Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Concentré de protéines de poisson'
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Ouellet, Véronique. "Effets de la protéine de morue sur la sensibilité à l'insuline chez des hommes et des femmes résistants à l'insuline." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26307/26307.pdf.
Full textDurand, Rachel. "Valorisation d'hydrolysat de poisson pour la santé humaine : séparation des composés bioactifs par électrodialyse avec membranes d'ultrafiltration et évaluation de leurs activités biologiques impliquées dans le développement du syndrome métabolique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66672.
Full textFish by-product valorization is an economic and environmental issue. For several years, scientific researches have shown that fish by-products contained active molecules for human health, as polyunsaturated fatty acids and peptides. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the potential use of herring milt hydrolysates for human health, especially by evaluating their potential actions in physiological parameters involved in the metabolic syndrome and the effect of their separation by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membrane (EDUF) for the production of bioactive fractions. First, we have demonstrated that the supplementation of three different herring milt hydrolysates in a high fat high sucrose diet in mice was able to modulate some physiological functions involved in the metabolic syndrome: improvement of glucose tolerance, increase of the total energy intake and protection against the Lactobacillus disappearance in the gut microbiota. Moreover, the hydrolysates decreased the inflammation induction in macrophages stimulated with LPS at 1ng/ml and 100pg/ml. Secondly, we have evaluated the separation of two herring milt hydrolysates by EDUF: the first one was more complex with a mix of different molecules (lipids, nucleic acids and peptides) while the second one was mainly composed of peptides. A new configuration using four ultrafiltration membranes (two of 50kDa and two of 20kDa) allowed a simultaneous double separation of anionic and cationic compounds. It has been shown that only charged peptides and free amino acids were fractionated in EDUF, while the lipids and nucleic acids didn’t migrate to the recovery fractions. Moreover, the use of membranes with different cut-off allowed a separation of the hydrolysates in different molecular weight ranges. Indeed, the use of 20kDa membranes allowed the concentration of peptides with small molecular weights (<800Da) and free amino acids, while the recovery fractions obtained with the 50kDa membranes were composed oh peptide with higher molecular weights.Thirdly, the potential bioactivities of the recovery fractions and the herring milthydrolysates were evaluated in vitro. Hence, the separation of the first hydrolysate allowed the production of a final fraction increasing the glucose uptake and an antioxidant anionicfraction. While the separation of the second hydrolysate allowed the production of two antiinflammatory cationic fractions as well as the identification of two bioactive peptides sequences. All these results showed that milt herring hydrolysate contained bioactive compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and peptides, improving some physiological functions involved in the MetS and may decrease its occurrence. More over, the separation of the hydrolysates by EDUF allowed the production of bioactive fractions and the identification of two new anti-inflammatory peptide sequences. This work demonstrated the existence of a beneficial effect of herring milt hydrolysate and its fractions for the human health, allowing a better valorization of this by-product of the food industry for the health sector.
Amanajas, Claudio Chaves. "Contribution à la préparation de concentré protéique de poissons gras en vue de résoudre le problème du faux-poisson de la pêche de crevettes sur les côtes nord-brésiliennes : recherche sur l'extraction d'eau et d'huile par solvants." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT008A.
Full textKapel, Romain. "Amélioration d'un procédé de production d'un concentré de protéines blanches de luzerne semi-industriel et valorisation du concentré protéique dans le domaine des adhésifs et des nutraceutiques." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-186.pdf.
Full textGavazzi-April, Camile. "Effet du mode opératoire sur l'efficience d'un procédé d'ultrafiltration pour la fabrication d'un concentré à haute teneur en protéines." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29956.
Full textHigh-milk protein concentrates (over 80% total protein on a dry weight basis) are typically produced by ultrafiltration (UF) with constant-volume diafiltration (DF). Polymeric spiral-wound UF membranes with a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 10 kDa are mostly used at commercial scale in order to maximize protein retention. Flux decline and membrane fouling during UF have been studied extensively and the selection of an optimal UF-DF sequence is expected to have a considerable impact on both the process efficiency and the generated volumes of by-products. The objective of this work was to characterize performances of UF-DF process in terms of permeate flux decline, fouling resistance, energy and water consumption and retentate composition as a function of MWCO (10 and 50 kDa) and UF-DF sequence (3.5X – 2 diavolumes (DV) and 5X – 0.8DV). UF-DF experiments were performed on pasteurized skim milk by means of a pilot-scale filtration system operated at 50°C and under a constant transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 465 kPa. Results showed that MWCO had no impact (p>0.05) on permeate flux for a same UF-DF sequence. However, permeate flux values were significantly higher during DF for the 3.5X – 2DV sequence whatever MWCO (p<0.05). Experimental values were used as part of a simulation for the production of high milk protein concentrates in a model dairy plant processing 1500 m3 of skim milk in 20 hours. This work revealed that despite the severe total flux decline occurring during high solid concentration of milk (89% for the 5X – 0.8DV sequence vs. 58% for the 3.5X – 2DV sequence), reducing the DF step could still be of great interest in terms of energy and water consumption. The results generated by this project will benefit dairy processors producing high-milk protein concentrates with regards with their technological choices in a sustainable development perspective.
Diafiltration
Dupret, Barbara. "Etude du rôle des protéines Polycomb Pcgf1 et Ezh2 chez le poisson zèbre Danio rerio." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10115/document.
Full textPCR1 and PRC2 are complexes that control gene expression via chromatin structure reorganization. This expression regulation is maintained by adding epigentics marks H2AK119ub1 by the PRC1 and adding of H3K27me3 by the PRC2. The study devotes to study the role of the protein Pcgf1 (part of the PRC1 complex) and of the Ezh2 protein (part of the PRC2 complex) during the zebrafish development. The PRC1 complex is formed by different proteins including Pcgf proteins. There are several Pcgf homologs that have different functions. The study reveals that some Pcgf proteins have a different expression during caudal fin regeneration and development. We are interested in Pcgf1 protein during the zebrafish development. The pcgf1 gene was inactivated by using TALEN. The fish pcgf1-/- are viable and fertile. However, the early development is delayed and adults show signs of accelerated aging. This mutant is the first vertebrate model showing the role of Pcgf1 in cells proliferation during development and aging. Ezh2 protein is involved in cell-fate decisions and differenciation. Inactivation of ezh2 gene by TALEN reveals the essential role of Ezh2 during development. Indeed, at the beginning embryos develop normally then larvae die at 12 days post-fertilization. Interestingly, zebrafish embryo can gastrulate without Ezh2. This contradicts with observations in mouse model. The organs are properly formed at 5 days postfertilization. Larvae show defects in the intestinal bulb wall. Ezh2 is important for exocrine pancreas maintenance. The absence of Ezh2 causes an increase in apoptic cells. Ezh2 is essential during caudale fin regeneration
Mahuzier, Alexia. "Etude de la fonction du gène rpgrip1l dans les processus de différenciation et de polarité cellulaire chez le poisson-zèbre." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066402.
Full textIn vertebrates, primary cilia are present in virtually every cell and are involved in several signaling pathways such as the Hedgehog and Wnt pathways. Cilium dysfunctions have been causally linked to a group of pleiotropic and genetically heterogeneous human diseases, the ciliopathies. The human RPGRIP1L gene is one of the causal genes in Meckel and Joubert type B syndromes, two ciliopathies characterized by polydactyly, kidney cysts, and central nervous system malformations. The Rpgrip1l protein is enriched in the ciliary transition zone that establishes the ciliary gate controlling entry and exit of proteins in and out of the cilium. During my PhD, I studied the function of the Rpgrip1l gene in differentiation and planar cell polarity events that participate in brain morphogenesis. The first study, based on the loss of function of rpgrip1l by morpholino injection in zebrafish embryo, highlights rpgrip1l function in planar cell polarity via dishevelled stabilization, a core protein of Wnt/PCP pathway. Then, I studied the later functions of rpgrip1l and its paralogue rpgrip1 in the retina, using hypomorphic zebrafish. This work, by the discovery of rpgrip1l variants and description of photoreceptors defects, provides leads for new extra-ciliary functions of rpgrip1l in retinal morphogenesis. Ultimately, this work should result in a better understanding of the developmental origin of cerebral and retinal defects found in ciliopathies
Sadek, Céline. "Mécanismes de formation des grains et propriétés des poudres laitières associées : influence de la composition du concentré et des paramètres de séchage." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSARB264.
Full textSpray drying is a well-established process but certain aspects of droplet-particle transition are not yet fully understood, resulting in variability in terms of powder quality and performance. Therefore, understanding precisely how the particle is formed and how it can be controlled still remain a major challenge. This PhD project aims to break down the complexity of the drying phenomenon using an exploratory multi-scale approach. Particle formation of milk proteins (whey proteins and casein micelles) was investigated using different experimental systems (single pendant droplet, confined droplet, mono-dispersed droplets and spraying cone droplets) in controlled drying environments (drying temperature: 20°C to 190°C and relative humidity: 40% to 2%).The results showed that the drying of a single protein droplet included three distinct stages highlighted with the occurrence of specific morphological events (constant rate shrinkage, buckling instability, vacuole nucleation). According to the type of proteins, these drying stages differed in drying kinetics and droplet dynamics, leading to characteristic and reproducible particle shapes whatever the droplet configuration and the drying conditions. These different kinds of drying behaviour were related to specific skin formation conditions and different responses of the protein material to internal stress. Finally, by means of this multi-scale approach, this work highlighted the particular signature of milk proteins in a concentrated state and in general the impact of the matter in the droplet drying process
Papa, Iris. "Etude de la strie z de muscle blanc de poisson, mécanismes de destructuration et protéines impliquées : interaction capz-alpha-actinine." Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON13502.
Full textBouzaffour, Mohamed. "Voies de signalisation impliquées dans la régénération chez le poisson zèbre adulte." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077065.
Full textZebrafish present the ability to faithfully regenerate organs and fins after an injury by a process called epimorphic regeneration. During caudal fin regeneration, the amputation triggers the recruitment of progenitor cells towards the lesion to form a mass of undifferentiated cells, the blastema, which gives rise to the lost part of the fin. Its formation and its fate involve a coordinated regulation of cell proliferation, morphogenesis and patterning. Previous studies highlight the crucial role of signalling pathways like Fgf, Wnt, Sdfl, Shh or Bmp for the blastemal cell formation and proliferation. During this study, we show that the chemokine Sdfl a has a dual role throughout the first steps of caudal fin regeneration. First, it relays the Fgf Signalling for the formation of the blastema and then it exerts, with the Wnt pathway, a negative feedback on the Fgf pathway through the inhibition of fgfZOa expression. This negative feedback permits the regulation of the blastema size in order to regenerate a fin with the same length that the original one. Another aspect of this work was the identification of novel signalling pathways involved in blastema formation. We demonstrate that thyroid hormones signalling and apoptosis are involved in this process. The amputation triggers the expression of Deiodinase 3. This enzyme regulates locally the thyroid hormones concentration and is essential for blastema formation. The analysis of apoptotic cell death shows that this process is highly regulated in time and in space. Its inhibition by caspases activation inhibitor or its induction by retinoic acid inhibits the regeneration
Picard-Deland, Éliane. "Les effets combinés d'une protéine de poisson et d'un supplément d'acides gras N-3 d'origine marine sur le profil lipidique et l'inflammation chez des hommes et des femmes résistants à l'insuline." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23134.
Full textDolez, Dixsaut Morgane. "Les Laminines participent à la diversification des types de fibres musculaires squelettiques et à la morphogenèse du myotome chez le poisson zébré." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066164.
Full textLeinot, Alain. "Propriétés gélifiantes des protéines myofibrillaires (surimi) de sardines en fonction de la saison de pêche et de la durée d'entreposage réfrigéré ou congelé des poissons." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20025.
Full textRichard, Lenaïg. "Conséquences métaboliques du remplacement de la farine de poisson par des protéines végétales chez la crevette géante tigrée (Penaeus monodon)." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14256/document.
Full textDue to its well balanced essential amino acid (EAA) profile, fishmeal (FM) is the major protein source used in the formulation of aquafeed for cultured shrimp. To sustain farming systems, its incorporation, however, must be reduced and substituted by other protein sources less well nutritionally balanced, such as plant protein ( PP) which are often low in lysine and methionine but rich in cystine. The metabolic consequences of such a shift in dietary profile are not well known for the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. To describe these consequences, we used semi-purified diets limiting in lysine and methionine (to reflect PP profile) to determine juvenile requirements of protein, lysine and methionine for both maintenance and growth, applying a factorial approach. Our results confirm the previous data on growth requirement for post-larvalstages of P. monodon while also providing new data on maintenance requirements. At the metabolic level, a variation in the dietary protein level (10, 30, 50 % crude protein) and methionine (adequate or 30% lower) resulted in a significant change in the activity of transdeaminating enzyme, but not those of remethylation and transsulfuration. Nevertheless, we found for the first time that methionine utilisation for body protein accretion can be spared by cystine and choline (up to 50%) in this species, illustrating the importance to consider total sulphur AA supply. Our data also show that full consideration should be given to AA availability in order to develop practical diets with low FM levels for P. monodon
Pezeron, Guillaume. "Aspects moléculaires et cellulaires de la formation de l'endoderme chez le poisson zèbre." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077046.
Full textDuring gastrulation, vertebrate embryos form the tree germ layer and develop antero-posterior and dorso-ventral axis. For my thesis, I have been working on molecular and cellular aspects of endoderm formation. The endoderm is the inner-most germ layer and give rise to digestive apparatus and respiratory epithelium. I studied the function of a new gene, rasl11b, selected for its expression within dorsal mesendoderme during gastrulation. 1 have shown that Rasll Ib is a negative modulator of Oep, a Nodal coreceptor, but also that Oep, beside its Nodal coreceptor function, can independently regulate the formation of the endoderm. Beside this study, using a transgenic line that express a fluorescent reporter protein, I analysed the behaviour of endodermal cells in vivo. I have shown that endoderm behave differently from mesoderm during gastrulation and migrate in a active random walk movement. This behaviour allow endodermal cell to colonise the yolk surface and thus to form the endodermal germ layer
Galland-Irmouli, Anne-Valérie. "Etude des propriétés allergéniques et nutritionnelles de protéines d'origine marine : cabillaud, algue rouge Palmaria palmata." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN11012.
Full textGauron, Carole. "Rôle de l'apoptose et des ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) dans les premières étapes de la régénération chez l'adulte." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077208.
Full textWe used regeneration of the zebrafish caudal fin as a physiological model to understand the role of apoptotic cells in stem cell recruitment in adult. Shortly after amputation, cells from the stump respond to injury by dedifferentiating and acquiring a progenitor identity. We recently identified cell death and ROS signalling as early events regulated after healing and amputation. Wound healing induces fast local cell death, while amputation induces a second round of apoptosis, specific of the regeneration. We then ask for the signalling pathway engaged by apoptotic cells and chemical screening allows us to identify a purinergic signalling. Moreover, the inhibition regeneration by inhibition of apoptosis could be rescued by exogenous adenosine. Surprisingly, adenosine alone is sufficient to enhance the number of progenitor cells and to stimulate fin regeneration. To better understand the spreading of apoptosis signalling in vivo, we implemented optogenetic tools. This system allows us to induce apoptosis and follow its progression in vivo. Combined with physiological fluorescent sensors, this allows us to investigate the dynamical effects of apoptosis on neighbouring cells
Bonneau, Benjamin. "Implication des protéines de la famille Bcl-2 dans la régulation des flux calciques au cours du développement embryonnaire précoce du poisson zèbre." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10155/document.
Full textApoptosis is a key cellular process for tissue homeostasis. Apoptotic cell death is under control of Bcl-2 family proteins which regulate outer mitochondrial membrane permeability. However, beyond their role in apoptosis, Bcl-2 family proteins are also involved in other cellular processes such as cell cycle or metabolism. In our laboratory we are interested in non-apoptotic functions of Bcl-2 family proteins in embryonic development. Using zebrafish model we have shown that Bcl-2 proteins control different processes during early development thanks to their ability to regulate calcium homeostasis. Indeed, we have shown that the anti-apoptotic protein Nrz participates in actin cytoskeleton remodeling during epiboly by regulating cytosolic calcium concentration via an interaction with the IP3 receptor (IP3R). We have also demonstrated that Nrz decreases calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum by inhibiting IP3 fixation on its receptor. We have furthermore identified a new pro-apoptotic member of Bcl-2 family, Bcl-wav which is expressed only in fish and frogs. This protein regulates mitochondrial calcium homeostasis by interacting with VDAC. We have moreover shown that this activity is essential for convergence and extension movements during early zebrafish development
Dort, Junio. "Effet de la protéine de morue sur la régénération musculaire consécutive à une blessure chez le rat." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25208.
Full textThe overall aim of this thesis was to study the effects of cod protein on regeneration of skeletal muscle following injury in rats. We observed that recovery of muscle mass and/or growth were higher in animals consuming the cod protein regimen, leading to larger fiber size compared with those consuming the casein diet. The beneficial effects of cod protein on muscle regeneration were also shown by higher level of myogenin, lower number of centrally-nucleated fibers and reduced interstitial space. Specifically, the current thesis was designed to identify which specific amino acids in cod protein could underly its impact on muscle repair and to investigate the pathways supporting these effects. Our results showed that cod protein reduced the density of pro-inflammatory macrophages (ED1+) and the level of COX-2 while increasing the density of anti-inflammatory macrophages (ED2+) compared to casein, due to its high levels of arginine, glycine, taurine and lysine. However, this anti-inflammatory action could only partially explain the positive effect seen with cod protein on muscle recovery because the addition of arginine, glycine, taurine and lysine to casein, although it closely mimicked the anti-inflammatory effect of cod protein, did not support muscle growth and regeneration as did cod protein. When examining the IGF1-Akt/PKB signaling during the recovery period, we observed that cod protein decreased the level of MuRF1 early after the injury, indicating a reduced muscle protein degradation compared to casein. Data also suggest that cod protein might have increased muscle protein synthesis during the later phase of the recovery process based on an increased phospho-Akt-Ser473. Hypertrophic and anti-catabolic effects exerted by cod protein were only partially driven by its high levels of arginine, glycine, taurine and lysine. Through this work in rats, we have demonstrated that while the beneficial effects of consuming cod protein on inflammation are driven by its high levels of arginine, glycine, taurine and lysine, these amino acids only partly contribute to the effect seen with cod protein on muscle mass recovery following injury. These data could help elaborate more efficient nutritional strategies in order to optimize muscle recovery after injury.
Passet, Bruno. "Contribution à l’étude du rôle biologique des gènes de la famille Prion." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0055.
Full textThe prion protein, PrP, is known for its involvement in transmissible spongiform emcephalopathies. This protein belongs to a membrane-associated glycoprotein family that comprises also the Shadoo protein. The biological role of these two proteins remains poorly understood. The aim of this thesis was to study the function of Shadoo by deregulating its gene expression in mice and zebrafish. The results indicate that PrP and Shadoo appear to be involved in early mouse embryonic development, and more precisely in the placenta development. In zebrafish, expressed Shaddo1-encoding gene is also involved in early embryogenesis. These data highlight a new role of PrP and Shadoo in vertebrate embryonic development
Gibon, Guillaume. "Mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires de la différenciation de l'endoderme pharyngien et des structures associées chez le poisson zèbre." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077149.
Full textThe development of the pharynx relies on coordinated cellular and molecular interactions, largely conserved in vertebrates. Among different components, the endoderm and its derivatives play a key role in this process. My thesis was focused on the development of an endoderm derivative, the sensory organs of taste (taste buds). I analysed the development of taste buds in zebrafish, through forward genetics and a pharmacological approach. In particular, I characterized the phenotype of the OL185 mutant line obtained through ENU mutagenesis. In OL185, the number of taste buds and their distribution are altered. In addition, the late developments of skeletal and muscular components in the pharynx are also affected by this mutation. Introduction of wild type endoderm in the mutant pharynx restores the skeletal but not muscular development. The OL185 locus was genetically mapped on chromosome 21, in an interval of 1,58Mb. In parallel, to get further insight into the taste bud development, I established a pharmacological assay that affects the expression of serotonin in taste buds. This tool should allow the analysis of the role of serotonin in taste bud formation
Bernard, David Claude. "Etude du système lymphocytaire Tαβ d'un poisson téléostéen, la truite arc-en-ciel : répertoires, récepteurs de co-stimulation, réponse antivirale". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS0018.
Full textMost of the basic components of the vertebrate adaptive immune system are present in teleost fish, in the context of a particular physiology. Original aspects of the T-cell system and specific cellular response could be observed, compared to other vertebrate immune mechanisms. Using a CDR3 spectratyping method, we have described the modifications of the TCR repertoire induced by DNA vaccination against Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS). This approach demonstrated that a public response was targeted to VHS glycoprotein and revealed a great internal complexity. CD28 and CTLA4 homologues were also identified. Several lines of evidences as intron/exon structure, mRNA expression profiles and functional experiments suggest that these receptors constitute co-stimulatory receptors as their mammalian counterparts. At last, an intestinal IEL population was characterized. These cells expressed typical T-cell markers, and displayed a polyclonal and diverse TCR repertoire in naive fish, in sharp contrast to what is observed in human and in the mouse. Moreover, IEL contain antigen responsive T cells, since they participate to the specific T-cell response against a systemic viral infection. The specific immune T-cell response in rainbow trout is extremely diverse and displays activation mechanisms comparable to their mammalian counterparts. However, the IEL characterization revealed that the organization of T-cell compartments is different from the one observed in human or in the mouse
Turcotte, Stéphane. "Effets et mécanismes d'action de la consommation de protéines de saumon hydrolysées et des huiles de menhaden et d'argan sur la sensibilité à l'insuline chez un modèle de rat obèse." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20261.
Full textLifrani, Awatif. "Etude du risque allergique à différentes protéines alimentaires Mise au point de modèle de souris allergiques à l'arachide, à l'albumine, à la caséine et à la colle de poisson." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001928.
Full textLifrani, Awatif. "Etude du risque allergique à différentes protéines alimentaires : mise au point de modèles de souris allergiques à l'arachide, à l'albumine, à la caséine et à la colle de poisson." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INAP0001.
Full textTalbot, Émilie. "Impact de la protéine de morue sur la sensibilité à l'insuline, le métabolisme du glucose et divers marqueurs cardiovasculaires chez des femmes atteintes du syndrome des ovaires polykystiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29767/29767.pdf.
Full textGrauffel, Cédric. "Etude in silico de la reconnaissance de la méthylation des lysines sur les queues d'histones." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6202.
Full textPost-translationnal modifications (PTMs) of histone tails play an important role in cellular processes such as gene expression and regulation. They can act through their specific recognition by proteic domains belonging to chromatin remodeling factors (enzymes, transcription factors, etc). A particularly important modification is the methylation of specific histone tail sites, for which there exist many. Our goal was to get insights into the molecular selectivity of these proteic domains towards a given methylation site by taking advantage of the numerous structural data available in the Protein Data Bank. We studied the interactions between the domains and histone peptides, using molecular dynamics simulations combined with a protocol using the MM/PBSA method. A pre-requisite was to develop and validate force field parameters for the of PTMs. Our results notably revealed that some domains discriminate the methlyation sites by recognizing short linear sequence motifs. It thus appears that chromodomains are specific to an ARKmeS motif, while PHD fingers bind the ARTKme motif of H3. The study carried out on PHD fingers also proves that our overall results can be used as a reference for research of other effectors of histone tails
Fievet, Lorraine. "ARN non-codants et protéines effecteurs de la biologie du cil : identification du microARN let-7b comme modulateur de la ciliogenèse et rôle ciliaire putatif de l'Ataxine-7 dans l'ataxie spinocérébelleuse 7." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ050.
Full textCilia are conserved organelles projecting from almost every vertebrate cell. Mutations in genes coding for proteins involved in cilia structure or function can cause different developmental and degenerative anomalies, which are collectively termed ciliopathies. Ciliopathy patients present an important inter- and intra-familial phenotypic variability, suggesting the presence of modifier genes of the penetrance and expressivity of the disease. Using the zebrafish model organism enables to 1) validate the role of the microRNA let-7 as a modulator of ciliogenesis, and thus consider it as a potential modifier gene of ciliopathies; and 2) explore the putative ciliary role of Ataxin-7 and a potential developmental contribution to spinocerebellar ataxia 7, which is a degenerative disease. A better understanding of cilia biology and ciliopathies would allow better diagnostics and care of patients
Mikdache, Aya. "Analyse in vivo du comportement des cellules de Schwann et du rôle de rgs4 dans le développement du système nerveux périphérique chez le poisson zèbre." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS463.
Full textSchwann cells (SCs) are the myelinating glial cells of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). They derive from neural crest cells during development, then migrate and divide along the axons of the peripheral nerves. This migratory division is followed by a post-migratory division in order to radially sort the axons in a 1:1 ratio and wrap them with a myelin sheath. This work provides an analysis of the polarity of SC divisions, in vivo, in intact zebrafish embryos.We showed that SCs divide parallel to the axons along the Posterior Lateral Line nerve (PLL). By analyzing the two mutants has and nok, we revealed that the apical polarity genes aPKC and pals1, are neither required for the migration and division of SCs, nor for their capacity to myelinate. By studying the cassiopeia mutant that shows defects in mitotic spindle, we revealed that the assembly of the mitotic spindle is essential for SC myelination.We have also analysed the role of rgs4 (regulator of G-protein Signaling 4) in PNS development. We generated a stable rgs4 mutant using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We showed that rgs4 plays an essentiel role in PLLg and motoneurons development by acting upstream of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Pharmacological analysis suggested a role for rgs4 in peripheral myelination, however, the rgs4 mutant do not show any myelin defects
Dubois, Morvan Ghislaine. "Le collagène de type I de Danio rerio : isolement, caractérisation et rôle au cours du développement." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO1T099.
Full textMunoz-Ruiz, Raphaël. "Novel aspects of TDP-43's interaction with ALS-related autophagy genes." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS268.
Full textAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative disease of motoneurons. Its histological hallmark is the presence of ubiquitin-positive cytoplasmic inclusions in motor neurons of patients which indicates defective proteostasis. In the majority of cases, these inclusions are positive for TDP-43, an RNA-binding protein. Alterations of autophagy and RNA metabolism are widely investigated in ALS. This thesis explores the role of TDP-43 on autophagy regulation with a focus on autophagy receptors p62 and OPTN and their upstream activator TBK1. In the zebrafish embryo, knockdown of tardbp leads to an altered motor phenotype and correlates with a downregulation of tbk1. Human TBK1 RNA ameliorates this phenotype in a significant manner. In SH-SY5Y cells, knockdown of TARDBP leads to a profile of expression of key autophagy genes that is in opposition with the one obtained in the zebrafish. However, activating basal autophagy through Torin 1 treatment unveils conditional effect of TDP-43 on p62/SQSTM1 and TBK1. Moreover, Torin 1 treatment inhibits binding of TDP-43 to RAPTOR and OPTN mRNAs but promotes novel binding to p62/SQSTM1 and TBK1 mRNAs. In these cell lines, increasing overexpression of TARDBP also seems to affect p62/SQSTM1 in different manners. Overall, modulating TARDBP expression is accompanied by the appearance of characteristic traits of TDP-43 pathology in ALS. In parallel, techniques to visualize target RNAs in vivo and in vitro are being developed. This work highlights TDP-43 ability to adapt to cellular context and affect autophagy in different manners