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Journal articles on the topic 'Concentration gradients'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Chittur K, Subramaniam, Aishwarya Chandran, Ashwini Khandelwal, and Sivakumar A. "Energy Conversion using electrolytic concentration gradients." MRS Proceedings 1774 (2015): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.758.

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ABSTRACTSalinity gradient is an enormous source of clean energy. A process for potential generation from an ionic concentration gradient produced in single and multicell assembly is presented. The ionic gradient is created using a fuel cell type cell with a micro-porous ion exchange membrane, both anionic (AEM) and cationic (CEM). Various salinity gradients, Salt : Fresh, from 100 : 0 to 16000 : 0 was established using NaCl solution, in the electrode chambers. A potential of 20 mV/cm to 25 mV/cm can be realized at ambient temperatures and pressures for a bipolar AEM/CEM cell. The performance w

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Lagator, Mato, Hildegard Uecker, and Paul Neve. "Adaptation at different points along antibiotic concentration gradients." Biology Letters 17, no. 5 (May 2021): 20200913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0913.

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Antibiotic concentrations vary dramatically in the body and the environment. Hence, understanding the dynamics of resistance evolution along antibiotic concentration gradients is critical for predicting and slowing the emergence and spread of resistance. While it has been shown that increasing the concentration of an antibiotic slows resistance evolution, how adaptation to one antibiotic concentration correlates with fitness at other points along the gradient has not received much attention. Here, we selected populations of Escherichia coli at several points along a concentration gradient for

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Carlow, G. R., and M. Zinke-Allmang. "Clustering across concentration gradients." Canadian Journal of Physics 72, no. 11-12 (November 1, 1994): 812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p94-107.

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Clustering experiments on surfaces are of fundamental interest to verify theoretical concepts for phase-separation processes such as statistical self-similarity and scaling behaviour. Unfortunately, often the differences between theoretical models are too small to be studied with standard sample preparation techniques, as experimental uncertainties result in variations in the results of the same order of magnitude as the effects that we want to study. In this paper we study a modified approach where two different initial morphologies are prepared on the same surface so that the dynamic process

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Alicia, Toh G. G., Chun Yang, Zhiping Wang, and Nam-Trung Nguyen. "Combinational concentration gradient confinement through stagnation flow." Lab on a Chip 16, no. 2 (2016): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5lc01137j.

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5

Williams, Ian, Sangyoon Lee, Azzurra Apriceno, Richard P. Sear, and Giuseppe Battaglia. "Diffusioosmotic and convective flows induced by a nonelectrolyte concentration gradient." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 41 (September 28, 2020): 25263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009072117.

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Glucose is an important energy source in our bodies, and its consumption results in gradients over length scales ranging from the subcellular to entire organs. Concentration gradients can drive material transport through both diffusioosmosis and convection. Convection arises because concentration gradients are mass density gradients. Diffusioosmosis is fluid flow induced by the interaction between a solute and a solid surface. A concentration gradient parallel to a surface creates an osmotic pressure gradient near the surface, resulting in flow. Diffusioosmosis is well understood for electroly

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Goodhill, Geoffrey J., Ming Gu, and Jeffrey S. Urbach. "Predicting Axonal Response to Molecular Gradients with a Computational Model of Filopodial Dynamics." Neural Computation 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 2221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0899766041941934.

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Axons are often guided to their targets in the developing nervous system by attractive or repulsive molecular concentration gradients. We propose a computational model for gradient sensing and directed movement of the growth cone mediated by filopodia. We show that relatively simple mechanisms are sufficient to generate realistic trajectories for both the short-term response of axons to steep gradients and the long-term response of axons to shallow gradients. The model makes testable predictions for axonal response to attractive and repulsive gradients of different concentrations and steepness

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Jones, D. P. "Intracellular diffusion gradients of O2 and ATP." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 250, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): C663—C675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1986.250.5.c663.

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Endogenous enzymes with different subcellular localizations provide in situ probes to study O2 and ATP concentration at various sites within cells. Results from this approach indicate that substantial intracellular concentration gradients occur under some O2- and ATP-limited conditions. These studies, along with electron microscopic analyses and mathematical modeling, indicate that clustering and distribution of mitochondria are major factors in determining the magnitude and location of the concentration gradients. The mitochondria appear to be clustered in sites of high ATP demand to maximize

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8

Weber, Christoph A., Chiu Fan Lee, and Frank Jülicher. "Droplet ripening in concentration gradients." New Journal of Physics 19, no. 5 (May 17, 2017): 053021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aa6b84.

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9

Day, Charles. "Concentration gradients promote antibiotic resistance." Physics Today 65, no. 8 (August 2012): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.1670.

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10

Reenstra, W. W., and J. G. Forte. "Characterization of K+ and Cl- conductances in apical membrane vesicles from stimulated rabbit oxyntic cells." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 259, no. 5 (November 1, 1990): G850—G858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1990.259.5.g850.

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K+ and Cl- conductance pathways in apical membrane vesicles (SA vesicles) of stimulated oxyntic cells have been characterized. SA vesicles were prepared from rabbit fundic mucosa after stimulation of acid secretion with histamine. Conductive K+ and Cl- fluxes were assayed by several methods: by their effects on pH gradient formation by endogenous H(+)-K(+)-ATPase, by the protonophore-induced dissipation of preformed pH gradients, and by the effects of channel blockers. pH gradient formation by H(+)-K(+)-ATPase required K+ and was greatly reduced when the permeant anion chloride was replaced by

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11

Boczar, J., A. Dorobczynski, and J. Miakotoi. "Modèle de transfert et de diffusion de masse dans un écoulement, en présence de gradients de vitesse et de gradients du coefficient de diffusion turbulente." Revue des sciences de l'eau 5, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 353–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705136ar.

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Le travail présente un modèle mathématique conceptuel de transfert et de diffusion de masse destiné à l'étude des migrations d'effluents en rivière. Ce modèle prend en compte l'existence d'écoulements cisaillés ainsi que la présence de gradients de diffusion turbulente. Il permet de calculer les champs de concentrations et les valeurs moyennes de concentration à travers toute section transversale de l'écoulement. La localisation et la taille relative du rejet sont respectées. L'influence des rives sur les processus de dispersion est prise en considération.Pour quantifier l'influence des berges

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Rumsey, Ian C., and John T. Walker. "Application of an online ion-chromatography-based instrument for gradient flux measurements of speciated nitrogen and sulfur." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 6 (June 17, 2016): 2581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2581-2016.

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Abstract. The dry component of total nitrogen and sulfur atmospheric deposition remains uncertain. The lack of measurements of sufficient chemical speciation and temporal extent make it difficult to develop accurate mass budgets and sufficient process level detail is not available to improve current air–surface exchange models. Over the past decade, significant advances have been made in the development of continuous air sampling measurement techniques, resulting with instruments of sufficient sensitivity and temporal resolution to directly quantify air–surface exchange of nitrogen and sulfur

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13

Frederickson, A. R., and P. J. Drevinsky. "Defect Concentration Gradients at Semiconductor Junctions." Materials Science Forum 143-147 (October 1993): 1403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.143-147.1403.

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14

Sombolos, K., T. Natse, N. Zoumbaridis, K. Mavromatidis, A. Karagianni, J. Scandalos, and C. Fitili. "Urea concentration gradients during conventional hemodialysis." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 27, no. 5 (May 1996): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-6386(96)90102-x.

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15

Velegol, Darrell, Astha Garg, Rajarshi Guha, Abhishek Kar, and Manish Kumar. "Origins of concentration gradients for diffusiophoresis." Soft Matter 12, no. 21 (2016): 4686–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sm00052e.

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16

De Rosa, Salvatore, Stephan Fichtlscherer, Ralf Lehmann, Birgit Assmus, Stefanie Dimmeler, and Andreas M. Zeiher. "Transcoronary Concentration Gradients of Circulating MicroRNAs." Circulation 124, no. 18 (November 2011): 1936–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.111.037572.

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17

Cameron, I. L., J. T. Hansen, K. E. Hunter, and G. M. Padilla. "Elemental concentration gradients between subcellular compartments." Journal of Cell Science 81, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.81.1.283.

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To gain information on the mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of subcellular gradients of Na, K, Cl and other elements in the flagellate, Euglena gracilis, we turned to the technique of ultracentrifugal stratification of its intracellular contents, which is achieved without loss of viability or cell rupture. Stratified and non-stratified Euglena were cryofixed for energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis of Na, K, Cl and other elements in thin freeze-dried cryosections. A number of significant elemental concentration differences (expressed as mmol kg-1 dry weight) were found

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18

Graham, John. "Formation of Self-Generated Gradients of Iodixanol." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 1356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.284.

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The formation of self-generated gradients of iodixanol from a solution of uniform concentration requires the use of vertical or near-vertical rotors. The density profile that is generated depends upon the sedimentation path length of the rotor, centrifugation time, RCF and temperature. Modulation of the starting concentration changes the density range of the gradient. This Protocol Article illustrates the effect of these parameters on gradient shape in a few selected rotors. Because the gradients are formed by the centrifugal field, they are highly reproducible and easy to execute.

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19

Good, D. W., C. R. Caflisch, and T. D. DuBose. "Transepithelial ammonia concentration gradients in inner medulla of the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 252, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): F491—F500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1987.252.3.f491.

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Transport of NH3 from loops of Henle to medullary collecting ducts has been proposed to play an important role in renal ammonia excretion. To determine whether transepithelial ammonia concentration gradients capable of driving this transport are present in the inner medulla, micropuncture experiments were performed in control rats and in rats with chronic metabolic acidosis. In situ pH and total ammonia concentrations were measured to calculate NH3 concentrations ([NH3]) for base and tip collecting duct, loop of Henle, and vasa recta. In control and acidotic rats, [NH3] in the loop of Henle wa

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20

Pannabecker, Thomas L., and Anita T. Layton. "Targeted delivery of solutes and oxygen in the renal medulla: role of microvessel architecture." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 307, no. 6 (September 15, 2014): F649—F655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00276.2014.

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Renal medullary function is characterized by corticopapillary concentration gradients of various molecules. One example is the generally decreasing axial gradient in oxygen tension (Po2). Another example, found in animals in the antidiuretic state, is a generally increasing axial solute gradient, consisting mostly of NaCl and urea. This osmolality gradient, which plays a principal role in the urine concentrating mechanism, is generally considered to involve countercurrent multiplication and countercurrent exchange, although the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Radial oxygen and so

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21

Park, Juhwan, Hyewon Roh, and Je-Kyun Park. "Finger-Actuated Microfluidic Concentration Gradient Generator Compatible with a Microplate." Micromachines 10, no. 3 (March 2, 2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10030174.

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The generation of concentration gradients is an essential part of a wide range of laboratory settings. However, the task usually requires tedious and repetitive steps and it is difficult to generate concentration gradients at once. Here, we present a microfluidic device that easily generates a concentration gradient by means of push-button actuated pumping units. The device is designed to generate six concentrations with a linear gradient between two different sample solutions. The microfluidic concentration gradient generator we report here does not require external pumps because changes in t

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22

Pleijel, Håkan. "Concentration gradients of ozone and other trace gases in and above cereal canopies." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 17, no. 2 (April 28, 2008): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0270.

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23

Yuval, Janni, and Yohai Kaspi. "The Effect of Vertical Baroclinicity Concentration on Atmospheric Macroturbulence Scaling Relations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 1651–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0277.1.

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Abstract Motivated by the expectation that under global warming upper-level meridional temperature gradients will increase while lower-level temperature gradients will decrease, the relations between the vertical structure of baroclinicity and eddy fields are investigated. The sensitivity of eddies and the relation between the mean available potential energy and eddy quantities are studied for cases where the vertical structure of the lapse rate and meridional temperature gradient are modified. To investigate this systematically, an idealized general circulation model with a Newtonian cooling

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24

Martin, Chris A., and Linda B. Stabler. "435 Seasonal Amplitude and Distribution of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 468D—468. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.468d.

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Combustion of fossil fuels in urban areas might increase local atmospheric CO2 concentrations and could result in an urban to rural CO2 concentration gradient. Our objective was to ascertain if such a CO2 gradient exists and to characterize seasonal patterns of amplitude and distribution of atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the Phoenix, Ariz., metropolitan, area. Atmospheric CO2 concentration was measured along a series of gradients that transected the greater Phoenix metropolitan area in June 1999, in Dec. 1999, and Jan. 2000. Carbon dioxide concentration was measured with a portable infrared

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25

Lö schinger, Jürgen, Franco Weth, and Friedrich Bonhoeffer. "Reading of concentration gradients by axonal growth cones." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1399 (July 29, 2000): 971–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0633.

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Wiring up the nervous system occurs as a self–organizing process during animal development. It has long been proposed that directional growth of axons towards their targets is achieved by gradients of guiding molecules and the conceptual framework of gradient guidance was introduced more than a decade ago. Novel experimental results now allow the formulation of models incorporating more mechanistic detail. We first summarize some crucial in vitro and in vivo results concerning the development of the chick retinotectal projection. We then review two recent theoretical models based on these find

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Sterner, Olof, Ângela Serrano, Sophie Mieszkin, Stefan Zürcher, Samuele Tosatti, Maureen E. Callow, James A. Callow, and Nicholas D. Spencer. "Photochemically Prepared, Two-Component Polymer-Concentration Gradients." Langmuir 29, no. 42 (October 11, 2013): 13031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la402168z.

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27

Sarioglu, Murat Savas, Mehmet Ali Kucuker, and Nadim K. Copty. "Multispecies hydrodynamic dispersion under high concentration gradients." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 144, no. 1 (January 2013): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2012.10.005.

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28

Ryser, Martin F., Joachim Roesler, Harry L. Malech, Angela Roesen-Wolff, and Sebastian Brenner. "Physiological Gradients of Serum Albumin Regulate SDF-1/CXCR4 Dependent Migration." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 2308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.2308.2308.

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Abstract Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) egress to the circulation and homing to the bone marrow (BM) are regulated by interactions between CXCR4 and SDF-1. Serum albumin is the major protein component of plasma. Concentration gradients of albumin between plasma and interstitial fluid account for the colloid osmotic pressure, which is a central regulator of the intravasal blood volume. SDF-1/CXCR4 dependent migration of mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (PBSC) was studied in transwell migration assays. We compared the effect of RPMI diluted Heparin-plasma (50% plasma, 50%

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Tranquillo, RT, DA Lauffenburger, and SH Zigmond. "A stochastic model for leukocyte random motility and chemotaxis based on receptor binding fluctuations." Journal of Cell Biology 106, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.106.2.303.

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Two central features of polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemosensory movement behavior demand fundamental theoretical understanding. In uniform concentrations of chemoattractant, these cells exhibit a persistent random walk, with a characteristic "persistence time" between significant changes in direction. In chemoattractant concentration gradients, they demonstrate a biased random walk, with an "orientation bias" characterizing the fraction of cells moving up the gradient. A coherent picture of cell movement responses to chemoattractant requires that both the persistence time and the orientation

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Pratt, David M., and Kenneth D. Kihm. "Binary Fluid Mixture and Thermocapillary Effects on the Wetting Characteristics of a Heated Curved Meniscus." Journal of Heat Transfer 125, no. 5 (September 23, 2003): 867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1599372.

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An investigation has been conducted into the interactions of binary fluid mixtures (pentane [C5H12] coolant and decane [C10H22] additive) and thermocapillary effects on a heated, evaporating meniscus formed in a vertical capillary pore system. The experimental results show that adding decane, the secondary fluid that creates the concentration gradient, actually decreases the meniscus height to a certain level, but did increase the sustainable temperature gradient for the liquid-vapor interface, so did the heat transfer rate, delaying the onset of meniscus instability. The results have demonstr

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31

Fisher, P. R., R. Merkl, and G. Gerisch. "Quantitative analysis of cell motility and chemotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideum by using an image processing system and a novel chemotaxis chamber providing stationary chemical gradients." Journal of Cell Biology 108, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 973–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.108.3.973.

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An image processing system was programmed to automatically track and digitize the movement of amebae under phase-contrast microscopy. The amebae moved in a novel chemotaxis chamber designed to provide stable linear attractant gradients in a thin agarose gel. The gradients were established by pumping attractant and buffer solutions through semipermeable hollow fibers embedded in the agarose gel. Gradients were established within 30 min and shown to be stable for at least a further 90 min. By using this system it is possible to collect detailed data on the movement of large numbers of individual

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Zhou, Bingpu, Yibo Gao, Jingxuan Tian, Rui Tong, Jinbo Wu, and Weijia Wen. "Preparation of orthogonal physicochemical gradients on PDMS surface using microfluidic concentration gradient generator." Applied Surface Science 471 (March 2019): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.11.241.

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33

Hsu, Wei-Lun, David W. Inglis, Helen Jeong, David E. Dunstan, Malcolm R. Davidson, Ewa M. Goldys, and Dalton J. E. Harvie. "Stationary Chemical Gradients for Concentration Gradient-Based Separation and Focusing in Nanofluidic Channels." Langmuir 30, no. 18 (April 29, 2014): 5337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la500206b.

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Poojitha, P., and KA Athmaselvi. "Influence of sucrose concentration on electric conductivity of banana pulp during ohmic heating." Food Science and Technology International 24, no. 8 (July 13, 2018): 664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013218787069.

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Ohmic heating is a substitutive rapid heating method for food products. In this study, banana pulp with different concentrations of sugar is ohmically heated and the influence of sucrose concentration on electrical conductivity was investigated. The electrical conductivity, pH, total soluble solids, acidity, ascorbic acid content before and after ohmic heat treatment were also analysed. As the sucrose concentration increased, heating time at various voltage gradients 13.33, 20 and 26.66 V/cm increased, and the electrical conductivity decreased. As the voltage gradient increased, the pH and TSS

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35

Aggarwal, Varun, and Tanmay P. Lele. "Intracellular Concentration Gradients That Mirror External Gradients in Microfluidic Flows: A Computational Analysis." Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering 10, no. 2 (December 16, 2016): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12195-016-0474-3.

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Hirano, Tetsuo, Toshiaki Yoneyama, Hiroko Matsuzaki, and Takainitsu Sekine. "Simple method for preparing a concentration gradient of serum components by freezing and thawing." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.7.1225.

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Abstract We created a simple method for obtaining a series of successively more-concentrated samples from a serum without changing the ratio of its components. We froze a pooled serum and then allowed it to thaw undisturbed. The serum components formed a gradient of increasing concentration from the top of the sample to the bottom. We found that (a) in test results, each fraction of serum in the gradient showed almost the same relative concentrations of components (i.e., inorganic and organic compounds, proteins, metals, and hormones), irrespective of atomic or molecular mass; (b) the concentr

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Hamilton, Stewart M., and Keiko H. Hattori. "Spontaneous potential and redox responses over a forest ring." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 3 (May 2008): B67—B75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2890287.

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Forest rings are large, circular features in boreal forests that commonly exceed [Formula: see text] in diameter and are visible on aerial photographs. A detailed study of redox conditions and spontaneous potential (SP) was carried out over a forest ring that overlies an [Formula: see text] accumulation. Studies included drilling, monitoring well installation, and downhole SP using both polarizing and nonpolarizing electrodes. Also measured were redox potential of groundwater and soils, concentrations of sulfur species in groundwater, and headspace concentrations of redox-sensitive gases in mo

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Eichele, G., and C. Thaller. "Characterization of concentration gradients of a morphogenetically active retinoid in the chick limb bud." Journal of Cell Biology 105, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 1917–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.105.4.1917.

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It has long been suggested that the generation of biological patterns depends in part on gradients of diffusible substances. In an attempt to bridge the gap between this largely theoretical concept and experimental embryology, we have examined the physiology of diffusion gradients in an actual embryonic field. In particular, we have generated in the chick wing bud concentration gradients of the morphogenetically active retinoid TTNPB, (E)-4-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-prope nyl] benzoic acid, a synthetic vitamin A compound. Upon local application of TTNPB the n

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39

Xu, X., T. Franke, K. Schilling, N. A. J. M. Sommerdijk, and H. Cölfen. "Binary Colloidal Nanoparticle Concentration Gradients in a Centrifugal Field at High Concentration." Nano Letters 19, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 1136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04496.

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40

Jones, G. O. L., C. J. Davis, and R. E. Stockwell. "Dynasonde observations of electron concentration gradients above Tromsø." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 62, no. 15 (October 2000): 1385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(00)00156-5.

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41

HERNÁNDEZ, JUAN A. "Instabilities induced by concentration gradients in dusty gases." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 435 (May 25, 2001): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001003858.

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This paper deals with the stability of suspensions modelled as dusty gases for non-uniform profiles of mass fraction of particles. It is known that a stationary uniform fluidized bed may be unstable to small disturbances which grow until a secondary instability develops forming bubbles that rise through the bed. Interactions between particles are difficult to model and this makes it necessary to close the model with some assumptions. However, in dilute fluidized beds which are characterized by a low volume fraction of particles, interactions between particles are negligible and this motivates

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Zhou, Yao, and Qiao Lin. "Microfluidic flow-free generation of chemical concentration gradients." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 190 (January 2014): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.08.073.

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43

Carey, Anne E., Stephen W. Wheatcraft, Robert J. Glass, and John P. O'Rourke. "Non-Fickian Ionic Diffusion Across High-Concentration Gradients." Water Resources Research 31, no. 9 (September 1995): 2213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95wr01679.

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Goulpeau, Jacques, Barbara Lonetti, Daniel Trouchet, Armand Ajdari, and Patrick Tabeling. "Building up longitudinal concentration gradients in shallow microchannels." Lab on a Chip 7, no. 9 (2007): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b706340g.

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Lee, K., J. Klingler, and H. McConnell. "Electric field-induced concentration gradients in lipid monolayers." Science 263, no. 5147 (February 4, 1994): 655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8303272.

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Peret, Brian J., and William L. Murphy. "Controllable Soluble Protein Concentration Gradients in Hydrogel Networks." Advanced Functional Materials 18, no. 21 (November 10, 2008): 3410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200800218.

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47

Veverka, V., O. Söhnel, P. Bennema, and J. Garside. "Concentration gradients in supersaturated solutions: A thermodynamic analysis." AIChE Journal 37, no. 4 (April 1991): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370403.

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Benzaquen, M., B. Belache, and D. Walsh. "Electrical characteristics of InP with Mg-concentration gradients." Physical Review B 44, no. 23 (December 15, 1991): 13105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.44.13105.

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Zhou, Shengda, Zhanfeng Cui, and Jill P. G. Urban. "Factors affecting oxygen concentration gradients across articular cartilage." International Journal of Experimental Pathology 85, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): A32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0959-9673.2004.369ap.x.

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Čejková, Jitka, Matěj Novák, František Štěpánek, and Martin M. Hanczyc. "Dynamics of Chemotactic Droplets in Salt Concentration Gradients." Langmuir 30, no. 40 (September 29, 2014): 11937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la502624f.

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