Academic literature on the topic 'Concentric diversification'

This article aims to find the best strategies which help increase petrochemical products sales in Iran using multivariate regression model, Grand Strategy Matrix (GSM), and SWOT matrix. Market Development, Market Penetration, Product Development by creating and developing chemical cities or parks, petro-chemical refineries, and Especial Economic Zones, Vertical Integration, and Concentric Diversification with Diverse Portfolio were considered independent variables, while Increasing Petrochemical Product Sales is dependent variable. Then, each of above mentioned factors affecting the sales were ranked in order to take advantage of the highest added-value. The statistical population consisted of 140 experts, managers, directors, and customers involved in National Iranian Gas Company and Iran Petrochemical Company. Random sampling method was employed. A total of 57experts, managers, directors, and customers were enrolled as sample size. Data were collected using a five-option Likert scale questionnaire. SPSS, Grand Strategy Matrix (GSM), and SWOT[1] matrix were employed to analyze the data. According to the Cronbach's alpha (0.86), the reliability was verified. Market Development, Market Penetration, Product Development, and Concentric Diversification with Diverse Portfolio were found to be suitable offensive strategies to increase the petrochemical product sales. Product Development and Market Penetration are the most effective factors in increasing the petrochemical product sales. Therefore, they need to be taken into account. [1]Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threats

Structural variability in natural Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) forests hinders restoration targets for the full old-growth developmental sequence. To guide stage-specific restoration, we present a new approach toward developing a simple index of the vertical diversification (VD) stage. VD-associated sub-stand structures were objectively identified by quantifying the size structures of live trees across a developmental sequence of 10 pristine stands in the Oregon Cascades, USA. Floating neighborhoods were used to delineate natural tree neighborhoods based on triangulated irregular networks in five concentric rings of ever-greater spatial extent (averaging 60–2060 m2). Diameter distributions summarized the most frequently encountered tree size structures among neighborhoods, with increasing deviation from the neutral multi-variate core. Of 18 observed diameter distribution types (DDTs), the core DDT characterized all-sized tree neighborhoods reflective of vertical diversification, which was most abundant in early old-growth (VD) stands and least abundant at the extremes of the sequence. VD declined in older stands, whose more distinct DDTs had peaks in larger trees and multiple size classes, likely reflecting horizontal diversification (HD). This new approach illustrates that structural restoration of VD stands could be facilitated by the single-tree selection method, while that of HD stands may be promoted with both single-tree and group selection as well as targeted release.

Development can bias the independent evolution of traits sharing ontogenetic pathways, making certain evolutionary changes less likely. The eyespots commonly found on butterfly wings each have concentric rings of differing colors, and these serially repeated pattern elements have been a focus for evo–devo research. In the butterfly family Nymphalidae, eyespots have been shown to function in startling or deflecting predators and to be involved in sexual selection. Previous work on a model species of Mycalesina butterfly,Bicyclus anynana, has provided insights into the developmental control of the size and color composition of individual eyespots. Experimental evolution has also shown that the relative size of a pair of eyespots on the same wing surface is highly flexible, whereas they are resistant to diverging in color composition, presumably due to the underlying shared developmental process. This fixed color composition has been considered as a prime example of developmental bias with significant consequences for wing pattern evolution. Here, we test this proposal by surveying eyespots across the whole subtribe of Mycalesina butterflies and demonstrate that developmental bias shapes evolutionary diversification except in the genusHeteropsiswhich has gained independent control of eyespot color composition. Experimental manipulations of pupal wings reveal that the bias has been released through a novel regional response of the wing tissue to a conserved patterning signal. Our study demonstrates that development can bias the evolutionary independence of traits, but it also shows how bias can be released through developmental innovations, thus, allowing rapid morphological change, facilitating evolutionary diversification.