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1
Keady, T. W. J., and C. S. Mayne. "The effects of concentrate energy source on silage feeding behaviour and energy utilization by lactating dairy cows offered grass silages with differing intake characteristics." Animal Science 67, no. 2 (October 1998): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135772980000998x.
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AbstractThe effects of concentrate energy source on feeding behaviour and energy utilization, when offered with grass silages of differing intake characteristics, were studied in lactating dairy cows. A total of five silages, which differed in fermentation and intake characteristics, were prepared. Silages A, B and D and silages C and E were harvested from primary regrowths and secondary regrowths respectively of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards. Herbage was ensiled either pre-wilted or unwilted and either untreated or treated with a bacterial inoculant or formic acid based additives. Five concentrates (0s, 25s, 50s, 75s and 100s) were formulated to contain similar concentrations of crude protein, effective rumen degradable protein and metabolizable energy (ME) but using different carbohydrate sources to achieve a wide range of starch concentrations. The silages were offered ad libitum, supplemented with 10 kg concentrates per head per day. In experiment 1, a partially balanced change-over design experiment involving 50 lactating dairy cows was undertaken to examine the effects of concentrate energy source on silage feeding behaviour. Silages A, B, C, D and E were each supplemented with concentrates Os, 25s, 50s, 75s and 100s. Concentrate energy source did not alter (P > 0·05) silage feeding behaviour. The number of meals per day decreased (P < 0·01) as silage dry-matter concentration increased. Experiment 2, a completely randomized experiment involving 18 lactating dairy cows, was undertaken to examine the effects of concentrate energy source on energy utilization with cows offered silages B, C and D. These were supplemented with 10 kg/day of concentrates Os, 50s and 100s. Concentrate energy source had little effect (P > 0·05) on ME intake, energy output or on the efficiency of utilization of ME for lactation (k1). In experiment 3, the effect of concentrate energy source on silage preference was examined in a factorial design experiment involving 12 lactating dairy cows. Silages B, C and D were supplemented with concentrates Os, 50s and 100s. Concentrate energy source did not alter (P > 0·05) silage preference. It is concluded that with silages of differing fermentation and intake characteristics but of similar digestibility, concentrate energy source had no effect on feeding behaviour, silage preference or energy utilization. Furthermore there was no evidence of concentrate energy source by silage type interactions on silage feeding behaviour and preference, or energy utilization.
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Keady, T. W. J., C. S. Mayne, and D. J. Kilpatrick. "The effect of maturity of maize silage at harvest on the performance of lactating dairy cows offered three contrasting grass silages." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200012850.
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Recent developments in maize breeding and in agronomic practices, particularly the development of degradable full cover plastic mulch, have resulted in the possibility of consistently producing high yields of high starch maize silage in Northern Ireland. However, there is considerable variability in the quality of maize and grass silages produced. In a recent study Keady et al. (2002) concluded that the highest yield of fat and protein from dairy cows was obtained from maize silage ensiled at approximately 30% dry matter (DM) when offered as 40% of the forage component of the diets consisting of either medium or high feed value grass silages supplemented with concentrates. Also Keady et al. (2002) concluded that replacing 40% of the grass silage component of the diet with maize silage had a concentrate sparing effect, as determined for milk yield, of up to 1.9 kg/cow/d. The objective of the current study was to examine further the effect of maturity of maize silage at harvest on the performance of dairy cattle offered grass silages differing in feed value. The potential concentrate sparing effect of contrasting maize silages was also examined.
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Aronen, Ilmo, Martti Lampila, and Helena Hepola. "Comparison of diets based on grass silage, hay or oat straw supplemented with four levels of concentrates in the feeding of growing Ayrshire bulls." Agricultural and Food Science 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72684.
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This experiment was conducted during three consecutive years with 144 Ayrshire bulls of an initial age of 185 days and live weight of 186kg. The experimental period lasted for 224 days. The ad libitum fed roughages were grass silage, hay and oat straw, each supplemented with four levels of concentrates, the number of treatments thus being 12. Daily supplements of concentrates were 0,1, 2 or 3 kg on grass silage feeding, 1,2, 3 or 4 kg on hay feeding and 2,3, 4 or 5 kg on straw feeding. Barley was used as a concentrate on grass silage feeding, but part of it was replaced by rapeseed meal and urea in the hay and straw feeding groups to balance the nitrogen intake. An increase in concentrate intake was found to decrease the roughage intake with each type of roughage, but the total intake of dry matter (DM) was increased. Increasing the level of concentrates enhanced both the rate of daily live weight gain (LWG) and carcass gain. However, 2 kg more concentrates was needed on hay feeding than on grass silage feeding to obtain similar carcass gain. On straw feeding, 4 kg of concentrates was not sufficient to obtain a comparable carcass gain as with grass silage alone. The response to concentrate supplementation on grass silage feeding indicated, however, that the growth potential of the bulls receiving silage alone or silage with small amounts (1 or 2 kg/day) of concentrates was not completely utilized. The study showed that LWG is an inadequate measure of animal performance when diets with different fill characteristics are compared. With coarse diets, a relatively large proportion of LWG is rumen contents. Comparisons of animal performance and feed conversion should, instead, be done in terms of carcass gain.
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Kim, E. J., A. Cooper, D. S. Parker, J. M. Dawson, P. J. Buttery, M. S. Dhanoa, and N. D. Scollan. "Performance responses and partitioning of nutrients in steers fed on either grass silage or grass silage and concentrate at similar levels of metabolisable energy intake." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200000752.
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It is generally accepted that diets for beef cattle containing a high proportion of grass silage compared to concentrates may result in poorer performance responses (intake, liveweight gain). Scollan et al. (1999) reported that in comparison to feeding grass silage alone, supplementing with additional concentrates increased growth rates, but the animals achieved the same amounts of carcass protein whilst depositing more fat. This study examined the effect of feeding a grass silage alone compared to silage and concentrate at the same level of metabolisable energy (ME) intake on animal performance and body composition.
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Keady, T. W. J., C. S. Mayne, and D. A. Fitzpatrick. "The effects of concentrate energy source on milk composition of lactating dairy cattle offered grass silage." BSAP Occasional Publication 25 (2000): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146398150004070x.
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AbstractTwo partially balanced change-over design experiments were undertaken to examine the effects of concentrate energy source on milk yield and composition of lactating diary cows offered a diverse range of grass silages. A total of nine silages differing in fermentation digestibility and intake characteristics were produced in experiments 1 and 2. Silage dry matter (DM) concentration ranged from 170 to 473 g/kg, ammonia nitrogen ranged from 58 to 356 g/kg nitrogen, digestible organic matter in the DM ranged from 551 to 724 g/kg and silage DM intake potential ranged from 57 to 103.8 g/kg w0.75 respectively. In experiment 1, 5 concentrates were formulated to contain similar concentrations of crude protein (CP), effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP), metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible undegradable protein (DUP) while three concentrates were formulated in experiment 2 to contain similar concentrations of CP, ME and DUP. The concentrates were prepared using barley, wheat, sugar beet pulp and citrus pulp as energy sources and formulated to achieve a wide range of starch concentrations. Starch concentrations ranged from 50 to 384 g/kg DM and 22 to 273 g/kg DM in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. There were no concentrate energy source by silage type interactions for silage intake, milk yield and composition. It is concluded that increasing starch intake resulted in positive and negative linear relationships for milk protein (P<0.001, R2 = 0.96) and fat (P<0.001, R2 = 0.85) concentrations respectively. Concentrate energy source had no effect on silage DM intake or milk yield.
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Keady, T. W. J., C. S. Mayne, and D. A. Fitzpatrick. "An examination of the effect of concentrate energy source on rumen fermentation characteristics of dairy cattle offered grass silages of differing intake characteristics." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200003720.
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Recent dairy cow production studies (Keady et al, 1998a, b) have indicated that energy source (starch v fibre) in the concentrate did not alter silage intake or milk yield of lactating dairy cattle offered a range of grass silages. However in both studies increasing the level of starch in the concentrate increased milk protein concentration and tended to decrease milk fat concentration. The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of concentrate energy source on rumen fermentation characteristics of dairy cattle offered three grass silages.Three silages were produced from predominantly perennial ryegrass swards after 39 day regrowth intervals. Silages A and C were ensiled from primary regrowths treated with an inoculant while silage B was ensiled from a secondary regrowth untreated. Silage A was wilted for 24 hours prior to ensiling while silages B and C were ensiled direct. Two concentrates, 0s and 100s were formulated to contain different starch concentrations but similar concentrations of crude protein, metabolisable energy, digestible undegradable protein and effective rumen degradable protein.
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Keady, T. W. J., C. S. Mayne, D. A. Fitzpatrick, and M. Marsden. "The effects of energy source and level of digestible undegradable protein in concentrates on silage intake and performance of lactating dairy cows offered a range of grass silages." Animal Science 68, no. 4 (June 1999): 763–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800050797.
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AbstractThe effects of energy source and level of digestible undegraded protein (DUP) in concentrates on silage intake and performance of lactating dairy cows, offered one of a range of grass silages differing in digestibility and intake characteristics, were evaluated in a partially balanced change-over design experiment involving 48 cows. Four silages were prepared using differing management practices prior to and during ensiling. All silages were treated with an inoculant additive. For silages A, В, С and D, dry matter (DM) concentrations were 199, 320, 313 and 223 (s.e. 4.6) g/kg, pH values 3.82, 4.03, 4·03 and 5·27 (s.e. 0.056), ammonia nitrogen (N) concentrations 58, 122, 66 and 356 (s.e. 13.2) g/kg total N and in vivo DM apparent digestibilities 077, 0.75 , 0.60 and 0.60 (s.e. 0·013) respectively. When offered as the sole diet to 12 dairy cows in a partially balanced change-over design experiment, silage DM intakes were 14.7, 14.7, 12.7 and 10.5 (s.e. 0·36) kg/day respectively for silages А, В, С and D. Six concentrates containing three starch concentrations, each at two levels of DUP, were formulated to have similar concentrations of crude protein, metabolizable energy (ME) and fermentable ME. For the low and high starch concentrates and low and high levels of DUP, starch concentrations were 22·5 and 273 g/kg DM and DUP levels were 44 and 60 g/kg DM respectively. Silages were offered ad libitum supplemented with 10 kg fresh concentrate per head per day. For silages А, В, С and D, DM intakes were 10.8, 11.2, 10·7 and 9·1 (s.e. 0·26) kg/day and milk yields 29.0, 27.6, 27.1 and 25.7 (s.e. 0.69) kg/day respectively. With the exception of milk protein concentration there were no significant (P> 0.05) silage type by concentrate energy source and/or level of DUP interactions on silage intake, milk output or composition. Concentrate energy source had no effect (P> 0.05) on silage DM intake, the yields of milk, fat, protein or fat plus protein or milk fat concentration. However, increasing starch concentration increased milk protein concentration (P< 0·001), urinary allantoin concentration (P< 0·01) and diet apparent digestibility (P< 0·001). Altering concentrate DUP level had no effect (P> 0·05) on silage DM intake, yields of milk, protein, fat or fat plus protein, milk f at concentrations or diet apparent digestibility. Increasing the level of DUP decreased milk protein (P< 0·05) concentration. It is concluded that with silages of varying digestibility, fermentation and intake characteristics, there were no concentrate energy source and/or level of DUP by silage type interactions on silage intake, milk yield or composition, or diet apparent digestibility with the exception of a silage type by concentrate level of DUP interaction on milk protein concentration. With out-of-parlour feeding of concentrates the results of the present study suggest that there is no evidence to justify the formulation of concentrates differing in energy source or level of DUP to complement individual silage types.
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McCabe, N. H., F. P. O' Mara, and P. J. Caffery. "Evaluation of maize silage in the diet of finishing steers." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600029287.
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Interest in the production of maize silage in Ireland has increased in the last few years. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the performance of steers when fed maize or grass silage based diets ad libitum and supplemented with varying levels of concentrates.Sixty continental cross steers were blocked on the basis of live weight (av. initial weight = 617 kg) and breed (Charolais, Limousin and Simmental) and were allocated to one of the following six dietary treatments with 10 animals per treatment: A) maize silage-1 (sown under polythene) plus 2 kg concentrates (22% CP); B) 50:50 mixture of maize silage-2 (grown without the use of polythene):grass silage plus 4 kg concentrates (16% CP); C) maize silage-2 plus 4 kg concentrates (16% CP); D) maize silage-3 (as for silage-2 but with additive applied to control aerobic deterioration) plus 4 kg concentrates (16% CP); E) grass silage plus 4 kg concentrates (16% CP); F) grass silage plus 6 kg concentrates (14% CP). The steers were fed for 105 days during which live weight gains and group intakes were measured. After slaughter carcass gains were calculated (using an initial kill-out of 53%), kidney knob and channel fat weights were measured and carcass conformation and fat scores were taken.
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Fitzgerald, J. J., and J. J. Murphy. "Effect of maize silage quality in a mixed forage diet and the crude protein level in the concentrate supplement on milk production of dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600033626.
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Good quality maize silage with a high starch content and DM digestibility when fed to dairy cows increased forage intake, milk production and milk protein concentration compared with grass silage or low starch maize silage (Fitzgerald, 1997). Due to the low crude protein (CP) content of maize silage compared with grass silage, additional protein supplementation is required in the concentrate. The optimum level of protein in the concentrate for maize silage based forages differing in starch content was investigated in this study.Three forages consisting of either all grass silage (GS) or mixed forages of grass silage and maize silage (40:60 DM mix) which contained either a low (LSM) or a high (HSM) starch content were offered ad libitum to individually fed dairy cows in early lactation (12 cows/forage). Each forage was supplemented with concentrates (6 kg/day) containing 180, 230 or 280 g CP/kg according to a change over design (3 periods of 3 weeks/period).
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Aronen, Ilmo, and Aila Vanhatalo. "Effect of concentrate supplementation to grass silage diets on rumen fermentation, diet digestion and microbial protein synthesis in growing heifers." Agricultural and Food Science 1, no. 2 (March 1, 1992): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72436.
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A 4 x 4 latin square experiment was carried out with four growing heifers, each with a rumen cannula and a simple T-cannula inserted in the proximal duodenum. The purpose was to study the effects of the supplementation of concentrate to grass silage on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and digestion of organic matter (OM), fibre components and N. The diets were composed of grass silage alone (S); grass silage and barley (SBU, 50:50 % on dry matter (DM) basis); and grass silage, barley and protein concentrate based either on rapeseed meal (SBR), or meat and bone meal (SBM) (50:40:10). To make the diets isonitrogenous, 23 g of urea was given with the SBU diet. The supplementation of concentrates, irrespective of their type, increased the average rumen ammonia-N and total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and decreased the molar proportion of acetate. Inclusion of concentrates in the diet had a negative effect on the digestibility of cell wall constituents. The production of microbial protein and the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were not affected by the diet. It appears, therefore, that the supply of nitrogenous constituents for rumen microbes through ruminally degraded protein was adequate in silage feeding, and that no extra benefit, at the utilized level of application, was gained by the supplementation of any of the concentrates.
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Visser, H. de, and V. A. Hindle. "Autumn-cut grass silage as roughage component in dairy cow rations. 1. Feed intake, digestibility and milk performance." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 40, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v40i2.16521.
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A feeding trial was carried out with 56 dairy cows in >=2nd lactation. The duration of the experiment was 13 wk and started immediately after parturition. Basal diets consisted of maize silage, pressed beet pulp, moist ensiled maize gluten feed, ensiled brewers' grains and concentrates, which provided 70% of total DM. The remaining 30% of the DM consisted of grass silages, which were given as supplement to the basal diet. Treatments were wilted grass silage (WGS), moist grass silage ensiled with molasses (MGS), moist grass silage ensiled with formic acid (FGS) and wilted grass silage with added water (WW). The rations were given as a total mixed ration (TMR) to avoid selection. All grass silages were harvested between 30 Aug. and 1 Sept. from the same pastures. The moist grass silage differed in chemical composition from the wilted grass silage in ash (higher), crude fibre (lower) and NDF (lower). The in vitro and in vivo digestibility did not differ between silages. Total DM intake was lowest for both moist silages (MGS and FGS) and, as a consequence, net energy intake was also lowest with MGS and FGS. Milk yield was highest on WGS and WW, resulting from the higher energy intake. Milk fat yield and content did not differ between treatments. Milk protein yield was significantly lower for groups given MGS and FGS. Milk protein content tended to be lower for groups given FGS and MGS. During the experiment energy balance was negative on all treatments. Calculation of the duodenal digestible protein value (DVE), using the recommended equation for grass silage, gave WGS silage a better fit with the DVE balance measured in the feeding trial than found with high moisture silages (MGS, FGS), which appeared to be underestimated. Body weight changes correspond favourably with net energy balances, after correction of energy values for volatiles in grass silages, using individual net energy values for volatiles instead of an av. for grass silage OM. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Sutton, J. D., D. E. Beever, K. Aston, and S. R. Daley. "Milk nitrogen fractions in holstein-friesian cows as affected by amount and protein concentration of the concentrates." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600023680.
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Recent experiments have shown consistent improvements in grass silage intake and milk yield by cows in response to increasing concentrations of crude protein (CP) in the concentrates. Such results have led to recommendations that a strategy for winter feeding of dairy cows should be based on relatively small amounts of high-protein concentrates with grass silage ad libitum. There is, however, little information about the possible effects of such a strategy on milk nitrogen fractions. The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of two approaches to increasing the CP concentration of the concentrates on milk yield and composition, particularly nitrogen fractions.From calving, 44 muciparous Holstein-Friesian cows were given 3 weeks on a standard diet and then were allocated to one of five concentrate treatments with grass silage ad libitum from weeks 4 to 18 of lactation. Concentrates were formulated to contain 200, 300, 400 or 600g CP/kg DM (Table 1). The silage contained 312g DM/kg and, per kg DM, 483g neutral detergent fibre, 286g acid detergent fibre, 168g CP, 16lg lactic acid, 14g acetic acid and l.lg butyric acid. Ammonia-N was 69g/kg total N and pH was 3.9.
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McNamee, B. F., V. B. Woods, D. J. Kilpatrick, and F. J. Gordon. "Prediction of the intake potential of grass silage in the supplemented diets of lactating dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200007651.
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In the majority of farming systems in Ireland and the UK, grass silage is supplemented with varying types and levels of concentrates when offered to lactating dairy cows (Keadyet al., 1998). This supplementation results in a reduction in the intake of the silage. The aim of the current study was therefore to use data from the literature to develop empirical models that would allow the prediction of grass silage dry matter intake with increasing amounts of concentrate intake.
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Woods, V. B., D. J. Kilpatrick, and F. J. Gordon. "Use of empirical models that describe the response of lactating dairy cattle to varying ratios of silage to concentrate as described in terms of metabolizable energy intake: the prediction of milk yield and its constituents from a combination of two empirical models." Animal Science 79, no. 2 (October 2004): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800090196.
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AbstractGrass silage constitutes a major proportion of the food offered to high producing dairy cows in the western regions of the European Union. In order to achieve optimal milk yield and quality from high genetic merit dairy cows, it is common practice to offer concentrates in addition to grass silage at feeding. The aim of the current study was to combine two existing empirical models in order to allow prediction of the response in milk production to offering varying ratios of grass silage and concentrates to high genetic merit dairy cows, allowing for the fact that grass silage quality can vary. Results have demonstrated that it is possible to predict, with reasonable precision, the milk production response to various combinations of grass silage and concentrates in the diet. This will facilitate investigation of production and economic responses of offering increased levels of concentrates in the diet on milk yield, milk quality and milk value.
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Doherty, J. G., and C. S. Mayne. "The Effect of Concentrate Type and Supplementary Lactic Acid or Soya-Oil on Milk Production in Dairy Cows Offered Restricted or Extensively Fermented Grass Silages." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1994 (March 1994): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600025897.
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Several studies have shown increased silage dry-matter intake (SDMI) and improved milk fat concentrations in dairy cows offered restricted fermented grass silages compared to more extensively fermented silages. A recent study suggested that differences in silage intakeper serather than an alteration in rumen fermentation may be responsible for the changes in milk composition observed in the previous studies (Doherty and Mayne, 1993). The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of changes in concentrate composition on milk production parameters in dairy cows offered grass silages of contrasting fermentation type.Two direct cut grass silages were prepared using either an inoculant, containing a single strain ofLactobacillus plantarum, (Ecosyl, 3 1/t fresh weight, Zeneca Products Ltd) or a mixture of aliphatic carboxylic acids (Maxgrass, 6 1/t fresh weight, BP Chemicals Ltd). Two concentrates (high starch or high fibre) were formulated containing either: barley, 300; wheat, 355; and soyabean-meal, 270 g/kg (high starch) or unmolassed sugar-beet pulp, 555; citrus pulp, 100; and soyabean-meal, 270 g/kg (high fibre).
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KIRKPATRICK, D. E., and R. W. J. STEEN. "Performance, carcass composition and energy retention of lambs offered two contrasting grass-based forages." Journal of Agricultural Science 132, no. 1 (February 1999): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185969800611x.
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An experiment was carried out in Northern Ireland in 1994 to examine the effects of ensiling grass on the partitioning of nutrients between lean and fat deposition in lambs using the comparative slaughter technique. The six treatments consisted of: (1) unsupplemented grass silage; (2) grass silage supplemented with concentrates, concentrates constituting 250 g/kg total dry matter intake (DMI); (3) grass silage supplemented with concentrates, concentrates constituting 500 g/kg total DMI; (4) unsupplemented grass which had been conserved by freezing; (5) pre-frozen grass supplemented with concentrates, concentrates constituting 250 g/kg total DMI, and (6) pre-frozen grass supplemented with concentrates, concentrates constituting 500 g/kg total DMI. A total of 84 Dutch Texel×Greyface (Border Leicester×Blackface) lambs, consisting of 42 males which were initially 35 (s.d. 4·8) kg liveweight and 42 females which were 33 (S.D. 2·6) kg liveweight, were used. The silage was well preserved as indicated by its low pH (3·8), low concentration of ammonia (60 g/kg total nitrogen) and high concentration of lactic acid (129 g/kg DM). The grass had a higher pH (5·2) and higher WSC concentration (129 g/kg DM) and lower concentrations of lactic (33 g/kg DM) and acetic acids (6 g/kg DM). Ensiling had no significant effect (P>0·05) on empty body and carcass weight gains. Animals offered unsupplemented silage had significantly lower protein (P<0·001) concentration in the carcass gain and significantly higher lipid and energy (P<0·001) concentrations than animals offered unsupplemented frozen grass. However, there was no effect of forage type on chemical composition of carcass gains when 50% forage was offered. It is concluded that ensiling had no effect on empty body or carcass weight gains, but did increase carcass fatness when unsupplemented forages were offered.
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Keady, T. W. J., C. S. Mayne, and M. Marsden. "The effects of concentrate energy source on silage intake and animal performance with lactating dairy cows offered a range of grass silages." Animal Science 66, no. 1 (February 1998): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800008808.
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AbstractA partially balanced change-over design experiment was made to examine the effects of concentrate energy source on the voluntary food intake and animal performance of 50 lactating dairy cows offered a diverse range of grass silages. The silages were also offered as the sole diet to 10 dairy cows in a partially balanced change-over design experiment. A total of five silages were prepared. Silages A, B and D and silages C and E were harvested from primary regrowths and secondary regrowths respectively of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards. Herbage was ensiled either pre-wilted or unwilted and either untreated or treated with a bacterial inoculant or formic acid based additives. For silages A, B, C, D and E, dry matter (DM) concentrations were 473, 334, 170, 170 and 256 (s.e. 4·0) g/kg, pH values 4·42, 4·01, 4·88, 4·46 and 3·91 (s.e. 0·059), ammonia-nitrogen (N) concentrations 86, 88, 289, 182 and 135 (s.e. 10·6) glkg total N and in vitro DM apparent digestibilities 0·76, 0·76, 0·75, 0·73 and 0·75 (s.e. 0·009) respectively. When offered as the sole diet DM intakes were 14·1,14·7,10·5,10·1 and 11·5 (s.e. 0·50) kg/day. Five concentrates were formulated to contain similar concentrations of crude protein, effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP), metabolizable energy (ME) and fermentable ME (FME) but using different carbohydrate sources to achieve a wide range of starch concentrations. For the low and high starch concentrates, starch concentrations were 50 and 384 g/kg DM, and acid-detergent fibre concentrations were 128 and 75 g/kg DM respectively. The silages were offeredad libitumsupplemented with 10 kg concentrate per head per day. For silages A, B, C, D and E silage DM intakes were 10·6, 10·5, 8·5, 8·6 and 9·0 (s.e. 0·37) kg/day and milk yields 23·9, 28·1, 26·2, 26·1 and 25·0 (s.e. 0·76) kg/day respectively. Concentrate energy source did not influence (P > 0·05) silage DM intake, diet apparent digestibility or the yields of milk or fat plus protein. For concentrates containing 50, 131, 209, 310 and 384 g starch per kg DM, milk protein concentrations were 32·0, 32·2, 32·5, 33·0 and 33·6 (s.e. 0·13) glkg, milk fat concentrations were 44·5, 43·9, 43·8, 43·3 and 43·1 (s.e. 0·35) glkg and urinary allantoin concentrations 15·2,15·4, 17·0, 1.7·6 and 18·0 mmolll respectively. Increasing starch intake resulted in positive and negative linear relationships for milk protein (P< 0·01, R2 = 0·96) and fat (P< 0·01, R2 = 0·96) concentrations respectively. There were no significant concentrate energy source × silage type interactions on silage intake or yields of milk or fat plus protein (P > 0·05). However there was a concentrate energy source × silage type interaction on milk fat yield (P > 0·05). It is concluded that, with silages of varying fermentation and intake characteristics but similar apparent digestibility, there were no concentrate energy source × silage type interactions on food intake, milk composition or milk yield. Also concentrate energy source had no effect on silage DM intake or milk yield. However increasing starch intake linearly increased milk protein concentration, probably due to increased microbial protein synthesis and decreased milk fat concentration.
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Sloan, B. K., P. Rowlinson, and D. G. Armstrong. "Milk production in early lactation dairy cows given grass silagead libitum: Influence of concentrate energy source, crude protein content and level of concentrate allowance." Animal Production 46, no. 3 (June 1988): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018936.
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ABSTRACTThere is increasing interest in how the raw material make-up of concentrates can influence the milk performance of dairy cows. Thus, over two consecutive winters, 54 dairy cows were used to investigate the effects on dry matter (DM) intake, milk yield and its composition of feeding concentrates of diverse energy source (LNDF — 131 g neutral-detergent fibre per kg DM, 492 g starch plus sugars per kg DM; HNDF — 244 g neutral-detergent fibre per kg DM, 293 g starch plus sugar per kg DM) at two formulated crude protein (CP) levels (157v.187 g/kg DM) and three levels of concentrate allowance (9, 11, 13 kg DM). The concentrates were formulated to be of equivalent metabolizable energy concentration (MJ/kg DM) and were offered with silagead libitumfor a 10-week period (weeks 4 to 13 of lactation).Silage intakes were variable but not significantly influenced by concentrate energy source or formulated CP level, except in the 1st year where animals consuming the high CP concentrate ate more silage. Silage DM intake decreased as concentrate allowance was increased with the substitution rate (kg silage DM per kg concentrate DM) increasing as concentrate allowance was increased.Increasing the concentrate allowance effected the expected increases in milk yield. Concentrate energy source did not influence milk yield but the higher CP levels effected a 2-kg increase in milk yield. Feeding of LNDF concentrates depressed milk fat concentration and its yield, the depression being accentuated with each increase in concentrate allowance. The depression in milk fat concentration was negatively correlated with the forage: concentrate ratio of the diet consumed. Furthermore, dietary NDF proportion was shown to account for greater than half of the variation in milk fat concentration. In contrast to the observations made for milk fat, feeding the LNDF concentrates effected an increase in milk protein concentration but only at the lower CP level of the concentrate.
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Rowlinson, P., S. P. Marsh, and W. Taylor. "Moist wheat distillers grains for grass silage fed beef cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600029159.
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Brewery and distillery co-products such as Brewers Grains and Draff have long been recognised as effective forage replacers within cattle rations. Recently the value of these feeds as concentrate replacers has been demonstrated (Hyslop and Roberts 1990, Forbes and Johnson 1990) with 4kg of concentrates being typically replaced by 16kg of Brewers Grains or Draff within dairy cow rations.Moist wheat distillers grains (Supergrains) contain higher levels of dry matter, energy and protein compared to Brewers Grains or Draff. At the single distillery producing the co-product, the main raw material used is wheat with a small quantity of malting barley to assist in the enzyme conversion of starch. The cereals and yeast used in the process pass through the entire fermentation and distillation process with the material left after the spirit has been distilled off being concentrated by centrifugation to form Supergrains with a dry matter (g/kg), metabolisable energy (MJ/kg DM) and crude protent content (g/kg DM) of 260, 14.0 and 320 respectively..The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of replacing concentrates with Supergrains with bulls fed ad libitum grass silage.
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Aronen, Ilmo, Vesa Toivonen, Elise Ketoja, and Jukka Öfversten. "Beef production as influenced by stage of maturity of grass for silage and level and type of supplementary concentrates." Agricultural and Food Science 1, no. 5 (September 1, 1992): 441–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72456.
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The aim of this study was to examine the effects ofstage ofmaturity of grass for silage (EC = early cut, LC = late cut), and level (LL = low level, i.e., 1.5 kg dry matter (DM) d-1, HL = high level, i.e., 3.0 kg DM d-1) and type (B =barley, BRSM = barley and heatmoisture treated rapeseed meal) of supplementary concentrates on feed intake, animal performance and diet digestion in Finnish Ayrshire bulls. The study was conducted as a 23 factorial experiment with six randomized complete blocks. The average initial and final live weights of the bulls were 123 kg and 494 kg, respectively. The crude protein content of the ad libitum fed EC and LC silages, cut at an interval of eight days, was 159 and 131 g kg-1 DM. However, the difference in the estimated content of AAT (= amino acids absorbed in the small intestine) between the two silages was small, whereas there was a large difference in PBV (= protein balance in the rumen). The respective values for crude fibre were 278 and 304 g kg-1 DM. At the beginning of the experiment the voluntary grass silage intake of the EC bulls was higher than that of the LC bulls. Towards the end of the experiment the difference in silage intake between the two stages of cut disappeared. This change in voluntary grass silage intake was followed by a similar change in the rate of daily live weight gain (LWG): the EC bulls started to grow faster than the LC bulls, but the initial slower LWG of the LC bulls had been compensated by the end of the experiment. The LL bulls had a higher intake of silage than the HL bulls. The substitution rate was 0.63 kg silage DM per concentrate DM, regardless of the stage ofcut. HL feeding resulted in faster LWG. Owing, at least partly, to the improved diet digestibility, inclusion of rapeseed meal in the diet increased the silage intake throughout the experiment followed by a faster LWG. The positive effect of rapeseed meal was unaffected by the stage ofmaturity of the grass for silage and the level of concentrate supply. The animals were not able to take full advantage of the high protein content of the EC silage. The inclusion of rapeseed meal in the diet, however, improved the rate of gain and resulted in more efficient feed conversion.
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Agnew, K. W., and C. S. Mayne. "An examination of the effect of type of concentrate and method of concentrate feeding on the milk production of british friesian dairy cows offered grass silage based diets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600021620.
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In a previous study at this Institute, significant increases in total dry matter intake were obtained with first lactation animals offered grass silage and concentrates as a complete diet rather than in separate feeds. However, the increased DM intake associated with complete diet feeding was not reflected in improved animal performance. Similar results have also been reported by Phipps, Bines, Fulford and Weller (1984) and Cassel, Merrill, Milligan and Guest (1984).The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect on animal performance of offering two types of concentrate in addition to grass silage, with concentrates offered either as a complete diet or in three feeds per day.
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Orr, R. J., and T. T. Treacher. "The effect of concentrate level on the intakes of silages or hays by ewes in the 1st month of lactation." Animal Science 58, no. 1 (February 1994): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100007145.
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AbstractIn three experiments, four grass silages and four grass hays were offeredad libitum to a total of 164 Finn Dorset ewes rearing twins in the 1st month of lactation. In addition, one of three constant daily levels (300, 650 or 1000 g fresh weight per ewe) of a barley-based concentrate was offered. In the first experiment, replacement rate of silage with in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) of 0·65 was less than for hay (OMD 0·59), at –0·09 v. –0·62 g forage OM per g concentrates OM. Consequently, lamb growth rate was greater and ewe weight loss was less with increased concentrate level for the silage than for the hay. In the second experiment, the replacement rates of three silages (OMD 0·56, 0·60 and 0·67) were not significantly different (mean –0·29) and, once again, increased concentrate level gave significantly better ewe and lamb performance. Finally, the replacement rates for three hays (OMD 0·51, 0·59 and 0·72) were also not significantly different (mean –0·30). Equations are presented to predict the intakes of hays and silages by ewes in early lactation.
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Kwakkel, R. P., J. van Bruchem, G. Hof, and H. Boer. "The in sacco degradation of crude protein and cell wall constituents in grass, alfalfa and maize silages." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 34, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v34i1.16824.
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Degradation of crude protein (CP) and cell wall constituents (CWC) in grass, lucerne and maize silages were estimated after incubation for 48 h in nylon bags in the rumen of 2 Dutch Friesian cows fed daily on hay 10 kg and concentrates 1 kg. Estimation of fractional rates of degradation was based on a single exponential degradation model. Fractional degradation rates of CP in grass, lucerne and maize silages were 5.2, 5.0 and 6.3% per h respectively. Corresponding values for CWC were 4.3, 4.0 and 2.8% per h. The non-degradable CWC fraction was higher in lucerne silage (52.1%) than in grass and miaze silages (20.4 and 24.6%, respectively). Extent of degradation of lucerne CWC was lower than that of maize and grass silages but voluntary intake of lucerne silage by steers was higher. Voluntary intake of silages cannot be explained by content, composition and degradation of CWC only; the physical structure may also be involved. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Kennedy, P. C., L. E. R. Dawson, F. O. Lively, R. W. J. Steen, A. M. Fearon, B. W. Moss, and D. J. Kilpatrick. "Effects of offering grass silage alone or in combination with lupin/triticale, lupin/wheat or pea/oat whole-crop silages on animal performance, meat quality and fatty acid composition of beef from cattle offered two levels of concentrate." Journal of Agricultural Science 156, no. 8 (October 2018): 1017–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859618001077.
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AbstractAn experiment was carried out to examine the effects of offering beef cattle five silage diets. These were perennial ryegrass silage (PRGS) as the sole forage, tall fescue/perennial ryegrass silage (FGS) as the sole forage, PRGS in a 50:50 ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis with lupin/triticale silage (LTS), lupin/wheat silage (LWS) and pea/oat silage (POS). Each of the five silage diets was supplemented with 4 and 7 kg of concentrates/head/day in a five silages × two concentrate intakes factorial design. A total of 90 cattle were used in the 121-day experiment. The grass silages were of medium digestibility and were well preserved. The legume/cereal silages had high ammonia N, high acetic acid, low lactic acid, low butyric acid and low digestible organic matter concentrations (542, 562 and 502 g/kg DM for LTS, LWS and POS, respectively). Silage treatment did not significantly affect liveweight gain, carcass gain, carcass characteristics, the instrumental assessment of meat quality or fatty acid composition of theM. longissimus dorsimuscle. In view of the low yields of the legume/cereal crops, it is concluded that the inclusion of spring-sown legume/cereal silages in the diets of beef cattle is unlikely to be advantageous.
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Doherty, J. G., and C. S. Mayne. "The effect of concentrate type and supplementary lactic acid or soya oil on milk production characteristics in dairy cows offered grass silages of contrasting fermentation type." Animal Science 62, no. 2 (April 1996): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135772980001448x.
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AbstractSixteen first lactation dairy cows were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design experiment. Two silages, an extensively fermented inoculant-treated silage or a restricted fermented, mixed aliphatic carboxylic acid-treated silage were offered with two concentrate types (starch- or fibre-based) and supplementary lactic acid (LA, 0·4 kg/day) or soya oil (SO, 0·41 kg/day). Concentrates containing 180 g crude protein per kg were offered at 6 kg/day. Silage dry-matter intake tended to be higher (P = 0·07) with restricted fermented silage compared with the inoculant silage. Milk fat or protein concentrations were not significantly affected (P > 0·05) by silage fermentation type. LA inclusion had no significant effect (P > 0·05) on animal performance. SO inclusion significantly increased (P < 0-05) milk yield (+ 0·8 kg/day), decreased milk fat concentration and yield (40·2, 32·9 g/kg and 779, 667 g/dayfor - and + SO respectively, P< 0·001) and decreased milk protein concentration (-0·81 g/kg, P < 0·01). A significant concentrate × soya-oil interaction (P<0·01) suggested a greater reduction in milk fat concentration with the SO, starch compared with the SO, fibre combination. Modified acid-detergent fibre (P < 0·01) and neutraldetergent fibre (P < 0·001) apparent digestibility coefficients were significantly lower with starch- compared with fibre-based concentrates. Results suggest that milk production responses to changes in concentrate composition were not influenced by the extent of restriction of the silage fermentation process.
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Shiels, P., P. O'Kiely, A. P. Moloney, and P. Caffrey. "Digestion and nitrogen retention in steers offered grass silages made with no additive, formic acid or bacterial inoculant, and supplemented with two levels of concentrates." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600032864.
Full textAbstract:
Beneficial effects of inoculants on the nutritive value of well-preserved grass silage for beef cattle have been described (Keady and Steen, 1994). Less information is available on the efficacy of inoculants when untreated grass is preserved badly. The first objective of this study was to determine the effect of one inoculant under such conditions. Since an improvement in nutritive value of silage may be hidden when supplementary concentrates are offered, the second objective of this study was to determine the interaction between silage additive treatment and concentrate supplementation on the nutritive value of the resulting diets.
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Boland, T. M., L. Hayes, J. J. Murphy, P. J. Quinn, and T. F. Crosby. "The effects of offering a concentrate or grass silage based diet to single, twin and triplet-bearing ewes in late pregnancy on ewe performance." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200020238.
Full textAbstract:
The nutrient requirements of ewes increase greatly during the final two months of gestation as a result of the rapid foetal growth (Robinson, 1990). Traditionally these nutritional requirements were met by feeding grass silage supplemented with concentrates (Sheehan et al., 1979). Intakes of silage by sheep are variable, dependant on a range of factors with silage digestibility of major importance (Sheehan, 1975). However, voluntary silage intakes have been reported to vary irrespective of quality (Sheehan and Fitzgerald, 1977). Alternatively, the energy requirements of the ewe during late pregnancy can be supplied by offering a complete concentrate diet (Sheehan, 1975). The objectives of this experiment were to compare the performance of single, twin and triplet-bearing ewes when offered either a concentrate diet or a silage based diet supplemented with concentrates, each offered at 90% of metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and conceptus growth.
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Steen, R. W. J., S. D. Johnston, D. J. Kilpatrick, and D. M. B. Chestnutt. "Responses in the growth of body components of finishing lambs to additional metabolizable energy supplied from either grass silage or concentrates." Animal Science 67, no. 3 (December 1998): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800032938.
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AbstractTwo experiments involving 213 finishing lambs were carried out to examine the responses in growth rate and carcass composition to the addition ofmetabolizable energy (ME) to a mixed diet in theform ofeither grass silage concentrate. In the second experiment the performance of lambs offered silage only was also compared at equal intake with the performance of lambs given mixed diets. On average the silages contained 224 g dry matter (DM) per kg; 148 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM; 86 g ammonia-nitrogen per kg total nitrogen and 723 g digestible organic matter per kg DM. Concentrates were based on barley and soya-bean meal and contained 181 g CP per DM. Responses in carcass weight gain when additional ME was added to mixed silagelconcentrate diets in theform ofgrass silage and concentrates were 9·2 and 10·2 (s.e. 0·90) gIM] respectively in experiment 1 and 9·8 and 10-(s.e. 0·33) g/MJ respectively in experiment 2, and responses in energy retention in experiment 2 were 0·34 and 0-(s.e. 0·012) MJ/M] respectively. However carcass gain and energy retention sustained by a silage only diet were only 0·67 and 0·70 respectively of those sustained by a high-concentrate diet at the same ME intake. The diet did not significantly affect body or carcass composition.
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Steen, R. W. J. "A comparison of three sources of protein for yearling cattle offered silage-based diets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (March 1986): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600015312.
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Two randomised block experiments, involving 64 British Friesian and Friesian cross steers, have been carried out to compare extracted soyabean, extracted sunflower and fish meals as protein supplements for yearling cattle offered grass silage ad libitum. Two formic acid-treated, precision chopped silages, each made from the primary growth and first regrowth of a perennial ryegrass sward, were used. The control concentrate consisted of (g/kg) 925 barley, 50 molasses, 25 minerals and vitamins. The three high protein concentrates were similar to the control but with 0.30, 0.54 and 0.20 of the barley replaced by soyabean, sunflower and fish meals respectively. The mean chemical compositions of the silages and concentrates used in the two experiments are given in Table 1. All animals received 1.3 kg concentrates per head daily. They were initially 11 months old and 334 kg live weight. The treatments were imposed for 126 days.
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Annett, R. W., and A. F. Carson. "Effects of replacing grass silage with maize silage or concentrates on lamb output from housed pregnant ewes." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029082.
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Rations for pregnant ewes in the UK are often based on grass silage. However, due to a number of factors, the cost of producing high quality grass silage has increased significantly in recent years so lower cost alternatives need to be investigated. Production of forage maize has the potential to reduce forage costs on mixed beef/sheep farms, with high dry-matter yields (comparable to that of a 3-cut silage system) of high quality maize silage possible from a single harvesting operation (Easson and Fearnehough, 2000). However there is limited information on the effects of feeding maize silage to pregnant ewes. Alternatively, grass silage could be eliminated from rations by feeding high grain diets. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of replacing grass silage with either maize silage or concentrates on the performance of housed pregnant ewes and their lambs.
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Reeve, A., W. Thompson, R. G. Hodson, R. D. Baker, and A. J. P. Carswell. "The effect of level of concentrate supplementation in winter and grazing allowance on the milk production and financial performance of spring-calving cows." Animal Science 42, no. 1 (February 1986): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100017712.
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ABSTRACTAn experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial design was used to assess the effects of offering either 6 (L6) or 12 (H12) kg concentrates daily from day 13 of lactation until turnout to grazing with grass silage (600 to 620 g digestible organic matter per kg dry matter (DM)) ad libitum and either ad libitum (G) or restricted (g) quantities of grass from turnout to the end of August. In each of 3 years, 60 to 70 January- to March-calving British Friesian cows were used. From calving until turnout to grazing the mean daily DM intakes of silage were 7·2 and 8·9 kg, and of concentrates 8·5 and 4·9 kg for the H12 and L6 groups respectively, giving a mean substitution rate of 0·47 kg silage DM per kg concentrate DM. Mean daily milk yields were 26·7 and 22·9 kg giving a direct response of 0·85 kg/kg additional concentrate DM. Milk from the L6 group had a higher fat concentration and these cows were also lighter at the end of the winter. At pasture, there were no significant interactions for milk variates between winter treatments and grass availability. The stocking rate of cows with restricted grass availability was 0·33 higher from turnout to the end of August. It resulted in a 0·10 proportional reduction in milk yield per cow but per ha there was a 0·21 proportional increase. At pasture, the H12 cows gave more milk at both grass availabilities. The total responses to concentrates were 1·59 and 2·11 kg milk per kg concentrate DM at the ad libitum and restricted grass availabilities respectively. The good response to concentrate coupled with a 0·35 cow per ha increase in annual stocking rate as a result of restricting the grazing area ensured that gross margins and grass utilization were highest for the H12g cows. Conception rates were similar on all treatments and there were no significant differences in live weight at the end of lactation.
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Kennedy, P. C., L. E. R. Dawson, F. O. Lively, R. W. J. Steen, A. M. Fearon, B. W. Moss, and D. J. Kilpatrick. "Effects of offering lupins/triticale and vetch/barley silages alone or in combination with grass silage on animal performance, meat quality and the fatty acid composition of lean meat from beef cattle." Journal of Agricultural Science 156, no. 8 (October 2018): 1005–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859618000837.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAn experiment was carried out to examine the effects of offering beef steers grass silage (GS) as the sole forage, lupins/triticale silage (LTS) as the sole forage, a mixture of LTS and GS at a ratio of 70:30 on a dry matter (DM) basis, vetch/barley silage (VBS) as the sole forage, a mixture of VBS and GS at a ratio of 70:30 on a DM basis, giving a total of five silage diets. Each of the five silage diets was supplemented with 2 and 5 kg of concentrates/head/day in a 5 × 2 factorial design to evaluate the five silages at two levels of concentrate intake and to examine possible interactions between silage type and concentrate intake. A total of 80 beef steers were used in the 122-day experiment. The GS was well preserved while the whole crop cereal/legume silages had high ammonia-nitrogen (N) concentrations, low lactic acid concentrations and low butyric acid concentrations For GS, LTS, LTS/GS, VBS and VBS/GS, respectively, silage DM intakes were 6.5, 7.0, 7.2, 6.1 and 6.6 (s.e.d.0.55) kg/day and live weight gains were 0.94, 0.72, 0.63, 0.65 and 0.73 (s.e.d.0.076) kg/day. Silage type did not affect carcass fatness, the colour or tenderness of meat or the fatty acid composition of the intramuscular fat in thelongissimus dorsimuscle.
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Steen, R. W. J., and Charlotte A. Moore. "A comparison of silage-based and dried forage-based diets for finishing beef cattle." Animal Science 47, no. 1 (August 1988): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100037016.
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AbstractTwo experiments have been carried out to compare silage-based and dried forage-based diets for finishing beef cattle, and to examine the effect of supplementing the silage-based diet with additional protein. The three diets used in experiment 1 consisted of (1) grass silage supplemented with a low-protein, cereal-based concentrate (98 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM)) (2) grass silage supplemented with a high-protein, cereal/soya-bean meal concentrate (208 g CP per kg DM) and (3) grass hay supplemented with a cereal-based concentrate (130 g CP per kg DM). The two diets used in experiment 2 consisted of (1) grass silage supplemented with barley and (2) a mixture of grass hay and artificially dried grass supplemented with barley. All the diets contained approximately 700 g forage and 300 g concentrates per kg DM except diet 3 in experiment 1 which contained 240 g hay and 760 g concentrates per kg. The silages were of high digestibility (digestible organic matter in dry matter 0·72) and were well preserved (ammonia N 36 g/kg total N). The diets were offered to castrated male cattle which were initially 384 kg in experiment 1 and 515 kg in experiment 2. For diets 1 to 3 in experiment 1 and diets 1 and 2 in experiment 2 respectively metabolizable energy intakes were, 92, 94, 94, 124 and 120 MJ/day; live-weight gains were 1·21, 1·16 and 1·21 (s.e. 0·044) and 1·25 and 1·22 (s.e. 0·060) kg/day; carcass gains were 0·76, 0·76 and 0·75 (s.e. 0·034) and 0·80 and 0·74 (s.e. 0·036) kg/day; carcass fat classifications (five-point scale; 1 = leanest, 5 = fattest) were 2·4, 2·9 and 2·2 (s.e. 0·09) and 3·6 and 3·6 (s.e. 0·18); mean subcutaneous fat depths were 6·8, 8·1 and 6·6 (s.e. 0·74) and 7·8 and 7·4 (s.e. 0·48) mm; areas of m. longissimus dorsi at the 10th rib were 66·4, 69·4 and 71·3 (s.e. 3·16) and 77·6 and 72·3 (s.e. 1·52) cm2 and marbling scores (eight-point scale; 1 = leanest, 8 = fattest) for m. longissimus were 1·7, 2·5 and 2·2 (s.e. 0·24) and 3·2 and 2·8 (s.e. 0·16). It is concluded that performance, efficiency of energy utilization and carcass fatness were similar for silage-based and dried forage-based diets, and that protein supplementation of a silage-based diet did not affect performance but tended to increase carcass fatness.
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KIM, E. J., N. D. SCOLLAN, M. S. DHANOA, and P. J. BUTTERY. "Effects of supplementary concentrates on growth and partitioning of nutrients between different body components in steers fed on grass silage at similar levels of metabolizable energy intake." Journal of Agricultural Science 141, no. 1 (August 2003): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859603003290.
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A comparative slaughter experiment was carried out to examine the effects of feeding either grass silage alone or a mixed diet of silage and concentrate on animal performance and the partitioning of nutrients between lean and fat deposition in steers. Eighteen Hereford×Friesian steers were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments; grass silage only (S) or a mixture of grass silage and a barley/soya bean meal concentrate (80[ratio ]20 on fresh basis) in the ratio of 60[ratio ]40 (on a metabolizable energy basis; SC), and to one of three target slaughter liveweights, 250, 350 or 500 kg. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake was maintained at 800 kJ ME per kg metabolic liveweight (kg0·75) per day. The relationships between chemical composition and empty body weight (EBW) at slaughter were assessed using allometric equations (logey=logea+blogeEBW). When assessed across the slaughter weights, supplementing silage with concentrates resulted in higher rates of liveweight (P<0·001), carcass fat (P<0·05) and protein (P<0·01) gains and a reduction in time taken to reach the average slaughter weight by 57 days (P<0·001). Carcass protein deposition was relatively linear across the slaughter weights (250–500 kg) and the relationship with EBW was Y=0·2372X0·8831 across treatments and did not differ between the diets. The rate at which carcass fat was deposited in relation to weight across all steers was Y=0·0004X1·9648 and was not different between the two diets. Hence, ratios of carcass fat[ratio ]protein and carcass fat[ratio ]protein gain ratios were not different. The results suggest that the main effect of feeding grass silage compared with grass silage-concentrate at similar levels of ME intake was to increase the rate of tissue accretion, but nutrient partitioning between fat and protein deposition was unchanged. There was no evidence of increased carcass fat[ratio ]protein deposition in silage-fed animals, which suggests that there is no problem of greater fat and reduced protein deposition in animals fed higher quality grass silage.
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RIDWAN, RONI, IMAN RUSMANA, YANTYATI WIDYASTUTI, KOMANG G. WIRYAWAN, BAMBANG PRASETYA, MITSUO SAKAMOTO, and MORIYA OHKUMA. "Bacteria and methanogen community in the rumen fed different levels of grass-legume silages." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 4 (March 22, 2019): 1055–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200417.
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Abstract. Ridwan R, Rusmana I, Widyastuti Y, Wiryawan KG, Prasetya B, Sakamoto M, Ohkuma M. 2019. Bacteria and methanogen community in the rumen fed different levels of grass-legume silages. Biodiversitas 20: 1055-1062. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary grass-legume silages on the microbial community by using a culture-independent approach. Treatments consisted of R0: 50% Pennisetum purpureum and 50 % concentrate; R1: 20% P. purpureum, 50 % concentrate, and 30% grass-legumes silage; R2: 20% P. purpureum, 35 % concentrate, and 45% grass-legumes silage; and R3; 20% P. purpureum, 20 % concentrate, and 60% grass-legumes silage. The rumen fluid obtained from fistulated cattle was used for T-RFLP, 16S rDNA clone library, and qPCR analyses. The results indicated that bacterial diversity was dominated by Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and methanogen by Methanobacteriales, based on partial 16S rDNA sequences. The microbial communities were dominated by Prevotella brevis, P. ruminicola, Succiniclasticum ruminis, and Methanobrevibacter ruminantium, M. smithi, M. thueri, and M. millerae. The increasing silage diet in a rumen suppressed methanogenesis by reducing population distribution of Methanobacteriales, directly or indirectly, by reducing the diversity of bacterial populations. Generally, the increase silage in the diet changed the bacterial and methanogen community. Grass-legume silage diets of less than 45% are potential for ruminant diet to reduce methane production by a decrease of 4% in the relative distribution of methanogens in the rumen.
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Keady, T. W. J., and C. S. Mayne. "The effects of concentrate composition on silage intake and feeding behaviour of lactating dairy cattle offered a range of grass silages differing in intake characteristics." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600034097.
Full textAbstract:
A previous study at this Institute (Keady and Mayne, 1997) indicated that concentrate energy source did not alter silage intake or feeding behaviour of lactating dairy cattle offered one of a diverse range of grass silages differing in fermentation and intake characteristics, but of similar digestibility. Digestibility is the most important variable in grass silages at farm level and also has a considerable influence on silage intake. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of concentrate energy source and effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP):digestible undegradable protein (DUP) ratio on silage intake and feeding behaviour of lactating dairy cows offered a range of grass silages differing in digestibility and intake characteristics.
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Aston, K., C. Thomas, S. R. Daley, and J. D. Sutton. "Milk production from grass silage diets: effects of the composition of supplementary concentrates." Animal Science 59, no. 3 (December 1994): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100007868.
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AbstractThirty-six British Holstein-Friesian cows were offered 9 kg dry matter (DM) daily of one of 12 concentrates together with grass silage ad libitum in a cyclical change-over design experiment during lactation weeks 8 to 22. The carbohydrate source in the concentrates was either mainly starch, mainly digestible fibre or a 1:1 mixture. Each concentrate type was formulated to provide 120, 160, 200 or 240 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM and similar metabolizable energy concentration. Silage contained 142 g CP per kg DM, in vivo digestible organic matter was 0·690 kg/kg DM, pH 4·4 and ammonia-N 172·2 g/kg total nitrogen.Silage intake increased as fibre replaced starch in the concentrate. Apparent digestibility of organic matter and energy were highest for starch-based concentrates, but there was no effect of carbohydrate source on yields of milk and milk solids. Milk protein concentration was depressed by feeding mixed or fibrous carbohydrates.Silage intake increased on average by 0·13 kg DM per additional 10 g/kg CP in the concentrate. The digestibility of the diet was not affected by increasing CP except for nitrogen. Milk yield increased by 0·028 kg per additional g/kg CP in the concentrate and there were linear effects ofCP on yields of milk solids.As CP increased, milk fat concentration tended to rise with starch but was depressed both overall and by offering mixed or fibrous carbohydrates. In contrast milk protein concentration increased with mixed and fibrous carbohydrates but not with starch.It is concluded that when silage is given ad libitum with 9 kg/day concentrates, CP level has more effect than source of carbohydrate on milk production.
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Patterson, D. C., R. W. J. Steen, and C. A. Moore. "The effects of the ratio of silage to concentrates in the diet on the performance and carcass composition of continental bulls." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001976.
Full textAbstract:
Continental bulls of high genetic potential for lean tissue growth (½ Blonde d’Aquitaine ⅜ Charolais genotype) have exhibited high rates of liveweight and carcass gain when grass silage based diets were offered with a moderate proportion of concentrates, i.e. concentrates comprising 0.40 of total dry matter intake (Patterson et al., 1994). It was the objective of the present experiment to examine the effect of forage to concentrate ratio in the diet on growth rate and carcass composition.The experiment was a five treatment continuous design randomised block arrangement with five concentrate ratios in the total diet (DM basis) namely: 0.25, 0.40, 0.55, 0.68 and 0.75 and grass silage (D value 730 g/kg) as the sole forage. The diets were fed ad libitum. A total of 45 continental bulls (½ Blonde d’Aquitaine ⅜ Charolais) were used with mean initial and final live weights of 467 and 651 kg respectively.
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Chestnutt, D. M. B., and A. R. G. Wylie. "The effects of frequency of feeding of supplementary concentrates on performance and metabolite and IGF-1 status of ewes given silage in late pregnancy." Animal Science 61, no. 2 (October 1995): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800013801.
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AbstractEiues on grass silage-based diets were offered, during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy, an increasing allowance of a barley-soya-fish meal concentrate (400 g/day in weeks 15/16; 600 g/day in weeks 17/18; 800 g/day in weeks 19/20) as either one, two or three feeds daily or as a complete mix with silage. Silage dry-matter intake increased with concentrate feeding frequency (P < 0·01) and was greatest with the mixed diet at an average of 1·38 of that with a single daily concentrate meal. The effect on silage intake was evident even at the lowest level of concentrate supplementation during weeks 15/16 and was independent of silage quality. Ewes gained more live weight (P < 0·01), and maintained a higher live weight post partum, as a result of increasing the frequency of feeding of concentrates but mean lamb birth weight was unaffected. Maternal serum metabolites were measured in weeks 17/18 and 19/20 only. Mean [i-hydroxybutyrate was higher, but not significantly so, in weeks 19/20 despite the increased concentrate allowance and was higher overall (P < 0·05) in ewes offered concentrates once daily compared with those receiving concentrates three times daily or mixed with the silage. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) was higher in serum of ewes given frequent concentrate meals compared with those offered concentrate once daily (P < 0·05). Serum albumin and globulin increased as concentrate intake increased between weeks 17/18 and 19/20 (P < 0·05) and also, when concentrates were offered more than once daily (P < 0·05). Serum urea level was higher with more frequent concentrate meals (P < 0·01) and was affected by silage quality (P < 0·001).
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Sol, J., FJ Solorio-Sanchéz, and CA Sandoval-Castro. "Milk yield in Creole goats fed grass/forage tree silage." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200007961.
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In tropical smallholding, goats are a common source of milk either for sale of self-consumption. Concentrates are commonly use to support milk production during the dry season where many trees shed their leaves and are no longer available for feeding. Silage making might be an adequate technology for using forage trees as quality supplements along the year. Few studies have been conducted with forage tree silages to evaluate the resultant animal performance especially regarding milk production. The objective of the present experiment was to evaluate milk production and quality of milk of goats fed grass and supplemented with grains or forage tree silage.
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Apolant, S. M., and D. M. B. Chestnutt. "The effect of mechanical treatment of silage on intake and production of sheep." Animal Science 40, no. 2 (April 1985): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100025393.
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ABSTRACTOver a period of 3 years, silages subjected to various mechanical treatments by the use of conventional silage harvesters were offered ad libitum to pregnant ewes and to castrated male lambs and the effects on intake and productivity were measured. The intake of silage made from grass harvested with a precision-chop harvester was substantially greater than the intake of silage made with other types of harvester (especially, a flail harvester), causing a lower degree of comminution.Mean daily silage dry-matter intake of ewes was 0·99 kg and 1·28 kg in mid-pregnancy, and 0·85 kg and 1·10 kg in late pregnancy with flail-harvested and precision-chop silages respectively. Silage was supplemented with various levels of concentrate in late pregnancy and an increasing level of concentrates did not reduce silage intake. In early lactation, when 800 g concentrate was given daily, ewes consumed 1·00 kg flail-harvested silage and 1·39 kg precision-chop silage. Compared with flail-harvested silage, precision-chop silage increased ewe body weight immediately post lambing by 5·1 kg, lamb birth weight by 0·27 kg and lamb growth rate by 58 g/day. Increases in intake of precision-chop silages by hoggets were on average greater, though more variable, than by ewes and were reflected in increased carcass weight.The reason for the increased intake of the finely-chopped silage was examined. It would appear that the major factor is the physical size of particle involved though there was some evidence that improved fermentation resulting from finer chopping may have been partly responsible for increased intake.
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Orr, R. J., and T. T. Treacher. "The effect of concentrate level on the intake of grass silages by ewes in late pregnancy." Animal Production 48, no. 1 (February 1989): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100003846.
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ABSTRACTIn two experiments, six silages were offered either alone or with constant daily levels of a barley-based concentrate (450 or 900 g fresh weight per ewe) to Finn Dorset ewes carrying between one and four foetuses in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy. The silages (SI to S3, experiment 1 and S4 to S6, experiment 2) had dry matter (DM) concentrations of 256, 190, 278 and 294, 216, 201 g/kg fresh weight and crude protein (CP) concentrations of 106, 164, 212 and 119, 148, 194 g/kg DM. Mean metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations of the silages (digestible energy × 0·81), in weeks 16 and 20, were 9·2, 10·3, 12·0 and 8·8, 10·9, 11·0 MJ/kg DM. Total ME intakes were 12·6, 13·5, 18·6 and 14·5, 15·1, 16·8 MJ/day in week 16 of gestation and were 11·6, 11·2, 17·2 and 12·2, 11·8, 13·3 MJ/day in week 20. Total ME intakes were increased by offering higher levels of concentrates and for levels of 0, 450 or 900 g/day these were 12·3, 14·8, 17·9 MJ/day in week 16 and 9·6, 12·8, 15·5 MJ/day in week 20. Intakes were similar for ewes carrying twins or multiples in experiment 1, but in experiment 2, intakes by ewes with twins or multiples were proportionately 0·97 and 0·85 of those for ewes with singles. Replacement rates of forage by concentrates were —0·09, —0·08, —0·60 and —0·06, —0·25, —0·38 g silage organic matter (OM) per g concentrates OM for silages SI to S3 and S4 to S6. Only on silage S6 did the replacement rate differ significantly from zero.
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Sutton, J. D., K. Aston, D. E. Beever, and W. J. Fisher. "Milk production from grass silage diets: the relative importance of the amounts of energy and crude protein in the concentrates." Animal Science 59, no. 3 (December 1994): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100007856.
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AbstractTo identify the separate and combined effects of energy and crude protein (CP) from concentrates on responses to concentrate feeding, 42 multiparous Friesian cows were given fixed amounts of concentrates with primary growth grass silage (194 g CP per kg dry matter (DM)) ad libitum for weeks 4 to 22 of lactation. A basal treatment of 3 kg DM per day of a standard concentrate (197 g CP per kg DM) was compared with 6 kg DM per day of the same concentrate (doubling energy and CP intake), 6 kg DM per day of a low-protein concentrate (106 g CP per kg DM) (doubling energy intake alone), or 3 kg/day of a high-protein concentrate (383 g CP per kg DM) (doubling CP intake alone). Results are presented in terms of main effects as interactions were not significant except for energy apparent digestibility. Silage intake was reduced by energy but increased by CP; in consequence extra energy from concentrates increased digestible energy (DE) intake but reduced CP intake and concentration whereas extra CP from concentrates increased not only DE intake but also CP intake and concentration. The ratio of the responses to CP compared with the responses to energy were 1·7 for milk yield, 0·9 for fat yield, 3·2 for protein yield and 1·4 for lactose yield. Energy reduced milk protein concentration and tended to increase milk fat concentration whereas CP had the opposite effect. The efficiency of converting food nitrogen to milk nitrogen was unaffected by extra CP but was increased, from 0·195 to 0·229, by extra energy. The poor response in milk protein yield and the reduction in its concentration with extra energy reflected the lower CP intake due to the reduced silage consumption. The experiment emphasizes the importance of concentrate CP supply in stimulating silage intake and yields of all milk constituents for diets containing fairly small amounts of concentrates.
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Robson, A. E. "Effects of forage to concentrate ratio in the diet and protein intake on the performance and carcass composition of beef heifers." Journal of Agricultural Science 125, no. 1 (August 1995): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600074578.
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SUMMARYIsoenergetic diets containing grass silage and concentrates in the ratios 75:25; 50:50 and 30:70 on a dry matter (DM) basis were offered to 42 beef heifers, which were initially 361 kg liveweight, for 115 days in 1987 at Hillsborough, Northern Ireland. Half of the animals given each forage concentrate ratio were given one of two crude protein (CP) intakes in a 3 × 2 factorial design. The silage contained 152 g CP/kg DM, 94 g ammonia-N/kg total N and 734 g digestible organic matter/kg DM. Concentrates were based on barley and soyabean meal and were formulated to equalize CP intakes for the three forage: concentrate ratios. For diets containing 75, 50 and 30% silage, metabolizable energy intakes were 94, 92 and 87 MJ/day; liveweight gains 0·99, 1·07 and 1·12 (S.E. 0·051) kg/day; carcass gains 0·61, 0·64 and 0·67 (S.E. 0·033) kg/day; carcass lean concentrations (estimated from dissection of fore-rib joints) 636, 642 and 648 (S.E. 4·7) g/kg and carcass fat concentrations 204, 199 and 194 (S.E. 5·3) g/kg. Increasing protein intake did not affect performance, but increased carcass fat concentration at all three forage concentrate ratios. It was concluded that increasing the proportion of concentrates in grass silage-based diets increased carcass weight gain per MJ of metabolizable energy consumed and tended to reduce carcass fatness. Contrary to previous findings with young growing cattle, increasing protein intake did not alleviate the problem of greater fat deposition in finishing cattle given high-silage diets, but rather significantly increased carcass fat concentration.
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Shingfield, K. J., S. Jaakkola, and P. Huhtanen. "Effects of level of nitrogen fertilizer application and various nitrogenous supplements on milk production and nitrogen utilization of dairy cows given grass silage-based diets." Animal Science 73, no. 3 (December 2001): 541–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800058513.
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AbstractSixteen Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows were used in a cyclic change-over experiment with four 28-day experimental periods and a 4 ✕ 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of dietary nitrogen (N) source on dry-matter (DM) intake, diet digestibility, milk production, blood metabolite concentrations and N utilization. Experimental treatments consisted of two silages prepared from timothy and meadow fescue swards fertilized with either 52 or 104 kg N per ha (SL and SH, respectively) offered ad libitum supplemented with one of four concentrate supplements offered at 10 kg/day. A basal concentrate (control) was formulated from (g/kg on an air-dry basis) barley (307), oats (460), molassed sugar-beet pulp (200) and vitamins and minerals (33). Three isonitrogenous concentrates were prepared by replacement of basal concentrate ingredients (g/kg) with urea (14·4), wheat-gluten meal (WGM; 57·2) and heat-moisture treated mechanically expelled rapeseed cake (RSC; 188), respectively. Harvesting of secondary growths receiving higher applications of fertilizer N increased silage N content (19·2 and 23·6 g/kg DM, for SL and SH, respectively) but decreased water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations (respective values 149 and 93 g/kg DM). Increases in N fertilizer had no effect on silage DM intake, output of energy-corrected milk, milk fat or milk protein secretion, while provision of additional N in concentrate supplements improved all of these parameters. However, the magnitude of silage DM intake responses to additional N in concentrates was higher (P < 0·05) for SL than SH silage-based diets. Increases in dietary N content derived from silage or inclusion of urea, WGM or RSC in concentrate supplements led to a decline in the proportion of N intake secreted in milk. Relative to N derived from silage or urea, WGM and RSC supplements had beneficial effects on milk production. Both the quantity and quality of dietary N sources should be considered in future attempts to improve the efficiency of on-farm N utilization.
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Stewart, T. A., and I. I. McCullough. "A comparison of silages made from red clover/grass, white clover/grass and high nitrogen grass swards for beef production." Animal Science 40, no. 2 (April 1985): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610002537x.
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ABSTRACTSilage cut twice annually (June and August) from a tetraploid red clover/grass sward and three times annually (May, July and September) from a low nitrogen (N) and high N perennial ryegrass/white clover sward was fed in proportion to dry-matter yield from each cut, over a 10-week period, each winter for 3 years to castrated male cattle of initial live weight 401 kg in year 1 and 425 kg in years 2 and 3. The silages were supplemented with 0, 1, 2 and 3 kg concentrate per head daily.Total dry-matter yield from the red clover/grass sward was similar to that from the perennial ryegrass/white clover sward (high N grass) receiving 360 kg N per ha but the digestibility, particularly of first cut material was much lower. Dry-matter production of the low N grass/white clover sward was 0·73 of high N grass sward and produced silages of similar digestibility and fermentation.Dry-matter intakes by the cattle were higher on the legume-based silages in years when clover made a worthwhile contribution to total yield, but this did not significantly improve utilization or animal performance compared with high N grass silage. Mean daily carcass gain per head on red clover/grass silage was 0·41 kg which was significantly less than the 0·61 kg on white clover/grass silage and 0·59 on high N grass (P < 0·001). Carcass output from red clover/grass silage was 618 kg/ha and 629 kg/ha from white clover/grass, both of which were significantly less than the 863 kg/ha from the high N grass silage (P < 0·001). Dressing proportion was also significantly poorer in animals fed red clover/grass silage compared with the other silage types.
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Little, Mark W., Gareth A. Arnott, Michael D. Welsh, Jason P. Barley, Niamh E. O' Connell, and Conrad P. Ferris. "Comparison of total-mixed-ration and feed-to-yield strategies on blood profiles and dairy cow health." Veterinary Record 183, no. 21 (September 18, 2018): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104781.
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Seventy-two Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were offered the same amount of concentrates over the first 140 days of lactation, by either a ‘total-mixed-ration’ or a ‘feed-to-yield’ strategy. The effects on blood profiles and cow health were examined. Cows on total-mixed-ration were offered a mixed ration comprising grass silage and concentrates (50:50 dry matter basis). Cows on feed-to-yield were offered a basal mixed ration (grass silage plus 6 kg concentrates/cow/day) plus additional concentrates via an out-of-parlour feeding system, calculated according to each individual cow’s milk yield during the previous week. Cows on total-mixed-ration had a higher mean haemoglobin, packed cell volume and lymphocyte percentage. Concentrate allocation strategy had no effect on serum haptoglobin concentrations, interferon-gamma production of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated whole blood culture, the incidence of clinical or subclinical mastitis, lameness, respiratory or digestive problems and no strong relationships were identified between production parameters with serum metabolites, inflammatory and immune measures. This study demonstrates small physiological differences in metabolic parameters, and no differences in inflammatory or immune parameters, when allocating concentrates by total-mixed-ration or feed-to-yield.
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Gasa, J., K. Holtenius, J. D. Sutton, M. S. Dhanoa, and D. J. Napper. "Rumen fill and digesta kinetics in lactating Friesian cows given two levels of concentrates with two types of grass silage ad lib." British Journal of Nutrition 66, no. 3 (November 1991): 381–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19910042.
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Four lactating Friesian cows with permanent cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were given early (EC)- or late (LC)-cut grass silage ad lib., each with either 3 or 9 kg concentrate dry matter (DM)/d in a 4 x 4 Latin square design starting about 10 weeks after calving. Feed was offered twice daily at 08.30 hours and 15.30 hours. Periods lasted 5 weeks and measurements were made in the last 15 d. The higher amount of concentrates increased total DM intake but reduced silage DM intake and the fractional rate of degradation of silage-fibre DM. Later cutting date of silage had no effect on DM intake or the fractional rate of degradation of silage-fibre DM but reduced potential degradability of silage fibre. Dilution rate of CoEDTA in rumen fluid was greater during the day (eating period) than during the night (resting period). Dilution rates measured at the duodenum were lower than those measured in the rumen, but neither was affected by diet. Silage-particle passage rates were measured by use of ytterbium-labelled silage fibre (Yb-fibre) and chromium-mordanted faecal particles (Cr-faeces) and samples were taken at the duodenum and in the faeces. Values for slower rate constant (k1) and transit time were higher and for faster rate constant (k2) were lower for Yb-fibre than for Cr-faeces, but differences in total mean retention time were inconsistent. Values for k1 for both markers and k2 for Yb-fibre only were similar at both sampling sites, but values for k2 for Cr-faeces were lower in the faeces. No diet effects were established with Yb-fibre but, with Cr-faeces, k1 was reduced by more concentrates and EC-silage. Daily mean weights of wet digesta, liquid, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and indigestible NDF in the rumen were greater with LC-silage but were unaffected by the amount of concentrates whereas weight of rumen DM was increased by the amount of concentrates only. Maximum rumen fill occurred at 18.00 hours with all diets. Particle-size distribution of rumen contents did not vary markedly during the day. Mean particle size was generally greater with LC-silage than EC-silage. Very small particles, passing through the 0.3 mm screen, constituted about half the rumen DM. It is concluded that rumen fill could have limited intake of LC-silage but not EC-silage. The reduced silage intake with greater concentrate intake was associated with a reduction in fibre degradation rate and an increase in rumen DM fill but no other consistent effects on weight or kinetics of rumen fractions were established.
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Fitzgerald, S., and J. Murphy. "Effects of feeding low levels of high protein concentrates differing in protein source on milk production of dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600021632.
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Studies reported by Mayne (1990) and Slater (1989) have shown that the yield of milk achieved by feeding a low level of a high protein concentrate with a good quality silage fed to appetite was comparable to that obtained by feeding higher levels of a conventional concentrate containing a normal level of protein (160-180g CP/kg). These results would indicate that there is considerable scope to reduce concentrate feeding levels and reduce feed costs when good quality grass silage is available. However, in previous studies at this centre (Murphy, 1987) very low levels (2.4 kg/d) of high protein concentrates (400-450 g CP/kg) fed with a good quality grass silage reduced milk production compared with a moderate level (6 kg/d) of a normal protein concentrate (160-180 g CP/kg).The present study was carried out to clarify the position and to establish the benefit of including a source of undegradable protein, e.g. maize distillers grains or fishmcal in place of soyabcanmeal in the prolein concentrate.
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Steen, R. W. J. "High forage diets for beef Cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600010266.
Full textAbstract:
The use of high-forage systems for beef production is a particularly diverse subject area encompassing the role of both grazed and conserved forage and a wide range of production systems. These include systems such as 12-16 month silage-cereal beef, 16-18 month grass-cereal beef and 22-24 month grass beef for dairy-bred cattle, hill and lowland systems of suckled calf production and systems for finishing store cattle. Consequently, within the constraints of this paper it will be possible to examine only some of the most recent developments in the use of forage for beef production.Digestibility is the most important factor influencing the value of conserved forage for beef production. From a review of eight comparisons in which silage has been offered as the sole feed, silage dry matter (DM) intake, live-weight gain and carcass gain were increased by 17 g/kg, 45 g/day and 33 g/day respectively per 10 g/kg increase in digestibility. In a further nine comparisons involving silages supplemented with concentrates, concentrates constituting 200 to 370 g/kg total DM intake, silage DM intake, live-weight gain and carcass gain were increased by 14 g/kg, 37 g/day and 28 g/day respectively per 10 g/kg increase in digestibility.