especially Streptococcus bovis HC5.
Este trabalho foi constituído de dois experimentos, conduzidos em área do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. No primeiro experimento, avaliou-se o desenvolvimento das populações microbianas, perfil fermentativo, perdas por gases e efluentes, recuperação da matéria seca e da proteína bruta, composição bromatológica e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca de silagens de capim-elefante inoculadas com bactérias ácido lácticas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições: Silagem de capim-elefante sem inoculante (controle); Silagem de capim-elefante inoculado com 106 ufc/g de estirpes de Enterococcus faecium; Silagem de capim-elefante inoculado com 106 UFC/g de estirpes de Streptococcus bovis JB1; Silagem de capim-elefante inoculada com 106 ufc/g de estirpes de Streptococcus bovis HC5;. Foram utilizados baldes experimentais com capacidade de 15 L, dotados de válvula de Bunsen, para escape dos gases, e com 3 kg de areia adicionados no fundo para retenção dos efluentes. Foi observado maior número de populações de enterobactérias, fungos e leveduras nas silagem controle e nas silagens de capim-elefante inoculadas com Enterococcus faecium, respectivamente (P<0,05). As silagens inoculadas com Streptococcus bovis JB1 e HC5, além de apresentarem a menores populações de enterobactérias, fungos e leveduras, apresentaram maiores números (P<0,05) de bactérias lácticas, 10,03 e 9,97 log ufc/g, respectivamente. Os valores de pH e N-amoniacal foram menores (P<0,05) para a silagem inoculadas com Streptococcus bovis JB1 e HC5, respectivamente. As silagens inoculadas com Streptococcus bovis JB1 e HC5 foram as que apresentaram os maiores valores (P<0,05) de ácido lático, 6,78 e 6,62% MS, respectivamente, e os menores valores de ácidos acético, butírico e propiônico. A silagem inoculada com Streptococcus bovis apresentou maior teor (P<0,05) de proteína bruta e maior recuperação de matéria seca e proteína bruta, além das menores perdas por gases e efluentes (P<0,05). Diante de todos os parâmetros estudados houve uma similaridade de respostas positivas entre o Streptococcus bovis JB1 e o Streptococcus bovis HC5, ficando a escolha entre eles mais em função do custo de obtenção. No segundo experimento, foram avaliados o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente e a degradabilidade in situ dos nutrientes, em que 20 ovinos adultos, sem raça definida, castrados, foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos: Silagem de capimelefante sem inoculante (controle); Silagem de capim-elefante inoculado com 106 ufc/g de estirpes de Enterococcus faecium; Silagem de capim-elefante inoculado com 106 UFC/g de estirpes de Streptococcus bovis JB1; Silagem de capim-elefante inoculada com 106 ufc/g de estirpes de Streptococcus bovis HC5 e cinco repetições por tratamento. Para ensilagem do capim-elefante, utilizaram-se sacos plásticos de 100 kg de capacidade de peso, com total de cinco sacos plásticos, perfazendo 500 kg de forragem verde por tratamento. O capim-elefante utilizado foi oriundo da mesma capineira do primeiro experimento e teve o mesmo trato cultural. O período de avaliação teve duração de 21 dias, sendo 15 para adaptação às dietas e seis para as coletas. Foi observada diferença (P<0,05) entre o consumo de matéria seca das silagens avaliadas, sendo os maiores valores registrados nas silagens inoculadas. A silagem sem inoculante apresentou o menor valor (P<0,05) de consumo de matéria seca (1,43% PV ou 42,79 g/kg PV0,75/dia), sendo a silagem inoculada com Streptococcus bovis HC5 a que apresentou melhor consumo de matéria seca (2,29% PV ou 56,10 g/kg0,75/dia). Os menores valores de digestibilidade da matéria seca ocorreram na silagem controle (42,79% MS) seguida pela silagem de capim elefante inoculada com Streptococcus bovis JB1 e Enterococcus faecium, respectivamente. Para a digestibilidade aparente da fibra em detergente neutro, houve efeito dos inoculantes (P<0,05) com valores acima de cinco pontos percentuais em relação à silagem controle. Para os demais nutrientes, não foi observado efeito dos aditivos microbianos (P>0,05). Em relação à degradabilidade, a fração solúvel (a), principalmente nas silagens inoculadas com o Streptococcus bovis JB1 e HC5, apresentou maiores valores, 30,77 e 29,97%, respectivamente, para a matéria seca e 37,01 e 36,66% para a proteína bruta, respectivamente. A inoculação bacteriana promove maiores consumo, digestibilidade aparente e degradabilidade da matéria seca da silagem de capim-elefante, com destaque para o Streptococcus bovis HC5.
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Loures, Daniele Rebouças Santana. "Enzimas fibrolíticas e emurchecimento no controle de perdas da ensilagem e na digestão de nutrientes em bovinos alimentados com rações contendo silagem de capim Tanzânia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-16072004-155623/.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de enzimas fibrolíticas na degradação da parede celular do volumoso, quando aplicadas antes da ensilagem e no momento da alimentação do animal. No experimento I analisou-se o efeito do emurchecimento, da redução do tamanho de partículas e da adição de enzimas fibrolíticas (associadas ou não ao inoculante bacteriano Lactobacillus plantarum) na fermentação e nas perdas do processo de ensilagem de capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximum, Jacq. cv. Tanzânia). A forragem foi cortada aos 45 dias de crescimento vegetativo e armazenada em silos experimentais (50 L) durante 136 dias. Durante o período de armazenamento o efluente foi coletado e quantificado no 1o, 2o, 7o, 14o, 21o, 60o, 90o e 136o dias. A redução do tamanho de partícula não influenciou as perdas totais, embora o tamanho menor tenha contribuído para garantir maior estabilidade aeróbia da silagem. A taxa de recuperação e as perdas de MS por efluente e gases foram de 72, 5 e 23% nas silagens não-emurchecidas e de 80, 0 e 21% nas silagens emurchecidas, respectivamente. A adição de enzimas fibrolíticas associadas ou não ao inoculante bacteriano promoveu redução da fração fibrosa (FDN, FDA, celulose, hemicelulose), sendo esta redução mais acentuada nas silagens emurchecidas. Contudo, não houve aumento da digestibilidade in vitro da MS com adição de enzimas fibrolíticas. Foram observados os valores médios de DBO (11.289 mg L 1), DQO (36.279 mg L 1) e DQO/DBO (3,35) no efluente das silagens contendo umidade original; o maior período de armazenamento aumentou significativamente o potencial poluidor do efluente. O experimento II teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do conteúdo de matéria seca da forragem e o uso de enzimas fibrolíticas aplicadas durante a ensilagem de capim Tanzânia ou após a abertura do silo. Os tratamentos foram confeccionados da seguinte forma: A - forragem emurchecida sem aplicação de enzimas; B não-emurchecida sem aplicação de enzimas; C - emurchecida com enzimas (2 L t -1 de massa verde); D não-emurchecida com enzimas; e E não-emurchecida com enzimas (10 L t -1 de massa verde), após a abertura do silo. Cinco novilhos da raça Nelore foram distribuídos ao acaso em delineamento do tipo Quadrado Latino 5 x 5. Os parâmetros de cinética de passagem de sólidos (2,23% hora-1) e de líquidos (4,83% hora-1) foram similares para os tratamentos avaliados. O comportamento ingestivo dos animais não foi alterado com a elevação da concentração de MS da silagem, sendo observados os seguintes tempos (minutos dia-1) e taxas (min kg MSI-1) de ingestão de MS (247 e 24), de ruminação (426 e 43) e de mastigação (673 e 67), respectivamente. As médias das concentrações totais dos ácidos graxos voláteis (109,62 mM) e de nitrogênio amoniacal (5,6 mg dL-1), do fluido ruminal, não foram alteradas pelos tratamentos aplicados. Diante dessas observações, pode-se concluir que o emurchecimento da forragem e o uso de aditivo enzimático não resultaram em alterações significativas no comportamento ingestivo, nos parâmetros ruminais e na digestibilidade de nutrientes em animais.The present trial aimed to evaluate the effect of fibrolytic enzymes on forage cell wall degradation, when applied either during the ensiling process or just before the animal feeding. The experiment I analyzed the effects of wilting (wet vs wilted), particle size reduction (small vs large) and the addition of fibrolytic enzymes (alone vs combined with Lactobacillus plantarum) on the fermentation and ensiling losses of Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum, Jacq. cv. Tanzania). Forage was harvested and cut at 45-day vegetative re-growth period and stored in experimental plastic silos (50 L) during 136 days. During the storage period, the effluent flow was collected and measured at days 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, 60, 90 and 136. Total silage losses were not affected by particle size reduction, even though the smallest particle size promoted better aerobic stability of the silage. The rate of silage DM recovery, effluent and gases losses were 72, 5 e 23 % for wet and 80, 0 e 21% for wilted silages, respectively. The addition of fibrolytic enzymes exclusively or combined with Lactobacillus plantarum led to decreased concentrations of NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose mainly on wilted silages, however, no benefit was observed in the in vitro DM digestibility. Mean values for BOD (11.289 mg L 1), COD (36.279 mg L 1), and the ratio COD/BOD (3.35) were observed on the effluent of wet silages, which increased the potential of environmental pollution with the longer silage storage period. The experiment II aimed to study the effects of forage wilting or fibrolytic enzymes addition to the Tanzania grass silages. Treatments consisted of: A - wilted forage without enzymes; B - fresh forage without enzymes; C - wilted forage with enzymes at ensiling (2 L t-1 wet forage); D - fresh forage with enzymes at ensiling; E - enzymes applied onto silage (10 L t-1 wet silage) 30 minutes before feeding (direct-fed). Five ruminally cannulated Nellore beef steers were randomly assigned to a 5 x 5 Latin square design. The ruminal passage rate of solid (2.23 % hour 1) and liquid (4.83 % hour 1) phases were similar for all treatments. The animal ingestive behavior measured as total time (minutes day-1) and rate (minutes DM kg-1) was not changed across silages DM concentration, averaging DM eating (247; 24), DM ruminating (426; 43) and DM chewing (673; 67), respectively. The molar concentration (109.62 mM) of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia-N (5.6 mg dL-1) observed in ruminal fluid were similar across silages diets. According to the results it may be concluded that wilting Tanzania grass or the application of fibrolytic enzymes did not improve significantly either the animal ingestive behavior, ruminal parameters or the nutrient digestibilty.
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"Effect of compaction on the quality and aerobicstability of Tanzania grass silage." Tese, BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL DA UFLA, 2005. http://bibtede.ufla.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=342.
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Kennedy, Carol Ann. "NIRS analysis of intact grass silage and fresh grass for the prediction of dry matter, crude protein and acid detergent fibre." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4266.
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Diverse fresh grass and grass silage samples (n = 292) were collected from 138 dairy farms
in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Sources of variation within the forage sample
population included different crop years, harvests, grass species, ensiling additives and storage
facilities. These samples were used to determine the accuracy of near infrared reflectance
spectroscopy (MRS) for predicting the feeding value of undried, unground fresh grass and grass
silage.
NIRS spectra were collected from intact samples with a NIRSystems 6500 scanning
monochromator instrument followed by analyses for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid
detergent fibre (ADF), and fermentation end-products (lactic, acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric,
isovaleric, and valeric acids) by conventional chemical laboratory procedures. The means and
standard deviations of the sample population were 34.7 and 13.0% for DM, 17.1 and 3.5% for
CP, and 34.3 and 3.9% for ADF when corrected to a moisture-free basis.
The calibration set (n =216) was selected by spectral variation using the "neighbourhood
Ff" method and the spectral duplicates were assigned to the validation set (n = 67). Prediction
equations were developed with modified partial least square regression and cross validation
utilizing different scatter treatments, derivatives and wavelength segments. The calibration R2 and
standard errors of cross validation (SECV) for DM, CP, and ADF corrected to a moisture-free
basis were 1.00 and 1.15%, 0.95 and 1.05%, and 0.95 and 1.16%, respectively. Standard errors
of performance (SEP), means, and coefficients of variability (SEP* 100 ⌯ mean) for the validation
set were 0.73, 27.2 and 2.69% for DM, 0.79, 15.7 and 5.03% for CP, and 0.95, 34.5 and 2.75%
for ADF. The errors associated with the equations developed for the short chain organic acids were unacceptably high. Prediction equations were also developed on reference values calculated
on an "as received" basis.
Different procedures for calibration and validation set selection were compared with no
one common method producing the lowest error on all constituents. It was concluded that the
NIRS prediction equation for DM produced excellent accuracy as indicated by the low SECV and
SEP. The prediction equations for CP and ADF had acceptable accuracy for monitoring forage
nutrient quality for livestock ration balancing programs. The NIRS method of analysis will
provide forage quality information faster and at a reduced cost compared to conventional chemical
procedures.
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Swift, Mary Lou. "Prediction of dry matter, crude protein degradability, and amino acid composition of corn silage and grass silage by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/14830.
Full textAbstract:
This research program was designed to meet three objectives. The first was to ascertain
the feasibility of using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict ruminal
degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in corn silage (CS) and CP
degradability in grass silage (GS) as determined by the in situ technique. The second objective
was to develop calibration models to predict intestinal disappearance of DM and CP in CS and
intestinal digestibility of CP in GS as determined by the mobile bag technique. The last
objective was to investigate the feasibility of using NIRS to predict the essential amino acid
(AA) composition of CS and GS.
In situ data showed substantial variation in soluble and degradable DM and CP fractions
as well as AA composition of CS. Based on the RPD statistic used to evaluate calibration
equations, NIRS provides a viable option for the prediction of soluble DM and CP for CS,
effectively degraded CS CP and CS CP disappearance from the intestinal and total digestive
tract. It was not possible to produce robust calibration equations to predict rates of CS DM or
CP degradability. Further study is required to ascertain the usefulness of NIRS in predicting AA
composition of CS.
Interpretation of spectral data showed that DM solubility and degradability of CS is
linked to N-H bonding. There was a strong relationship between soluble DM, potentially
degradable DM and effective degradability of CS CP. A review of the major wavelengths used
in each calibration model indicated that fiber did not play a major role in CS DM digestibility.
For the GS study, samples were classified according to increasing content of neutral
detergent fiber (NDF) as this constituent is related to plant maturity. The content of soluble CP
in GS significantly (P<0.01) decreased with increasing maturity but there was no significant
difference (P>0.05) in potentially degradable CP. Likewise the rate of degradation of the
potentially degradable CP fraction did not change according to NDF content. The amount of
nominally undegradable CP from GS significantly (P<0.01) increased with advancing maturity
but there was no difference in intestinal digestibility of ruminally undegradable CP according to
NDF content. Likewise, there was no difference in essential AA content, expressed on a CP
basis, due to stage of maturity.
Ruminally undegraded CP was inversely related to CP ruminal disappearance after 12 h
and/or 24 h incubation. Pearson correlation coefficients were -0.83 and 0.86, respectively.
NIRS was not successful in predicting CP solubility or degradability fractions for GS as
determined by the in situ technique. Prediction of essential AA content of GS was promising as
RPD statistics for each equation, except Met and Lys, approached 2.3.
This thesis presents data for the development of several NIRS calibration models, which
have not been previously explored in the scientific literature. These include models to predict
intestinal digestibility as well as AA composition of forage. The concluding chapter presents
recommendations for experimental methodology as well as for future research in the area of
NIRS model development.
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KODADOVÁ, Lenka. "Hodnocení kvality konzervované objemné píce při různých způsobech konzervace a skladování." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-320567.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis in the first part deals with the characteristics of major equipment as a source of coarse fodder for preservation. Given the difficult preservability is more prominent characteristic of legumes and their importance in the cultivation of coarse fodder. It describes the significance of clover-grass mixtures in the production of coarse fodder. Methods of harvesting and conservation of grassland biomass. It is also described silage corn, the preservability, harvest methods and importance in animal nutrition. Quality coarse fodder and the factors affecting it. Influence the quality of the biomass input on preservation processes. Furthermore, also deals with the procedures and principles of the production of silage, hay and silage, preservatives and finally summarizes the deterioration of the quality of silage and forage and impact deteriorated for receiving fodder and animal performance.The second part is focused on the monitoring of sensory properties and quality assessment laboratory conserved forage preservation in different ways - loose hay, hay bales, silage pits in silage, clover silage bales and silage in silage pits on lands selected agricultural cooperative. In conclusion, the most important measures designed to improve the quality of canned food.
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Makharamedzha, Unarine. "Effects of different inclusion levels of marula (sclerocarya birrea) pulp at ensiling on the nutritive value of Napier grass (pennisetum purpureum) silage." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/998.
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Rambau, Mashudu Daniel. "The effects of fertilization with bio-digester slurry and the inclusion of carbohydrate additives at ensiling on the nutritive value of Napier grass (pennisetum purpureum) silage." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/696.
Full textAbstract:
MSCAGR (Animal Science)Department of Animal Science
The objective of the study was to determine the effects of fertilisation with bio-digester slurry and the inclusion of carbohydrate additives at ensiling on the fermentation characteristics, chemical composition, ruminal degradability, and in vitro digestibility of Napier grass silage. Napier grass planted at the School of Agriculture Experimental Farm, University of Venda in 5 m x 4 m plots replicated three times in a completely randomised design and was irrigated with either biodigester slurry or no bio-digester slurry (tap water) for a period of 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, the Napier was freshly cut and ensiled for 90 days in 1 litre glass jars in a 2 (Control - tap water and slurry irrigation) x 4 (No additive, molasses, maize meal and brown sugar) factorial arrangement. Fermentation quality and nutritive composition were determined using standard protocols. The dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) ruminal degradability was determined in sacco by incubating feed samples in nylon bags (external dimension: 6 × 12 cm, pore size of 46 μm) in the rumen in three Bonsmara steers fitted with rumen cannulae for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours (h). Parameters to describe the dynamics of ruminal degradability of DM and CP were obtained by fitting the data on the exponential equation P = a + b (1 - e-ct) using the NEWAY computer program, where “a” is the rapidly degradable fraction, “b” is the slowly degradable fraction and “c” is the outflow rate. The in vitro DM and CP degradability of rumen undegradable residue collected after 12, 24 and 48 h incubation was determined by sequential digestion in pepsin (abomasal) and pancreatin (small intestine) solutions. Fertilisation with bio-digester slurry increased (P <0.05) CP content of fresh cut Napier grass pre-ensilage. Bio-digester slurry fertilisation with molasses inclusion improved (P <0.05) the silage DM content which improved (P >0.05) fermentation characteristics with pH of 4.2 and lowest NH3-N of 13.3 g/kg. Other chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics were not affected (P >0.05) due to fertilisation x additives treatment combinations. No bio-digester slurry fertilisation with maize meal inclusion increased (P <0.01) DM degradability at 0 h incubation. As time progressed to 24 h, no biodigester slurry fertilisation with no additive included reduced (P <0.01) DM degradability with no difference (P >0.05) on other treatments. Potential DM degradability (a + b) of no bio-digester slurry fertilisation with no additive inclusion silage was reduced (P <0.01). The reduction was associated with low levels (P <0.01) of slowly degradable fraction “b”. In vitro DM and CP digestibility were not affected (P >0.05) due to fertilisation x additives treatment combinations. In conclusion, bio-digester slurry application improved the quality of fresh cut Napier grass, with the combination of bio-digester slurry fertilisation and molasses addition yielding the best silage quality.
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Ramakatana, Joseph Glen Kgopong. "Effects of Orange (Citrus sinensis) Pulp-buffalo grass (Cenchruis cilliaris) silage on digestibility, growth performance and blood metabolites of windsnyer-type and large white x landrace crossed pigs." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1333.
Full textAbstract:
MSCAGR (Animal Science)Department of Animal Science
The study evaluated the nutritive value of orange pulp- buffalo grass (OPBG) silage as a po-tential pig feed. In experiment 1, OPBG was ensiled in 58 one-litre jars, split into Reno-zyme® enzymes (containing α-amylases and β-endo 1, 3; 1, 4 beta glucanase) (denoted OPBGE) and 18 without enzyme (denoted OPBG). Samples were collected from the lab on days 7, 15 and 30 in a three by two factorial design (period by treatment). In Experiment 2, 12 South African Windsnyer-type (SAWIP) (27.2±3.9 kg) and 12 Large White- Landrace crosses (LW x LR) (28±9.8 kg) were fed diets containing different levels of bulk-ensiled OPBG ad libitum for 30 days, in a 2 X 3 (breed by level of OPBG (control, low (15% OPBG) and high (30% OPBG))) factorial arrangement. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of the pigs was measured during week 3 of feeding. The average body gain ABG average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), average gain to feed ratio (AG: F) were measured weekly. Serum glucose (GLU) , blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREAT), cholesterol, (CHOL) and triglycerides (TG) were measured during week 4 of the experiment. The levels of CP, EE, NDF, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), lactic acid (LA) and pH were different (P<0.05) for OPBGE and OPBG on day 7. However the OPBGE concentra-tions of DM, ASH, CP, NDF, HEMI, WSC, LA and pH were higher (P<0.05) compared to OPBG. The OPBGE was lower (P<0.05) on EE and ADF, compared to OPBG on day 7. The levels of DM, ASH, CP, NDF, ADF, HEMI, LA and WSC were different (P<0.05) for OPBGE and OPBG on day 30. However the OPBGE levels of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, LA and WSC were higher (P<0.05) compared to OPBG. ASH, EE and HEMI were lower (P<0.05) on day 30. There were significant diets x day interactions (P<0.05) for DM, ASH, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, HEMI, WSC, and LA, but not for pH. The aerobic stability study was inconclusive. The digestibility levels of OM and NDF were different (P<0.05) for LW x LR and SAWIP, where LW x LR ATTD on OM and NDF was higher (P<0.05) compared to SAWIP for all diets. The LW x LR ADG was higher (P<0.05) compared to SAWIP for all diets. There was a diet x breed interaction effect (P <0.05) on ADG whereby the BUN and CREAT were different (P <0.05) for LW x LR and SAWIP. The SAWIP BUN was higher (P<0.05), but the CREAT and TG were lower (P<0.05) compared to LW x LR for all diets fed. In conclusion, OPBG inclu-sion in pig feed enhanced the quality of feed, digestibility, performance and blood metabo-lites profile.
NRF
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Gibaud, Hélène. "Nahinfrarotspektroskopische Erfassung und Charakterisierung der nutritiven und fermentativen Qualität von Grassilage im ungetrockneten Zustand." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-F11E-1.
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