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Braswell, Harold. "My Two Moms: Disability, Queer Kinship, and the Maternal Subject." Hypatia 30, no. 1 (2015): 234–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12125.
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Dominant Western discourses of motherhood have depicted disabled women as incapable of being mothers. In contrast to these representations, recent literature in disability studies has argued that disabled women can provide maternal care and should therefore retain custody over their children. This literature is commendable, but its emphasis on custodial rights excludes from the category of “mother” those disabled women who cannot maintain child custody. In this article, I challenge this exclusion via an account of my experience with my two mothers: my biological mother, who relinquished custody over me because of her inability to provide care, and my maternal grandmother, who raised me as her child. Theorizing this account, I argue that disability studies must adopt a conception of motherhood that recognizes both alternative kinship structures and mothers whose disabilities preclude them from fulfilling normative conceptions of maternal care. I develop such a conception by synthesizing Judith Butler's theorization of queer kinship with Donald Winnicott's rethinking of the maternal subject. I conclude by drawing on this flexible conception of motherhood to argue that my disabled mother's relinquishing of custody over me to her own mother was the very gesture in which she accepted and adopted a maternal role.
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Kalentyeva, S. V. "Chronobiologic aspects of fetus sex differentiation." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2006): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2006-3-93-97.
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The analysis results of 5 213 delivery histories revealed that number of newborn boys was 10 percents more than number of newborn girls. During first pregnancy, conception of boys is more probable in autumn and during the 4-6 months after mother’s birthday. During repetitive pregnancies, conception of boys is more probable in spring and during 3months before mother’s birthday. Conception of boys prevails in young mothers especially in winter and 1-3 months before mother’s birthday. Conception of girls occurs in older women generally more often but conception of boys is more possible in spring and during first 3 months after mother’s birthday.
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Nonaka, K., B. Desjardins, H. Charbonneau, J. Légaré, and T. Miura. "Slow Twin Conception at First Birth and Subsequent Maternal Twin Proneness in a Natural Fertility Population." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 44, no. 3-4 (October 1995): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000156600000163x.
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AbstractTo study whether apparently more fecund women having delivered twins at first birth have traits of higher twin-proneness, we performed a retrospective cohort study on population-based historical vital records of the 17-18th century French Canadian immigrants and their descendants under natural fertility conditions. Among 24896 mothers who had at least one child, 248 had twin maternities at their first birth (twinning rate = 1.0%). Among 21508 mothers with a valid marriage-first birth interval, twinning rate was 0.97% among prompt conceptions (7.0-11.0 months), with a particularly high rate at the interval of 7.0-8.0 months (2.2%). Marriages in August-October resulted in a higher twinning rate particularly for the slow conceptions than those in the other seasons. Promptly-conceived mothers of twins at the first delivery may seem to have higher fecundity, but subsequent births from these mothers (n = 88) show a lower twinning rate (1.7%) particularly at younger maternal age than from the other mothers who had slowly conceived twins at their first birth (n = 112). The latter show a 4.5% twinning rate as a whole among their second or later births. So-called twin-proneness of a mother, whether genetic or acquired, was not connected to higher conception rate of twin's mothers immediately after marriage. Reduced fecundity, which may have been imposed by some environmental factors, could raise the chance of twinning.
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van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M. Toos, Chantal Hoekstra, Roel Schats, Grant W. Montgomery, Gonneke Willemsen, and Dorret I. Boomsma. "Mode of Conception of Twin Pregnancies: Willingness to Reply to Survey Items and Comparison of Survey Data to Hospital Records." Twin Research and Human Genetics 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2008): 349–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.11.3.349.
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AbstractBased on results from a survey study in a sample of Australian parents of twins, Raj and Morley (2007) reported that questions concerning the mode of conception of twins may be offensive to parents. We looked at the willingness to reply to questions about mode of conception of twin pregnancies in a large survey study that was completed by 20,150 mothers of twins from the Netherlands Twin Registry. Data collection took place in 2005/2006. The amount of missing data was examined and by using data from earlier survey studies, responders and nonresponders were compared with respect to their answers to questions on assisted reproduction techniques. In addition, we assessed the reliability of the question on mode of conception by comparing the survey data with hospital records in a subsample of 80 mothers of twins. We found no indication that mothers of twins were not prepared to reply to questions on mode of conception. Only a small number of mothers did not fill in the question on mode of conception (0.8%). Also, the use of artificial fertility techniques did not differ between mothers who returned and mothers who did not return the 2005/2006 survey. The comparison of the survey data with the hospital records showed that mothers can accurately report on the mode of conception of their twins.
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McCabe, Gráinne Michelle, and Melissa Emery Thompson. "Reproductive seasonality in wild Sanje mangabeys (Cercocebus sanjei), Tanzania: Relationship between the capital breeding strategy and infant survival." Behaviour 150, no. 12 (2013): 1399–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003102.
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The reproductive seasonality model states that it is adaptive for species in seasonally variable environments to temporally cluster reproductive events around periods of resource availability. Many studies have examined links between seasonal reproduction and phenological events, though few studies have fully tested the adaptive hypothesis by examining the effects of reproductive timing on outcomes. Our study tests the predictions of the model in an African cercopithecine, the Sanje mangabey, by examining the impact of food availability on the timing of conception, birth and weaning, and the relationship of reproductive timing and female energy balance (urinary C-peptide) to infant survival. From September 2008 through 2010, 28 infants were born. Distribution of conceptions was non-uniform, with a peak between January and March. There was a significant positive correlation between mean monthly fruit availability and number of conceptions per month. An increased food supply supports a positive energy balance, maximizing the potential for conception; a pattern found among many cercopithecines. Mothers that conceived within the peak period also exhibited higher levels of urinary C-peptide during preconception and early gestation, compared to conceptions outside the peak period. This strategy increased the probability of survival to year one, as it was significantly higher for infants conceived during the peak conceptive season. These results support the reproductive seasonality model and demonstrate that the timing of conception is critical for mangabey reproductive success.
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Luca, Dara Lee, Caroline Margiotta, Colleen Staatz, Eleanor Garlow, Anna Christensen, and Kara Zivin. "Financial Toll of Untreated Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders Among 2017 Births in the United States." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 6 (June 2020): 888–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305619.
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Objectives. To estimate the economic burden of untreated perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs) among 2017 births in the United States. Methods. We developed a mathematical model based on a cost-of-illness approach to estimate the impacts of exposure to untreated PMADs on mothers and children. Our model estimated the costs incurred by mothers and their babies born in 2017, projected from conception through the first 5 years of the birth cohort’s lives. We determined model inputs from secondary data sources and a literature review. Results. We estimated PMADs to cost $14 billion for the 2017 birth cohort from conception to 5 years postpartum. The average cost per affected mother–child dyad was about $31 800. Mothers incurred 65% of the costs; children incurred 35%. The largest costs were attributable to reduced economic productivity among affected mothers, more preterm births, and increases in other maternal health expenditures. Conclusions. The US economic burden of PMADs is high. Efforts to lower the prevalence of untreated PMADs could lead to substantial economic savings for employers, insurers, the government, and society.
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AS, Ibrahim, Salama H, Al-Obiedly S, Al-Rifai H, and Al-Qubaisi M. "Socioeconomic Risk Factors for Hospital-based Neonatal Death: A Population-based Study." Asploro Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health 2, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36502/2020/asjpch.6161.
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Introduction: The aim of this study to review the socioeconomic determinants of neonatal death compared to living infants in a multinational’s population. Methods: A retrospective data analysis of 58,990 births. Population-based Cohort study retrieved from the perinatal registry for the 4 years period. We compared socio-economic factors in cases of neonatal death [NND] who died in the hospital with infants who have discharged alive from the hospital [AL]. Socioeconomic factors including nationality, religion, marital status, level of education, parents’ occupation, family income, consanguinity, early childbearing, smoking, assisted conception, antenatal care, and place of delivery. Results: There were 336 cases of ND and 58,654 of AL. The prevalence of NND was 5.7/1000 births. There were more neonatal deaths among uneducated mothers with P-value < 0.0003, and OR=2.0, mothers with low income (P=0.0008, CI=1.34-3.16, OR=2.07), families living in a shared houses (P=0.008, CI=1.23-3.19, OR=1.34), consanguinity (P=0.005, CI=1.13-2.0, OR=1.5), unemployed father (P=0.027, CI=1.24-4.28, OR=2.4), father’s education (P=0.017, CI=1.065-1.92, OR=1.4), assisted conception (P= 0.0001, CI=2.99-5.46, OR=4.04) and those mothers with no antenatal care (P=0.0001, CI=2.54-4.48, OR=3.37). Preterm birth in a referral/tertiary hospital was significantly high. There was no negative impact of nationality, mother’s occupation, maternal age, gravidity, or smoking. Comparing means among maternal and neonatal outcome categories showed no negative impact of crowding index (family members/number of rooms), number of rooms, number of family members, number of children in the house, or number of parties. Conclusion: In this study, antenatal care, parent’s education, father’s unemployment, low income of the mother, poor housing, consanguinity, assisted conception, and preterm birth were all associated with in-hospital neonatal death.
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Nelson, Margaret K. "The Presentation of Donor Conception in Young Adult Fiction." Journal of Family Issues 41, no. 1 (August 14, 2019): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19868751.
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Using a thematic analysis, this study examines the presentation of donor conception in 30 books of fiction written for young adults. Most of the donor-conceived characters in these books live in single mother families, the majority are girls, and most have some kind of status as outsiders. Donor conception is presented differently depending on the type of family in which the teen lives. Children living with single mothers are most often endangered. Children living with lesbian-couple parents are most often marked as outsiders. Among children living with heterosexual-couple parents, donor conception is often presented as a significant issue that can unsettle family dynamics and lead to a search for the donor or donor siblings.
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McCracken, Peggy. "Mothers in the Grail Quest: Desire, Pleasure, and Conception." Arthuriana 8, no. 1 (1998): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/art.1998.0063.
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Keddem, Shimrit, Rosemary Frasso, Melissa Dichter, and Alexandra Hanlon. "The Association Between Pregnancy Intention and Breastfeeding." Journal of Human Lactation 34, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334417725032.
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Background: Although breastfeeding is associated with proven benefits to both mother and child, there are many factors that influence a mother’s decision to breastfeed. Pregnancy intentionality at the time of conception is associated with postpartum maternal behavior including breastfeeding. Research aim: We sought to understand how maternal and paternal pregnancy intentions were associated with breastfeeding initiation and duration in a nationally representative sample. Methods: We used a cross-sectional, retrospective study of the CDC National Survey of Family Growth data to examine the link between pregnancy intentionality and breastfeeding initiation and duration among women ages 15 to 44 years. Results: We found that whereas the mother’s intention to have a child was a factor in how long she breastfed, the paternal intention to have a child predicted whether the mother breastfed at all. Additionally, Hispanic mothers were most likely to breastfeed and breastfed the longest of any other group. Age and education were also positive predictors of ever breastfeeding. Conclusion: Understanding the father’s and mother’s attitudes toward the pregnancy and influence on breastfeeding intention is important for intervention planning.
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Muruganandam, Partheeban, Deepa Shanmugam, and Niranjjan Ramachandran. "Does the Mode of Conception Influence Early Postpartum Depression? A Prospective Comparative Study from South India." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 42, no. 6 (July 20, 2020): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0253717620928439.
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Background: Besides infertility, the treatment associated with it is potentially related to psychological stress to mothers. This study was conducted to know whether the mode of conception has any association with early postpartum depression. Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted on postnatal mothers at a tertiary care hospital from January to June 2019. The study participants were divided into two groups: postnatal mothers who delivered following spontaneous conception and assisted conception. Basic sociodemographic and obstetric details were collected. Postnatal depression assessment was done at the end of first and sixth week after delivery on all the mothers by using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) Results: In total, 110 subjects (55 in each group) were included in the study. The primary outcome measured was the presence of postpartum depression (EPDS score ≥10). The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 29 ± 6.4 years. The sociodemographic profiles of the two groups were comparable except for mean age, mode of delivery, socioeconomic status, prepregnancy body mass index —the group differences in these variables were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference in the EPDS scores at one week or six weeks of postpartum among the two groups. Comparison of EPDS score among the two groups by Fisher’s exact test showed that those mothers with a past history of depression were more likely to have postpartum depression immediately after delivery. Conclusion: Mode of conception was not associated with an increase in postpartum depression among women who underwent infertility treatment.
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Magdalena, Hankus, Kazek Beata, Paprocka Justyna, Kapinos-Gorczyca Agnieszka, Magdalena Szczepara-Fabian, Agata Buczek, and Emich-Widera Ewa. "Preconception Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder—A Pilot Study." Brain Sciences 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050293.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of multifactorial etiology. Preconception risk factors are still poorly understood. A survey on preconception risk factors for ASD was conducted among parents of 121 ASD patients aged 3–12 years and parents of 100 healthy children aged 3–12 years. The exclusion criteria were as follows: the presence of associated problems such as intellectual disability, epilepsy or other genetic and neurological diseases. Thirteen parameters were considered, a few among which were conception problems, conception with assisted reproductive techniques, the use and duration of oral contraception, the number of previous pregnancies and miscarriages, time since the previous pregnancy (in months), the history of mental illness in the family (including ASD), other chronic diseases in the mother or father and maternal and paternal treatment in specialist outpatient clinics. Three factors statistically significantly increased the risk of developing ASD: mental illness in the mother/mother’s family (35.54% vs. 16.0%, p = 0.0002), maternal thyroid disease (16.67% vs. 5.0%, p = 0.009) and maternal oral contraception (46.28% vs. 29.0%, p = 0.01). Children of mothers with thyroid disorders or with mental illness in relatives should be closely monitored for ASD. Further studies are warranted to assess a potential effect of oral contraception on the development of offspring.
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Alldred, Pam. "“How Come I Fell Pregnant?”: Young Mothers' Narratives of Conception." International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 16, no. 2 (January 2011): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2011.9748052.
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MacCallum, F., and S. Golombok. "Embryo donation families: mothers' decisions regarding disclosure of donor conception." Human Reproduction 22, no. 11 (September 27, 2007): 2888–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dem272.
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Schmidt, Amalie Bøggild, Marie Lund, Giulia Corn, Nina Øyen, Jan Wohlfahrt, and Mads Melbye. "Oral corticosteroids during pregnancy and offspring risk of congenital heart defects: a nationwide cohort study." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 2 (October 19, 2019): 638–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz213.
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Abstract Background Pre-pregnancy diabetes is a strong risk factor for congenital heart defects (CHDs), suggesting a role for glucose in the causal pathway. Oral corticosteroids may cause hyperglycemia and maternal use could affect embryonic heart development. The objective of this study was to determine the association between maternal intake of oral corticosteroids 0–8 weeks after conception and CHDs in offspring. Methods A register-based nationwide prevalence study including all live singleton births in Denmark, 1996–2016, was conducted. In total, 1 194 687 individuals and their mothers were identified and linked with information on offspring CHDs and the mothers’ use of oral corticosteroids in early pregnancy. Corticosteroid use was defined as a filled prescription for maternal use of oral corticosteroid 0–8 weeks after conception. CHDs were identified through International Classification of Diseases codes. The association was estimated by prevalence (odds) ratios using logistic regression and propensity score-matched analyses. Results Among 1 194 687 live births, 2032 had a mother who had used oral corticosteroids 0–8 weeks from conception. Of these offspring, 32 had a heart defect. Among the offspring of never-users of oral corticosteroids, 10 534 had a heart defect. The adjusted prevalence ratio was 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 0.90–1.84) comparing offspring prevalence of heart defects in oral corticosteroid users with that in oral corticosteroid never-users. Propensity score-matched analysis yielded similar results (prevalence ratio 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.95–2.02). Conclusions This study supports that there is no association between maternal use of oral corticosteroids in the first 8 weeks after conception and CHDs.
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Carpenter, Brittany L., Tanaka K. Remba, Stacey L. Thomas, Zachary Madaj, Lucy Brink, Rochelle L. Tiedemann, Hein J. Odendaal, and Peter A. Jones. "Oocyte age and preconceptual alcohol use are highly correlated with epigenetic imprinting of a noncoding RNA (nc886)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 12 (March 15, 2021): e2026580118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026580118.
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Genomic imprinting occurs before fertilization, impacts every cell of the developing child, and may be sensitive to environmental perturbations. The noncoding RNA, nc886 (also called VTRNA2-1) is the only known example of the ∼100 human genes imprinted by DNA methylation, that shows polymorphic imprinting in the population. The nc886 gene is part of an ∼1.6-kb differentially methylated region (DMR) that is methylated in the oocyte and silenced on the maternal allele in about 75% of humans worldwide. Here, we show that the presence or absence of imprinting at the nc886 DMR in an individual is consistent across different tissues, confirming that the imprint is established before cellular differentiation and is maintained into adulthood. We investigated the relationships between the frequency of imprinting in newborns and maternal age, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking before conception in more than 1,100 mother/child pairs from South Africa. The probability of imprinting in newborns was increased in older mothers and decreased in mothers who drank alcohol before conception. On the other hand, cigarette smoking had no apparent relationship with the frequency of imprinting. These data show an epigenetic change during oocyte maturation which is potentially subject to environmental influence. Much focus has been placed on avoiding alcohol consumption during pregnancy, but our data suggest that drinking before conception may affect the epigenome of the newborn.
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Murphy, Michelle M., John M. Scott, Victoria Arija, Anne M. Molloy, and Joan D. Fernandez-Ballart. "Maternal Homocysteine before Conception and throughout Pregnancy Predicts Fetal Homocysteine and Birth Weight." Clinical Chemistry 50, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.032904.
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Abstract Background: Increased homocysteine has been associated with pregnancy complications. Methods: We investigated prospectively the effect of maternal homocysteine on normal pregnancy outcome. The study included 93 women and their offspring; 39 of the women took folic acid during the second and/or third trimesters of pregnancy. We measured homocysteine at preconception; at weeks 8, 20, and 32 of pregnancy; during labor; and in the fetal cord; we also recorded birth weight. Results: Geometric mean (SE) maternal total homocysteine (tHcy) increased between 32 weeks of pregnancy and labor [7.98 (1.05) μmol/L in unsupplemented women and 6.26 (1.07) μmol/L in supplemented women; P <0.0001 for both]. Fetal tHcy was lower than maternal tHcy [6.39 (1.06) μmol/L in unsupplemented pregnancies (P <0.0001), and 5.18 (1.06) μmol/L in supplemented pregnancies (P <0.05)]. Maternal tHcy was correlated from preconception throughout pregnancy (8 weeks, r = 0.708; 20 weeks, r = 0.637; 32 weeks, r = 0.537; labor, r = 0.502; P <0.0001 for all time points) and with fetal tHcy [preconception, r = 0.255 (P <0.05); 8 weeks, r = 0.321 (P <0.01); 20 weeks, r = 0.469; 32 weeks, r = 0.550; labor, r = 0.624 (P <0.0001)]. Mothers in the highest tHcy tertile at 8 weeks of pregnancy were three times [odds ratio, 3.26 (95% confidence interval, 1.05–10.13); P <0.05] and at labor were four times [3.65 (1.15–11.56); P <0.05] more likely to give birth to a neonate in the lowest birth weight tertile. Neonates of mothers in the highest tHcy tertile at labor weighed, on average, 227.98 g less than those of mothers in the low and medium tertiles (P = 0.014). Conclusions: Supplemented mothers had lower tHcy at labor than unsupplemented mothers, as did their neonates. Maternal and fetal tHcy was significantly correlated throughout the study. Neonates of mothers in the highest tertile of homocysteine weighed less.
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Jacobsen, Kristine Selvik, Eline Skirnisdottir Vik, and Bente Dahl. "Solo Mothers After Assisted Conception and Their Experiences with Postnatal Care." Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare Volume 13 (January 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s229807.
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Yasakov, D. S., S. G. Makarova, A. P. Fisenko, O. B. Ladodo, and T. R. Chumbadze. "First thousand days of life and vegetarian diets." Medical alphabet, no. 21 (September 26, 2021): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2021-21-33-37.
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The first thousand days of a child's life have important role in their future health. The adequacy of nutrition during this period critically affects the growth of the child, the development of his functional abilities, the full formation of all body systems. A well-planned mother's diet is important during pre-conception, during pregnancy and lactation. The choice of a vegetarian or vegan diet often occurs even in the pre-conception period, and at the onset of pregnancy, vegetarian women most often do not change their type of diet. Due to the risk of a number of nutrient deficiencies, the use of plant-based diets during pregnancy and lactation requires high awareness of mothers regarding diet planning, as well as special attention from pediatricians and nutritionists due to the increased nutritional risks.
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Lang, Kevin, and Russell Weinstein. "The Consequences of Teenage Childbearing before Roe v. Wade." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 169–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20130482.
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Using five cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth, we estimate the effect of teen motherhood on education, labor market, and marriage outcomes for teens conceiving from 1940 through 1968. Effects vary by marital status at conception, socioeconomic background, and year. Effects on teens married at conception were limited. However, teen mothers conceiving premaritally obtained less education and had a weaker marriage market. Teen mothers of the 1940s–1950s, affected by subsequent economic and social changes, were disadvantaged in the labor market of the 1970s. In the 1960s, teens for whom motherhood would be costly increasingly avoided pregnancy. (JEL I21, J13, J16, J23, J24, N32)
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Rodrigo, Natassia, Hui Chen, Carol Pollock, and Sarah Glastras. "Pre-Conception Weight Loss Improves Reproductive, Metabolic and Kidney Health in Obese Mice and Their Offspring." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A322—A323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.658.
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Abstract Background and Aims: An alarming 40% of women of reproductive age have obesity and during pregnancy obesity adversely impacts metabolic health in mothers and offspring. Maternal complications include diabetes, preeclampsia and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our previous work showed that offspring have increased risks of obesity, diabetes, and CKD. While pre-pregnancy weight optimisation is advocated, evidence of benefits for mother and offspring are lacking. We aimed to determine if weight loss prior to pregnancy, either with diet modification or liraglutide, improves maternal and offspring metabolic outcomes, and reduces kidney complications in obese mothers and the offspring. Methods: C57BL/6 female mice were fed a high-fat-diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and compared to lean chow-fed controls. HFD-fed dams were administered liraglutide (0.3mg/kg, s.c., for 4weeks) or switched to chow, to induce pre-conception weight loss. Pregnancy rates were observed after mating. Maternal anthropometry and glucose tolerance were measured before and after intervention, and at late gestation. Pregnant dams were either culled at gestational day 18–20 with blood and kidney harvested, or allowed to deliver their offspring. Offspring anthropometry, and glucose tolerance were assessed at postnatal week 12 after either HFD or chow feeding. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blotting and RT-PCR were used to measure kidney metabolic (FAS, SREBP) and inflammatory markers (CD-68,TGF-b). Results: HFD-fed dams had reduced glucose tolerance compared to chow-fed dams (p<0.0001), and higher expression of renal metabolic and inflammatory markers in late gestation (eg FAS <0.05, TGFb <0.05). Intervention with liraglutide or diet lowered body weight, improving glucose tolerance (both p<0.001), and fecundity. Markers of kidney damage, namely albuminuria and fibronectin (by RT-PCR and IHC) were reduced (both p<0.05). Liraglutide treated mice exhibited greater gestational weight gain than mice switched to chow (P<0.001). Markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were significantly lower in obese mice with preconception weight loss via diet compared to liraglutide (eg. MnSOD, PGC1α p<0.05). The offspring of obese mothers with pre-conception weight loss had lower body weight (p<0.001) and improved glucose tolerance (p<0.01). Kidney metabolic and inflammatory markers (MCP-1, FAS, SREBP, CD68) were significantly altered in HFD-fed offspring of obese mothers administered liraglutide pre pregnancy (p<0.05). Conclusions: Preconception weight loss improves fertility, weight and metabolic outcomes in mothers and the offspring, with benefits on reproduction, metabolic health, and chronic kidney disease risk. Therefore, obese women should be targeted for pre-conception weight loss to improve intergenerational metabolic health.
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Acharyya, Kakoli, and Saugata Acharyya. "Influence of maternal age and mode of conception on infant feeding attitudes of the mothers and its impact on breastfeeding practices: a hospital based cross sectional study." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 8, no. 9 (August 23, 2021): 1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20213320.
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Background: Despite multiple proven benefits of exclusive breastfeeding, its practice remains elusive.The aim of this study was to detect the influence of maternal age and mode of conception on breastfeeding practices. Questionnaire based observational study performed in the out-patient department of the Calcutta medical research institute, India.Methods: Cross sectional survey of maternal knowledge and attitude about breastfeeding, using the translated version of the Iowa infant feeding attitude scale and to analyze their breastfeeding practice.Results: A total 100 naturally conceived non-elderly (<35 years) mothers had significantly more (p<0.0001) mean IIFAS score in comparison to both groups of elderly (>35 years) counterparts [46 naturally conceived (NC) and 56 artificially conceived (ART)]. This difference is statistically insignificant when comparing the two groups of elderly mothers (NC and ART). While the approaches of majority of mothers were neutral towards breastfeeding, only a handful of them were exclusively breastfeeding at 6 months.Conclusions: Elderly mothers have significantly less positive approach towards breastfeeding that do not depend on mode of conception.
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Agabu, Andrew, Andrew L. Baughman, Christa Fischer-Walker, Michael de Klerk, Nicholus Mutenda, Francina Rusberg, Dorothea Diergaardt, et al. "National-level effectiveness of ART to prevent early mother to child transmission of HIV in Namibia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): e0233341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233341.
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Background Namibia introduced the prevention of mother to child HIV transmission (MTCT) program in 2002 and lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for pregnant women (option B-plus) in 2013. We sought to quantify MTCT measured at 4–12 weeks post-delivery. Methods During Aug 2014-Feb 2015, we recruited a nationally representative sample of 1040 pairs of mother and infant aged 4–12 weeks at routine immunizations in 60 public health clinics using two stage sampling approach. Of these, 864 HIV exposed infants had DNA-PCR HIV test results available. We defined an HIV exposed infant if born to an HIV-positive mother with documented status or diagnosed at enrollment using rapid HIV tests. Dried Blood Spots samples from HIV exposed infants were tested for HIV. Interview data and laboratory results were collected on smartphones and uploaded to a central database. We measured MTCT prevalence at 4–12 weeks post-delivery and evaluated associations between infant HIV infection and maternal and infant characteristics including maternal treatment and infant prophylaxis. All statistical analyses accounted for the survey design. Results Based on the 864 HIV exposed infants with test results available, nationally weighted early MTCT measured at 4–12 weeks post-delivery was 1.74% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00%-3.01%). Overall, 62% of mothers started ART pre-conception, 33.6% during pregnancy, 1.2% post-delivery and 3.2% never received ART. Mothers who started ART before pregnancy and during pregnancy had low MTCT prevalence, 0.78% (95% CI: 0.31%-1.96%) and 0.98% (95% CI: 0.33%-2.91%), respectively. MTCT rose to 4.13% (95% CI: 0.54%-25.68%) when the mother started ART after delivery and to 11.62% (95% CI: 4.07%-28.96%) when she never received ART. The lowest MTCT of 0.76% (95% CI: 0.36% - 1.61%) was achieved when mother received ART and ARV prophylaxis within 72hrs for infant and highest 22.32% (95%CI: 2.78% -74.25%) when neither mother nor infant received ARVs. After adjusting for mother’s age, maternal ART (Prevalence Ratio (PR) = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.03–0.29) and infant ARV prophylaxis (PR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.10–0.998) remained strong predictors of HIV transmission. Conclusion As of 2015, Namibia achieved MTCT of 1.74%, measured at 4–12 weeks post-delivery. Women already on ART pre-conception had the lowest prevalence of MTCT emphasizing the importance of early HIV diagnosis and treatment initiation before pregnancy. Studies are needed to measure MTCT and maternal HIV seroconversion during breastfeeding.
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Cameron, Elissa Z., and Wayne L. Linklater. "Extreme sex ratio variation in relation to change in condition around conception." Biology Letters 3, no. 4 (April 17, 2007): 395–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0089.
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Adaptive theory predicts that mothers would be advantaged by adjusting the sex ratio of their offspring in relation to their offspring's future reproductive success. Studies investigating sex ratio variation in mammals have produced notoriously inconsistent results, although recent studies suggest more consistency if sex ratio variation is related to maternal condition at conception, potentially mediated by changes in circulating glucose level. Consequently, we hypothesized that change in condition might better predict sex ratio variation than condition per se . Here, we investigate sex ratio variation in feral horses ( Equus caballus ), where sex ratio variation was previously shown to be related to maternal condition at conception. We used condition measures before and after conception to measure the change in condition around conception in individual mothers. The relationship with sex ratio was substantially more extreme than previously reported: 3% of females losing condition gave birth to a son, whereas 80% of those females that were gaining condition gave birth to a son. Change in condition is more predictive of sex ratio than actual condition, supporting previous studies, and shows the most extreme variation in mammals ever reported.
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Aniji, C. D., Olakunle A. Towobola, Muhammad Ehsanul Hoque, T. J. Mashamba, and Sam Monokoane. "Impact of antiretroviral therapy on pregnancy outcomes." Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 14, no. 4 (November 22, 2013): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v14i4.53.
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Background.The majority of HIV-positive women in South Africa are of reproductive age, and pregnancies among women using antiretroviral therapy (ART) are common. However, there are mixed data regarding the impact of ART on pregnancy outcomes.Objective. To examine the impact of ART on pregnancy outcome according to the timing of initiation of treatment.Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among women delivering at a tertiary hospital from 1 October 2008 to 31 March 2009.Results. A total of 245 mothers were receiving ART: 76 mothers (31%) started ART pre-conception and 169 mothers (69%) started ART after the first trimester. No significant differences were observed in the rates of preterm delivery and low birth weight (LBW) between the pre- and post-conception groups (21% v. 24% and 21% v. 25%, respectively).Conclusion. In this cohort of women receiving ART in pregnancy, timing of ART initiation did not have any adverse effect on the measured pregnancy outcomes such as preterm delivery and LBW.
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Provenzi, Livio, Serena Grumi, Roberto Giorda, Giacomo Biasucci, Renza Bonini, Anna Cavallini, Lidia Decembrino, et al. "Measuring the Outcomes of Maternal COVID-19-related Prenatal Exposure (MOM-COPE): study protocol for a multicentric longitudinal project." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e044585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044585.
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IntroductionCOVID-19 is a highly infectious respiratory disease that rapidly emerged as an unprecedented epidemic in Europe, with a primary hotspot in Northern Italy during the first months of 2020. Its high infection rate and rapid spread contribute to set the risk for relevant psychological stress in citizens. In this context, mother–infant health is at risk not only because of potential direct exposure to the virus but also due to high levels of stress experienced by mothers from conception to delivery. Prenatal stress exposure associates with less-than-optimal child developmental outcomes, and specific epigenetic mechanisms (eg, DNA methylation) may play a critical role in mediating this programming association.Methods and analysisWe present the methodological protocol for a longitudinal, multicentric study on the behavioural and epigenetic effects of COVID-19-related prenatal stress in a cohort of mother–infant dyads in Northern Italy. The dyads will be enrolled at 10 facilities in Northern Italy. Saliva samples will be collected at birth to assess the methylation status of specific genes linked with stress regulation in mothers and newborns. Mothers will provide retrospective data on COVID-19-related stress during pregnancy. At 3, 6 and 12 months, mothers will provide data on child behavioural and socioemotional outcomes, their own psychological status (stress, depressive and anxious symptoms) and coping strategies. At 12 months, infants and mothers will be videotaped during semistructured interaction to assess maternal sensitivity and infant’s relational functioning.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Ethics Committee (Pavia). Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international scientific conferences.Trial registration numberNCT04540029; Pre-results.
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Arul, A. S., A. S. Babu Kandha Kumar, K. Kiruthiga, M. Kanaga Priya, and S. A. Neveythaa. "Spectrum of Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Infants Born to Diabetic Mother in a Tertiary Care Center." Indian Journal of Cardiovascular Disease in Women WINCARS 04, no. 03 (August 2019): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697074.
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Abstract Background Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common medical problems among pregnant women. Now, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing and amounts to 17% in Asian women but only in 4% of American and European women. In southern India, the prevalence of GDM is 17% in urban women, 13.8% in semiurban, and 9.8% in rural women. Aim The aim of the study is to find the cardiovascular abnormalities in infants born to a diabetic mother (IDM) and the association between infant’s heart lesion and diabetes mellitus in pregnant mother in a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods All babies born to both pregestational and gestational diabetic mother were included. Information regarding maternal type of diabetes, treatment regimen, maternal glycemic control status, antenatal ultrasonogram, baby’s sex, birth weight, gestational age, and clinical features were collected. Echocardiogram was done for all the babies. Results Out of the 100 IDM, 28 babies had cardiac disease, 5 babies had cyanotic heart disease, and 23 babies had acyanotic heart disease. Out of 100 diabetic mothers, 66 were on meal plan, 21 were on oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA) metformin, and 13 were on insulin therapy. Among 66 babies whose mother was on the meal plan, 8 had cardiac abnormality. Among the 21 mothers on OHA, 7 babies had cardiac abnormality and all the 13 babies of mothers who were on insulin had cardiac abnormality which was a significant finding among the IDM. Conclusion Maternal diabetes is a significant risk factor for heart disease in the newborn. Careful evaluation and early diagnosis of heart diseases in this high-risk group is of great value. Both pregestational and gestational diabetic mothers should monitor their blood sugar and maintain it in a normal range at the time of conception and early in pregnancy to reduce the risk of congenital heart disease in IDM.
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Grant, Valerie J., and Lawrence W. Chamley. "Can mammalian mothers influence the sex of their offspring peri-conceptually?" REPRODUCTION 140, no. 3 (September 2010): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-10-0137.
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Although controversial, growing evidence from evolutionary biology suggests that the mammalian mother may have a role in influencing the sex of her offspring. However, there is competing information on the molecular mechanisms by which such influence could be manifested. The new initiatives are based on hypotheses from evolutionary biology: the ‘good condition’ hypothesis, which suggests that post conception, higher levels of maternal glucose may differentially promote the development of male embryos; and the ‘maternal dominance’ hypothesis, which proposes that before conception, higher follicular testosterone may influence the development of the ovum so that it emerges already adapted to receive an X- or a Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoon. Now, it seems these hypothesised mechanisms could be operating in synchrony, each complementing and reinforcing the other. On the other hand, there are continuing problems in identifying a precise sequence of mechanisms as evidenced from research in sperm-sorting. Research on high-fat diets and the sex ratio in polytocous species may indicate important differences in proximate mechanisms for sex allocation between polytocous and monotocous mammals.
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Russell, Vanessa, Sarah M. Nikkel, and Michelle G. K. Ward. "Microarray results as an indicator of sexual abuse." Paediatrics & Child Health 25, no. 3 (April 10, 2019): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxz034.
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Abstract This case report illustrates the unexpected identification of intrafamilial sexual abuse of a young mother through genetic testing of her child. The child’s genome was found to have a relatively common chromosomal condition with congruent clinical manifestations, but the microarray also suggested a close biological relationship between the parents because of a high degree of homozygosity. This prompted a child protection investigation as the mother had been a minor at the time of conception, and intrafamilial sexual abuse was confirmed. Both the intended and unintended results of microarray should be considered with respect to the health and social context of the child and their biological parents. This becomes particularly important for young mothers and raises protection concerns when significant amounts of homozygosity (consanguinity) are detected.
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Rains, Robert E. "Jacob v Shultz-Jacob, 923 A 2d 473, 2007 Pa Super Lexis 957 (Pa Super 2007)." Denning Law Journal 20, no. 1 (November 23, 2012): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v20i1.332.
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THREE PARENTS?United States Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia once famously opined that, “. . . law, like nature itself, makes no provision for dual fatherhood.” Of course, we know that many children today are being raised in households where their primary paternal figure is a stepfather, and their natural father, who is their legal father, may or may not exercise some quantum of visitation/access.2 Moreover, many American jurisdictions today allow same-sex couples to adopt, so that a child has either two mothers or two fathers.3 But the situation which Justice Scalia was addressing involved a child whose mother was married at the time of conception, who apparently was the product of her mother’s affair with another man, and where the mother’s husband had forgiven all and accepted the child as his own.4 Justice Scalia could not imagine that the law, or nature, would permit a child to have three parents, in that case a mother and two fathers. Indeed, in the typical same-sex adoption case, either there is no known father because one of the lesbian partners was inseminated by an anonymous donor,5 or a known donor has agreed to terminate his parental rights.6 In either of those scenarios, a child ends up with the normal number of parents: two.
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Ntani, G., P. F. Day, J. Baird, K. M. Godfrey, S. M. Robinson, C. Cooper, and H. M. Inskip. "Maternal and early life factors of tooth emergence patterns and number of teeth at 1 and 2 years of age." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 6, no. 4 (May 4, 2015): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174415001130.
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Various environmental factors have been associated with the timing of eruption of primary dentition, but the evidence to date comes from small studies with limited information on potential risk factors. We aimed to investigate associations between tooth emergence patterns and pre-conception, pregnancy and postnatal influences. Dentition patterns were recorded at ages 1 and 2 years in 2915 children born to women in the Southampton Women’s Survey from whom information had been collected on maternal factors before conception and during pregnancy. In mutually adjusted regression models we found that: children were more dentally advanced at ages 1 and 2 years if their mothers had smoked during pregnancy or they were longer at birth; mothers of children whose dental development was advanced at age 2 years tended to have poorer socioeconomic circumstances, and to have reported a slower walking speed pre-pregnancy; and children of mothers of Asian ethnicity had later tooth development than those of white mothers. The findings add to the evidence of environmental impacts on the timing of the eruption of primary dentition in indicating that maternal smoking during pregnancy, socio-economic status and physical activity (assessed by reported walking speed) may influence the child’s primary dentition. Early life factors, including size at birth are also associated with dentition patterns, as is maternal ethnicity.
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Zambrano, Elena, Luis A. Reyes-Castro, Guadalupe L. Rodríguez-González, Roberto Chavira, and Peter W. Nathanielsz. "Aging Endocrine and Metabolic Phenotypes Are Programmed by Mother’s Age at Conception in a Sex-Dependent Fashion in the Rat." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 75, no. 12 (March 10, 2020): 2304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa067.
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Abstract Programming of offspring life-course health by maternal nutrition and stress are well studied. At postnatal day 850, we evaluated male and female steroid levels and metabolism in aged offspring of primigravid sister rats bred at 70, 90, 150, or 300 days’ life. At 850 days life, male offspring corticosterone was similar regardless of maternal age. Female corticosterone was highest in offspring of 70- and 300-day mothers. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone:corticosterone was lowest in both sexes of offspring of 70- and 300-day mothers. Male and female fat depots were smaller in offspring of 150- than 70- and 90-day mothers. Insulin, glucose, and homeostatic model assessment were similar in all male offspring but higher in female offspring of 70-day mothers than other ages. We conclude, maternal age affects offspring aging in an offspring sex-dependent manner and merits consideration in designing and interpreting programming studies.
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Yunzal‐Butler, Cristina, Judith Sackoff, and Sanders Korenman. "Longitudinal Patterns of School Disengagement before Conception among New York City Teen Mothers." Journal of School Health 90, no. 5 (May 2020): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12886.
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Cortizo, Rosita. "Prenatal and Perinatal EMDR Therapy: Early Family Intervention." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 14, no. 2 (March 3, 2020): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/emdr-d-19-00046.
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This article discusses the integration of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy with a family therapy treatment, which was designed for treating mothers and their babies from conception through the first year of life. The Calming Womb Family Therapy Model (CWFTM) is a multidisciplinary, Integrative, early intervention approach. Its foundations originate from Murray Bowen's family model of understanding the individual in the context of their families as emotional interactive systems; Selma Fraiberg's psychodynamic work and psychoeducational interventions with mothers and infants to resolve maternal trauma and transference reactions to their babies followed by educational guidance in infant development through the first year of their lives; and EMDR therapy. EMDR therapy can improve internal resources for expectant mothers; monitor their levels of psychological distress; and enable them to access and process traumatic memories, other adverse life experiences, recent stressors, and pre-perinatal concerns and bring them to adaptive resolution. EMDR therapy can also help pregnant mothers develop imaginal templates of future events that incorporate in utero developmental prenatal education and deepen their bonds with their babies. The pre-perinatal psychotherapist's knowledge of infant development and capacity for interpersonal warmth, affect tolerance, somatic resourcing, reflective stance, and relational attunement can provide a fertile ground for the expectant mother and womb baby relationship and enriching life together. The ultimate goal is to conceive and rear healthy children.
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Satriani G, Satriani G., and Abbas Mahmud. "Teknik Relaksasi dengan Alat Musik Tradisional Mandar Menurunkan Skala Nyeri pada Ibu Bersalin Kala I Fase Aktif." Jurnal Kebidanan Malakbi 1, no. 2 (August 20, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33490/b.v1i2.208.
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The direct causes of maternal mortality rate are bleeding, eclampsia, abortion, infection, and prolonged labor. Maternal mortality rate can be minimized by safe, clean help, and prevent complications. Labor is a process that begins with uterine contractions causing progressive dilation of the cervix, birth of a baby, and labor of placenta and it is a natural process. This study aims to see the effectiveness of instrumental music relaxation techniques using traditional musical instruments on the labor process of inpartu mothers when phase I was active at Community Health Center in Tampa Padang, Mamuju. This study is an experimental study with a pre-experimental conception and use one group pretest-posttest conception with the population of maternal mothers at Tampa Padang Community Health Centre. The samples are pregnant women who entered the delivery room with inpartu diagnosis of the first stage/phase is active or the opening stage. The sampling technique was consecutive sampling which could be done by 31 people. The data then being analyzed with univariable analysis and bivariable analysis using the Wilcoxon Test with a significance level of 0.05 to see the interface relationship with the decrease in pain scale. The results showed a relationship in reducing pain scale of mothers who were given musical intervention with Mandar traditional musical instruments where p = 0.000. The conclusion of this study shows that by applying instrumental music relaxation techniques with traditional Mandar musical instruments, mothers can adjust to pain during labor so that it can reduce the pain scale in mothers in labor when phase 1 is active.
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Panda, Santosh Kumar, Kalpita Sahoo, Pratap Kumar Jena, and Avantika Dhanawat. "Availability of Breast Milk for Preterm Neonates by Gestational Age during NICU Stay." Journal of Child Science 11, no. 01 (January 2021): e227-e232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1735534.
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AbstractThe objective of this study was to explore the availability of expressed breast milk (EBM) volume for the premature neonates born from mothers in different gestational age groups during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay. All preterm infants (extreme-preterm infant [EPTI, <28 weeks], very-preterm infant [VPTI, 28–316/7 weeks], and moderate-preterm infant [MPTI, 32–336/7 weeks]) and their mothers were included in the study. Infants not receiving mother's own milk and neonates deceased or discharged against medical advice, and the mother with illness during postpartum period were excluded from the study. A predesigned tool was used to collect information on maternal characteristics, neonatal characteristics, and milk diary for preterm neonates from the NICU case records. The primary outcome variable EBM volume available on day 7 was compared across three gestational groups. Logistic regression was used to predict EBM availability. A total of 78 preterm neonates, including 10 EPTI, 37 VPTI, and 31 MPTI, had average birth weight of 962.5 ± 228.25, 1,185.1 ± 183.14, and 1,293.2 ± 182.92 g, respectively. Receipt of exclusive breast milk among EPTI, VPTI, and MPTI was 80, 94, and 83.8%, respectively. Maternal characteristics were similar except for the mode of conception (p = 0.001), mode of delivery (p = 0.04), and antenatal steroid exposure (p = 0.02) among three gestational categories. The median (Q1–Q3) volume of EBM on day 7 were 160 (136.3–202.5), 150 (140–187.5), and 160 (150–220) mL for EPTI, VPTI, and MPTI neonates, respectively, without any statistical significance. Regression analysis suggests no effect of gestational age on EBM availability. The feasibility of mother's own milk use for extremely preterm neonates is similar to higher gestational preterm neonates.
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Ravi, Preethi, Lakshmi Shanmuga Sundaram, and Kundavi Shankar. "Interventions for gestational diabetes: impact of assisted reproduction." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 1878. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20211505.
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Background: This study was to assess whether assisted conception acts as a predictor for insulin therapy in gestational diabetes (GDM) treatment. The secondary aim of this study was to analyse the type of interventions that aided control of blood glucose. The role of ART as a risk factor that increases the risk of insulin therapy in GDM remains elusive. Many studies have established the increased association of GDM with ART conceptions. Factors like advanced maternal age, polycystic ovarian syndrome or obesity that increase GDM risk also contribute to subfertility. Increased level of Hb A1C, elevated FBS values are considered as risk factors for antenatal insulin therapy in women with GDM. This study was to assess if assisted reproduction is an independent variable associated with insulin therapy.Methods: In this retrospective study, GDM was diagnosed by fasting blood sugar and 2 hours postprandial or 75 gms OGTT based on IADPSG criteria with FBS >90, 2hr >140. Among the 121 GDM mothers, 42 women were ART conceptions and 79 were spontaneous conceptions. The entire study population (121) was divided into 3 groups based on the treatment required. Diet and lifestyle modifications only, diet and life style modifications with OHA and OHA with or without insulin therapy. The demographic, clinical, biochemical data were compared between groups. Details were obtained from case notes and entered in an excel sheet and SSPS software was used for statistical analysis. Inclusion criteria was all GDM pregnancies in the study period (4 years; January 2014 to December 2017) for whom case notes were available. Exclusion criteria was women with diabetes prior to pregnancy, those who moved elsewhere for delivery and multiple gestations.Results: There was no difference in the insulin requirement between ART conception and spontaneous conceptions. Out of 121 women, 34 women (28%) required diet and life style management, 38 women required OHA (31%), 49 women required insulin (40%). 73% of women who were managed with diet were spontaneous conceptions. Preterm labor was the commonest complication encountered (17%). ART women had more number of perinatal complications, in all treatment groups.Conclusions: ART was not a predictor for insulin therapy in this study group. The largest group of intervention for GDM was with insulin, 40%. Perinatal complications were seen more in ART mothers with GDM compared with spontaneous conceptions. Spontaneous conceptions women had more percentage of management with diet and life style modifications.
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Jensen, Bente Møller, Claus Kühl, Lars Mølsted-Pedersen, Nina Saurbrey, and Jan Fog-Pedersen. "Preconceptional treatment with insulin infusion pumps in insulin-dependent diabetic women with particular reference to prevention of congenital malformations." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 3_Suppl (August 1986): S81—S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.111s0081.
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Abstract. Severe congenital malformations occur more often in infants of diabetic mothers than in infants of non-diabetic mothers. Fetuses exhibiting early fetal growth delay are in increased risk to be malformed and the early fetal growth rate seems to be related to the degree of metabolic control around the time of conception and in the early pregnancy. Nine insulin-dependent diabetic women (White classes B–F) were treated by means of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) initiated at least two months prior to conception and continued throughout pregnancy in order to evaluate the influence of optimized metabolic control on the course and outcome of diabetic pregnancy. Eleven conventionally treated pregnant diabetics (White classes B–D) served as controls. In the pump group the mean blood glucose values in the 4 weeks immediately before and after the conception were 7.7 ± 0.2 mmol/l and 8.0 ± 0.3 mmol/l, respectively, the HbA1c was 7.3 ± 0.5% at the time of conception and 6.9 ± 0.2% 6–10 weeks later. In the control group the HbA1c 6–10 weeks after conception was 7.2 ± 0.5%. In the pump group two fetuses exhibited early growth delay while all of the 11 fetuses in the control group were of normal early growth. There were no malformations in either group. All pregnancies were uncomplicated except for one case of toxaemia in the control group. Thus, during CSII treatment the metabolic control was improved in all patients. A possible beneficial effect of this improved control on the early fetal growth delay was not demonstrated. Both groups are, however, still small and definite conclusions must await further results.
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Elverud, Ingvild Skålnes, Ketil Størdal, Mercy Chiduo, and Claus Klingenberg. "Factors Influencing Growth of Children Aged 12–24 Months in the Tanga Region, Tanzania." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 66, no. 2 (August 23, 2019): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmz056.
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Abstract Background The first 1000 days of life, from conception to the second birthday, offer a unique window of opportunity for optimal growth, critical for future health. The primary aim of this study was to analyze growth of children between 12 and 24 months age in Tanzanian children, and to explore possible predictors for growth. Methods Observational, cross-sectional study performed between March and April 2017. Eligible children, and their mothers, attended routine follow-up at two health clinics in Tanga, Tanzania. At the study day, the child’s weight and height were recorded. The mothers answered a structured interview regarding breastfeeding, immunization and socioeconomic conditions. Results We recruited 300 mother–child pairs. Median [interquartile range (IQR)] age at study visit was 16 (14–20) months. Mothers reported that 170 (57%) of their children were exclusively breastfed for a minimum of 6 months; median (IQR) 6 (4–6) months. Using the World Health Organization (WHO) standard growth curves, mean weight-for-age Z-score was −0.30 and mean length-for-age Z-score was −0.47. Children whose mothers had higher education had higher Z-scores for weight and length compared to children of mothers with lower education. Education remained the most important predictor for growth also after adjusting for other variables. Overall, 48/300 (16%) were moderate-severe stunted and 25/300 (8.4%) had moderate-severe underweight. Conclusion Children aged 12–24 months in this region of Tanzania had weight and height below the WHO standard. Higher educated mothers had children with better growth parameters. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding was long, but did not predict growth parameters.
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Corrice, April M., and Laraine Masters Glidden. "The Down Syndrome Advantage: Fact or Fiction?" American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 114, no. 4 (July 1, 2009): 254–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-114.4.254-268.
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Abstract The “Down syndrome advantage” is the popular conception that children with Down syndrome are easier to rear than children with other developmental disabilities. We assessed whether mothers of children with developmental disabilities would demonstrate a consistent Down syndrome advantage as their children aged from 12 to 18 years. Results did not reveal significant differences between mothers of children with Down syndrome and mothers of children with other developmental disabilities on most maternal functioning variables. Although the prior group reported a consistent advantage in terms of personal reward and subjective well-being, these diagnostic group differences disappeared when maternal age and child adaptive behavior were controlled. We concluded that these variables may help to explain the Down syndrome advantage.
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Munch, Elisabeth Lobben, Svetlana Skurtveit, Marte Handal, and Eva Skovlund. "Pre conception use of cannabis and cocaine among men with pregnant partners." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 37, no. 1 (November 16, 2019): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072519879564.
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Background: Paternal lifestyle during sperm development can have an impact on foetal development. This study surveys demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors among expectant fathers who reported use of cannabis and cocaine in the six-month period before conception. We also study the associations between mothers’ and fathers’ use of cannabis and cocaine. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) using self-reported data on demographic variables and cannabis and cocaine use six months before conception. Associations were assessed using logistic regression and chi-square tests. Results: A strong association was found between use of cannabis and cocaine and lifestyle habits such as alcohol and cigarette use. Alcohol consumption four or more times a week gave an adjusted odds ratio (a OR) of 9.7 (95% CI 7.2–13.0) for cannabis and an a OR 21.6 (95% CI 11.5–40.3) for cocaine. There was also a strong association between maternal and paternal use of cannabis and cocaine. Conclusion: Use of cannabis and cocaine close to pregnancy seems to be closely linked to other risk factors, and further studies on how paternal drug use affects the foetus are warranted. The strong association between maternal and paternal use of cannabis and cocaine may be used to inform healthcare workers to make good risk assessments.
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Hogg, Nicole. "Women's participation in the Rwandan genocide: mothers or monsters?" International Review of the Red Cross 92, no. 877 (February 11, 2010): 69–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383110000019.
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AbstractThe participation of women in the 1994 Rwandan genocide should be considered in the context of gender relations in pre-genocide Rwandan society. Many ‘ordinary’ women were involved in the genocide but, overall, committed significantly fewer acts of overt violence than men. Owing to the indirect nature of women's crimes, combined with male ‘chivalry’, women may be under-represented among those pursued for genocide-related crimes, despite the broad conception of complicity in Rwanda's Gacaca Law. Women in leadership positions played a particularly important role in the genocide, and gendered imagery, including of the ‘evil woman’ or ‘monster’, is often at play in their encounters with the law.
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Crawford, M. A., W. Doyle, A. Leaf, M. Leighfield, K. Ghebremeskel, and A. Phylactos. "Nutrition and Neurodevelopmental Disorders." Nutrition and Health 9, no. 2 (April 1993): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609300900205.
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Since the 1960s the structural requirements for the growth, development and function of the brain have become better understood due to the recognition of the prodigious energy needs for brain development and its structural requirements for lipids. The most vulnerable period of neural development is during embryonic and fetal growth. There is now both retrospective and prospective evidence that maternal nutrition prior to conception is most important to pregnancy outcome. Our studies on maternal nutrition in pregnancy again illustrate the relationship of maternal nutrition to birthweight and head circumference. In a study of 513 pregnancies we found that nutrient intakes in mothers of low birthweight babies were well below those of mothers whose babies were in the 3.5–4.5 Kg range at which morbidity is at its lowest. Nutrient intakes tracked with birthweight, independent of smoking and alcohol up to, but not above 3,270 g. The closest correlations were obtained with the diet of the mother at or about the time of conception rather than later in the pregnancy. Our studies also reveal that premature and intrauterine growth retarded babies were born with deficits of the types of essential fatty acids (arachidonic AA, docosahexaenoic DHA acids) known to be required for brain development. Deficits of brain DHA have been found experimentally to impair visual and cognitive development and also to cause haemorrhage, not unlike peri-ventricular haemorrhage in low birthweight babies, the above evidence is suggestive of a route to test the prevention and treatement of these types of membrane related disorders.
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Sun, Andrew J., Shufeng Li, Chiyuan A. Zhang, Tina K. Jensen, Rune Lindahl-Jacobsen, and Michael L. Eisenberg. "Parental comorbidity and medication use in the USA: a panel study of 785 000 live births." Human Reproduction 35, no. 3 (March 2020): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa022.
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Abstract STUDY QUESTION How prevalent is paternal medication use and comorbidity, and are rates of these rising? SUMMARY ANSWER Paternal medication use and comorbidity is common and rising, similar to trends previously described in mothers. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Maternal medication use and comorbidity has been rising for the past few decades. These trends have been linked to potential teratogenicity, maternal morbidity and mortality and poorer fetal outcomes. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is a Panel (trend) study of 785 809 live births from 2008 to 2016. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We used the IBM© Marketscan®™ database to gather data on demographic information and International Classification of Diseases codes and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) during the 12 months prior to the estimated date of conception for mothers and fathers. We similarly examined claims of prescriptions in the 3 months prior to conception. We performed companion analyses of medications used for >90 days in the 12 months prior to conception and of any medication use in the 12 months prior to conception. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We confirmed that both maternal medication use and comorbidity (e.g. hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia) rose over the study period, consistent with prior studies. We found a concurrent rise in both paternal medication use 3 months prior to conception (overall use, 31.5–34.9% during the study period; P < 0.0001) and comorbidity (CCI of ≥1 and 10.6–18.0% over study period; P < 0.0001). The most common conditions seen in the CCI were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for mothers (6.6–11.6%) and hyperlipidemia for fathers (8.6–13.7%). Similar trends for individual medication classes and specific comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia were also seen. All primary result trends were statistically significant, making the role of chance minimal. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION As this is a descriptive study, the clinical impact is uncertain and no causal associations may be made. Though the study uses a large and curated database that includes patients from across the USA, our study population is an insured population and our findings may not be generalizable. Mean parental age was seen to slightly increase over the course of the study (<1 year) and may be associated with increased comorbidity and medication use. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS As parental comorbidity and certain medication use may impact fecundability, temporal declines in parental health may impact conception, pregnancy and fetal outcomes. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) None. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A
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Panzarine, Susan, and Carolyn L. Gould. "Knowledge about Contraceptive Use and Conception among a Group of Urban, Black Adolescent Mothers." Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 17, no. 4 (July 1988): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.1988.tb00440.x.
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Wynn, Margaret, and Arthur Wynn. "Nutrition Around Conception and the Prevention of Low Birthweight." Nutrition and Health 6, no. 1 (January 1988): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010608800600104.
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About 80 per cent of perinatal deaths are associated with low birthweight. Mothers' prepregnancy weight for height is correlated with birthweight, but this is only a crude indication of the close connection between low birthweight and maternal consumption of energy, protein and a range of other nutrients before and around the time of conception. Diet influences follicular growth before ovulation and thus affects ovulatory maturation and the number and quality of ova produced. Immediately after fertilisation diet affects the rate at which ova proceed to first and subsequent cleavages and therefore the size of the subsequent fetus. Diet acts not only directly on follicular and embryonic growth but indirectly by affecting gonadotropin secretion. The endocrine system is sensitive to blood concentrations of amino acids and some vitamins and minerals. Gonadotropin secretion is also depressed by smoking, and by some drugs, poisons and diseases, which may as a result also affect birthweight.
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Merklinger-Gruchala, Anna, and Maria Kapiszewska. "The Effect of Prenatal Stress, Proxied by Marital and Paternity Status, on the Risk of Preterm Birth." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020273.
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Uncertainty and insecurity in the relationship between the mother and father of a child are responsible for heightened maternal stress, which can lead to preterm birth (PTB). Different intensities of prenatal stress (proxied by four levels of marital status linked with the presence or absence of paternal data on birth records) were defined as the Marital-Father Data index. We assessed the impact of those varying intensities of prenatal stress on PTB with respect to parity among a group of Polish mothers residing in Krakow (N = 87,916). We found a pattern across the adjusted risk ratios (RR) of preterm birth that ordered these estimates in an increasing trend towards higher risk, beginning with the group of married mothers with father data present (baseline), through the groups of legitimizing marriages—married after conception with father data present (RR = 1.1; 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) 1.0–1.2) and unmarried mothers with father data present (RR = 1.3; 95% CI 1.2–1.5) to the group of unmarried mothers with father data absent (RR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.7–2.2). The adjusted p for the linear trend between Marital-Father Data index and PTB was less than 0.001. The adjusted effect of perceived prenatal stress differed with respect to parity (confirmed by statistically significant interactions between Marital-Father Data index levels and parity), with a higher magnitude of this effect noted among multiparous versus primiparous women. Low paternal involvement and support during pregnancy may negatively affect PTB risk and this effect may differ in relation to parity status. More attention should be paid to maternal pregnancy stress, especially of multiparous mothers, to decrease the risk of unfavorable birth outcomes.
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Anwar, K. S., N. Haque, S. Ahmed, and A. Nasreen. "Awareness and Practice of Weaning : A Cross Sectional Survey Among the Mothers Attending Secondary Health Care Center in Bangladesh." Journal of Medical Science & Research 25, Number 1 (July 1, 2016): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47648/jmsr.2016.v2501.05.
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This was a description type of cross sectional study conducted among 210 rural mothers having 0-6 months child, attending the out patient department of Sirajdikhan Upazilla Heath Complex, Munshigonj. Total 210 women were selected by purposive sampling method. Data were collected through structured questionnaire by face to face interview Out of 210 respondents, majority (59.52%) was in the age group 18-27 years and only 0.48% was above 47 years. Mean age of the respondents was 26.29 years. Most of the respondents (43.33%) completed SSC and only 3.8% were uneducated. Among the respondents 83.33% were house wives. Monthly incomes of the respondents (39.05%) were more than 12000 taka. Most of the mother (80.95%) had children of age 1-3 years. Majority of mothers (77.14%) had conception about requirement of initiation of weaning at 6 months and 15.24% had at 5 months. Maximum respondents (44.76%) had given khichury, 44.29% Shuji and rest of them (10.95%) had given home made food. Mothers (78.57%) continued breast feeding with weaning. About 74.76% respondents complained of occasional vomiting with weaning. Majority (62.38%) of children had given food on time, those children who were provided complementary feeding was physically normal. Majority (57.14%) of mothers had no complained during weaning period. Registered physicians (76.19%) were the health care provider when the children were sick. Although most of the mothers started weaning at appropriate times, we cannot consider it satisfactory. As we must think about all the children and keep all of them healthy, we need to improve this rate up to 100%. Unless we achieve this level we can't achieve our goals of health for all.
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Darby, Matthew G., Alisha Chetty, Dunja Mrjden, Marion Rolot, Katherine Smith, Claire Mackowiak, Delphine Sedda, et al. "Pre-conception maternal helminth infection transfers via nursing long-lasting cellular immunity against helminths to offspring." Science Advances 5, no. 5 (May 2019): eaav3058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav3058.
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Maternal immune transfer is the most significant source of protection from early-life infection, but whether maternal transfer of immunity by nursing permanently alters offspring immunity is poorly understood. Here, we identify maternal immune imprinting of offspring nursed by mothers who had a pre-conception helminth infection. Nursing of pups by helminth-exposed mothers transferred protective cellular immunity to these offspring against helminth infection. Enhanced control of infection was not dependent on maternal antibody. Protection associated with systemic development of protective type 2 immunity in T helper 2 (TH2) impaired IL-4Rα−/− offspring. This maternally acquired immunity was maintained into maturity and required transfer (via nursing) to the offspring of maternally derived TH2-competent CD4 T cells. Our data therefore reveal that maternal exposure to a globally prevalent source of infection before pregnancy provides long-term nursing-acquired immune benefits to offspring mediated by maternally derived pathogen-experienced lymphocytes.
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Skinner, Ellen A. "The Origins of Young Children's Perceived Control: Mother Contingent and Sensitive Behavior." International Journal of Behavioral Development 9, no. 3 (September 1986): 359–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548600900307.
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The notion that caregiver sensitive and contingent behavior is closely related to children's perceived control has been proposed both by theorists interested in the effects of parent-child interactions and by those focusing on the origins of control beliefs. The present study investigated this relationship by analyzing the interactions between mothers and their 3-1/2-to 4-1/2-year-old children ( N = 120) during a problem-solving task. First, using separately derived indices of contingency, sensitive responsiveness, and sensitive initiation, a correlational analysis revealed that children's perceived control (assessed using an open-ended measure) was most closely related to mother sensitive initiation; all three mother behaviors were interrelated and correlated with child active engagement in the problem-solving task. Second, a conditional probability analysis showed that the relation between mother sensitive initiation and child engagement was reciprocal in that mother sensitive initiation increased the probability of child active engagement and child passivity increased the probability of mother low sensitive initiation. The advantages of a differentiated conception of caregiver behavior and of perceived control are discussed.