Academic literature on the topic 'Concentration camps'
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Journal articles on the topic "Concentration camps"
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Halamová, Martina. "Returns from Concentration Camps." Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne, no. 12 (September 21, 2017): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pss.2017.12.7.
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The article is concentrated on the Czech post-war literature, especially on the Czech treatment of the theme regarding returns from concentration camps in the novels written in the second half of 20th century and in contemporary literature. The presented novels, thematizing the mentioned topic, are viewed as representations of those days discourses shaped by the “course of history”. Therefore, the article follows variation of the theme as well as the modification of heros in connection with the transformation of discourses, and tries to describe the reasons of the changing.
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Prestwich, E. "Boer War Concentration Camps." English 50, no. 197 (June 1, 2001): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/english/50.197.159.
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Morrison, Alexander. "Convicts and Concentration Camps." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 20, no. 2 (2019): 390–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2019.0026.
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IZUMI, MASUMI. "PROHIBITING "AMERICAN CONCENTRATION CAMPS"." Pacific Historical Review 74, no. 2 (May 1, 2005): 165–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165.
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In September 1971 Congress repealed the Emergency Detention Act, Title II of the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950. This act had authorized the President to apprehend and detain any person suspected as a threat to internal security during a national emergency. This article analyzes the Title II repeal campaign between 1967 and 1971, revealing that the public historical memories of Japanese American internment greatly influenced support for repeal in Congress and among the American public. Civil rights and antiwar protesters both feared that such a law might be used against them, but Japanese Americans had been interned during World War II. Their presence in the repeal campaign made the question of detention starkly real and the need for repeal persuasive. Conversely, their work for repeal allowed them to address a painful part of their American experience and speak publicly as a community.
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Forth, Aidan. "Concentration Camps: A Short History." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 48, no. 4 (February 2018): 552–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_r_01208.
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Diao, Hong. "Interpreting in Nazi concentration camps." Language & History 62, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2018.1554398.
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Bronisch, Thomas. "Suicidality in German concentration camps." Archives of Suicide Research 2, no. 2 (April 1996): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13811119608251963.
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Lester, David. "Suicidality in german concentration camps." Archives of Suicide Research 3, no. 3 (July 1997): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13811119708258274.
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Rautenberg, Uta. "Interpreting in Nazi Concentration Camps." Social History 42, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 447–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2017.1320139.
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Dillon, Christopher. "Concentration camps: a short history*." International Affairs 94, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy037.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Concentration camps"
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Shepeleva-Bouvard, Ekaterina Allain Annie. "Culture et propagande au goulag soviétique, 1929-1953 le cas de la république des Komi /." Lille : A.N.R.T, 2007. http://documents.univ-lille3.fr/files/pub/www/recherche/theses/SHEPELEVA_Ekaterina.pdf.
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Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Langue et littérature slaves : Lille 3 : 2007.Résumés en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliographie f. 302-315. Glossaire des noms géographiques.
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Parrau, Alain. "Ecrire les camps." Paris 8, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA080880.
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Ce travail tente de reflechir , a partir de la lecture de temoignages de survivants des camps nazis et sovietiques qui ont une dimension litteraire , l implication de la litterature dans l effort d une ecriture pour dire la verite de l experience concentrationnaire. Il s agit donc d une analyse precise des procedes narratifs utilises par chacun des auteurs consideres (primo levi, david rousset, robert antelme, tadeusz borowski, varlam chalamov et soljenitsyne), et d une perspective plus generale qui etudie les relations des survivants des camps avec la litterature , quand ces survivants veulent temoigner par ecrit. La lecture des oeuvres de ce corpus souleve d autres questions qui font l objet de ce travail : le role des activites litteraires dans les camps , les aspects essentiels de l institution concentrationnaire (structures sociales de la population des camps , analyse de la fonction de l ideologie et , au-dela , reflexion sur la nature des regimes totalitaires). Cette these voudrait surtout montrer la capacite de la litterature a presenter la verite d une experience historique et politique decisiveThis work tries to consider , based on the reading of testimonies of nazi and soviet camps survivors which have a literary dimension, the implication of literature in the effort of a writing to say the truth on camp experience. Thus , it provides a detailed analysis of narrative processes used by the various authors considered (primo levi, david rousset, robert antelme, tadeusz borowski, varlam chalamov and soljenitsyne) , and a more general perspective which studies the relationships of camp survivors with literature , when these survivors want to give a written testimony. The reading of this corpus rises other questions : the role of literary activities in the camps , the basic aspects of the camp institution (social structures of camppopulation , analysis of the role of ideology and beyond , a reflection on the nature of totalitarian regimes). This work tries to show the capacity of literature to present the truth of a decisive historical and political experience
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Dusselier, Jane Elizabeth. "Artful identifications crafting survival in Japanese American concentration camps /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2449.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.Thesis research directed by: American Studies. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Lee, Sangbin. "Ecrire l'univers concentrationnaire : la littérature et les camps." Paris 8, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA080881.
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Cette these se propose de voir si une "litteratrue concentrationnaire" est possible. Elle le fait en trois temps : apres une tentative de definition, nous nous demanderons, a partir de l'etude desparallelismes et dissemblances textuels et ex tra-textuels, comment partager l'horreur, enfin le dernier chapitre sera consacre a l'analyse d'auteurs representatifs d'une telle litterature : alors que le premier chapitre pose des questions globales comme "qu'est-ce que la litterature concentrationnaire ?" et "quels sont les ouvrages des camps de concentration ?", cinq conceptions concernant les interpr etations historiques et litteraires des camps sont presentees dans le deuxieme chapitre. Le troisieme chapitre met en evidence les traits particuliers de chaque ecrivain : il est divise en quatre parties qui portent sur l'analyse des oeuv res des ecrivains qui ont vecu les camps (antelme, chalamov, levi, rousset et wiesel), des ecrits romanesques de gary et de merle qui n'ont pas vecu les camps, de l'archipel du goulag de soljenitsyne, et du film shoah de lanzmann. A travers ce travail, nous nous efforcerons de reconcilier la singularite des qestions posees par les camps et l'universal ite des reponses, en s'interrogeant sur les fonctions de la "litterature concentrationnaire"This thesis aims at probing the possibility of a literature on concentration camps. The first part copes with general questions such as the characteristics of a literature on concentration camps and gives a presentation of works pertaining to this category. The second chapter examines five conceptions illustrating the commun points and the diverge nces of the various historical and literary interpretations of concentration camps. The last chapter shows the specific features of each author through a study of their textes. This chapter is further divided in four subparts distinguishing the analysis of works by direct witness like antelme, chalamov, levi, rousset and wiesel, that of novels by gary and merle who have not personally experienced concentration camps, the study of solzhenitsyn's the gulag archipelago, and that of claude lanzmann's film, shoah. Throughout this inquiry we will try, by studing the fonctions which a literature on concentration camps can have, inscribe the singularity of the questions aroused bu the existence of concentration camps in the universality of the answers provided
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Moore, Paul. "German popular opinion on the Nazi concentration camps, 1933-1939." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.738688.
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Lamquin, Thomas. "Psychanalyse appliquée aux représentations picturales des camps de concentration nazis." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100023/document.
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Ce travail de thèse porte sur la question de l’existence de représentations, sous forme picturale (dessins, peintures…), exécutées par certains sujets pendant leur internement dans les camps de concentration nazis, dans un contexte de traumatisme extrême, considéré comme de l’ordre de l’irreprésentable. A partir d’une étude de cas de trois sujets dessinateurs/trices, et de leur production picturale, abordée selon la méthode de la psychanalyse appliquée au sens d’André Green, une réflexion peut s’amorcer autour de l’hypothèse d’une autoconservation, différenciée, physique et psychique. Afin de la mener à bien sont résumées les représentations historiques après-coup, puis cernées la problématique du traumatisme extrême dans les camps de concentration et la création d’un point de vue psychanalytique avec des auteurs tels que Freud, Férenczi, Winnicott, Roussillon, Green, Bertrand, Zaltzman, Cerf de Duzeele, Waintrater et Cupa. Les résultats amènent à constater l’existence chez ces sujets d’une aire intermédiaire qui leur a permis de conserver une activité représentationnelle particulière. Celle-ci constitue un travail de représentation de la surréalité déréalisante du camp, principalement utilisé dans une autoconservation psychique. Inscrit dans un fil de culture, de filiation et d’historicisation, il participe d’un travail de liaison intrapsychique et intersubjectif ainsi que d’une lutte contre la désintrication pulsionnelle. Des fantasmes omnipotents d’éternité sous-jacents aux dessins vont de pair avec, dans l’activité, une coexcitation libidinale qui ouvre sur la question d’une éventuelle sublimationThis thesis begins with noticing that pictorial representations (e.g. drawings or paintings etc.) in nazi concentration camps have been made by some subjets while imprisonment, in a massive traumatism, usually thinked as a non-representable situation. From a three drawers and drawings study, imcompletely by Andre Green’s applied psychoanalysis method, reflexion can occur with the hypothesis of a dissociated physical and psychic self-preservation in that context. To achieve this goal, historical nazi camps differed representations, massive traumatism and creation, are detailed in a psychoanalytic viewpoint with Freud, Ferenczi, Winnicott, Roussillon, Green, Bertrand, Zaltzman, Cerf de Duzeele, Waintrater and Cupa as main authors. Results show the existence of an intermediate space that enabled these subjets to keep a specific representational activity. It’s mainly a representation work of the camp overreality in a psychic self-preservation way. This work is an internal and external connection work, in a culture and filiation link, that struggles against drive defusion. Eternity and omnipotent fantasy, libidinal coexcitation underly drawings and pictorial activity. They interrogate about a possible sublimation
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Ebbrecht-Hartmann, Tobias. "Blicke auf das Grauen. German Concentration Camps – Ein Film als Quelle." HATiKVA e.V. – Die Hoffnung Bildungs- und Begegnungsstätte für Jüdische Geschichte und Kultur Sachsen, 2014. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35004.
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Liu, Chengfu. "Camps de concentration nazi au miroir de la litterature de l'atrocite." Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA070097.
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Cette these est une etude sur la deportation a travers la litterature francaise. Elle se compose de deux parties. Dans la premiere. C'est une evaluation sur l'ensemble de la litterature de l'atrocite qui est generalement sous-estimee. La recherche montre que certains ecrits ont depasse de loin des temoignages bruts. En utilisant le mythe, ils ont beaucoup plus de capacite de sensibiliser et d'impressionner que l'histoire. Dans la deuxieme partie, c'est une recherche sur toutes les souffrances des deportes et sur leurs reactions typiques provoquees par le processus de persecution dans les camps. Le resultat des etudes est que l'horreur des camps est partiellement indicible. Elle est au-dela de notre imagination. Les evenements absurdes tel que auschwitz ne doivent pas se repeterThis thesis is a study the concentration camps of nazi in french literature. It has two parts. In the first part. It's an evaluation about this special kind of literature which is generally badly estimated. The research shows that some books are beyond raw evidences. They have more capacity to sensitize and to impress than the history. In the second part, it's a research about the whole sufferances of prisoners and about their typical reactions provocated by the process of persecution in camps. The result of research is that the horror of concentration camps are beyond our imagination. It's partially inexpressible. The absurd events such as auschwitz should not repeat
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Kessler, Stowell van Courtland. "The black concentration camps of the South African War, 1899-1902." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6039.
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Rosenberg, André. "Les enfants juifs et tsiganes dans les camps d'internement français et les camps de concentration du IIIe Reich." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010641.
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L'histoire des enfants juifs semblerait être celle d'un long martyre. Il est indéniable en effet que leur assassinat par les nazis reste sans précèdent dans l'histoire. Le thème de la déportation de ces enfants, presque tous français ou nés en France, présente une particularité à retenir : celle de n'avoir pas fait l'objet d'une étude qui lui soit entièrement consacrée. Et pourtant ils n'ont pas échappé au sadisme des allemands. Ils ont été exposés au même « traitement », aux mêmes expériences, à la même souffrance que leurs ainés. Dans les lois de Vichy et les ordonnances allemandes, toutes les mesures seront prises ou auront tente d'être prises par l'occupant, aidé en cela par la précieuse collaboration de Vichy pour « isoler » les enfants juifs des autres enfants de France. La finalité de cette étude a été de savoir comment les choses se sont passées, comment le sauvetage auss l'arrestation, l'internement et la déportation d'enfants et adolescents ont pu se faire. Il fallut aussi montrer combien les quelques rares enfants rescapes des camps de concentration sont sortis de ces épreuves, sérieusement lésés dans leurs chairs et dans leurs âmes. Enfin, il nous a paru indispensable de mettre en relief une autre souffrance, souvent occultée, souvent ignorée : celle des enfants tsiganes.
Books on the topic "Concentration camps"
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International Committee of the Red Cross. and International Tracing Service, eds. Concentration camps, extermination camps, and ghettos, 1939-1945. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1986.
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1959-, Megargee Geoffrey P., ed. Early camps and SS concentration camps and subcamps. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2009.
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Clavé, Pere Vives i. Lettres des camps de concentration. Perpignan: Mare nostrum, 2013.
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Laharie, Claude. Le camp de Gurs, 1939-1945: Un aspect méconnu de l'histoire du Béarn. Biarritz, [France]: Societé Atlantique d'Impression, 1985.
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Hrdlicka, Manuela R. Alltag im KZ: Das Lager Sachsenhausen bei Berlin. Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1992.
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S, Khonigsman I͡A. I͡Anovskiĭ lagerʹ: Janower Zwangsarbeitslager für Juden in Lemberg : kratkiĭ istoricheskiĭ ocherk. Lʹvov: Lʹvovskoe ob-vo evreĭskoĭ kult́ury im. Sholom-Aleĭkhema, 1996.
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Abzug, Robert H. GIs remember: Liberating the concentration camps. Washington, D.C.]: National Museum of American Jewish Military History, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Concentration camps"
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Stone, Dan. "Concentration camps." In Fascism, Nazism and the Holocaust, 178–94. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in fascism and the far right: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003084181-12.
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Bock, Dennis. "“Inside Concentration Camps”." In Beyond MAUS, 381–402. Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/9783205210672.381.
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Edelheit, Abraham J., and Hershel Edelheit. "The Concentration Camps." In Bibliography on Holocaust Literature: Supplement, 133–45. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429033353-7.
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Møller, Bjørn. "Concentration Camps and Ghettos." In Refugees, Prisoners and Camps, 35–51. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137502797_3.
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Rummel, R. J. "Concentration and Death Camps." In Democide, 55–61. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429336874-6.
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Hantzaroula, Pothiti. "Life and memory of concentration camps." In Child Survivors of the Holocaust in Greece, 135–66. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in Second World War history: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429507984-7.
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Sommer, Robert. "Camp Brothels: Forced Sex Labour in Nazi Concentration Camps." In Brutality and Desire, 168–96. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230234291_7.
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Kevo, Mario. "The International Committee of the Red Cross and Camps on the Territory of the Independent State of Croatia with Special Review of the Jasenovac Concentration Camp." In Jasenovac Concentration Camp, 276–97. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003326632-13.
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Ley, Astrid. "Children as victims of medical experiments in concentration camps." In From Clinic to Concentration Camp, 208–20. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. |: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315583310-10.
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Mellanby, Kenneth. "Chapter 16 Experiments in German Concentration Camps." In Human Guinea Pigs, by Kenneth Mellanby: A Reprint with Commentaries, 101–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37697-0_18.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Concentration camps"
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Марсенич, Зорка Живковна, and Елена Владимировна Нарбут. "THE THEME OF LOVE AND FAITH IN THE WORKS OF CAMP LITERATURE." In Сборник избранных статей по материалам научных конференций ГНИИ «Нацразвитие» (Санкт-Петербург, Май 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/may316.2021.85.57.006.
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В статье рассматриваются несколько произведений лагерной литературы как доказательство неразрывной связи темы любви и веры с темой концентрационных лагерей. Основой тезиса является труд психолога и бывшего лагерного заключенного Виктора Франкла. A few works belonging to camp literature genre are viewed as a proof of an indissoluble connection between the theme of love and faith and the theme of concentration camps. The basis of the thesis is a work by a psychologist and former concentration camp prisoner Viktor Frankl.
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Атрушкевич, М. М., and А. А. Цобкало. "CONCENTRATION CAMPS OF THE NAZI REGIME ON THE OCCUPIED TERRITORY OF BELARUS (BSSR) IN 1941–1944." In Единство фронта и тыла в годы Великой Отечественной войны. Материалы III международной научной конференции 20 мая 2022 года г. Вязьма. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54016/svitok.2022.68.35.003.
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Статья посвящена изучению деятельности концентрационных лагерей фашистской Германии на оккупированной территории Беларуси (БССР) в 1941–1944 гг. В ней идет речь об особенностях функционирования концентранционных лагерей фашистской Германии на территории Беларуси в данный период. Авторы статьи раскрывают основные злодеяния фашистского режима в БССР в 1941–1944 гг. The article is devoted to the study of the activities of concentration camps of Nazi Germany in the occupied territory of Belarus (BSSR) in 1941–1944. It deals with the features of the functioning of the concentration camps of Nazi Germany on the territory of Belarus in this period. The authors of the article reveals the main atrocities of the fascist regime in the BSSR in 1941–1944.
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Maisenhölder, Patrick. "THE DARK SIDE OF PRODUSAGE – CONCENTRATION AND DEATH CAMPS AS USER-GENERATED CONTENT FOR THE GAME PRISON ARCHITECT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MEDIA ETHICS AND MEDIA PEDAGOGY." In 12th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2018.1545.
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Gray, S. J., and S. Heptinstall. "INTERACTIONS BETWEEn PGE2 AND INHIBITORS OF PLATELET AGGREGATION THAT ACT THROUGH cAMP." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643582.
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PGE2 has a biphasic effect on platelet aggregation with low concentrations of the prostaglandin potentiating aggregation and high concentrations inhibiting it. In this investigation we have studied the interaction of PGE2 with agents that inhibit platelet aggregation through an effect on cAMP. The agents chosen raise the level of cAMP in platelets by different mechanisms: PGI2, PGD9 and adenosine combine with specific surface-located receptors and stimulate adenylate cyclase (AC) via a guanine nucleotide-binding protein (GNBP), forskolin stimulates AC directly, and AH-P 719 and DN 9693 inhibit cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE). ADP-induced platelet aggregation was measured in platelet-rich plasma and cAMP was measured in platelets labelled with 3H-adenine.PGE2 alone potentiated platelet aggregation at concentrations from 10™8 -10™6 M and inhibited aggregation at 10™5M. PGE2 did not reduce cAMP levels at any concentration and increased cAMP levels at concentrations > 10™6 M, profcably by stimulating AC.PGI2 (10™9 -10™8 M), PGD2 (10™7 -5×10™6 M) and adenosine (8×l0™5-2×10™4 M) increased the level of cAMP in platelets and inhibited aggregation these changes were reversed by low concentrations of PGE2 (10™8-10™6M).Forskolin (5×10™6-2.5×10™5M), AH-P 719 (10™7-10™5M) and DN 9693 (5×10™6 -10™5M) increased the level of cAMP in platelets and inhibited aggregation. However, PGE2 did not reverse the inhibitory effects of these particular agents. In contrast, PGE2 potentiated the effects of the agents at all the concentrations of PGE2 that were tested (10™8-10™5M).The different results obtained with PGE2 in combination with agents that act via surface-located receptors compared with agents that stimulate AC directly or act through PDE, suggest that PGE2 may potentiate platelet aggregation by acting at a point between the platelet receptor and AC i.e. GNBP.PGE2 is one of the major prostaglandins synthesised by human microvascular endothelial cells and interstitial cells of the renal medulla. Since it reverses the inhibitory effects of some AC stimulators but adds to those of PDE inhibitors, the latter may have greater potential as anti-thrombotic agents in the micro-circulation and intra-renal circulation.
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Al-Ansary, Hany, Shaker Alaqel, Eldwin Djajadiwinata, and Abdullah Mohammed. "Optical Analysis of a New Point Focus Fresnel Concentrator." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49340.
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This study describes preliminary optical analysis performed regarding a new collector called the Point Focus Fresnel Concentrator (PFFC). This collector combines the concepts of the linear Fresnel collector and central receiver systems to form a new concept of a focal point Fresnel concentrator with a dual-axis sun tracking system. It concentrates direct solar radiation using a number of flat mirrors positioned over a rotating frame. The frame tracks the sun in the azimuth direction, while each row of mirrors tracks the sun in the elevation direction, thereby allowing sunlight to be concentrated on the same point above the collector throughout the day. PFFC is considered suitable for a number of applications, such as power generation by concentrating photovoltaics (CPV) and Stirling engines, and process heat applications. In this study, the first attempt to characterize the optical performance of the collector is made. A prototype of the collector has already been built on the campus of King Saud University. It has a total footprint of 9 m2, and includes 900 mirrors, each of which is 7 cm × 7 cm. The receiver has a diameter of 10 cm. Optical performance is studied by ray tracing methods to obtain flux maps and intercept factors of the receiver. Results show that the average concentration ratio is in the order of 220 to 300 suns when mirrors with a 6-mrad optical error are used. For the same mirrors, the highest attainable average intercept factor (0.674) occurs in the winter due to the low particle loading in the atmosphere. When the optical error is reduced to 2 mrad, the average concentration ratio increases to 290 to 400 suns, and the average intercept factor increases to 0.892. In any case, if the current design of PFFC is to be used in conjunction with CPV, a secondary concentrator would be needed to achieve required concentration ratios in the order of 500 suns.
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Kienast, J., J. Arnout, G. Pfliegler, H. Deckmyn, B. Hoet, and J. Vermylen. "DISSOCIATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 ACTIVATION FROM CYTOSOLIC FREE CA2+ MOBILIZATION IN PLATELETS EXPOSED TO FLUORIDE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644529.
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Elevated cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) are thought to be required for phosphol ipase A2 activity to liberate arachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipids in platelets. The major AA metabolite formed during agonist-induced platelet activation is thromboxane A2 (TxA2). We have investigated the effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) on platelet TxAz formation in correlation to platelet functional changes (aggregation and release of ATP) and intracellular events specific for either agonist- or antagonist-induced platelet responses. A first peak in platelet TxAffi formation reaching 30 × control values was observed at 20 - 30 mM of NaF which also induced platelet aggregation and release of ATP in association with a rise in [Ca2+]i . Increasing the concentration of NaF resulted in a decrease in TxA2 release to a minimum of 12 × control values at 50 mM. A second, concentration-dependent rise in TxA2 formation was observed at higher concentrations of NaF with a maximum of 40 × control values at 100 mM. These concentrations, however, did induce neither aggregation nor a significant rise in [Ca2+]i but a rapid, transient increase in platelet cAMP levels. Activation of phospholipase C and protein kinase C was observed at all concentrations of NaF tested whereby the rate rather than the extent of activation of these enzymes was concentration-dependent. Our results demonstrate that fluoride at high concentrations can induce platelet TxA2 formation in the absence of elevated [Ca2+]i suggesting an additional, Ca2+-independent mechanism of phospholipase A2 activation possibly mediated by fluoride sensitive GTP-binding regulatory proteins.
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Collado, Francisco J., and Jesús Guallar. "Scaling campo code to commercial solar tower plants." In SolarPACES 2017: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5067204.
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McConnell, Emma, Joseph M. Reeder, Philip Reeder, Harry Jol, Lauren Claas, Jake Cipar, Lydia Kruse, Sasha Kvasnik, Amik Redland, and Mikaela Martinez Dettinger. "UNCOVERING THE HISTORY OF JUNGFERNHOF CONCENTRATION CAMP IN RIGA, LATVIA." In GSA Connects 2023 Meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Geological Society of America, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2023am-391894.
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Stratton, L., and E. Hornby. "INHIBITION OF HUMAN PLATELET AGGREGATION BY THE THROMBOXANE MIMETIC, U46619." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644540.
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Recent publications suggest that high concentrations (10-100μM) of the stable analogues of PGH2, U46619 and U44069 stimulate adenylate cyclase (Avdonin et al.. 1985) and cause an elevation in cAMP in intact platelets (Best et al., 1979). The effect of high concentrations of U46619 on responses to ADP [1.0-30μM] and vasopressin [1-10nM] was investigated in human platelet rich plasma preincubated with the thromboxane antagonist, GR32191, [10μM] (Lumley et al., this meeting) and aspirin [0.1mM]. Concentration-effect curves to ADP were not affected by preincubation with O.lmM U46619 in the presence of GR32191 [10μM]. Under the same conditions, aggregation to vasopressin was inhibited. U46619 at 30μM had no effect on the vasopressin concentration-effect curve, but at 0.1mM, it resulted in an eight-fold rightwards shift and also reduced the maximum response by 30%. This was equivalent to the inhibition of vasopressin-induced aggregation achieved with prostacyclin at a concentration of 1nM in the same experiments. At 0.3mM, U46619 caused total inhibition of aggregation to vasopressin, equivalent to that seen with prostacyclin at 3nM. The failure of U44619 to inhibit ADP-induced aggregation may reflect inhibition of adenylate cyclase by ADP (Cusack et al. 1982). Aggregation induced by vasopressin is independent of inhibition of adenylate cyclase (Thomas et al.. 1983) and under these conditions, U46619 may induce increases in cAMP which exert an inhibitory action on platelet function. These results indicate that experiments using U44619 as an aggregating agent should be interpreted with caution. The high concentrations of U46619 required to induce aggregation in the presence of thromboxane antagonists may also cause stimulation of adenylate cyclase, thereby making an additional contribution to the inhibition observed. Avdonin P.V. et al.f Thromb. Res., 40, 101-112, 1985.Best L.C. et al.. Biochim, Biophys. Acta, 583. 344-351, 1979.Thomas M.E. et al.. Thromb. Res., 32, 557-566, 1983.Cusack et al.. Br. J. Pharmac., 76, 221-227, 1982.
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Poo, Stephanie, Rigers Cama, Rajan Patel, and Kalpesh Besherdas. "P63 Urea trend is superior to absolute urea concentrations at predicting acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding." In Abstracts of the BSG Campus, 21–29 January 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-bsgcampus.138.
Full textReports on the topic "Concentration camps"
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Huang, Shuang. Combating Lung Cancer Metastasis by Raising Intracellular cAMP Concentration. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada599083.
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Tymoshyk, Mykola. LONDON MAGAZINE «LIBERATION WAY» AND ITS PLACE IN THE HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN JOURNALISM ABROAD. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11057.
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One of the leading Western Ukrainian diaspora journals – London «Liberation Way», founded in January 1949, has become the subject of the study for the first time in journalism. Archival documents and materials of the Ukrainian Publishing Union in London and the British National Library (British Library) were also observed. The peculiarities of the magazine’s formation and the specifics of the editorial policy, founders and publishers are clarified. A group of OUN members who survived Hitler’s concentration camps and ended up in Great Britain after the end of World War II initiated the foundation of the magazine. Until April 1951, including issue 42, the Board of Foreign Parts of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists were the publishers of the magazine. From 1951 to the beginning of 2000 it was a socio-political monthly of the Ukrainian Publishing Union. From the mid-60’s of the twentieth century – a socio-political and scientific-literary monthly. In analyzing the programmatic principles of the magazine, the most acute issues of the Ukrainian national liberation movement, which have long separated the forces of Ukrainian emigration and from which the founders and publishers of the magazine from the beginning had clearly defined positions, namely: ideology of Ukrainian nationalism, the idea of unity of Ukraine and Ukrainians, internal inter-party struggle among Ukrainian emigrants have been singled out. The review and systematization of the thematic palette of the magazine’s publications makes it possible to distinguish the following main semantic accents: the formation of the nationalist movement in exile; historical Ukrainian themes; the situation in sub-Soviet Ukraine; the problem of the unity of Ukrainians in the Western diaspora; mission and tasks of Ukrainian emigration in the context of its responsibilities to the Motherland. It also particularizes the peculiarities of the formation of the author’s assets of the magazine and its place in the history of Ukrainian national journalism.
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Hsing, William. The Metamorphosis of Fangcang – The Life and Afterlife of a Chinese Concentration Camp. Critical Asian Studies, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52698/tkhz5382.
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Neyedley, K., J. J. Hanley, P. Mercier-Langevin, and M. Fayek. Ore mineralogy, pyrite chemistry, and S isotope systematics of magmatic-hydrothermal Au mineralization associated with the Mooshla Intrusive Complex (MIC), Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp, Abitibi greenstone belt, Québec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328985.
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The Mooshla Intrusive Complex (MIC) is an Archean polyphase magmatic body located in the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde (DBL) mining camp of the Abitibi greenstone belt, Québec. The MIC is spatially associated with numerous gold (Au)-rich VMS, epizonal 'intrusion-related' Au-Cu vein systems, and shear zone-hosted (orogenic?) Au deposits. To elucidate genetic links between deposits and the MIC, mineralized samples from two of the epizonal 'intrusion-related' Au-Cu vein systems (Doyon and Grand Duc Au-Cu) have been characterized using a variety of analytical techniques. Preliminary results indicate gold (as electrum) from both deposits occurs relatively late in the systems as it is primarily observed along fractures in pyrite and gangue minerals. At Grand Duc gold appears to have formed syn- to post-crystallization relative to base metal sulphides (e.g. chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite), whereas base metal sulphides at Doyon are relatively rare. The accessory ore mineral assemblage at Doyon is relatively simple compared to Grand Duc, consisting of petzite (Ag3AuTe2), calaverite (AuTe2), and hessite (Ag2Te), while accessory ore minerals at Grand Duc are comprised of tellurobismuthite (Bi2Te3), volynskite (AgBiTe2), native Te, tsumoite (BiTe) or tetradymite (Bi2Te2S), altaite (PbTe), petzite, calaverite, and hessite. Pyrite trace element distribution maps from representative pyrite grains from Doyon and Grand Duc were collected and confirm petrographic observations that Au occurs relatively late. Pyrite from Doyon appears to have been initially trace-element poor, then became enriched in As, followed by the ore metal stage consisting of Au-Ag-Te-Bi-Pb-Cu enrichment and lastly a Co-Ni-Se(?) stage enrichment. Grand Duc pyrite is more complex with initial enrichments in Co-Se-As (Stage 1) followed by an increase in As-Co(?) concentrations (Stage 2). The ore metal stage (Stage 3) is indicated by another increase in As coupled with Au-Ag-Bi-Te-Sb-Pb-Ni-Cu-Zn-Sn-Cd-In enrichment. The final stage of pyrite growth (Stage 4) is represented by the same element assemblage as Stage 3 but at lower concentrations. Preliminary sulphur isotope data from Grand Duc indicates pyrite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite all have similar delta-34S values (~1.5 � 1 permille) with no core-to-rim variations. Pyrite from Doyon has slightly higher delta-34S values (~2.5 � 1 permille) compared to Grand Duc but similarly does not show much core-to-rim variation. At Grand Duc, the occurrence of Au concentrating along the rim of pyrite grains and associated with an enrichment in As and other metals (Sb-Ag-Bi-Te) shares similarities with porphyry and epithermal deposits, and the overall metal association of Au with Te and Bi is a hallmark of other intrusion-related gold systems. The occurrence of the ore metal-rich rims on pyrite from Grand Duc could be related to fluid boiling which results in the destabilization of gold-bearing aqueous complexes. Pyrite from Doyon does not show this inferred boiling texture but shares characteristics of dissolution-reprecipitation processes, where metals in the pyrite lattice are dissolved and then reconcentrated into discrete mineral phases that commonly precipitate in voids and fractures created during pyrite dissolution.
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Schwartz, Bertha, Vaclav Vetvicka, Ofer Danai, and Yitzhak Hadar. Increasing the value of mushrooms as functional foods: induction of alpha and beta glucan content via novel cultivation methods. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600033.bard.
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During the granting period, we performed the following projects: Firstly, we differentially measured glucan content in several pleurotus mushroom strains. Mushroom polysaccharides are edible polymers that have numerous reported biological functions; the most common effects are attributed to β-glucans. In recent years, it became apparent that the less abundant α-glucans also possess potent effects in various health conditions. In our first study, we explored several Pleurotus species for their total, β and α-glucan content. Pleurotuseryngii was found to have the highest total glucan concentrations and the highest α-glucans proportion. We also found that the stalks (stipe) of the fruit body contained higher glucan content then the caps (pileus). Since mushrooms respond markedly to changes in environmental and growth conditions, we developed cultivation methods aiming to increase the levels of α and β-glucans. Using olive mill solid waste (OMSW) from three-phase olive mills in the cultivation substrate. We were able to enrich the levels mainly of α-glucans. Maximal total glucan concentrations were enhanced up to twice when the growth substrate contained 80% of OMSW compared to no OMSW. Taking together this study demonstrate that Pleurotuseryngii can serve as a potential rich source of glucans for nutritional and medicinal applications and that glucan content in mushroom fruiting bodies can be further enriched by applying OMSW into the cultivation substrate. We then compared the immune-modulating activity of glucans extracted from P. ostreatus and P. eryngii on phagocytosis of peripheral blood neutrophils, and superoxide release from HL-60 cells. The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of these glucans are partially mediated through modulation of neutrophileffector functions (P. eryngiiwas more effective). Additionally, both glucans dose-dependently competed for the anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibody binding. We then tested the putative anti-inflammatory effects of the extracted glucans in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–induced model in mice. The clinical symptoms of IBD were efficiently relieved by the treatment with two different doses of the glucan from both fungi. Glucan fractions, from either P. ostreatus or P. eryngii, markedly prevented TNF-α mediated inflammation in the DSS–induced inflamed intestine. These results suggest that there are variations in glucan preparations from different fungi in their anti-inflammatory ability. In our next study, we tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of TNF-α. We demonstrated that glucan extracts are more effective than mill mushroom preparations. Additionally, the effectiveness of stalk-derived glucans were slightly more pronounced than of caps. Cap and stalk glucans from mill or isolated glucan competed dose-dependently with anti-Dectin-and anti-CR-3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. Using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-inflammatory bowel disease mice model, intestinal inflammatory response to the mill preparations was measured and compared to extracted glucan fractions from caps and stalks. We found that mill and glucan extracts were very effective in downregulatingIFN-γ and MIP-2 levels and that stalk-derived preparations were more effective than from caps. The tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes and upregulating the levels of fecal-released IgA to almost normal levels. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating some IBD-inflammatory associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii. These spatial distinctions may be helpful in selecting more effective specific anti-inflammatory mushrooms-derived glucans. We additionally tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNF-α, which demonstrated stalk-derived glucans were more effective than of caps-derived glucans. Isolated glucans competed with anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating IBD-associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii grown at higher concentrations of OMSW. We conclude that these stress-induced growing conditions may be helpful in selecting more effective glucans derived from edible mushrooms. Based on the findings that we could enhance glucan content in Pleurotuseryngii following cultivation of the mushrooms on a substrate containing different concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) and that these changes are directly related to the content of OMSW in the growing substrate we tested the extracted glucans in several models. Using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mice model, we measured the colonic inflammatory response to the different glucan preparations. We found that the histology damaging score (HDS) resulting from DSS treatment reach a value of 11.8 ± 2.3 were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans, glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 20% OMSWdownregulated to a HDS value of 6.4 ± 0.5 and at 80% OMSW showed the strongest effects (5.5 ± 0.6). Similar downregulatory effects were obtained for expression of various intestinal cytokines. All tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes from 18.2 ± 2.7 % for DSS to 6.4 ± 2.0 for DSS +glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 50% OMSW. We finally tested glucans extracted from Pleurotuseryngii grown on a substrate containing increasing concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) contain greater glucan concentrations as a function of OMSW content. Treatment of rat Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) transiently transfected with Nf-κB fused to luciferase demonstrated that glucans extracted from P. eryngii stalks grown on 80% OMSWdownregulatedTNF-α activation. Glucans from mushrooms grown on 80% OMSW exerted the most significant reducing activity of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated J774A.1 murine macrophages. The isolated glucans were tested in vivo using the Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) induced colitis in C57Bl/6 mice and found to reduce the histology damaging score resulting from DSS treatment. Expression of various intestinal cytokines were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans. We conclude that the stress-induced growing conditions exerted by OMSW induces production of more effective anti-inflammatory glucans in P. eryngii stalks.
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Meidan, Rina, and Robert Milvae. Regulation of Bovine Corpus Luteum Function. United States Department of Agriculture, March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604935.bard.
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The main goal of this research plan was to elucidate regulatory mechanisms controlling the development, function of the bovine corpus luteum (CL). The CL contains two different sterodigenic cell types and therefore it was necessary to obtain pure cell population. A system was developed in which granulosa and theca interna cells, isolated from a preovulatory follicle, acquired characteristics typical of large (LL) and small (SL) luteal cells, respectively, as judged by several biochemical and morphological criteria. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of granulosa cells removal on subsequent CL function, the results obtained support the concept that granulosa cells make a substaintial contribution to the output of progesterone by the cyclic CL but may have a limited role in determining the functional lifespan of the CL. This experimental model was also used to better understand the contribution of follicular granulosa cells to subsequent luteal SCC mRNA expression. The mitochondrial cytochrome side-chain cleavage enzyme (SCC), which converts cholesterol to pregnenolone, is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the steroidogenic pathway. Experiments were conducted to characterize the gene expression of P450scc in bovine CL. Levels of P450scc mRNA were higher during mid-luteal phase than in either the early or late luteal phases. PGF 2a injection decreased luteal P450scc mRNA in a time-dependent manner; levels were significantly reduced by 2h after treatment. CLs obtained from heifers on day 8 of the estrous cycle which had granulosa cells removed had a 45% reduction in the levels of mRNA for SCC enzymes as well as a 78% reduction in the numbers of LL cells. To characterize SCC expression in each steroidogenic cell type we utilized pure cell populations. Upon luteinization, LL expressed 2-3 fold higher amounts of both SCC enzymes mRNAs than SL. Moreover, eight days after stimulant removal, LL retained their P4 production capacity, expressed P450scc mRNA and contained this protein. In our attempts to establish the in vitro luteinization model, we had to select the prevulatory and pre-gonadotropin surge follicles. The ratio of estradiol:P4 which is often used was unreliable since P4 levels are high in atretic follicles and also in preovulatory post-gonadotropin follicles. We have therefore examined whether oxytocin (OT) levels in follicular fluids could enhance our ability to correctly and easily define follicular status. Based on E2 and OT concentrations in follicular fluids we could more accurately identify follicles that are preovulatory and post gonadotropin surge. Next we studied OT biosynthesis in granulosa cells, cells which were incubated with forskolin contained stores of the precursor indicating that forskolin (which mimics gonadotropin action) is an effective stimulator of OT biosynthesis and release. While studying in vitro luteinization, we noticed that IGF-I induced effects were not identical to those induced by insulin despite the fact that megadoses of insulin were used. This was the first indication that the cells may secrete IGF binding protein(s) which regonize IGFs and not insulin. In a detailed study involving several techniques, we characterized the species of IGF binding proteins secreted by luteal cells. The effects of exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids and arachidonic acid on the production of P4 and prostanoids by dispersed bovine luteal cells was examined. The addition of eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in basal and LH-stimulated biosynthesis of P4 and PGI2 and an increase in production of PGF 2a and 5-HETE production. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism via the production of 5-HETE was unaffected. Results of these experiments suggest that the inhibitory effect of arachidonic acid on the biosynthesis of luteal P4 is due to either a direct action of arachidonic acid, or its conversion to 5-HETE via the lipoxgenase pathway of metabolism. The detailed and important information gained by the two labs elucidated the mode of action of factors crucially important to the function of the bovine CL. The data indicate that follicular granulosa cells make a major contribution to numbers of large luteal cells, OT and basal P4 production, as well as the content of cytochrome P450 scc. Granulosa-derived large luteal cells have distinct features: when luteinized, the cell no longer possesses LH receptors, its cAMP response is diminished yet P4 synthesis is sustained. This may imply that maintenance of P4 (even in the absence of a Luteotropic signal) during critical periods such as pregnancy recognition, is dependent on the proper luteinization and function of the large luteal cell.
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Rousseau, Henri-Paul. Gutenberg, L’université et le défi numérique. CIRANO, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/wodt6646.
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Introduction u cours des deux derniers millénaires, il y a eu plusieurs façons de conserver, transmettre et même créer la connaissance ; la tradition orale, l’écrit manuscrit, l’écrit imprimé et l’écrit numérisé. La tradition orale et le manuscrit ont dominé pendant plus de 1400 ans, et ce, jusqu’à l’apparition du livre imprimé en 1451, résultant de l’invention mécanique de Gutenberg. Il faudra attendre un peu plus de 550 ans, avant que l’invention du support électronique déloge à son tour le livre imprimé, prenant une ampleur sans précédent grâce à la révolution numérique contemporaine, résultat du maillage des technologies de l’informatique, de la robotique et de la science des données. Les premières universités qui sont nées en Occident, au Moyen Âge, ont développé cette tradition orale de la connaissance tout en multipliant l’usage du manuscrit créant ainsi de véritables communautés de maîtres et d’étudiants ; la venue de l’imprimerie permettra la multiplication des universités où l’oral et l’écrit continueront de jouer un rôle déterminant dans la création et la transmission des connaissances même si le « support » a évolué du manuscrit à l’imprimé puis vers le numérique. Au cours de toutes ces années, le modèle de l’université s’est raffiné et perfectionné sur une trajectoire somme toute assez linéaire en élargissant son rôle dans l’éducation à celui-ci de la recherche et de l’innovation, en multipliant les disciplines offertes et les clientèles desservies. L’université de chaque ville universitaire est devenue une institution florissante et indispensable à son rayonnement international, à un point tel que l’on mesure souvent sa contribution par la taille de sa clientèle étudiante, l’empreinte de ses campus, la grandeur de ses bibliothèques spécialisées ; c’est toutefois la renommée de ses chercheurs qui consacre la réputation de chaque université au cours de cette longue trajectoire pendant laquelle a pu s’établir la liberté universitaire. « Les libertés universitaires empruntèrent beaucoup aux libertés ecclésiastiques » : Étudiants et maîtres, qu'ils furent, ou non, hommes d'Église, furent assimilés à des clercs relevant de la seule justice ecclésiastique, réputée plus équitable. Mais ils échappèrent aussi largement à la justice ecclésiastique locale, n'étant justiciables que devant leur propre institution les professeurs et le recteur, chef élu de l’université - ou devant le pape ou ses délégués. Les libertés académiques marquèrent donc l’émergence d'un droit propre, qui ménageait aux maîtres et aux étudiants une place à part dans la société. Ce droit était le même, à travers l'Occident, pour tous ceux qui appartenaient à ces institutions supranationales que furent, par essence, les premières universités. À la fin du Moyen Âge, l'affirmation des États nationaux obligea les libertés académiques à s'inscrire dans ce nouveau cadre politique, comme de simples pratiques dérogatoires au droit commun et toujours sujettes à révision. Vestige vénérable de l’antique indépendance et privilège octroyé par le prince, elles eurent donc désormais un statut ambigu » . La révolution numérique viendra fragiliser ce statut. En effet, la révolution numérique vient bouleverser cette longue trajectoire linéaire de l’université en lui enlevant son quasi monopole dans la conservation et le partage du savoir parce qu’elle rend plus facile et somme toute, moins coûteux l’accès à l’information, au savoir et aux données. Le numérique est révolutionnaire comme l’était l’imprimé et son influence sur l’université, sera tout aussi considérable, car cette révolution impacte radicalement tous les secteurs de l’économie en accélérant la robotisation et la numérisation des processus de création, de fabrication et de distribution des biens et des services. Ces innovations utilisent la radio-identification (RFID) qui permet de mémoriser et de récupérer à distance des données sur les objets et l’Internet des objets qui permet aux objets d’être reliés automatiquement à des réseaux de communications .Ces innovations s’entrecroisent aux technologies de la réalité virtuelle, à celles des algorithmiques intelligentes et de l’intelligence artificielle et viennent littéralement inonder de données les institutions et les organisations qui doivent alors les analyser, les gérer et les protéger. Le monde numérique est né et avec lui, a surgi toute une série de compétences radicalement nouvelles que les étudiants, les enseignants et les chercheurs de nos universités doivent rapidement maîtriser pour évoluer dans ce Nouveau Monde, y travailler et contribuer à la rendre plus humain et plus équitable. En effet, tous les secteurs de l’activité commerciale, économique, culturelle ou sociale exigent déjà clairement des connaissances et des compétences numériques et technologiques de tous les participants au marché du travail. Dans cette nouvelle logique industrielle du monde numérique, les gagnants sont déjà bien identifiés. Ce sont les fameux GAFAM (Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon et Microsoft) suivis de près par les NATU (Netflix, Airbnb, Tesla et Uber) et par les géants chinois du numérique, les BATX (Baidu, Alibaba, Tenant et Xiaomi). Ces géants sont alimentés par les recherches, les innovations et les applications mobiles (APPs) créées par les partenaires de leurs écosystèmes regroupant, sur différents campus d’entreprises, plusieurs des cerveaux qui sont au cœur de cette révolution numérique. L’université voit donc remise en question sa capacité traditionnelle d’attirer, de retenir et de promouvoir les artisans du monde de demain. Son aptitude à former des esprits critiques et à contribuer à la transmission des valeurs universelles est également ébranlée par ce tsunami de changements. Il faut cependant reconnaître que les facultés de médecine, d’ingénierie et de sciences naturelles aux États-Unis qui ont développé des contacts étroits, abondants et suivis avec les hôpitaux, les grandes entreprises et l’administration publique et cela dès la fin du 19e siècle ont été plus en mesure que bien d’autres, de recruter et retenir les gens de talent. Elle ont énormément contribué à faire avancer les connaissances scientifiques et la scolarisation en sciences appliquées ..La concentration inouïe des Prix Nobel scientifiques aux États-Unis est à cet égard très convaincante . La révolution numérique contemporaine survient également au moment même où de grands bouleversements frappent la planète : l’urgence climatique, le vieillissement des populations, la « déglobalisation », les déplacements des populations, les guerres, les pandémies, la crise des inégalités, de l’éthique et des démocraties. Ces bouleversements interpellent les universitaires et c’est pourquoi leur communauté doit adopter une raison d’être et ainsi renouveler leur mission afin des mieux répondre à ces enjeux de la civilisation. Cette communauté doit non seulement se doter d’une vision et des modes de fonctionnement adaptés aux nouvelles réalités liées aux technologies numériques, mais elle doit aussi tenir compte de ces grands bouleversements. Tout ceci l’oblige à s’intégrer à des écosystèmes où les connaissances sont partagées et où de nouvelles compétences doivent être rapidement acquises. Le but de ce texte est de mieux cerner l’ampleur du défi que pose le monde numérique au milieu universitaire et de proposer quelques idées pouvant alimenter la réflexion des universitaires dans cette démarche d’adaptation au monde numérique. Or, ma conviction la plus profonde c’est que la révolution numérique aura des impacts sur nos sociétés et notre civilisation aussi grands que ceux provoqués par la découverte de l’imprimerie et son industrialisation au 15e siècle. C’est pourquoi la première section de ce document est consacrée à un rappel historique de la révolution de l’imprimerie par Gutenberg alors que la deuxième section illustrera comment les caractéristiques de la révolution numérique viennent soutenir cette conviction si profonde. Une troisième section fournira plus de détails sur le défi d’adaptation que le monde numérique pose aux universités alors que la quatrième section évoquera les contours du changement de paradigme que cette adaptation va imposer. La cinquième section servira à illustrer un scénario de rêves qui permettra de mieux illustrer l’ampleur de la gestion du changement qui guette les universitaires. La conclusion permettra de revenir sur quelques concepts et principes clefs pour guider la démarche vers l’action. L’université ne peut plus « être en haut et seule », elle doit être « au centre et avec » des écosystèmes de partenariats multiples, dans un modèle hybride physique/virtuel. C’est ainsi qu’elle pourra conserver son leadership historique de vigie du savoir et des connaissances d’un monde complexe, continuer d’établir l’authenticité des faits et imposer la nécessaire rigueur de la science et de l’objectivité.