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Vogler, Andrew J., Anthony J. Rice, and Robert T. Withers. "Physiological Responses to Exercise on Different Models of the Concept II Rowing Ergometer." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2, no. 4 (December 2007): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2.4.360.
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Purpose:The Concept II model C (IIC) rowing ergometer was replaced by the Concept II model D (IID), but the design modifications of the updated ergometer might alter resistance characteristics and rowing technique, thereby potentially influencing ergometer test results. This study evaluated the physiological response to rowing on the IIC and IID ergometers during a submaximal progressive incremental test and maximal-performance time trial.Methods:Eight national-level rowers completed submaximal and maximal tests on the IIC and IID ergometers separated by 48 to 72 h. Physiological responses and calculated blood lactate thresholds (LT1 and LT2) were compared between ergometer models (IIC vs IID) using standardized drag-factor settings.Results:Power output, oxygen consumption, rowing economy (mL O2 · min−1 · W−1), heart rate, blood lactate concentration, stroke rate, and rating of perceived exertion all displayed similar responses regardless of ergometer model. Calculated physiological values equivalent to LT1 and LT2 were also similar between models, except for blood lactate concentration at LT1, which displayed a small but statistically signifcant difference (P = .02) of 0.2 mmol/L.Conclusions:The physiological response when rowing on IIC and IID ergometers is nearly identical, and testing can therefore be carried out on either ergometer and the results directly compared.
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Kornecki, S., and M. Jaszczak. "Dynamic analysis of rowing on Concept II type C ergometer." Biology of Sport 27, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/20831862.919338.
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Kramer, John F., Andrew Leger, Donald H. Paterson, and Alan Morrow. "Rowing Performance and Selected Descriptive, Field, and Laboratory Variables." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 19, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h94-013.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among measures of rowing performance and selected descriptive, field, and laboratory variables. Rowing performance of 20 intercollegiate oarswomen was assessed using a 2,500-m time test on a Concept II rowing ergometer, the rower's competitive experience, and the coach's ranking of the rowers. The oarswomen also underwent standardized descriptive tests including anthropometric measurements, field tests including 90-s rowing ergometer distance and weight lifting tests, and laboratory tests including [Formula: see text] and isokinetic knee extensor strength tests. Rowing ergometer times were highly related to competitive experience (rho = −0.86; p < 0.01) and coach's ranking (rho = 0.87; p < 0.01). [Formula: see text] was the only other variable to produce correlations greater than 0.71 with rowing performance. Although most of the correlations observed in the present study were poor to modestly high, they do document and quantify relationships, and suggest that training and testing techniques should be modified to be more rowing specific and that their usefulness with respect to positive transfer and prediction should be examined. Key words: rowing, strength, [Formula: see text]
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Nevill, A. M., C. Beech, R. L. Holder, and M. Wyon. "Scaling concept II rowing ergometer performance for differences in body mass to better reflect rowing in water." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 20, no. 1 (February 2010): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00874.x.
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Forsyth, Jacky J., Chris Mann, and James Felix. "Toe and Earlobe Capillary Blood Sampling for Lactate Threshold Determination in Rowing." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 7, no. 1 (March 2012): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.7.1.19.
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Purpose:In rowing ergometry, blood for determining lactate concentration can be removed from the toe tip without the rower having to stop. The purpose of the study was to examine whether sampling blood from the toe versus the earlobe would affect lactate threshold (Tlac) determination.Methods:Ten physically active males (mean ± age 21.2 ± 2.3 y; stature 179.2 ± 7.5 cm; body mass 81.7 ± 12.7 kg) completed a multistage, 3 min incremental protocol on the Concept II rowing ergometer. Blood was sampled simultaneously from the toe tip and earlobe between stages. Three different methods were used to determine Tlac.Results:There were wider variations due to the method of Tlac determination than due to the sample site; for example, ANOVA results for power output were F(1.25, 11.25) = 11.385, P = .004 for method and F(1, 9) = 0.633, P = .45 for site. The greatest differences in Tlac due to sample site in rowing occurred when Tlac was determined using an increase in blood lactate concentration by >1 mmol/L from baseline (TlacΔ1).Conclusions:The toe tip can be used as a suitable sample site for blood collection during rowing ergometry, but caution is needed when using the earlobe and toe tip interchangeably to prescribe training intensities based on Tlac, especially when using TlacΔ1 or at lower concentrations of lactate.
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Trease, Larissa, Kellie Wilkie, Greg Lovell, Michael Drew, and Ivan Hooper. "Epidemiology of injury and illness in 153 Australian international-level rowers over eight international seasons." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 21 (June 25, 2020): 1288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101402.
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AimTo report the epidemiology of injury and illness in elite rowers over eight seasons (two Olympiads).MethodsAll athletes selected to the Australian Rowing Team between 2009 and 2016 were monitored prospectively under surveillance for injury and illness. The incidence and burden of injury and illness were calculated per 1000 athlete days (ADs). The body area, mechanism and type of all injuries were recorded and followed until the resumption of full training. We used interrupted time series analyses to examine the association between fixed and dynamic ergometer testing on rowers’ injury rates. Time lost from illness was also recorded.ResultsAll 153 rowers selected over eight seasons were observed for 48 611 AD. 270 injuries occurred with an incidence of 4.1–6.4 injuries per 1000 AD. Training days lost totalled 4522 (9.2% AD). The most frequent area injured was the lumbar region (84 cases, 1.7% AD) but the greatest burden was from chest wall injuries (64 cases, 2.6% AD.) Overuse injuries (n=224, 83%) were more frequent than acute injuries (n=42, 15%). The most common activity at the time of injury was on-water rowing training (n=191, 68). Female rowers were at 1.4 times the relative risk of chest wall injuries than male rowers; they had half the relative risk of lumbar injuries of male rowers. The implementation of a dynamic ergometers testing policy (Concept II on sliders) was positively associated with a lower incidence and burden of low back injury compared with fixed ergometers (Concept II). Illness accounted for the greatest number of case presentations (128, 32.2% cases, 1.2% AD).ConclusionsChest wall and lumbar injuries caused training time loss. Policy decisions regarding ergometer testing modality were associated with lumbar injury rates. As in many sports, illness burden has been under-recognised in elite Australian rowers.
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Lakomy, H. K. A., and J. Lakomy. "Estimation of maximum oxygen uptake from submaximal exercise on a Concept II rowing ergometer." Journal of Sports Sciences 11, no. 3 (June 1993): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640419308729989.
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Ciekurs, Kalvis, and Viesturs Krauksts. "Local Vibration Influence of Anaerobic Capacity in Rowers." SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 2 (May 9, 2015): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2012vol2.139.
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Whole body vibration is a worldwide innovation as a part of training method that helps athletes to regain the power and get ready for next training faster. However less attention is paid to local vibration where an isolated muscle or muscle group is stimulated by the use of a vibration device. For the reason to determine the effect of local vibration on anaerobic capacity of rowers, two research groups were assembled from the students of Murjāņi Sport Gymnasium (MSG) during the period of time from November 13, 2010 to March 20, 2011 - the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). We manage tests with stationary Concept-II ergometer, EMG and goniometry before and after the sessions of local vibrations. After the local vibration sessions for experimental group, the anaerobic test results prove considerable increase on the stationary rowing ergometer Concept - II. As for the control group, there were no considerable increase observed. EMG proves considerable Triceps Brachii muscle activity improvement for the experimental group, yet the activity improvement was not observed for the control group.
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Lormes, W., R. Buckwitz, H. Rehbein, and J. Steinacker. "Performance and Blood Lactate on Gjessing and Concept II Rowing Ergometers." International Journal of Sports Medicine 14, S 1 (September 1993): S29—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021220.
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ÇELIK, ÖZGÜR, ŞÜKRAN NAZAN KOŞAR, FEZA KORKUSUZ, and MURAT BOZKURT. "RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE MODIFIED CONCONI TEST ON CONCEPT II ROWING ERGOMETERS." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 19, no. 4 (November 2005): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200511000-00025.
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Çelik, Özgür, Şükran Nazan Koşar, Feza Korkusuz, and Murat Bozkurt. "Reliability and Validity of the Modified Conconi Test on Concept II Rowing Ergometers." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 19, no. 4 (2005): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/r-15754.1.
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Penichet-Tomás, Alfonso, and Basilio Pueo. "Performance conditional factors in rowing (Factores condicionales de rendimiento en remo)." Retos, no. 32 (March 14, 2017): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i32.56067.
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Literature has established strong relationships between some anthropometric and strength measures with rowing performance. However these studies have not correlated rower’s success with absolute (watt average) and relative weight values (watts per unit weight). The aim of this study was to correlate performance and efficiency in rowing with anthropometric and strength factors. Twenty-two elite rowers (11 male and 11 female) volunteered to participate in this study. Anthropometric measurements and body composition was obtained for each rower. Participants performed 2000 m maximal effort on a Concept II rowing ergometer and strength lower extremities were evaluated with jump height protocol using a jump mat (Chronojump-Boscosystem, Barcelona, Spain). Performance and efficiency in rowing ergometer test strongly correlated with anthropometric characteristics of height (r=0.873; r=0.815), weight (r=0.894; r=0.703), body muscles (r=0.973; r=0.829) and free body fat (r=-0.705; r=-0.856). However, positive correlations of strength factors with performance and efficiency in rowers have not been strong enough to use them like success predictors. This study concludes that present results provide an argument for coaches and rowers to increase strength training and to use anthropometric characteristics to predict rowing efficiency and performance using strength factors such as complementary performance predictor. Furthermore, anthropometric variables could be used to identify success in potential rowers.Resumen. La literatura ha establecido fuertes relaciones entre algunas medidas antropométricas y de fuerza con el rendimiento en remo. Sin embargo, estos estudios no han correlacionado el éxito de los remeros con valores absolutos (media de vatios) y valores relativos de peso (vatios por unidad de peso). El objetivo de este estudio fue correlacionar el rendimiento y la eficiencia con factores antropométricos y de fuerza. Veintidós remeros de élite (11 chicos y 11 chicas) participaron voluntariamente en este estudio. Se obtuvieron las medidas antropométricas y la composición corporal de cada remero. Los participantes realizaron un test de máximo esfuerzo de 2000 m en un remoergómetro Concept II y la fuerza de las extremidades inferiores fue evaluada con un protocolo de salto con una plataforma de contacto (Chronojump-Boscosystem, Barcelona, España). El rendimiento y la eficiencia en el test de remoergómetro correlacionó fuertemente con las características antropométricas de altura (r=0.873; r=0.815), peso (r=0.894; r=0.703), masa muscular (r=0.973; r=0.829) and masa libre de grasa (r=-0.705; r=-0.856). Sin embargo, las correlaciones positivas de los factores de fuerza con el rendimiento y la eficiencia en remeros no ha sido lo suficientemente fuerte para usarlos como factores de éxito. Este estudio concluye que los presente resultados proporcionan un argumento para que entrenadores y remeros incrementen el entrenamiento de fuerza y para que puedan utilizar las caracterpotenciales zadas para identificar remeros potnciales. de fuerza como predictores complementarios de rendimiento. no ha sido lo ísticas antropométricas como predictores de rendimiento y eficiencia en remo utilizando los factores de fuerza como predictores complementarios de rendimiento. Además, las variables antropométricas podrían ser utilizadas para identificar remeros potenciales.
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Neykov, S., V. Bachev, L. Petrov, A. Alexandrova, S. Andonov, and S. Kolimechkov. "Application of hypoxicators in the rowers’ training." Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports 23, no. 5 (September 17, 2019): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2019.0505.
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Intermittent altitude exposure leads to improvements in aerobic performance and blood parameters of athletes. The variety of hypoxic devices and simulated altitude training models requires a detailed study of their effects to achieve the best results. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a four-week training camp at sea level conditions, combined with normobaric hypoxia, provided by hypoxicators during the night's sleep of the athletes. Sixteen rowers of the Bulgarian national team (17.13±0.83 years old) were divided into a control group (n=8) and an experimental group (n=8) subjected to hypoxia for a period of four weeks. At the beginning and end of the training camp, anthropometric and hematological data were measured. A submaximal test on the Concept II rowing ergometer was performed, and the physical work capacity and anaerobic threshold were determined. The results showed: 1) a lack of significant changes in the aerobic performance after training camp, both within and between groups; 2) at the end of the training camp in the experimental group a statistically significant increase in hemoglobin concentration (156.25±4.11 vs 162.75±4.11 g/L, p<0.01) and erythrocyte count (5.26±0.13 vs 5.49±0.10 g/L, p<0.01) was observed. The encouraging results regarding the higher increase in blood oxygen-carrying capacity in the experimental group did not lead to an increased working capacity. Further research should be provided in the search for optimal hypoxic training parameters, allowing not only a rise in hemoglobin concentration, but also the preservation of blood rheological properties.
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Hardy, Charles J., and Robert Kelly Crace. "The Effects of Task Structure and Teammate Competence on Social Loafing." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13, no. 4 (December 1991): 372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.13.4.372.
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Previous research has demonstrated that the difference between a group's potential and its actual productivity is, in part, a function of individuals exerting less effort when working as a team. This phenomenon has been labeled social loafing. Harkins and Petty (1982) have suggested that the way in which teammates think their outputs are combined to make up the team score and teammate competence may influence the social loafing effect. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of additive, disjunctive, and conjunctive task structures on individual effort expended by rowers and nonrowers. In Experiment 1, 30 male nonrowers were assigned to dyads and performed two (alone, team) 45-sec trials on Concept II rowing ergometers. Ten subjects performed under additive, 10 under disjunctive, and 10 under conjunctive task conditions. Results demonstrated no significant effects. In Experiment 2, 30 subjects were assigned to 15 dyads with the restriction that 1 member of each dyad be a collegiate rower and 1 be a nonrower. The results revealed (a) that rowers expended more effort than nonrowers and (b) a social loafing effect for the least proficient teammate.
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Šmída, Matej, Michal Clementis, Dušan Hamar, and Yvetta Macejková. "Relation between Maximal Anaerobic Power Output and Tests on Rowing Ergometer." Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae 57, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afepuc-2017-0007.
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SummaryAim of this study was to compare relation between maximal anaerobic power output and 2,000 m test on rowing ergometer and relation between 6,000 m test and 2,000 m on rowing ergometer. It can be assumed that 2,000 m performance on rowing ergometer will significantly correlate with maximal anaerobic power output and 6,000 m performance. A group of 9 welltrained rowers (age: 18.3 years ± 2.8 years, sport age: 4.9 years ± 3.7 years, weight: 78.9 kg ± 12.2 kg, height: 182.3 cm ± 7.6 cm) performed three tests in 1 week to determine maximal anaerobic power, 6,000 m and 2,000 m performance on Concept 2 model D rowing ergometer. A value of simple maximal stroke out of 10-second all-out test with drag factor set to 200 was taken as a measure of maximal anaerobic power. Drag factor for 6,000 m and 2,000 m test was set individually. Average power during these tests was record. Research showed that both maximal anaerobic power and 6,000 m test correlated with 2,000 m test on rowing ergometer significantly (rmap= 0.93 p < 0.01, r6k= 0.95 p < 0.01). Maximal anaerobic power and 6,000 m tests seem to be good predictors for 2,000 m score on rowing ergometer. However, maximal anaerobic power test can be used to monitor rowing performance during specific training cycle instead of longer and more demanding 6,000 m test.
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Maciejewski, Hugo, Abderrahmane Rahmani, Frédéric Chorin, Julien Lardy, Caroline Giroux, and Sébastien Ratel. "The 1,500-m Rowing Performance is Highly Dependent on Modified Wingate Anaerobic Test Performance in National-Level Adolescent Rowers." Pediatric Exercise Science 28, no. 4 (November 2016): 572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0283.
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Purpose:The aim of the current study was to determine whether the anaerobic performance assessed by a modified Wingate test could account for the 1,500-m rowing ergometer performance in young competitive rowers.Methods:Fourteen national-level adolescent rowers performed on a rowing ergometer i) a 30-s allout exercise (i.e., modified Wingate test) and ii) a 1,500-m all-out exercise (i.e., rowing performance). For each of these two exercises, the mean power output was considered as the main performance criterion (PWIN and P1500, respectively).Results:PWIN was correlated to P1500 (r2 = .83, p < .0001, β = 100%). Furthermore, the estimated total muscle mass was correlated to PWIN and P1500 (r2 = .72 and r2 = .83, p < .0001, β = 100%, respectively). The allometric scaling also indicated that total muscle mass accounts 62% for the relationship between PWIN and P1500.Conclusion:Our results highlight the importance of considering the contribution of total muscle mass and anaerobic energy pathways to 1,500-m rowing performance in competitive adolescent rowers. Therefore, the modified Wingate test could be used by rowing coaches to potentially identify talented young rowers.
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Chumachenko, Oleksandr, Oleksandr Kozubenko, and Volodymyr Pilnenkij. "Pedagogičeskie osobennosti postroeniâ učebnyh makrociklov silovoj napravlennosti on trenažere «Soncept–2» in sportsmenov edinoborcev." Scientific Visnyk V.O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Pedagogical Sciences 65, no. 2 (2019): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2518-7813-2019-65-2-348-352.
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In this preparation of the sportsmen of êdinoborcìv has been included in the training process of exercises on Simulator «Concept–2». This dependence is related to the fact that the athletes êdinoborcâm need to perform common power exercises on simulators to increase training volume of corresponding capacity. Sources of literature do not disclose data integrated power preparation êdinoborcìv using vesluvalnih simulators, so study the allowable amounts of load simulator «Concept–2» is the unsolved problem of the modern physical culture and Sport. Sports training is a system that is constantly being improved based on the accumulation of new data, experimental research, best practices and scientific and technical progress. For testing and training athletes êdinoborcìv, as well as to increase the level of physical disability of different population groups are widely used vesluvalnì ergometers «Concept–2», etc. An auxiliary factor for improving the general preparedness of athletes of single-fighters is the development of highly specialized manifestations of force, which determine the capabilities of the development of the necessary effort and its abilities in the process of training and competitive activities. A key element in the formation of specialized power qualities of wrestlers is the effective transfer of this motor quality in the transition from the preferential use of the PROF. In this regard, the formation of a methodical approach, based on which is the improvement of special power capabilities, as an integrated component of the system of functional training of single-team fighters, becomes actual. Analysis of special literature and practice of strength training in martial arts gave reason to speak about the possibility of solving this problem using special training devices that stimulate the development of power abilities, provided that the main groups of muscles are included and the main elements of the structure of the competitive exercise are preserved. In this case, the interest is an analysis of the method of using a specialized power simulator «Dyno-Concept». It is recommended to use a rowing simulator to assess the strength of athletes of single-team with the exercise of traction sitting for the upper limbs and foot press for the lower extremities in three modes: I (damper simulator fully open) – manifestation of power capabilities at high speed; II-th – (open half of the flaps) – the manifestation of the optimal ratio of the speed and power component at medium speed; III (damper of the simulator is completely closed) – manifestation of maximum force at low speed. In the second mode, half of the flaps were opened. To evaluate special strength endurance – maximum test 2000 m. Application of the methodology of the development of force using the specialized simulator «Сoncept–2 Dyno» allows you to get a higher rate of growth of the developing quality. In the experimental group, the strength of the hands was 5%, leg strength – 2,8%, strength endurance increased by 2,2%; in the control group, respectively, 1.4%, 1.2% and 1%.
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Abbas, Tanvir, Muhammad Zia ul Haq, and Qasid Naveed. "Somatotyping and Physical Fitness of Pakistani National Rower." Global Regional Review II, no. I (December 30, 2017): 364–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2017(ii-i).26.
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Rowing is a popular sport across the globe which involves both skill and strength. The aim of the present investigation is to examine the somatotype and physical fitness of the Pakistani rowers. Data was collected from (n = 08) lightweight, and (n = 14) heavyweight Pakistani national rowers. Age, height, body mass, skinfold of triceps, subscapular, supraspinal, and calf, breadths of elbow and knee were measurement for somatotype as guided by (Norton & Olds, 1996). Push up, anaerobic, 2000 meter of maximal rowing ergometer, and set and reach for flexibility. Pearson product of correlation and t-test was applied for statistical analysis. The result showed there was a slight difference among light and heavyweight rowers in their somatotype measurements. On the other hand, the vertical jump was significantly correlated with rowing performance. It was concluded the leg power is associated with the performance of rower. It is proposed that rowers would improve their leg strength through training that enhances rowing performance.
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McBride, M. E. "Does the concept II rowing ester accurately simulate the biomechanics of rowing?" Journal of Biomechanics 25, no. 7 (July 1992): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(92)90345-2.
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Hill, Holger. "Exploring the Limitations of Event-Related Potential Measures in Moving Subjects: Pilot Studies of Four Different Technical Modifications in Ergometer Rowing." Sensors 20, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 5618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195618.
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Measuring brain activity in moving subjects is of great importance for investigating human behavior in ecological settings. For this purpose, EEG measures are applicable; however, technical modifications are required to reduce the typical massive movement artefacts. Four different approaches to measure EEG/ERPs during rowing were tested: (i) a purpose-built head-mounted preamplifier, (ii) a laboratory system with active electrodes, and a wireless headset combined with (iii) passive or (iv) active electrodes. A standard visual oddball task revealed very similar (within subjects) visual evoked potentials for rowing and rest (without movement). The small intraindividual differences between rowing and rest, in comparison to the typically larger interindividual differences in the ERP waveforms, revealed that ERPs can be measured reliably even in an athletic movement such as rowing. On the other hand, the expected modulation of the motor-related activity by force output was largely affected by movement artefacts. Therefore, for a successful application of ERP measures in movement research, further developments to differentiate between movement-related neuronal activity and movement-related artefacts are required. However, activities with small magnitudes related to motor learning and motor control may be difficult to detect because they are superimposed by the very large motor potential, which increases with force output.
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Grigas, Vytautas, Aurelijus Domeika, Alexandra Legha, Danguole Satkunskiene, and Rymantas Tadas Toločka. "Rowing Force and its Simulation on Training Facility." Solid State Phenomena 147-149 (January 2009): 712–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.147-149.712.
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The paper presents results of experimental measurements of the parameters of rowing process when rowing in a river, on the pool-type training facility and on “Concept II” rowing machine. The comparison of results of measurements showed the significant difference of rowing force generated by rowing in the machine and in the boat, thus the novel training facility is proposed having the hydrodynamic loading unit equipped with proportional flow control valve controlled by computer evaluating parameters of rowing, which is able to ensure loading on the oars more adequate to the real rowing conditions.
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Mavliev, Fanis, Andrey Nazarenko, Rustam Asmanov, Ajdar Sirazetdinov, and Artem Mastrov. "FEATURES OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE RESPONSE TO EXERCISE TESTS IN ATHLETES OF VARIOUS SPORTS." SCIENCE AND SPORT: current trends 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36028/2308-8826-2020-8-1-62-68.
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The aim – analysis of short and long-term blood pressure responses to exercise test in young people involved in various sports. Materials and methods. The study involved athletes ranked from Third-Class athletes to the Master of Sports of the Russian Federation. During exercise tests, we used the following ergometers and load protocols to simulate various physical activity: Cosmos quasar treadmill – speed increase by 1 km/h per minute; e-Bike Bicycle Ergometer – load increase by 15 watts/min; Concept 2 rowing ergometer – 30W load increase every two minutes. Results. The research revealed that the blood pressure response to exercise tests in the studied groups of young men depended little on weight and height indicators because there were practically no overweight persons among active athletes. Pulse pressure (PP) is a genetic factor. In this regard, blood pressure indicators of young men are higher at rest and after exercise tests than blood pressure indicators of girls. When considering indicators without gender differentiation, rowing was the most distinctive sport in terms of indicators of blood pressure response to exercises tests. We recorded the lowest values of diastolic pressure after rowing activity. In our opinion, this follows from the fact that the «global vasodilation» effect leads to a short-term blood pressure drop (on average by 6 mm Hg) after exercise test. This is expressed in statistically significant DP differences (p<0,05) before and after exercise test in rowers compared to athletes involved in other sports. Conclusion. Indices of blood pressure at rest and after physical activity depend on gender factors and kinds of sport. At the same time, rowers demonstrated the most distinctive data. We can explain it both by the number of muscles involved in motor activity and by the specifics of execution (body position).
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Caplan, Nicholas, and Trevor N. Gardner. "The Influence of Stretcher Height on the Mechanical Effectiveness of Rowing." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 21, no. 3 (August 2005): 286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.21.3.286.
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The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of varying the height of the foot stretcher on the mechanical effectiveness of rowing. Ten male university level rowers rowed maximally for 3 minutes 30 seconds on a modified Concept 2 rowing ergometer. Each participant completed one trial at three foot stretcher heights. Position 1 was the original Concept 2 stretcher position, with Position 2 being located 5 cm and Position 3 being 10 cm above the original position and in the same orientation. Pull force and velocity were measured, and mean power generated by the rowers was calculated for each stroke. It was shown that in all three stretcher positions, mean power per stroke decreased as a function of time during the trial, confirming the fatiguing effects of the task. Although mean power per stroke did not differ significantly between stretcher positions at the start of the trial, p = 0.082, a significant difference was observed between the original stretcher position and Positions 2 and 3 at the end of the trial, p < 0.05. The lowest decline in mean power occurred in the highest stretcher position. It is suggested that this improvement in effectiveness is due to a reduction in the active downward vertical forces applied to the foot stretchers which does not contribute to forward propulsion, and thus a reduction in energy waste during each stroke. It was hypothesized that further raising the stretchers will continue to lead to an improvement in effectiveness until the optimum stretcher height is reached, above which effectiveness will be reduced.
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Ian Gee, Thomas, Nicholas Caplan, Karl Christian Gibbon, Glyn Howatson, and Kevin Grant Thompson. "Investigating the Effects of Typical Rowing Strength Training Practices on Strength and Power Development and 2,000 m Rowing Performance." Journal of Human Kinetics 50, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0153.
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AbstractThis study aimed to determine the effects of a short-term, strength training intervention, typically undertaken by club-standard rowers, on 2,000 m rowing performance and strength and power development. Twenty-eight male rowers were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups. All participants performed baseline testing involving assessments of muscle soreness, creatine kinase activity (CK), maximal voluntary contraction (leg-extensors) (MVC), static-squat jumps (SSJ), counter-movement jumps (CMJ), maximal rowing power strokes (PS) and a 2,000 m rowing ergometer time-trial (2,000 m) with accompanying respiratory-exchange and electromyography (EMG) analysis. Intervention group participants subsequently performed three identical strength training (ST) sessions, in the space of five days, repeating all assessments 24 h following the final ST. The control group completed the same testing procedure but with no ST. Following ST, the intervention group experienced significant elevations in soreness and CK activity, and decrements in MVC, SSJ, CMJ and PS (p < 0.01). However, 2,000 m rowing performance, pacing strategy and gas exchange were unchanged across trials in either condition. Following ST, significant increases occurred for EMG (p < 0.05), and there were non-significant trends for decreased blood lactate and anaerobic energy liberation (p = 0.063 – 0.086). In summary, club-standard rowers, following an intensive period of strength training, maintained their 2,000 m rowing performance despite suffering symptoms of muscle damage and disruption to muscle function. This disruption likely reflected the presence of acute residual fatigue, potentially in type II muscle fibres as strength and power development were affected.
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Bell, Gordon, Jack Bennett, William Reynolds, Daniel Syrotuik, and Pierre Gervais. "A Physiological and Kinematic Comparison of two Different Lean Back Positions During Stationary Rowing on a Concept II Machine." Journal of Human Kinetics 37, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0030.
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This study compared two different body positions at the finish of a stroke during stationary rowing exercise on physiological and kinematic measurements. Nine male and five female rowers volunteered for the study: mean age (± SD), body height and body mass were 27 ±9 yrs, 180.5 ±12.3 cm and 81.2 ±14.2 kg. The two body positions at the finish were controlled at an upright posture or a novel greater lean back position. All subjects completed 3 different experimental trials on a Concept IID rowing machine at 3 different exercise intensities and comparisons were made between the lean back position at the same stroke rate and the same power output as the upright trial. Power output, heart rate, oxygen uptake, energy expenditure and % efficiency were higher (p<0.05) with the greater lean back position at the same stroke rate compared to all other conditions. Range of motion at the hip, ankle, and elbow and the handle velocity and distance moved were greater (p<0.05) with the lean back position. In conclusion, a greater lean back posture at the finish during stationary rowing produces a higher power output and improved efficiency at the same stroke rate but at an elevated physiological cost compared to a more upright position. Despite the higher energy expenditure, the relative gain in power output and efficiency with no negative kinematic changes suggests that a greater lean back position at the finish will enhance performance during stationary rowing exercise.
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Kennedy, Michael D. J., and Gordon J. Bell. "A Comparison of Critical Velocity Estimates to Actual Velocities in Predicting Simulated Rowing Performance." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 25, no. 4 (August 1, 2000): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h00-017.
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The most accurate critical velocity (CV) estimate for the prediction of velocity during a simulated 2,000-m rowing race and the relationship to aerobic power were studied. Sixteen male rowers completed randomized maximal exertion trials (200, 400, 600, 800, 1,000, and 1,200 m), a maximal oxygen consumption [Formula: see text] on a Concept II rowing machine, and an actual 2,000-m simulated rowing race. Three mathematical models were applied to 4 rowing distance combinations producing 12 CV estimates. Seven of the 12 possible CV estimates were not significantly different from actual 2,000-m velocity. Comparison of the 3 CV models using all 6 trial distances revealed that the nonlinear model produced a CV estimate lower than the 2 linear CV models. CV was significantly correlated to [Formula: see text] (r = 0.91) and the mean velocity achieved during the 2,000-m simulated rowing race (r = 0.97). [Formula: see text] was significantly correlated to 2,000-m simulated rowing race velocity (r = 0.93). Key words: maximal oxygen consumption, critical power, critical speed
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Martin, Stefan Adrian, and Valeriu Tomescu. "ENERGY SYSTEMS EFFICIENCY INFLUENCES THE RESULTS OF 2,000 M RACE SIMULATION AMONG ELITE ROWERS." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 90, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-675.
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Hypothesis. Energy efficiency within an elite group of athletes will ensure metabolic adaptation during training.Objectives. To identify energy system efficiency and contribution according to exercise intensity, and performance obtained during a 2,000 m race simulation in an elite group of rowers.Method. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2016 in Bucharest, Romania, on a group of 16 elite rowers. Measurements were performed through Cosmed Quark CPET equipment, and Concept 2 ergometer, by conducting a VO2max test over a standard rowing distance of 2,000 m. The analyzed parameters during the test were: HR (bpm), Rf (b/min), VE (l/min), VO2 (ml/min), VCO2 (ml/min), VT (l), O2exp (ml), CO2exp (ml), RER, PaCO2 (mmHg), PaO2 (mmHg), Kcal/min, FAT (g), CHO (g), from which we determined the ventilatory thresholds, and the energy resource used during the specific 2,000 m rowing distance (ATP, ATP+CP, muscle glycogen).Results. We performed an association between HR (180.2±4.80 b/min), and carbohydrate consumption during the sustained effort (41.55±3.99 g) towards determining the energy systems involved: ATP (3.49±1.55%), ATP+CP (18.06±2.99%), muscle glycogen (77.9±3.39%). As a result, completion time (366.3±10.25 s) was significantly correlated with both Rf (p=0.0024), and VO2 (p=0.0166) being also pointed out that ≥5 l VO2 value is associated with an effort time of ≤360 s. (p=0.040, RR=3.50, CI95%=1.02 to 11.96). Thus, the average activation time among muscle ATP (12.81±5.70 s), ATP+CP (66.04±10.17 s, and muscle glycogen (295±9.5 s) are interrelated, and significantly correlated with respiratory parameters.Conclusions. Decreased total activity time was associated with accessing primary energy source in less time, during effort, improving the body energy power. Its effectiveness was recorded by early carbohydrates access, as a primary energy source, during specific activity performed up to 366 seconds.
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Funch, Oliver, Henriette A. Hasselstrøm, and Thomas P. Gunnarsson. "Validation and Practical Applications of Performance in a 6-Min Rowing Test in the Danish Armed Forces." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041395.
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Personnel of the Danish Armed Forces must complete a yearly basic physical fitness test consisting of a Cooper’s 12-min run test (CRT) and four strength-related bodyweight exercises. However, there is no validated alternative to the CRT allowing injured or sailing personnel to conduct the yearly basic physical fitness test. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate performance in a 6-min rowing ergometer test (6MRT) against CRT performance. Thirty-one individuals (M/F: 20/11, age: 34 ± 12 years) employed at the Danish Armed Forces completed testing on two independent days; (I) the CRT on an outdoor track and (II) a 6MRT with pulmonary measurements of breath-by-breath oxygen uptake. In addition, 5 participants (M/F: 4/1, age: 40 ± 10 years) completed re-testing of the 6MRT. No difference was observed between VO2max estimated from the CRT and measured during the 6MRT. Absolute VO2max correlated strongly (r = 0.95; p < 0.001) to performance in the 6MRT, and moderately (r = 0.80; p < 0.001) to performance in the CRT. Bodyweight (BW) and fat free mass (FFM) correlated stronger to performance in the 6MRT compared to the CRT. 6MRT re-testing yielded similar performance results. The 6MRT is a valid and reliable alternative to the CRT, allowing injured or sailing personnel of the Danish Armed Forces to complete the basic physical fitness test as required, albeit 6MRT performance demands must be made relative to bodyweight.
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Keller, B. A., M. T. Jones, J. A. Sigg, C. Harnish, and J. A. Ferriss. "PREDICTION OF BLOOD LACTATE FROM RECOVERY HEART RATE AND POWER IN COLLEGIATE OARSMEN ON A CONCEPT II ERGOMETER 416." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 28, Supplement (May 1996): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199605001-00416.
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Rasch, W., and M. Cabanac. "Selective brain cooling is affected by wearing headgear during exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 1229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.3.1229.
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The purpose of this work is to relate the concept of selective brain cooling (SBC) during exercise to heat loss from the head while either bare or covered. During hyperthermia, SBC is considered to occur if tympanic temperature (Tty) is lower than esophageal temperature (Tes). In experiment I the head heat loss was measured with and without headgear. Each of four subjects took part in three sessions of exercise on a cycle ergometer. The face was cooled to simulate outdoor conditions. The first session (no headgear) served as control for the two following sessions in which a headband and a woolen cap were worn. Evaporative and radiative-convective heat loss were monitored from the head. Wearing a cap significantly reduced the heat loss from the head compared with the control condition. During the headband session the heat loss was not significantly lower than the control values. Tty, Tes, and head skin temperatures (T(sk)) were also recorded. Tty was significantly lower (-0.55 +/- 0.15 degrees C) than Tes at the end of exercise (150-W exercise load) when no headgear was worn. During headgear sessions, Tty was no longer significantly lower than Tes, either during the headband (-0.15 +/- 0.31 degrees C) or during the cap session (-0.30 +/- 0.13 degrees C). In experiment II the influence of wearing headgear on temperature regulation was studied. Hand skin blood flow, hand T(sk), and heat loss from the hand were recorded in addition to the variables monitored in experiment I. Wearing headgear elevated Tty and peripheral vasomotor responses, whereas Tes evolved in the opposite direction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Osada, Takuya, and Göran Rådegran. "Femoral artery inflow in relation to external and total work rate at different knee extensor contraction rates." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 1325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00848.2001.
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Whether limb blood flow is directly regulated to match the work rate, independent of the rate of contraction, remains elusive. This study therefore investigated the relationship between femoral arterial blood flow (FABF; Doppler ultrasound) and “external” (applied load) as well as “total” [external + “internal” (potential and kinetic energy changes of the moving lower leg)] work rate, during steady-state one-legged, dynamic, knee extensor exercise (1L-KEE) in the sitting position at different contraction rates. Ten subjects performed 1L-KEE at 30, 60, and 90 contractions/min (cpm) 1) at constant resistive loads of 0.2 and 0.5 kg inducing incremental external work rates ( study I) and 2) at different relative resistive loads inducing constant external work rates of 9 and 18 W ( study II). Moreover, 3) six subjects performed 1L-KEE at 60 and 100 cpm at incremental total work rates of 40, 50, 60, and 70 W ( study III). In study I, FABF increased ( P < 0.001) with increasing contraction frequency and external work rate, for each resistive load. In study II, FABF increased ( P < 0.001) with increasing contraction frequency for each constant external work rate. Of major importance in study III, however, was that FABF, although increasing linearly with the total work rate, was not different ( P= not significant) between contraction rates, at the total work rates of 40, 50, 60, and 70 W, respectively. Furthermore, FABF correlated linearly and positively with both the external and total work rate for each contraction frequency. In conclusion, the findings support the concept that leg blood flow during 1L-KEE in a normal knee extensor ergometer is matched directly in relation to the total work rate and metabolic activity, irrespective of the contraction frequency. The rate of contraction seems erroneously to influence the results only when it is related to the external work rate without taking into account the internal work component.
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Turner, Kirstie J., and Anthony J. Rice. "Physiological responses on the Concept II BikeErg and Concept II RowErg in well-trained male rowers." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, November 2, 2020, 174795412096818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954120968183.
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Stationary cycling is a common training mode of rowers, used to provide variety in training programs and prevent overuse injuries commonly associated with the repetitive nature of the rowing stroke. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in physiological responses on a Concept II BikeErg (Concept II BikeErg; Concept2 Inc., US) and Concept II RowErg (Concept II Model D; Concept2 Inc., US) at matched submaximal workloads so training load can be appropriately prescribed for stationary cycling. Ten well-trained, male rowers completed 6 min of exercise at four submaximal workloads (50%, 62.5%, 75% and 87.5% of their most recent 2000 m RowErg score) interspersed with 2-minute recovery periods on both ergometers in a single day. Ergometer order was randomised and balanced between groups. At matched power output (PO) results while on the RowErg were significantly higher across all workloads for rate of oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]), rate of carbon dioxide production ([Formula: see text]), minute ventilation ([Formula: see text]) and heart rate (HR) (p < 0.05) and across the final two workloads for Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and blood lactate concentration (BLa) (p < 0.05). When oxygen uptake at a fixed value ([Formula: see text] = 3.5 L.min−1) was matched between groups results while on the RowErg were significantly lower for PO, BLa, [Formula: see text], RER and RPE whereas [Formula: see text] and HR were similar to the BikeErg. These results support the understanding that displayed power output on the RowErg does not account for all work done during the rowing stroke cycle, specifically during the recovery phase. In conclusion, the physiological responses on the Concept II BikeErg are no more closely aligned to the Concept II RowErg than previously shown for similar cycle ergometers from different manufacturers. Due to the lack of consistency between Concept II BikeErg and Concept II RowErg PO, HR is better suited for the prescription of training loads on the BikeErg.
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Canbulut, Cenker, Andrius Paulauskas, and Tomas Blažauskas. "Prediction of Pending Data Using Interpolation and Extrapolation Techniques for Virtual Rowing." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 15, no. 2 (March 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2020.2.3778.
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The use of peripheral devices could be a good alternative to interact with Virtual Environment in addition to native controllers. Using combination of Concept-II peripheral device with VR mobile will cause latency issues due to different data transmission rates between those components. This latency issue leads to two major problems, such as micro-stutter in Virtual Environment (VE) and distance inaccuracy in time between the Concept-II peripheral device and VR mobile. In this paper, the authors present three algorithms based on interpolation and extrapolation methods, which aim to provide immersive VR experience by ensuring stutter-free and accurate rowing sessions for the user. This is relevance when considering the adoption of peripheral devices (i.e. the Concept-II peripheral device) as an alternative to interact with Virtual Environment in addition to native controllers. Predicting virtual rowing shell’s position using interpolation by position method gives accurate time results but introduces high amount of micro-stutter. Using extrapolation method by taking speed parameter to predict rowing shell’s position has very high time error but gives pleasant, stutter-free virtual rowing experience. Finally, adding this speed parameter a correction constant value for predicting virtual rowing shell’s position provides stutter-free and very accurate in time rowing session for the user.