Academic literature on the topic 'Concentrating sulfuric acid'

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Journal articles on the topic "Concentrating sulfuric acid"

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Zhou, Zhiming, and Zhonghai Liu. "Concentrating dilute sulfuric acid by spray evaporator." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 46, no. 12 (2007): 1310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2006.10.008.

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Lukashov, Vladimir, Sergey Romanko, Sergey Timofeev, and Alexander Protsenko. "RATE OF COMPONENTS EVAPORATION FROM SULFURIC ACID SOLUTION DURING ITS CONCENTRATING IN AIR FLOW." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 11, no. 3 (2017): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht11.03.344.

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Zhang, Guiqing, Qixiu Zhang, and Kanggen Zhou. "Study on concentrating sulfuric acid solution by vacuum membrane distillation." Journal of Central South University of Technology 6, no. 2 (1999): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-999-0007-5.

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Beyoud, A., and A. Bouhaouss. "UPGRADING OF CALCIUM SULFATE USING A SUPERCRITICAL CO2 BRAYTON CYCLE COUPLED TO CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER: TEMPERATURE-REDUCING DECOMPOSITION." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 01 (2022): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14040.

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The decomposition temperature of CaSO4 slag is very high. There is no temperature limit to using supercritical carbon dioxide to lift it from the solar field to the decomposing waste reactor. However, the higher the temperature, the more the losses by radiation are. The situation makes the use of solar resources difficult or even impossible. Therefore, a reaction medium containing calcium chloride and some precursors was proposed. Feasibility and products predictions were performed by the thermodynamic studies, the thermogravimetric technique analysis, and the X-ray diffraction verification. C
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Yang, Li Fen, Bin Xiang, and Liang Hui Ke. "Scaling Mechanism of Heat Exchanger for Spent Sulfuric Acid Concentrating in Titania Production." Advanced Materials Research 560-561 (August 2012): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.560-561.678.

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The component and contents of scale sample on the graphite heat exchanger were analyzed by ED-XRF( Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer) and the component and contents of spent acid unconcentrated and concentrated were measured by AAS(atomic absorption spectrometer).In addition, the phase structure of scale sample was tested by XRD(X-ray diffraction) and the simulation experiment of spent acid concentrating was carried out to study the scaling mechanism in the laboratory. The results show that the main components of scale were Ca, Ti and Fe. The scaling might be induced by settlem
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Zhang, Guiqing, Qixiu Zhang, Kanggen Zhou, and Aiping Luo. "Study on concentrating sulfuric acid solution by membrane distillation with metal-PTFE composite membrane." Journal of Central South University of Technology 6, no. 2 (1999): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-999-0006-6.

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Cho, Yeonchul, Kihun Kim, Jaewoo Ahn, and Jaeheon Lee. "A Study on Lithium Hydroxide Recovery Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 59, no. 4 (2021): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2021.59.4.223.

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Bipolar electrodialysis was used in a process of desalting a lithium sulfate solution, converting it to lithium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, and concentrating and recovering them. The effects of the experimental variables such as applied voltage, the concentration of electrode solution, the concentration of raw material solution, volume ratio, and impurity were confirmed. The optimum conditions were investigated by comparing the conversion(%) of lithium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, the process time, and energy consumption. As the applied voltage was increased, the energy consumption tended to
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Dong, Haigang, Jiachun Zhao, Weifeng Tong, Hao Cui, and Yuedong Wu. "Concentrating Pt from a spent alumina carrier catalyst by a roast-leach process." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 2 (2019): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018115.

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A roast-leach process has been developed for concentrating platinum (Pt) from a spent Pt-Al2O3 catalyst. The effects of (NH4)2SO4 to spent catalyst mass ratio, roasting temperature and roasting time on the Pt enrichment factors were investigated. The results showed that the optimized roasting conditions were (NH4)2SO4 to spent catalyst mass ratio of 7.5, roasting temperature of 350 °C and roasting time of 5 h. The roasted product was mainly comprised of soluble NH4Al(SO4)2 and Al2(SO4)3 according to XRD analysis. The roasted product was leached in sulfuric acid to remove the soluble sulfates,
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Isomatov, Yusuf Pulatovich, Mukhammadzhakhongir Kidirbaevich Akhmedo, and Server Ibadlaevich Ibadlaev. "Features Of Influence Of Industrial Enterprises Almalyk City On The Geological Environment." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 02, no. 12 (2020): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume02issue12-08.

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The article considers that the course of more than 5 decades as a result of the infiltration of contaminated waters of open pits, dumps, slag accumulators of the copper smelting plant (CSP), the production association (PА) "Ammophos", tailing dumps of copper concentrating factories (СCF -1 and СCF -2), as well as due to the leakage of reagents from the sulfuric acid shop through rocks that are not consistent in area and insignificant thickness of loess-like loams, and the penetration of polluting components into the aquifer occurs. Due to the action of the infiltration flow, a change in the ch
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Yue, D. L., M. Hu, R. Y. Zhang, et al. "The roles of sulfuric acid in new particle formation and growth in the mega-city of Beijing." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 2 (2010): 2711–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-2711-2010.

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Abstract. Simultaneous measurements of gaseous sulfuric acid and particle number size distributions were performed to investigate aerosol nucleation and growth during CAREBeijing-2008. The analysis of the measured aerosols and sulfuric acid with an aerosol dynamic model shows the dominant role of sulfuric acid in new particle formation (NPF) process but also in the subsequent growth in Beijing. Based on the data of twelve NPF events, the average formation rates (2–13 cm−3 s−1) show a linear correlation with the sulfuric acid concentrations (R2=0.85). Coagulation seems to play a significant rol
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Concentrating sulfuric acid"

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Бучковец, С. А., С. Н. Романько та С. В. Тимофеев. "Определение коэффициента массоотдачи при концентрировании серной кислоты испарением в токе воздуха". Thesis, Сумский государственный университет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/66544.

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Перспективным способом концентрирования серной кислоты, особенно для малотоннажных производств, является способ, в котором кислота нагревается через стенку аппарата, а испарение происходит в поток нейтрального газа (воздуха) [1]. Такой способ позволяет проводить концентрирование при температуре ниже температуры кипения кислоты и соответственно использовать низкотемпературные теплоносители для ее нагревания [2]. Одним из основных явлений, определяющих процесс концентрирования серной кислоты, в этом случае является массоперенос от жидкой фазы в движущуюся газовую (парогазовую) фазу. Его о
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Романько, С. Н., Володимир Костянтинович Лукашов, Владимир Константинович Лукашов та Volodymyr Kostiantynovych Lukashov. "Концентрирование серной кислоты испарением в поток нейтрального газа". Thesis, Сумский государственный университет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/47077.

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Широкое использование серной кислоты в промышленности сопровождается образованием большого количества слабой отработанной кислоты, которую с экономической и экологической точек зрения необходимо концентрировать. Это достигается выпариванием воды при нагревании кислоты.
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Харчук, О. Е., С. М. Романько та С. В. Тимофіїв. "Концентрування розчину сульфатної кислоти випаровуванням у потік нейтрального газу". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/67677.

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У даній роботі були проведені розрахунки процесу концентрування розчину сульфатної кислоти в діапазоні зміни його параметрів, який відповідав їх змінам при експериментальному визначенні коефіцієнтів рівнянь. Результати такого моделювання процесу концентрування представляли у вигляді графічних залежностей відносної масової частки води від часу, які характеризують зміни складу розчину кислоти при його концентруванні.
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"The effects of sulfur-containing amino acids on ascorbic acid concentrations in mice." 2003. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891546.

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by Lui Ka Man.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-166).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Acknowledgements --- p.i<br>List of Abbreviations --- p.ii<br>Abstract --- p.iv<br>摘要 --- p.viii<br>List of Tables --- p.xi<br>List of Figures --- p.xii<br>Contents --- p.xvii<br>Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION<br>Chapter 1.1 --- Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.2 --- Metabolism of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids --- p.3<br>Chapter 1.2.1 --- The Metabolic Pathways --- p.3<br>Chapter 1.2.2 --- Met
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Shiue, Gong-Yih, and 薛公邑. "Thermal decomposition of triacetone triperoxide synthesized by three sulfuric acid concentrations." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43461281770360944445.

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碩士<br>雲林科技大學<br>環境與安全工程系碩士班<br>98<br>Triacetone triperoxid (TATP) is simple synthesize and sensitive used as an explosive. Three sulfuric acid (H2SO4) concentrations (1 M, 9 M, 18 M) were used to synthesize TATP. The higher concentration of H2SO4 would produced higher concentration and faster produced of TATP. Each combination was compounded with different thermal hazard characteristics. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to scan the thermal decomposition of TATP, which obtain exothermic onset temperature (T0), heat of decomposition (ΔHd) and maximum temperature during overall re
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Wang, Kun-Wei, and 王坤偉. "Development of Sensors for Measuring Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration in Sulfuric Acid Solutions." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87138408888255896190.

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Chen, Yen-Yin, and 陳彥印. "The study of porous Al2O3 films on 6061 aluminum alloy substrate with various concentrations of sulfuric acid using anodization method." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82658126140925258296.

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Huang, Chih-Wen, and 黃志文. "Using the digital image analysis and electric conduction to establish the method for measured sulfuric acid copper concentration in waste liquid." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93203237014764087226.

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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>環境工程研究所在職專班<br>101<br>Abstract Traditional chemical coagulation method used for heavy metal wastewater treatment, must adding a great quantity of Caustic Soda Flake, Sodium hydroxide, coagulate agent ,flocculating agent or chelating agent of heavy metal ,etc. Caused pharmacy costs of huge consumption, produce a great quantity of harmful heavy metal sludge and subsequent processing. Extremely discrepant to principles of environmental economic. When using circulating electrolysis method to treatment of heavy metal wastewater, after electrolysis recovered acid can be reused in the
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Books on the topic "Concentrating sulfuric acid"

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Radio occultation studies of Venus atmosphere with Magellan: Final technical report, grant NAGW-4450 to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center : February 1, 1997 through January 31, 1998. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Concentrating sulfuric acid"

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Zhang, Peng, Songzhe Chen, Laijun Wang, and Ping Zhang. "Study on the High-Performance Catalyst for Sulfuric Acid Decomposition in the IS Cycle." In Proceedings of the 10th Hydrogen Technology Convention, Volume 1. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8631-6_36.

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AbstractThe iodine-sulfur cycle coupled with a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is a clean and efficient hydrogen production technology. The sulfuric acid decomposition reaction is the highest temperature process in the iodine-sulfur cycle, which requires 850 °C high temperature and catalyst to carry out at a high conversion rate. This study prepared a series of loaded sulfuric acid decomposition catalysts using anatase TiO2 and Ta2O5 as catalyst carriers and precious metal Pt as the active component. XRD, BET, and ICP-MS characterization of the catalysts demonstrated that the high calcinat
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Warashina, Munehiro, Masanobu Tanaka, Yoshio Tsujino, Tuguo Mizoguchi, Siro Hatakeyama, and Yasuaki Maeda. "Atmospheric Concentrations of Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in China and Korea Measured by Using the Improved Passive Sampling Method." In Acid rain 2000. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0810-5_98.

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Prateepasen, Asa, Chalermkiat Jirarungsatean, and Pongsak Tuengsook. "Effect of Sulfuric Acid Concentration on Acoustic Emission Signals in Uniform-Corrosion." In Advanced Nondestructive Evaluation I. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-412-x.553.

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Kuang, Chongai, Peter H. McMurry, and Alon V. McCormick. "Dependence of Nucleation Rates on Sulfuric Acid Vapor Concentration in Diverse Atmospheric Locations." In Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols. Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6475-3_11.

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Meng, Xiaoyu, Hongbo Zhao, Yisheng Zhang, Yanjun Zhang, Xin Lv, and Shuai Wang. "Effect of Sulfuric Acid Concentration on Marmatite Dissolution in the Presence of Cupric Ions." In Rare Metal Technology 2020. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36758-9_31.

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Lloyd, Todd A., and Charles E. Wyman. "Predicted Effects of Mineral Neutralization and Bisulfate Formation on Hydrogen Ion Concentration for Dilute Sulfuric Acid Pretreatment." In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals Held May 4–7, 2003, in Breckenridge, CO. Humana Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-837-3_82.

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Tarpeh, William A., Brandon D. Clark, Kara L. Nelson, and Kevin D. Orner. "Reimagining Excreta as a Resource: Recovering Nitrogen from Urine in Nairobi, Kenya." In Introduction to Development Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86065-3_16.

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AbstractOnly 10–15% of Nairobi’s informal settlements are sewered, and these sewer pipes are often broken or clogged. In addition to posing a threat to human health, human waste contains high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, which can wreak ecological harm when improperly discharged. However, nitrogen and phosphorus are also key ingredients for fertilizers used in agricultural food production. This case study follows the development of ElectroSan, a pre-revenue process engineering spinoff that focuses on novel processes for converting urine into valuable products. The two primary tec
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Zulkurnai, Nurul Zufarhana, Umi Fazara Md Ali, Naimah Ibrahim, Mohd Irfan Hatim Mohamed Dzahir, Nor Ashikin Ahmad, and Fathiah Mohamed Zuki. "Optimization of Nickel Precipitation and Leaching Process from Simulated Industrial Waste: A Study on pH, Contact Time, and Sulfuric Acid Concentration." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Biomass Utilization and Sustainable Energy; ICoBiomasSE 2023; 4–5 September; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9164-8_13.

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King, Matthew J., William G. Davenport, and Michael S. Moats. "SO3 gas recycle for high SO2 concentration gas treatment." In Sulfuric Acid Manufacture. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-098220-5.00028-9.

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"Trials on the reduction of zinc content in Romanian blast furnace slag for use in the steel industry." In Book of Abstracts - RAD 2025 Conference. RAD Centre, Niš, Serbia, 2025. https://doi.org/10.21175/rad.abstr.book.2025.45.2.

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Blast furnace slag is a by-product of the smelting process. It consists of a complex mixture of fine particles of metal oxides, carbon, sulphur and other impurities with specific physico- chemical characteristics. The exact composition of blast furnace slag varies according to the raw material used (iron ore, coke, fluxes) and the specific metallurgical process technology. The main components are: iron oxides (Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, FeO) - 30-50%, calcium and magnesium oxides (CaO, MgO) - 5-15%, silicon dioxide (SiO₂) - 5-15%, aluminum oxides (Al₂O₂O₃) - 2-8%, carbon (C) and sulfur compounds (S) - 5-20
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Conference papers on the topic "Concentrating sulfuric acid"

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Alves, Helena, Rainer Behrens, and Franz Winter. "UNS N08031 and UNS N08031 plus, Multipurpose Alloys for the Chemical Process Industry and Related Applications." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07563.

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Abstract Alloy UNS N08031 is combining the advantages of high-chromium alloyed materials, i.e. a high resistance to corrosive attack by oxidizing media, with a molybdenum content of more than 6 %. The nickel content is comparatively low. This way it was possible to create the highly corrosion resistant material UNS N08031 in using only small amounts of expensive alloying elements. Alloy UNS N08031 exhibits good resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in neutral and acid aqueous solutions, which makes it advantageous to the known 6 % Mo stainless steels, and even several nickel alloys. Ther
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Yau, Te-Lin, and Derrill R. Holmes. "Issues around the Use of Zirconium in Sulfuric Acid." In CORROSION 2008. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08184.

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Abstract Sulfuric acid is one of the most complicated corrosives for passive alloys to handle. It gradually changes from the highly reducing character of dilute solutions to the strongly oxidizing character of concentrated solutions. It becomes even more complicated when other variables, such as temperature, pressure and impurities, are involved. The usefulness of many alloys in sulfuric acid is restricted to some specific conditions, such as low concentration, high concentrations, or low temperatures. The corrosion of zirconium in sulfuric acid solutions is rather straightforward. It resists
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Brill, U., and H. Alves. "Alloy Selection for Dilute and Medium Concentration Sulfuric Acid." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04233.

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Abstract Sulfuric acid is one of the most important elementary substances of the chemical industry. The acic has found a wide variety of applications in industry today, e.g. fertilizer, chemicals, pigments &amp; paints, petroleum, textiles &amp; films, iron and steel etc.. Because of the changing character of the acid over the concentration, i.e. for concentrations highei than about 85 % the acid becomes oxidizing, there is no stainless steel or even a nickel base alloy available which is suitable over the entire concentration range up to boiling temperature. Alloys like 825 and alloy 20 can b
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Sridhar, N. "Behavior of High Performance Alloys in Sulfuric Acid Streams." In CORROSION 1987. NACE International, 1987. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1987-87019.

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Abstract Sulfuric acid is an important reactant and by product in the mining and metal-extraction industries. Corrosion in sulfuric acid is dependent both on concentration of the acid and type of impurities present in the acid. The behavior of a variety of stainless steels and Ni-base alloys is examined as a function of these factors. The range of acid concentration is divided into three zones and the alloy performance is examined in each zone. In the lowest-concentration acids, the alloying elements of greatest benefit were Mo, Ni and Cr in that order. If oxidizing agents are present however,
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Miyoshi, Kazuhisa, and George W. P. Rengstorff. "Wear of Iron and Nickel in Corrosive Liquid Environments." In CORROSION 1988. NACE International, 1988. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1988-88373.

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Abstract An investigation was conducted to examine the friction and wear behavior of iron and nickel sliding on aluminum oxide in aerated sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. The results indicate that the concentration of acid is an important factor in controlling the metal loss caused by wear-corrosion processes in the acids. At very dilute acid concentration (10-4 N), iron behaves differently than nickel. Iron develops a soft, friable deposit, while nickel develops no corrosion layer. The formation and removal of the corrosion deposit on iron resulted in high metal loss and coefficient of fr
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Webster, R. T., and T. L. Yau. "Zirconium in Sulfuric Acid Applications." In CORROSION 1985. NACE International, 1985. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1985-85303.

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Abstract Zirconium is one of the few metals that resists attack by sulfuric acid at all concentrations up to 75% and temperatures to boiling and above. This capability makes zirconium an attractive structural metal to handle the difficult 40-65% H2SO4 to boiling temperatures and weak acid concentrations at elevated temperatures. This paper covers zirconium's corrosion properties in sulfuric acid solutions, the comparative corrosion data of zirconium versus several iron and nickel base alloys. Several examples of applications and limitations in the use of zirconium are discussed.
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Sridhar, N. "The Effect of Velocity on Corrosion in H2SO4 + HF Mixtures." In CORROSION 1990. NACE International, 1990. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1990-90019.

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Abstract The effect of HF addition to sulfuric acid on corrosion under static and flowing conditions was examined. In chromium containing alloys, HF inhibits corrosion in concentrated sulfuric acid and accelerates corrosion in dilute sulfuric acid, the transition occurring at about 60-80% sulfuric depending on the alloy content. Velocity did not have a significant effect on corrosion in concentrated sulfuric acid + HF system, whereas, a large increase in corrosion with velocity was noted in dilute sulfuric acid + HF. Based on these results and on polarization behavior of alloy UNS N06030 in th
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Crum, J. R., and M. E. Adkins. "Correlation of Alloy 625 Electrochemical Behavior with the Sulfuric Acid Isocorrosion Chart." In CORROSION 1985. NACE International, 1985. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1985-85299.

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Abstract An isocorrosion chart has been developed for INCONEL* alloy 625 (UNS N06625) in sulfuric acid. A wide range of corrosion rates are shown at different temperatures and acid concentrations. Potentiodynamic polarization curves were determined in an effort to relate effects of temperature and acid concentration to the electrochemical behavior which ultimately produced the observed corrosion rates.
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Drake, Steve, and Richard Heidinger. "Corrosion-Resistant Composite Piping Designed for Organic Solvent and Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Applications." In CORROSION 1997. NACE International, 1997. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1997-97367.

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Abstract Current FRP technology limits the use of composite piping systems to mild solvents and low concentrations (below 75%) of sulfuric acid. Many typical plant environments contain strong organic solvents such as chloroform, dichloroethane, and methylene chloride, as well as acids such as sulfuric and hydrochloric. Also, many waste streams contain combinations of both acids and solvents. Currently, plants must specify lined steel or high alloy metallic piping systems for these applications. It is the purpose of this paper to show that new thermosetting resin technology and liner materials
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Canderyd, Carolina, Rachel Pettersson, and Poul-Erik Arnvig. "The Corrosion Resistance of Duplex Stainless Steel Grades in Sulfuric Acid." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01502.

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Abstract Sulfuric acid is one the most common chemicals used and handled within the process industries. Applications range from leaching to industrial polymer production to pharmaceuticals manufacture. The range of concentrations extends from the very dilute to the viscous oil-like concentrated acid and this results in a range of corrosion issues. Sulfuric acid can show reducing behavior at low concentrations and have a higher redox-potential with oscillating behavior at high concentrations. This clearly presents challenges to the materials specifier. The corrosion resistance varies with conce
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Reports on the topic "Concentrating sulfuric acid"

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Teeradakorn, Siriluk. Pretreatment and hydrolysis conditioning process of cellulosic material for bioethanol production. Chulalongkorn University, 2012. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2012.81.

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Sweet sorghum straw is lignocellulosic material that is promoted as an alternative feedstock for ethanol production because it is available and inexpensive. Due to its composition of cellulose and hemicelluloses, that could be hydrolyzed into fermentable sugars. The composition of sweet sorghum straw used in this study consists of 44.51% cellulose, 38.12% hemicelluloses and 6.18% lignin. Conversion of this potential feedstock requires a pretreatment step to alter the microscopic size and structure of the lignocelluloses. This research was studied in order to find the optimum conditions on hydr
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