Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Conception technique – Aspect environnemental'
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Le, Pochat Stéphane. "Intégration de l'éco-conception dans les PME : proposition d'une méthode d'appropriation de savoir-fraire pour la conception environnementale des produits." Paris, ENSAM, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENAM0021.
Full textThe rising societal concerns about environmental issues result in particular in an increasing lawful pressure on the industrial world. The products from the consumer society are at the origin of the generalized phenomenon of degradation of the environment. For this reason, ecodesign represents for the companies the "natural" process to assume their role in the safeguarding of the resources and the environment. However, the european state of the art on ecodesign in the companies shows that the taking into account of the environmental constraints in the product design, although industrial reality, is still an emergent issue. Because of the volume of products they represent, and of the difficulties they have to integrate all new constraint that they do not consider strategic, SMEs must constitute a priority target for the integration of ecodesign. The problems of ecodesign integration in the companies find its origin, on the one hand in an environmental cultural gap, on the other hand in the fact that, the ecodesign tools having been developed apart from the industrial world, the organizational aspects of integration were not considered. We thus propose in this study an ecodesign integration method – the MAIECO method - allowing, through an organizational learning process, an organizational change management in the company, and aiming at the appropriation by this one of its own ecodesign approach. This method lies in particular on an original tool for environmental analysis of the products – the ATEP tool - allowing the participating members of the company to acquire the minimal basis of environmental knowledge during the analysis phase of the ecodesign process
Buhé, Catherine. "Développement d'une méthode de conception environnementale des bâtiments prenant en compte l'environnement de proximité." Chambéry, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CHAMS035.
Full textDebusschere, Vincent. "Contributions méthodologiques à l’éco-conception des convertisseurs électromagnétiques d’énergie." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00443702/fr/.
Full textMinimizing environmental impacts of human activity represent a major objective of sustainable development considering resources depletion and the limited capabilities of the environment to adapt. Devices with better environmental performance require a specific design approach integrating credible environmental criteria. It is indeed by acting at the early phase of design that it is likely to provide the maximum flexibility to minimize environmental impacts of a product (or service). This method is called eco-design. In the field of eco-design, these works are conduct on applications of electrical engineering and more specifically of electromagnetic energy converters. These components have the distinction of consuming energy during use. This particularity implies a strong connection between the operating mode of the device and its life cycle design. This thesis propose in a first part an introduction to life cycle assessment and to the basic principles of eco-design. The methodological perspectives that these considerations open in the specific field of Electrical Engineering are then described. In a second part, three Electrical Engineering cases of increasing complexity are studied : a simplified single-phase transformer, a permanent capacitor single-phase induction machine with very short operating times (real commercial product) and finally a three-phase induction machine with optimized power supply. These applications are used to emphasize the principles of eco-design and are optimized regarding three environmental criteria : the gross energy requirement, the resources depletion and the global warming potential. In fact, taking into account other environmental impacts is identical in terms of methodology. In these studies, we show that it is interesting to optimize the design of these electromagnetic converters on life cycle, when their cumulative operating time is small compared to the total time of use. The amount of operating losses is also a parameter having a significant action on the results of eco-design. The setting of these applications is also subject to various sensitivity studies in order to determine more precisely the influence of the elementary energy costs, the choice of raw materials, etc. . Finally, we introduce the definition of an energy efficiency on life cycle more appropriate to an eco-design methodology
Ben, Ayed Ramzi. "Eco-conception d’une chaine de traction ferroviaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Lille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECLI0009.
Full textWith the introduction of different environmental standards like ISO 14001, concerns of manufacturers in railway industry are more and more oriented to the design of green products. One important issue when designing such products is the control of the cost impact and the evaluation of the price which consumers agree to pay for a reduced environmental footprint.Eco-design of railway train presents several challenges for the designer. The first one is the complexity of the life cycle analysis of such components. The second challenge is the necessity of consideration of several environmental impacts in design stage given the number of impacts. Finally, railway components have different models with different granularity which can be used in the process of eco-design. To overcome these problems we propose in this work a method which involves two steps. The first one is to simplify the LCA of the railway train using environmental management software and take the opportunity to build a malleable model to calculate eleven impacts. The second step, is to aggregate these impacts for a single indicator which is considered later as environmental criterion in the eco-design process. In order to investigate optimization tools, the eco-design problem is expressed into an optimization problem. Optimization algorithms are able to solve this problem and to find the optimal set of compromises between environmental criterion and the cost of the railway product. The set of compromises is given as a graph called the Pareto front. In our work the cost is expressed by the mass of the component and some optimization algorithms have been adapted in this work to serve in the process of eco-design
Tornay, Nathalie. "Vers des outils d'aide à la conception pour intégrer les dimensions techniques, écologiques et sensibles des matériaux de construction." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0003.
Full textThe choice of materials and way of implementation is known and will be known as a significant growth in the world of architecture. Actually, changes are largely induced by technical dimension, but also representations and precepts that appear with the emergence of the concept of sustainable development in our society.Design support tools about materials scale focus on the physical dimensions (thermal, life cycle, refreshments, etc.). Our work is questioning the integration of technical, environmental and sensible dimensions in a design support tool based on reference. The referential activity is a specific approach in the initial phases of designing on a project. These phases correspond to crucial choice, which remain poorly assisted by digital tools.Our work aims to highlight the different characteristics of materials, but also their interactions. This study differs from conventional approaches of materials, which generally, constructive solutions are presented material by material. Indeed, we rely on a data structure and interdisciplinary knowledge (architecture, urbanism, landscape, aesthetic, technical, cognitive, perception approach, environmental approach, etc.).This research tends to be a first proposal for a design support tool named DILEM'MAtériaux that takes into account materials in their contribution to origin of founding ideas and definition of concept, in the initial phases of designing on a project
Vechiu, Ionel. "Modélisation et analyse de l'intégration des énergies renouvelables dans un réseau autonome." Le Havre, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00179164.
Full textIn many of the remote areas, the diesel generator is the main source of power supply. The cost of grid extension is, and will probably continue to be, prohibitive and the fuel cost increases severely with the remoteness of the location. The combination of several energy sources (wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, small hydroelectric power plants etc. ) in a Hybrid Power System (HPS) can be very attractive for most of the remote areas, in terms of cost and availability. However, improvements of the design and operation of the HPS is still needed to allow this technology more competitive in remote areas. In this context, the work presented in this thesis gives a contribution to the behaviour analysis and the performances control of an HPS constituted by two renewable sources, a diesel generator and storage batteries. This kind of system is studied according to three aspects: sizing, maximizing the use of the renewable resource and power quality
Tran, Tuan Vu. "Problèmes combinatoires et modèles multi-niveaux pour la conception optimale des machines électriques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Lille, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ECLI0011.
Full textThe design of electrical machinery has a long tradition and the business as usual approach is a tries and errors iterative process, certainly converging but necessarily stopped prematurely as too expensive. A recent upgrade has been to replace the prototypes and models by virtual prototypes, fully numerical, such as those provided by the finite element method. Nevertheless, the process stops always on a frustration, because the designer is never sure to have completely explored the design space that offers to him. The optimal design approach proposes to improve this process by guiding it, i.e. by proposing a methodology and by equiping it, i.e. by providing software tools. But in this approach many difficulties appear. Thus, the general objectives of this thesis are multiple. It is to define specific representative optimization problems of the structural choices and develop reference benchmarks of optimization: discrete, multi-physics, multidisciplinary, multi-objective and multi-level. Then, it must seek, adapt and describe the best optimization methods able to solve these problems. These methods are implemented and tested in order to prove their efficiency and adaptation. A secondary but important objective is to capitalize and disseminate the developed knowledge
Ben, Ayed Ramzi. "Eco-conception d’une chaine de traction ferroviaire." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECLI0009/document.
Full textWith the introduction of different environmental standards like ISO 14001, concerns of manufacturers in railway industry are more and more oriented to the design of green products. One important issue when designing such products is the control of the cost impact and the evaluation of the price which consumers agree to pay for a reduced environmental footprint.Eco-design of railway train presents several challenges for the designer. The first one is the complexity of the life cycle analysis of such components. The second challenge is the necessity of consideration of several environmental impacts in design stage given the number of impacts. Finally, railway components have different models with different granularity which can be used in the process of eco-design. To overcome these problems we propose in this work a method which involves two steps. The first one is to simplify the LCA of the railway train using environmental management software and take the opportunity to build a malleable model to calculate eleven impacts. The second step, is to aggregate these impacts for a single indicator which is considered later as environmental criterion in the eco-design process. In order to investigate optimization tools, the eco-design problem is expressed into an optimization problem. Optimization algorithms are able to solve this problem and to find the optimal set of compromises between environmental criterion and the cost of the railway product. The set of compromises is given as a graph called the Pareto front. In our work the cost is expressed by the mass of the component and some optimization algorithms have been adapted in this work to serve in the process of eco-design
Tornay, Nathalie. "Vers des outils d'aide à la conception pour intégrer les dimensions techniques, écologiques et sensibles des matériaux de construction." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0003/document.
Full textThe choice of materials and way of implementation is known and will be known as a significant growth in the world of architecture. Actually, changes are largely induced by technical dimension, but also representations and precepts that appear with the emergence of the concept of sustainable development in our society.Design support tools about materials scale focus on the physical dimensions (thermal, life cycle, refreshments, etc.). Our work is questioning the integration of technical, environmental and sensible dimensions in a design support tool based on reference. The referential activity is a specific approach in the initial phases of designing on a project. These phases correspond to crucial choice, which remain poorly assisted by digital tools.Our work aims to highlight the different characteristics of materials, but also their interactions. This study differs from conventional approaches of materials, which generally, constructive solutions are presented material by material. Indeed, we rely on a data structure and interdisciplinary knowledge (architecture, urbanism, landscape, aesthetic, technical, cognitive, perception approach, environmental approach, etc.).This research tends to be a first proposal for a design support tool named DILEM'MAtériaux that takes into account materials in their contribution to origin of founding ideas and definition of concept, in the initial phases of designing on a project
Ohresser-Oppenhauser, Céline. "La conception préliminaire d’aménagement portuaire en milieux écologiquement sensibles." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/OHRESSER-OPPENHAUSER_Celine_2010.pdf.
Full textIndustrialized societies need to change some practices in order to make an answers to environmental changes. Also, the research aims to develop an appropriate answers to the challenges. The thesis focuses on necessary évolution of practices in landscape planning, and more specially for French Rhine port projects. Territory impacting by the project has the particularity to be both strategic for the economic’s development, and both strategic for the survival of local ecosystems. That’s why is interessed on actors capacities to re-engineer the system of project, be able to open the decision-making system. The hypothèses is that introduce gouvernance practices for environmental project, its a good way to be innovative in the search for solutions. The particulary of research is the approach : the planning project design is considering like a project system. Indeed, project system consists of relations and interrelations between actors. Each agent tries to realese his own benefit : - region's economic development is a goal to the local stakeholders project system ; - protect ecosystems is a goal to environment defenders. In fact, landscape planning is subject to conflicts between stakeholders, result comes from a compromise process. In mind, civil society, through the Community institutions, states, local communities, associations, projects into the defense of its environmental conditions and impact multiple scales. In form, the preservation of the environment resulted in the emergence of new legislative elements essential for the implementation of infrastructure projects. The thesis is built in response to a question from the manager of fluvialnetworks in France (VNF). VNF’s based on the paradox how to both develop alternative transport to the road, and both protect ecosystem river. The terrain of the study is that of port extensions on the Rhine in its French part, especially on alluvial ecosystems presented as the last in Europe. The Rhine is considering as an anthropo-ecological system, he is composed of subsystems, each one communicating and exchanging information only in terms of project. Originality of the research is twice : it considers the project as a system capable of évolution, it explores the relationship between ideals and objectives prebuilt solutions That’s why it proposes to focus the preliminary design stage, as a resource, consisting of Tools, to resolve conflicts between stakeholders and conflicting objectives. Specifically, the thesis was the proposal of a preliminary design process enriched the system development project, which determines the process of adding an additional stage project
Tran, Tuan Vu. "Problèmes combinatoires et modèles multi-niveaux pour la conception optimale des machines électriques." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00425590.
Full textErkman, Suren. "L'écologie industrielle : une stratégie pour l'éco-restructuration du système industriel." Troyes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TROY0004.
Full textThe new domain of industrial ecology considers the industrial system as an analogue of a biological ecosystem. Industrial ecology offers a global and integrated perspective on environmental issues, much broader that waste treatment. The basic methodology of industrial ecology is called industrial metabolism. It consists in measuring and studying the totality of resource flows (materials and energys) used by the industrial societies. Industrial ecology is also an operational approach to sustainable development, which applies to industrialised and developing countries as well. It proposes a strategy for an in-depth eco-restructuration of the industrial system as a whole along four complementary axes : 1) close resources flows (quasi-cyclic economy) ; 2) minimise dissipative losses ; 3) dematerialise economic activities ; 4) decarbonise the energy system. The thesis offers a general theoretical synthesis of the emerging field of industrial ecology, as well as a number of case studies in different sectors of the economy
Hoang, Tung. "Tronçons autoroutiers : une méthodologie de modélisation environnementale et économique pour différents scénarios." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2115.
Full textBoushaki, Toufik. "Du contrôle passif au contrôle actif : application à l'oxy-combustion dans des brûleurs à jets séparés." Rouen, INSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ISAM0007.
Full textGuillaume, Philippe. "Contribution aux aspects dorsaux de la synthèse de systèmes monopuces : optimisation de code pour processeurs embarqués, analyse de la consommation dans un environnement de synthèse comportementale." Grenoble INPG, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPG0069.
Full textReyes, Carrillo Tatiana. "L'éco-conception dans les PME : les mécanismes du cheval de Troie méthodologique et du choix de trajectoires comme vecteurs d'intégration de l'environnement en conception." Toulon, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00274389/fr/.
Full textThis research proposes a new solution to fulfill the need to develop an accessible mechanism to implement sustainable design in the long term, based on 2 axes. The first axis relies on the clear identification of integration trajectories. This allows the company to guide the integration process on the long term. The second axis is based on an ecodesign tool that is conceived and developed by all the main participants in the design. This axis enables a progressive evolution of environmental performance within an organization. An investigation work has been done, with specific experts for the first axis and with ecodesign pioneers companies for the second axis. We call this second point mechanism a "methodological Trojan horse" approach ("MTH") because the underlying strategy is to introduce an appropriate pretext that enables collaborative work (the ecodesign tool has to be co-designed) and to supply the organization with the necessary skills to develop the tool at a later stage. The "MTH" approach facilitates the propagation of sustainable design knowledge at all levels within the company and thus allows the company to progress towards complete integration (from a partial sustainable design approach to an eco-innovation approach, integrating the requirements of sustainable development). The whole concept of this MTH was tested over a period of two years in the company Transfix that manufactures transformers. It has successfully highlighted the benefits of this integrated approach based on the "MTH" mechanism and guided by the "ecodesign tools and methods" integration trajectory
Duclos, Denis. "Le risque industriel : de l'identité institutionnelle au sujet civil : les acteurs sociaux face aux impacts des activités techniques et industrielles sur l'environnement naturel et humain." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987IEPP0014.
Full textThe author analyses, from a sociological point of view, how institutional actors react to technical and industrial hazards, taking examples in developped countries, and especially in France and the United States. He reviews the existing litterature about the experts facing risks, (scientists, safety engineers, economists), the industrial and business behaviour insafety issues, political and administrative attitudes, environmental movements and trade unions dealing with both occupational and environmental risks. The author undertakes the similarities between various institutions: there is a general "cultural bias" which can be characterized as a strong tendency to "euphemize" dangers coming from one's own activity, and, reversedly, to "emphasize" hazards to be attributed to other instances. More generally, social actors tend to perceive risk only within the limits of a "dramatic" construction of reality in which dangers which are not symbolised are simply "non existing". The author tries to sustain this statement by exploring the relationships emerging between the individual and the institution, when they are confronting industrial hazards. The main empirical results (including interviews in American and French situations - in chemical plants) lead the author to the conclusion that reciprocal "implication" (Individual vs. Institution) explains the cultural bias in risk perception. According to this, as far as they tend to become "closed worlds", institutions may develop risk perception systems which are more and more severed from reality. On the contrary, individuals, who deal with different social worlds at the same time, may be "risk reducing factors"
Rynikiewicz, Christophe. "Contrainte d'environnement global et changement technique induit : vers des trajectoires d'innovations radicales dans la sidérurgie." Grenoble 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE21013.
Full textThis thesis aims to investigate the responses of the steel industry sector to the global carbon constraint (permits, taxes) and specifically the ULCOS (Ultra Low CO2 Steelmaking) technologies. The analysis relates more precisely to the conditions of the greening of innovations, the selection of new incremental and radical innovation and the inter-technology competition. It takes into account the uncertainty of the selection environment (evolution of the prices of energy, carbon, raw materials, steel demand, conditions of competition). The influence of the modification of the induced relative prices under different simulations is dealt with a partial equilibrium model. Complementary concepts of industrial economics and investment under uncertainty related to the decision, adoption and diffusion of technologies have been explored. I highlight the promising complementary work of integrating anticipation of actors and imperfect competition. The methodology developed is potentially useful for other sectors (industries of cement, paper, aluminium…). This case study on steelmaking illustrates the theoretical framework of the pluridisciplinary scientific agenda IHDP-Industrial Transformation that combines evolutionary and neoclassical economics of technical change
Flesselle, David. "Conception et mise en oeuvre d'une méthodologie de pilotage de projets de construction de bâtiments intégrant l'approche Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE®)." Artois, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ARTO0204.
Full textControlling the environmental impacts of buildings is becoming an unavoidable requirement for the construction industry. The French building sector refers to the "Haute Qualité Environnementale" approach to buildings, or HQE®. Including this concept in construction activities is a complex problem, connected with the technical aspects of buildings, the economic context and also the human and operational context of the construction process. The purpose of the research work presented here is to elaborate a methodology for managing environmental sustainability in building construction projects thanks to the French HQE® approach. This methodology aims at integrating the concept of HQE® in the phase of building programming and at following the evolution of this environmental quality during the design phase. Suited to common professional practice, this method is organised around the traditional process of construction and decision-making. The construction project methodology proposed control activity model resulting from modelling and analysis, according to an integrated Process-Product approach, the activities and data concerned by environmental quality in building programming and design phases
Belabbas, Aïssame. "Conception d'un système de contrôle-commande reconfigurable pour l'assistance technique aux personnes handicapées." Lorient, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LORIS090.
Full textMarmorat, Marion. "Controverse socio-technique autour des barrages danubiens Gabčikovo-Nagymaros, 1977-2004 (Hongrie/Slovaquie) : étude microsociologique des relations internationales." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. https://spire.sciencespo.fr/notice/2441/53r60a8s3kup1vc9kd4chgdj7.
Full textThis controversy about the hydropower dam project located on the Danube river basin between Slovakia and Hungary is taken up in three different ways. It first stands as an example of global issues such as transnationalism, social contention, globalization and environmental global issues. It then allows for an inquiry of the recomposition of the international order. It finally offers a field of discovery and implementation of various conceptual tools borrowed from different disciplines : international relations, public policy, political sociology et geography. We focus our attention mainly on actors and their interactions guided by a train of thought which combines theoretical, methodological perspectives and empirical research. Our goal is to reconcile micro and microsociological approaches. Expertise, activism, scientific and environmental dimensions are looked upon with more care through the studies of practices, discourses et personal careers of the main actors of the dispute, drawing inspiration from the sociology of science and the socio-technical controversies approach
Gehin, Alexis. "Développement d’une méthodologie de conception de produits durables." Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPG0190.
Full textSustainable development obligate industrials to adopt a life cycle approach. The “principle of conservation” and the “extended producer responsibility” foster the development of closed-loop industrial systems, in which the product plays a central role. Products design adapted to these news systems is thus fundamental. In order to overcome the lack of methodologies in the early design phases for the evaluation of the environmental performance of the product and the benefits related to the component recovery strategies, we have developed a methodology for designing sustainable products. Based on simplified life cycle impact assessment and functional analysis, it aims at giving designers an additional design criteria for the decision process. Several propositions allow us to supply with a tool for simulating closed-loop lifecycles along with a product view supporting the products design
Mayata, Mambueni. "Approche communicationnelle de conduite des changements technologiques dans les organisations : conception et évaluation de la M3CTI : méthode de conception et de conduite des changements technologiques liés à l'informatisation." Paris 13, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA131017.
Full textTechnological change often cause profound disruptions in the working patterns of men and organisations. These changes are reflected in new attitudes, changing organisational structures and new roles for management and staff, but also in new job content. Technological progress. Particulary computerizing, leads men to design ever larger and more complex systems. But these systems also raise numerous and complex problems of assimulation and adaptation. It is therefore necessary to master the integration of new tools into existing structures. In practice this is rarely the case. However, often because current methods are inadequate. A new generation of methods is needed for the new generation of tools. Several methods exist for implementing change, but the inadequacy of current methods led us to propose the dynastic approach, which combines the controlled change approach and the spatial dimension. The spatial dimension involves analysing the organisation, the technical system and the social system from the point of view of contenu and relations. It makes for improved understanding of the organisation and its environment, which is essential to nay controlled change. The controlled change approach also takes into account all the scientific and technical knowledge required to operate the change. It is therefore an approach in which we identify : the different issues at stake, the project design and control aspects for supervising the implentation of the systems concerned. It takes into account the culture of the organisation and bets on work organisation, safety, reliability, ergonomics, quality ans management, communication, participation, selection, training and documentation, which are all essentiel and decisive elements in controlled change. Moreover, beyond these two aspects. The "dynastic" approach makes it possible to define the target situation and enter into negociations for an active commitment of the different parties concerned, at every level in the organisation. As a " meta-methode ", over all. Dynastic is the process to elaborate and manage change in computerizing projects. Dynastic, this pratical method, has a focus in concept of management change caused by computerizing. The application of dynastic in compterizing is "m3cti". Method of conception and management technological change caused by computerizing
Mathieux, Fabrice. "Contribution à l' intégration de la valorisation en fin de vie dès la conception d' un produit : une méthode basée sur l'évaluation multicritères de la recyclabilité du produit et sur l'identification de ses points faibles de conception." Paris, ENSAM, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENAM0028.
Full textWeissenstein, Charline. "Éco-profil : un outil d'assistance à l'éco-conception architecturale." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0341/document.
Full textThis research concerns the development of a method to estimate the environmental quality to assist eco-design in architecture. We named this method « Éco-Profil ». We focused more particularly to develop o toot adapted the specificities of architectural design, the aim is to promote environmental challenge as early as possible in the design process. After exploring various approaches and tools for environmental assistance, we have identified some limitations that explain, in part, the difficulties of integration in architectural design. Some phases of design seem appear to get that bit of assistance, including the preliminary stages. Yet they appear to be essential to the integration of environmental issues. We propose a method to assist the overall architectural design in response to the identified limitations. A assessment method per referential is set up, which has the distinction of being comprehensive, qualitative, contextualized and progressive and which has a analysable visual instrumentation. This is particularly this features that allow the use of the method in the design phases and thus provide environmental profiles to the designer. The development of visual tools and an application led us to experiment « Éco-Profil ». These tests have largely confirmed the assumptions made and the relevance of the proposed method
Moreno, Sierra Andres. "Intégration des aspects énergétiques dans la conception du projet architectural : une approche méthodologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14749.
Full textAccording to the French energy efficiency target for 2020, the building industry is moving towards "positive energy". These new challenges require the integration of new components to architectural and technical aspects, as well as a break in the methods of design and evaluation of the project. But the research for energy efficiency depends of digital measurement instruments which are not adapted to the design process of architects, which results in the difficulty of consistency between architectural and energy performance targets.The objective of this work is to analyze the complexity of integrating energy issues in the design process, to propose a methodological approach which optimizes energy efficiency. To address these issues, we propose to analyze and reconstruct the design process from a methodological point of view, later to study the optimization of energy performance using digital tools.The study of the design process shows the impact of the energy component and its important role in the early stages of the design process. The methodological analysis of energy issues shows the interrelation between general principles and design decisions. The formulation of a design strategy using a methodological tool allows us to propose an approach for optimizing the energy performance based on the morphological structure of the building.This approach opens new methodological perspectives in the design of positive energy buildings. The complexity of the relationship between energy, the morphology of buildings and the use of digital tools would be changing the design process in architecture and the future organization of urban complexes
De acuerdo con los objetivos de eficiencia energética para el año 2020 en Francia, la industria de la construcción se dirige hacia las construcciones de "energía positiva". Estos nuevos desafíos exigen la integración de nuevos componentes a los aspectos arquitectónicos y técnicos del proyecto, así como una ruptura en sus métodos de diseño y evaluación. Pero la optimización de la eficiencia energética depende del uso de herramientas digitales de medición que usualmente no se encuentran adaptadas al proceso de diseño arquitectónico, lo que dificulta la coordinación entre el proyecto arquitectónico y los aspectos energéticos.El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la complejidad de la integración de la componente energética en el proceso de diseño, proponiendo un enfoque que permita optimizar la eficiencia energética. Para estudiar este tema, se propone analizar y reconstruir el proceso de diseño del arquitecto desde un punto de vista metodológico, para abordar posteriormente la problemática de la optimización de la eficiencia energética a través de herramientas digitales.El estudio del proceso de diseño muestra el impacto de la energía y su importancia de las primeras etapas del proceso de diseño. El análisis metodológico de los aspectos energéticos muestra la interrelación entre los temas principales y las decisiones de diseño. La formulación de una estrategia de diseño utilizando una herramienta metodológica permite proponer un enfoque para la optimización de la eficiencia energética basado en la estructura morfológica del edificio.Este enfoque abre nuevas perspectivas metodológicas en el diseño de edificios de energía positiva. La complejidad de las relaciones entre la energía, la morfología de los edificios y el uso de herramientas digitales estarían cambiando el proceso de diseño y la organización futura de los complejos urbanos
Ye, Yun. "Integrated decision support for architecture & supplier identification in early complex system design." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECAP0052/document.
Full textIn order to combine the advantage of standardization with those of customization, modular design has been increasingly used by OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) in complex system development. Different from traditional design, modular design advocates entrusting lead suppliers with full responsibility of a module. In this case, suppliers are involved much earlier in design, and start collaborating with OEMs from the conceptual design phase. This characteristic of modular design makes it impossible to define the product concept before choosing suppliers, as is normally done in the traditional way. Instead, the product concepts and supplier possibilities need to be considered simultaneously. However, this unbreakable link between a module and its supplier is rarely considered indesign support methods. Most existing methods treat architecture and supplier as two separate issues. In this work, we propose the Architecture & Supplier Identification Tool (ASIT), which considers performance of both suppliers and their modules. The ASIT is capable of generating all possible product/system architectures based on customer requirements with consideration of new technologies and new suppliers. The overall performance of each architecture is estimated using data of existing products and expert knowledge. Appropriate candidates are identified, taking into account their customer requirements satisfaction, overall uncertainty, and environmental impact, to be considered in conceptual design. The utilization of ASIT is illustrated in a powertrain design case study. Comparing the results from different methods shows that ASIT is an interesting decision support tool for OEMs to identify suppliers and architectures regarding their overall performance
Boughanmi, Walid. "Eco-conception des motorisations électriques : Application à la machine asynchrone." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Artois, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ARTO0207.
Full textApproximately 300 million of electric motors, with average power range from 0.75 kW to 300 kW, are used in industry, infrastructure and large buildings. In addition, 30 millions are renewed each year. In France, the electrical power consumed by these motors is about two-third of the electrical energy consumed in the industry. Thus, an improvement, even small, of the environmental performance of each motor would provide substantial environmental benefits. Contrary to the conventional approaches, the eco-design of an electrical machine can introduce environmental aspects during the design of the machine, taking into account all phases of the life cycle from the extraction of raw materials to the decommissioning and the recycling. This approach has been applied in this study to design an electrical motor, which has a better global energetic eco-balance. Therefore, a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) tool is used; it takes into account several impact criteria to avoid pollution transfers from one criterion to another. A first "Green" prototype motor made with a high energetic eco-efficiency was fabricated and tested. The study was dictated by the need to minimize its global environmental impact by using materials more environmentally friendly, but also in order to increase its energy efficiency. The prototype is made with a grain oriented steel sheets, an enameled wire polymerized by UV and without solvents, some plastic based on biopolymers and with eco-energetic bearings. The eco-designed motor has a high energetic eco-efficiency; its performance is increased by about 3 % compared to the standard motor and without increasing its mass
Shakouri, Reza. "Habitat résidentiel durable en Iran : savoirs-faire traditionnels et les technologies nouvelles à Yazd." Grenoble 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE29013.
Full textTo catch up with the development, should continue an economic growth model or change turn towards a new sustainable model of development? How this global question should be addressed in the Iranian society? The main research's aim is to provide a base of knowledge, which enable to instruct the steps of a project on reliable sources of knowledge and information, concerning in particular of these two models of development in the residential sector. After a general study on the sustainable model development, this research concentrates on the architectural scale of technical expertise in the construction of the houses. The desert city of Yazd, with a valuable built heritage, provides our corpus of research. The contemporary and traditional habitat was studied with the emphasis on the relationship between habitat and the society of Yazd. After deducting 30 criteria for "the sustainability of the application of materials in a building", our discussion focuses on the strategic choices in terms of construction materials. That makes our central hypothesis of research and constitutes the principal subject of our social-technical survey in Yazd. Our study expands its focus even beyond Yazd to learn experiments followed through similar contexts in Algeria, Egypt, India, Morocco and Arizona. Finally, the research presents five criteria for a sustainable habitat
Moreno, Sierra Andres. "Intégration des aspects énergétiques dans la conception du projet architectural : une approche méthodologique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14749/document.
Full textAccording to the French energy efficiency target for 2020, the building industry is moving towards "positive energy". These new challenges require the integration of new components to architectural and technical aspects, as well as a break in the methods of design and evaluation of the project. But the research for energy efficiency depends of digital measurement instruments which are not adapted to the design process of architects, which results in the difficulty of consistency between architectural and energy performance targets.The objective of this work is to analyze the complexity of integrating energy issues in the design process, to propose a methodological approach which optimizes energy efficiency. To address these issues, we propose to analyze and reconstruct the design process from a methodological point of view, later to study the optimization of energy performance using digital tools.The study of the design process shows the impact of the energy component and its important role in the early stages of the design process. The methodological analysis of energy issues shows the interrelation between general principles and design decisions. The formulation of a design strategy using a methodological tool allows us to propose an approach for optimizing the energy performance based on the morphological structure of the building.This approach opens new methodological perspectives in the design of positive energy buildings. The complexity of the relationship between energy, the morphology of buildings and the use of digital tools would be changing the design process in architecture and the future organization of urban complexes
De acuerdo con los objetivos de eficiencia energética para el año 2020 en Francia, la industria de la construcción se dirige hacia las construcciones de "energía positiva". Estos nuevos desafíos exigen la integración de nuevos componentes a los aspectos arquitectónicos y técnicos del proyecto, así como una ruptura en sus métodos de diseño y evaluación. Pero la optimización de la eficiencia energética depende del uso de herramientas digitales de medición que usualmente no se encuentran adaptadas al proceso de diseño arquitectónico, lo que dificulta la coordinación entre el proyecto arquitectónico y los aspectos energéticos.El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la complejidad de la integración de la componente energética en el proceso de diseño, proponiendo un enfoque que permita optimizar la eficiencia energética. Para estudiar este tema, se propone analizar y reconstruir el proceso de diseño del arquitecto desde un punto de vista metodológico, para abordar posteriormente la problemática de la optimización de la eficiencia energética a través de herramientas digitales.El estudio del proceso de diseño muestra el impacto de la energía y su importancia de las primeras etapas del proceso de diseño. El análisis metodológico de los aspectos energéticos muestra la interrelación entre los temas principales y las decisiones de diseño. La formulación de una estrategia de diseño utilizando una herramienta metodológica permite proponer un enfoque para la optimización de la eficiencia energética basado en la estructura morfológica del edificio.Este enfoque abre nuevas perspectivas metodológicas en el diseño de edificios de energía positiva. La complejidad de las relaciones entre la energía, la morfología de los edificios y el uso de herramientas digitales estarían cambiando el proceso de diseño y la organización futura de los complejos urbanos
Luu, Duc-Nam. "Proposition et formalisation d’un modèle méthodologique pour la mise en place d’une stratégie d’éco-conception ainsi que des outils de déploiement pour son implémentation. Application au domaine de la pharmaceutique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, HESAM, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023HESAE033.
Full textEnvironmental issues take a major place in our modern societies. Human activity contributes to the degradation of the environment and manufacturers have the duty to limit the impact of the solutions they offer and put on the market. Eco-design is one of the approaches of Design for Sustainability which makes it possible to integrate environmental aspects, during the development phases. The penetration of its practices within industrials requires vertical and horizontal integration. Horizontal integration concerns the strategic, tactical and operational aspects while horizontal integration focuses on the aspects of cultural change and human factors. This doctoral thesis focuses on the integration of eco-design within a multinational pharmaceutical company. The objective of the project was to formalize the concepts for its integration in the pharmaceutical industry in order to support the transition of internal eco-design practices in this sector. The variety and complexity of eco-design aspects, as well as both the technical and organizational challenges of the pharmaceutical industry must be taken into account in order to provide a coherent transition approach. The experiments for this work were carried out with a partner, an international pharmaceutical industry, in collaboration with the Arts et Métiers, Paris campus. The work carried out has made it possible to lay the foundations of an eco-design integration model within the pharmaceutical industry, with associated support tools
Gahlam, Nadia. "L'entrepreneuriat durable : essai de modélisation d'un processus innovant." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIME001.
Full textThe notion of sustainable development is today a central concern of the population and the public authorities. Sustainable entrepreneurship is a form of response to this concern through the integration of sustainable development standards into the core business of the company. This type of business comes to meet economic, social and environmental objectives. Sustainable entrepreneurship research has been particularly interested in the profile of the sustainable entrepreneur. However, the research did not ask enough about how it works. It is considered the breaking agent through the introduction of eco-innovations. Innovation therefore appears as a solution to social and environmental issues. But this is not enough to consider this entrepreneurial phenomenon as an innovative form. This thesis attempts to fill these gaps by modeling, the sustainable entrepreneurial process. In addition, the borrowing of a theory of innovation "C-K Theory" makes it possible to bring the sustainable entrepreneurial process closer to the CK innovative design process in order to determine the innovative nature of sustainable entrepreneurship
Abrassart, Christophe. "La naissance de l'éco-conception : acteurs, raisonnements, enjeux de pilotage et horizons d'une rationalisation industrielle." Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00712974.
Full textThe environmental crisis is a major challenge for the twenty-first century capitalism: how companies can indeed become both "green" and competitive? An original response appears during the 1990s among engineers and designers with the practice known as "eco-design", which is now implemented in many large companies and innovative SMEs. This approach, which aims to redesign the goods and services to make them more durable, has brought many innovations such as life cycle analysis (LCA) which introduces a breakthrough in the way of mapping the environmental issues of an object by switching from the territory to the physical life cycle. But what are the strategic horizons involved in this industrial rationalization? Are there different ways to practice eco-design? And if so, what are their rationales and their effects? Based on different methods of investigation (research-interventions, genealogies of professions) and a logic of "prospective of the present time", this thesis shows that eco-design experiences in companies are following two "rational myths" (Hatchuel), the engineers one, from the reasoning of the LCA, and the designers one, based on the critical redesign of user-object relations, rational myths which are themselves connected to two possible strategic horizons. The first is the assessment on the markets: its objective is to instrument "green markets" with prescription devices such as the eco-labels, in which LCA works as a new norm of truth. In this horizon which is marked by rule-based eco-design approaches and competition by environmental standards strategies (e. G. Settlement of the eco-label), the LCA engineer appears to be a dominant player. The second horizon is the transformation of the self through tools to optimize or redesign a lifestyle (manuals for sustainable consumers, critical catalogs and fictions of designers). These approaches are here analyzed with Foucault's concept of technologies of the self and Ricoeur's concept of narrative identity. In this horizon where strategy plays as designing scenographies (Aggeri) we find that the designer is carrying out a more radical criticism through more innovative eco-design approaches that change together the identity of objects, markets and individuals. Thus, it is by taking into account the variety of these problematizations that eco-design will be able to provide innovative solutions to the challenges of sustainable development
Boughanmi, Walid. "Eco-conception des motorisations électriques : Application à la machine asynchrone." Thesis, Artois, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ARTO0207/document.
Full textApproximately 300 million of electric motors, with average power range from 0.75 kW to 300 kW, are used in industry, infrastructure and large buildings. In addition, 30 millions are renewed each year. In France, the electrical power consumed by these motors is about two-third of the electrical energy consumed in the industry. Thus, an improvement, even small, of the environmental performance of each motor would provide substantial environmental benefits. Contrary to the conventional approaches, the eco-design of an electrical machine can introduce environmental aspects during the design of the machine, taking into account all phases of the life cycle from the extraction of raw materials to the decommissioning and the recycling. This approach has been applied in this study to design an electrical motor, which has a better global energetic eco-balance. Therefore, a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) tool is used; it takes into account several impact criteria to avoid pollution transfers from one criterion to another. A first "Green" prototype motor made with a high energetic eco-efficiency was fabricated and tested. The study was dictated by the need to minimize its global environmental impact by using materials more environmentally friendly, but also in order to increase its energy efficiency. The prototype is made with a grain oriented steel sheets, an enameled wire polymerized by UV and without solvents, some plastic based on biopolymers and with eco-energetic bearings. The eco-designed motor has a high energetic eco-efficiency; its performance is increased by about 3 % compared to the standard motor and without increasing its mass
Gascon, Emilie. "Conception par l'opportunité pour des villes éco-résilientes aux inondations." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLD002/document.
Full textIn recognition of the limits of the possibilities of combating floods, a vision of “Living With” floods is developing. The aim is no longer to resist water, but to allow it into the territory and adapt. This strategic approach opens the way to a positive vision of flood risk, in which the opportunities associated with floods can be envisaged.In this context of “Living With”, this piece of research seeks to theorise and promote the emerging method of opportunity-based design as applied to flood eco-resilient cities. This thesis therefore examines how:1. the concept of opportunity constitutes an approach within the theoretical framework of flood eco-resilient cities;2. the opportunity-based approach constitutes a method of design and offers advantages, relevance and potential for the design of flood eco-resilient cities, in particular by comparison with the most common method of risk management.The purpose of this thesis research is to formalise the method of opportunity-based design through a representational tool—an observation grid— in order to facilitate the use and promotion of such design. In order to communicate on —but above all to exploit the results— of the method, a grid for the observation of the strategies associated with urban and landscape projects for opportunity-based design is investigated. This instrument, in particular aimed at architectural, urban and landscape designers, is developed by means of a semantic map. Semantic mapping is the methodological solution employed in this research. It is used to explore and connect the multiple data collected, and to organise them so that their complexity can be understood. The observation grid therefore maps the method employed and constitutes a tool for implementation in opportunity-based design.On the one hand, the results obtained from this research demonstrate, first, that the opportunity-based approach offers potential for design in response to the complexity of urban flood territories. Through diversity and proactiveness, it would seem to be relevant in achieving the balance between natural phenomena and human activities. On the other hand, the risk-based and opportunity-based approaches are different but complementary. What emerges from the mapping process is that the design of flood eco-resilient cities entails a balance between risk and opportunity.Second, these results show that opportunity-based design reflects a logic that generates virtuous cycles between landscape features (soil, vegetation, etc.) and fundamental flows (water, energy, waste, nutrients, etc.) for the production of socio‑eco-environmental benefits. The basis of its action is to reconnect cities with their territories by articulating, in a multifunctional, interdisciplinary and multitemporal way, the synergies between the physical elements of urban territory. It is particularly relevant in that it formulates a new, balanced relationship between human and hydro-ecological systems and offers the potential for a new societal perspective.To sum up, the first important conclusion is that semantic mapping is an effective research tool in that it facilitates the handling and analysis of complex data. The second is that the method theorised, together with the observation grid developed, constitute a change in flood-related design practices. And finally, this thesis establishes a refined theoretical and practical starting point for challenging the risk management paradigm and pursuing further research into flood eco-resilient cities and into “Living With” floods
Miroudel-Landel, Marie-Aude. "Enjeux de la monétarisation et de l'aménagement durable dans une politique publique de transport : le cas du Lyon-Turin." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENH030.
Full textHow are used and appropriated the environmental external costs and which are their stakes in the decision-making process of a transport infrastructure project? Through the story of the railway project transalpine Lyon Turin, this thesis questions about the uses and the appropriations of the valuation of the environmental nuisances. In the nonlinear unfolding of the project (1989-2010), we will reveal the technical uses of the monetary valuations inserted into a wide instrument of evaluation, the public economic calculation, to deal with its political and social appropriations. By its transformations and the emergence of an alpine question of transport following the accident in the tunnel of Mont Blanc and its reading under risk register, Lyon Turin gains in precision and in public visibility. In spite of its complexity, its cost and weak profitability, it becomes the symbol of a new sustainable transport policy. Yet, the values allotted to the environmental external costs following the Boiteux groups do not manage to modify the results of the evaluations. Within the framework of the alpine area, the project offers a political solution to crisis and questions the relevance of economic calculation to measure the collective interest of the project. The instrument, in the heart of the issues on the realization of the project, is constantly reinvested in the process of negotiation and decision. The controversies on the realization of the project give to see the issues of a project life, cost-benefit analyses and let charge the interest of the protagonists for environmental external costs as an instrument of public action
Nouira, Imen. "Sur la prise en compte de la qualité environnementale des produits dans la conception des chaines logistiques vertes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENI088.
Full textEnvironmental concerns are increasingly impacting customers’ behavior as well as companies’ strategies. In this context, optimizing the supply chain with environmental considerations is becoming a critical issue. In this thesis we focus on this issue. An originality of our work is to show that supply chain design decisions (facility location, choice of production processes, transportation modes, etc.) impact the environmental quality of a product and therefore affect the level of its demand and / or its selling price. Demand and price are no longer considered as exogenous variables as often done in supply chain optimization existing works, but rather as endogenous variables. In this work we propose a set of supply chain optimization models that take into account the product environmental quality and customers’ preferences towards product environmental quality. Based on a case study from the textile sector, we show the relevance of considering the products’ environmental quality in supply chain optimization models
Nguyen, Dinh An Christine. "Conception et réalisation d'un pilote pour le traitement photocatalytique d'effluents gazeux pollués en composés organiques volatils : application à l'élimination du méthanol dans l'air." Grenoble INPG, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPG0003.
Full textPoline, Marie. "Contribution aux méthodes de conception et de gestion des systèmes énergétiques multi-sources par optimisation systémique : application aux trains hybrides électrique autonomes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT099.
Full textIn France, there are two traction modes for railway: the diesel and electric traction. Each mode has its own issues. For diesel, the increasing control of the greenhouse gas emissions imposes to evolve this type of train to a less polluting solution. For electric traction, the energy consumption creates a voltage drop which can cause a traffic slowdown, which will limit the traffic development. The studied solution by SNCF is the hybridization of the train (adding storage system).Thus, these works have the objective to build a method to do the pre-sizing of storage systems embedded in trains. Moreover, to take into account the mutual influence of the sizing and the energy management, this last one is included in the sizing model. An optimization algorithm solves the global model.The method has been developed for the two traction modes (diesel and electric) and the optimization has been made with SQP algorithm (Sequential Quadratic Programming)
Mehamli, Amara. "Les déterminants de l'innovation environnementale : application au secteur des détergents et produits d'entretien." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1047.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to determine the relevant factors of environmental product innovation. This new more complex innovation, which requires environmental and competitiveness performance for its development and diffusion, occupies a more and more central place in the firm. We have in this work particularly analyzed the effectiveness of voluntary approaches (namely the European Ecolabel certification) on the innovation of products in the firm and, at the same time, identified the key determinants to adoption of this ecolabel. We focused our analysis on the detergents and maintenance-products sector in France. This study is a part of an evolutionary approach and considers the process of technical change (development and diffusion of European Ecolabel certified product) to be a complex and uncertain process incorporating different factors in co-evolution, beyond a limited conception of the role of environmental policies. The case study shows the role of the firm strategy in the process of technical change. The empirical analysis confirms the role of this determinant (strategy of suppliers of bimolecular substances) and presents, moreover, the importance of regulation (REACH…), the benefits of certification (brand image) and demand as key factors in adoption of this ecolabel certification. Indeed, although this voluntary policy drives some firms to innovation, the environmental performance and accession by most firms in this sector remains a challenge. In the current context, firms which have used biomolecular substances, under suppliers' strategic influence, have developed green products but not systematically European Ecolabel certified products
Janin, Marc. "Démarche d'éco-conception en entreprise. Un enjeu : construire la cohérence entre outils et processus." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005632.
Full textL'objectif principal de ces travaux était donc d'aider à construire la cohérence entre un processus de
conception et des outils à disposition des équipes. Il s'est agi de : comprendre les diverses acceptions
possibles de cette nouvelle forme de conception, identifier les principaux enjeux qu'elle représente pour une entreprise, observer les modes d'organisation au sein de sociétés pionnières dans ce domaine et
rechercher les outils disponibles. Après proposition d'un modèle de processus d'éco-conception où il importe d'insérer les questions d'environnement dans une démarche de conception "classique", nous nous sommes attelés à la classification, la description et la critique de divers outils du panel actuellement à disposition des équipes. Nous avons ainsi identifié deux grandes catégories : certains, dits d'évaluation environnementale(qualitative ou quantitative), et d'autres, dits d'amélioration, permettant aux équipes d'avancer dans la recherche de nouvelles solutions d'éco-conception. D'autres outils encore existent en matière de sensibilisation, de communication et de choix de stratégies. Chacun d'eux devra être employé par un utilisateur approprié, disposant des connaissances requises, des moyens d'exploiter les résultats obtenus, et ce, durant certaines phases pertinentes du processus de conception. Une étude de terrain chez Philips a permis de constater que la mise à l'épreuve d'un outil d'évaluation environnementale est compromise si les enjeux demeurent incompris et les résultats inexploitables par l'équipe projet. A partir d'un engagement fort de la direction, les équipes ont besoin d'apprendre progressivement pour s'approprier une nouvelle démarche ; au cours de celle-ci, elles pourront utiliser des outils simples, pragmatiques, qu'elles sauront exploiter pour progresser et s'améliorer.
Yosofi, Mazyar. "Méthodologie de caractérisation prédictive des procédés de fabrication additive avec une approche technique, économique et environnementale." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0034/document.
Full textThe United Nations aims to modernize industries in order to make them sustainable and more environmentally friendly by 2030. In order to meet these expectation, it is necessary to put in place ways of improving production processes from an environmental point of view. This approach requires a detailed knowledge of the incoming and outgoing flows during the manufacturing of a product. However, this is not the case for additive manufacturing processes where the environmental impacts generated during this stage are still unknown. For that, a quantitative evaluation of the flows involved during the manufaturing of parts is necessary in order to improve the knowledge of the environmental performance of a process. The work of this thesis focuses on the development of methodology for additive manufacturing processes in order to predict information on the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of a product during the design stage of a part. The methodology developped is increasingly interested in all the sources of consumption as well as all the stages necessary for the manufacturing of a mechanical part.This manuscript is divided into six chapters that can present the general context of the study, the state of the art, the methodology developped, a application of the methodology to additive manufacturing processes and the computer tool developed during this thesis. The last chapter is devoted to the conclusion on the contributions of this work and provides research perspectives
Gonçalves, Kátia de Freitas. "L'évolution de la politique brésilienne d'aide technique et de vulgarisation agricole (P.N.A.T.E.R) vers le référentiel agroécologique." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR1804/document.
Full textThe Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Brazilian Policy (PNATER) was recently the focus of a radical changing leading up to an agroecological inspiration referential, after a long period, marked by the paradigm of the modernization and the productivism diffusionnist. Our analysis of this changing process, starting from the cognitive approach of Public Policies showed that it is explained especially by the conjunction of the following factors: 1) renewal of the debate on rural extension enhanced by the sustainability paradigm ascension 2) progressive strength of an articulated actors coalition around the project of a new PNATER, focused on the family agriculture and in Agroecology; and 3) a favorable political conjuncture to the institutionalization of this project, especially marked by a commitment between the new "public decisor" (central government and administrative elite) and the aforesaid coalition, and also by the exclusion of the deciding process of the patronal agriculture representatives, for applying hostile principles to agroecology. The support of the international cooperation organisms also favored this radical changing of the so studied policy
Perrot, Yves. "Influence de la matrice sur le comportement mécanique de matériaux composites verre/polyester utilisés en construction navale de plaisance : cas des résines polyester limitant les émissions de styrène." Lorient, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LORIS074.
Full textThe work performed in this study is concerned with the characterization of glass/polyester composites for the pleasure boat industry. In particular the properties of polyester resins limiting styrene emissions have been evaluated. Physico-chemical and mechnanical tests were first performed in order to understand the roles played by the constituants (matrix, fibres and fibre/matrix interface). Then a study of damage mechanisms, delamination and impact resistance, was carried out on composite specimens. Durability and the influence of the marine environment was also examined through two parameters, temperature and sea water aging. Finally the transfer from material to structure was illustrated through three aspects : the influence of fabrication (over-lamination), the behaviour of panels subjected to uniform pressure loading, and the design rules. The results of the study show that a multi-disciplinary approach, including investigation at different scales, is necessary to understand the specific characteristics of these composite materials
Tyl, Benjamin. "L’apport de la créativité dans les processus d’éco-innovation : proposition de l’outil EcoASIT pour favoriser l’éco-idéation de systèmes durables." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14432.
Full textToday the challenges of sustainable development require new offers and new uses to be developed within the framework of an eco-innovation process, integrating environmental and societal approaches.The aim of this thesis is to study the advantages of using creativity tools to foster new concepts and ideas generation phases in eco-innovation processes.From a state of the art of the concept of eco-innovation and of the eco-innovation tools, we show that although there are many tools, few of them actually focus on the idea generation stage, or ideation, and few make it possible to stimulate all the axes of sustainable development.To fix this, our research relies on an adaptation of the creativity ASIT tool to EcoASIT. This adaptation is defended conceptually by showing the theoretical affiliations between the two methods, and experimentally by presenting the results of our different tests. We prove that the EcoASIT tool has great potential in terms of eco-innovation by efficiently stimulating the ideation stages with regard to all the aspects of sustainable development
Gahlam, Nadia. "L'entrepreneuriat durable : essai de modélisation d'un processus innovant." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIME001/document.
Full textThe notion of sustainable development is today a central concern of the population and the public authorities. Sustainable entrepreneurship is a form of response to this concern through the integration of sustainable development standards into the core business of the company. This type of business comes to meet economic, social and environmental objectives. Sustainable entrepreneurship research has been particularly interested in the profile of the sustainable entrepreneur. However, the research did not ask enough about how it works. It is considered the breaking agent through the introduction of eco-innovations. Innovation therefore appears as a solution to social and environmental issues. But this is not enough to consider this entrepreneurial phenomenon as an innovative form. This thesis attempts to fill these gaps by modeling, the sustainable entrepreneurial process. In addition, the borrowing of a theory of innovation "C-K Theory" makes it possible to bring the sustainable entrepreneurial process closer to the CK innovative design process in order to determine the innovative nature of sustainable entrepreneurship
Le, Touz Nicolas. "Conception et étude d’infrastructures de transports à énergie positive : de la modélisation thermomécanique à l’optimisation de tels systèmes énergétiques." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0038/document.
Full textIn the context of the energy transition, with the use of new energies as a priority, we propose to study the energy performance of solar hybrid roads. An exhaustive study of climatic conditions makes it possible to establish the energy gains and losses of these systems, then a numerical model is developed to couple thermal diffusion, hydraulic convection and radiative transfers by the finite element method with the possibility of state changes. This model is implemented in a Matlab core and applied to annual meteorological data for different cities to establish and map energy potential. An analysis of the results with regard to climate makes it possible to highlight a link between this potential and the notion of a unified degree day, adapted from the building's thermal energy, thus allowing the engineer to quickly estimate the energy potential based on climatic data. During winter operation, the objective is to prevent from black ice occurring on the roads. A temperature control strategy based on the adjoint state method is implemented. A climate analysis is again carried out to take humidity into account to determine heating needs. Other frost protection solutions, based on electric heating, were also modelled and subjected to these control strategies in order to highlight the possibility of significant energy savings. These control laws have beengeneralized to problems of property reconstruction in a background and an application combining this thermal approach with an electromagnetism-based approach is proposed
Vimal, Ruppert. "Des aires protégées aux réseaux écologiques : science, technique et participation pour penser collectivement la durabilité des territoires." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20246/document.
Full textNature conservation strategies evolve from the strict protection of isolated and devoid of human activity spaces, to the integration of biodiversity issues in territory development. This change in perspective requires the development of a collective management of complexity and a collective conception of nature and highlights the developing relationship between science, policy and society.Based on a multidisciplinary approach, the objective of this thesis was the elaboration of recommendations for integrated conservation. In the context of the advent of ecological network strategies in France, our research concerns both the spatial methods and the socio-technical process which are in charge of the conservation planning. The analysis of these two issues has produced results pertinent to each theme and more general reflection concerning the role of technical expertise in the development of such new issues. We show how an overly technical approach, which notably aims to spatially identify the network, tends to limit the collective sharing of major issues and thus the adherence of the stakeholders to conservation goals, and also provide a reductive and partial vision of conservation issues. In contrast, a position of expertise which accompanies the dialogue on territory favors social learning and leads to a framework for public action which more fully integrates both the uncertainty and complexity of the natural world. The participative process could thus allow tfor a transition from technical to collective expertise as the foundation of public action, which ensures the inclusion of general knowledge and know-how. In this way, the issue is not of a compromise between science, technique and social debate, but of the way that they can complement each other through interaction and how this interaction may be conducted
Fernandez, Laure. "Transposition en architecture des connaissances d'ingénierie environnementale et des savoirs relatifs au choix des matériaux." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAT0020/document.
Full textNowadays, environmental proceedings can use more and more methods and design tools to start with the conception. However, these technical methods turn out to be untapped into architectural projects. This question orientated our research towards environmental quality of materials and processes of implementation. Through the update of the knowledge and innovative methods, our work tends to increase the capacity of operational practice in architecture. The implementation of a design assistance tool - easy to use for non experts and providing several clearly configuration fields, based on caseworks and linked to quality of materials - is a significant evolution in architectural communities. We point up several innovative propositions for future design assistance tools. We illustrate it by the setting up of a prototype named MaTerre’iO. This mock up informs architectural designers about the knowledge upon materials, and more specifically on the environmental engineering knowledge.The main repercussion of our researched work is to contribute to initiate an innovating interface between environmental engineering topics and expectations of architectural design
Martinez-Leal, Jorge. "Développement d’outils d’aide à la décision en conception pilotés par l’analyse multicritère de la valorisabilité du produit et l’outillage des lignes directrices d’écoconception pour la fin de vie." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0062.
Full textCurrent regulations encourage designers and manufacturers to engage in circular economy and eco-design approaches in order to mitigate the environmental impact of their products. Today, design choices are mainly driven by product recoverability assessment. Guidelines associated with design for X approaches are then used as a decision-making tool for finding solutions. It is therefore necessary to establish a link between the assessed recoverability and eco-design guidelines so that designers can better interpret the information they are given and simplify their design process accordingly. An inventory of these guidelines combined with an eco-design for an end-of-life approach makes it possible to identify the associated levers for action. However, there is only minimal correlation between recoverability indicators and the levers associated with the guidelines. Therefore, this proposal aims to build an indicator-based decision-making design methodology based on a multi-criteria analysis of the product's recoverability. It is enhanced by a tooled guide based on eco-design for end-of-life guidelines. The proposed approach has been validated through the study of a Fairphone® included in the WEEE recycling chain