Journal articles: 'Conceptual inventory of natural selection'

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Anderson, Dianne L., Kathleen M. Fisher, and Gregory J. Norman. "Development and evaluation of the conceptual inventory of natural selection." Journal of Research in Science Teaching 39, no. 10 (November 14, 2002): 952–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tea.10053.

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Kalinowski, Steven T., Mary J. Leonard, and Mark L. Taper. "Development and Validation of the Conceptual Assessment of Natural Selection (CANS)." CBE—Life Sciences Education 15, no. 4 (December 2016): ar64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe.15-06-0134.

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We developed and validated the Conceptual Assessment of Natural Selection (CANS), a multiple-choice test designed to assess how well college students understand the central principles of natural selection. The expert panel that reviewed the CANS concluded its questions were relevant to natural selection and generally did a good job sampling the specific concepts they were intended to assess. Student interviews confirmed questions on the CANS provided accurate reflections of how students think about natural selection. And, finally, statistical analysis of student responses using item response theory showed that the CANS did a very good job of estimating how well students understood natural selection. The empirical reliability of the CANS was substantially higher than the Force Concept Inventory, a highly regarded test in physics that has a similar purpose.

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Battisti, Bryce Thomas, Nikki Hanegan, Richard Sudweeks, and Rex Cates. "USING ITEM RESPONSE THEORY TO CONDUCT A DISTRACTER ANALYSIS ON CONCEPTUAL INVENTORY OF NATURAL SELECTION." International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education 8, no. 5 (December 11, 2009): 845–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10763-009-9189-4.

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Athanasiou, Kyriacos, and Evangelia Mavrikaki. "Conceptual Inventory of Natural Selection as a Tool for Measuring Greek University Students' Evolution Knowledge: Differences between novice and advanced students." International Journal of Science Education 36, no. 8 (November 12, 2013): 1262–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2013.856529.

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Bohlin, Gustav, Andreas Göransson, Gunnar E. Höst, and Lena A. E. Tibell. "A Conceptual Characterization of Online Videos Explaining Natural Selection." Science & Education 26, no. 7-9 (November 2017): 975–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11191-017-9938-7.

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Flannery, Michael A. "Planetary History, Wallace, and Natural Selection." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 43, no. 1 (May 2012): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00339.

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Concerns about the anthropogenic ecological degradation of the planet—deforestation, species endangerment, pollution, and an increasing carbon footprint—have prompted numerous studies calling for wide-ranging, comprehensive global programs. In this regard, Tim Flannery's effort in Here on Earth to enlist Alfred Russel Wallace, a nineteenth-century naturalist, in the service of a twentieth-century idea falls prey to presentism on the grounds of a conceptual misunderstanding and incomplete or interpolated primary data.

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Arbeláez-Estrada, Juan C., and Gilberto Osorio-Gómez. "Natural User Interface for color selection in conceptual design phase." International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) 11, no. 1 (June 13, 2015): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12008-015-0279-y.

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Pereira, P., D. Pereira, and M. I. Caetano Alves. "Geomorphosite assessment in Montesinho Natural Park (Portugal)." Geographica Helvetica 62, no. 3 (September 30, 2007): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-62-159-2007.

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Abstract. The Montesinho Natural Park (MNP), with an area of about 750 km2, is one of the largest protected areas in Portugal. Since its inauguration as a natural park in 1979, geological and geomorphological aspects have not been taken into consideration in its nature conservation policies. Over the last few years, this deficit has been compensated with an assessment of its geomorphological heritage. The assessment was made possible due to a research project on the geological heritage of the natural parks of north-eastern Portugal.The assessment method propagated herein proposes a clear definition of three types of geomorphosites: Single places, geomorphological areas or panoramic viewpoints. Further, it proposes as two-staged approach to assessment with inventory compilation followed by quantification of value. Inventory compilation, for example, involves the identification and qualitative assessment of potential geomorphosites and, therefore, the selection and characterization of geomorphosites. The quantification stage includes the numerical assessment of sites and their final ranking. The values are numerically assessed using selected criteria. The implementation of this approach in the MNP led to the identification of 154 potential geomorphosites, of which only 26 were selected after the qualitative assessment or characterisation process. The numerical assessment of the sites and their ranking allowed a final selection of 13 sites for public use.

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Depew, David J., and Bruce H. Weber. "DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, NATURAL SELECTION, AND THE CONCEPTUAL BOUNDARIES OF THE MODERN EVOLUTIONARY SYNTHESIS." Zygon® 52, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 468–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zygo.12332.

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Spiga, Ralph. "Selection: Information and replication of the operant." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 3 (June 2001): 556–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01524164.

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Selection as a mode of causation is central to operant psychology. Response variation and selection by consequences corresponds to phenotypic variation, to differential survivability, and to reproduction of variants. In natural selection, genes code for phylogenic history but no analogous processes exists for coding behavioral history. Neuroscience suggests potential processes but the conceptual status of these events requires clarification.

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Göransson, Andreas, Daniel Orraryd, Daniela Fiedler, and Lena A. E. Tibell. "Conceptual Characterization of Threshold Concepts in Student Explanations of Evolution by Natural Selection and Effects of Item Context." CBE—Life Sciences Education 19, no. 1 (March 2020): ar1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe.19-03-0056.

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Evolutionary theory explains a wide range of biological phenomena. Proper understanding of evolutionary mechanisms such as natural selection is therefore an essential goal for biology education. Unfortunately, natural selection has time and again proven difficult to teach and learn, and students’ resulting understanding is often characterized by misconceptions. Previous research has often focused on the importance of certain key concepts such as variation, differential survival, and change in population. However, so-called threshold concepts (randomness, probability, spatial scale, and temporal scales) have also been suggested to be important for understanding of natural selection, but there is currently limited knowledge about how students use these concepts. We sought to address this lack of knowledge by collecting responses to three different natural selection items from 247 university students from Sweden and Germany. Content analysis (deductive and inductive coding) and subsequent statistical analysis of their responses showed that they overall use some spatial scale indicators, such as individuals and populations, but less often randomness or probability in their explanations. However, frequencies of use of threshold concepts were affected by the item context (e.g., the biological taxa and trait gain or loss). The results suggest that the impact of threshold concepts, especially randomness and probability, on natural selection understanding should be further explored.

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N. Salwa, H., S. M. Sapuan, M. T. Mastura, and M. Y. M. Zuhri. "Conceptual Design and Selection of Natural Fibre Reinforced Biopolymer Composite (NFBC) Takeout Food Container." Journal of Renewable Materials 9, no. 4 (2021): 803–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2021.013977.

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Presley, Morgan L., Rebecca Gehringer, and Deborah L. Hanuscin. "Using Natural Selection Concept Inventories in College Biology Classrooms to Improve Teaching and Learning." American Biology Teacher 79, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2017.79.2.91.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate how assessment instruments could be used in the college biology classroom for purposes other than researching instructional strategies (as they have been used in the past). Through participatory action research, a science educator and a biology faculty member examined how the CINS (Concept Inventory of Natural Selection) could be incorporated into the biology faculty member's classroom instruction. This paper shows that biology faculty members can use assessment instruments to build in-class activities and labs, to formatively assess student knowledge, and to confront student misconceptions. Several recommendations for incorporating assessment instruments in biology instruction and assessment are provided.

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Linnenbrink-Garcia, Lisa, Kevin J. Pugh, Kristin L. K. Koskey, and Victoria C. Stewart. "Developing Conceptual Understanding of Natural Selection: The Role of Interest, Efficacy, and Basic Prior Knowledge." Journal of Experimental Education 80, no. 1 (January 2012): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2011.559491.

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McLure, Felicity, Mihye Won, and David F. Treagust. "Students’ understanding of the emergent processes of natural selection: the need for ontological conceptual change." International Journal of Science Education 42, no. 9 (May 24, 2020): 1485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2020.1767315.

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Burgun, A., L. P. Seka, D. Delamarre, and P. Le Beux. "Automated Coding of Patient Discharge Summaries Using Conceptual Graphs." Methods of Information in Medicine 34, no. 04 (July 1995): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634611.

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Abstract:In medicine, as in other domains, indexing and classification is a natural human task which is used for information retrieval and representation. In the medical field, encoding of patient discharge summaries is still a manual time-consuming task. This paper describes an automated coding system of patient discharge summaries from the field of coronary diseases into the ICD-9-CM classification. The system is developed in the context of the European AIM MENELAS project, a natural-language understanding system which uses the conceptual-graph formalism. Indexing is performed by using a two-step processing scheme; a first recognition stage is implemented by a matching procedure and a secondary selection stage is made according to the coding priorities. We show the general features of the necessary translation of the classification terms in the conceptual-graph model, and for the coding rules compliance. An advantage of the system is to provide an objective evaluation and assessment procedure for natural-language understanding.

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HOQUET, Thierry. "Translating natural selection: true concept, but false term?" Bionomina 3, no. 1 (April 21, 2011): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.3.1.1.

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This paper focuses on the translation of the term “natural selection” in some European languages (mostly French and German). It adopts a historical and philosophical perspective on the term “natural selection” to emphasize the power of words in science. Although natural selection is probably Darwin’s most significant contribution to the theory of evolution, the phrase itself has been strangely and largely neglected by historians. This paper tries to understand why Darwin maintained the term in spite of the considerable dispute which it provoked from 1859, when the Origin of Species was first published. Indeed, Darwin thought it useful since it is both a technical term and one that nicely encapsulates an analogy with the practice of breeders. However, what Darwin saw as linguistic and conceptual efficiency entailed great difficulties in translating the term, and also in understanding it—as is clearly evidenced by ever-recurring debates on the “agential” connotations of selection. Besides, processes of translation suggest that the phrase “natural selection” gained a technical value before its sense was fully understood and a general theory of natural selection was well established. The study of the French translation of “natural selection” leads to another important result. I claim that French breeders did not have the word sélection; and if they were actually “choosing” individuals for breeding and leading breeding experiments over several generations, the absence of the term is nonetheless indicative of important differences between the practices in France and in the United Kingdom. The case of Vilmorin’s method of “maddening” [“affolement”] is indicative of those different “philosophies of breeding”: although “affolement” is a choice of mates, it differs from selection as it is not the patient accumulation of minute variations in a definite direction but a perturbation of the organization as a whole.

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Versteirt, V., S. Boyer, D. Damiens, E. M. De Clercq, W. Dekoninck, E. Ducheyne, P. Grootaert, et al. "Nationwide inventory of mosquito biodiversity (Diptera: Culicidae) in Belgium, Europe." Bulletin of Entomological Research 103, no. 2 (September 13, 2012): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485312000521.

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AbstractTo advance our restricted knowledge on mosquito biodiversity and distribution in Belgium, a national inventory started in 2007 (MODIRISK) based on a random selection of 936 collection points in three main environmental types: urban, rural and natural areas. Additionally, 64 sites were selected because of the risk of importing a vector or pathogen in these sites. Each site was sampled once between May and October 2007 and once in 2008 using Mosquito Magnet Liberty Plus traps. Diversity in pre-defined habitat types was calculated using three indices. The association between species and environmental types was assessed using a correspondence analysis. Twenty-three mosquito species belonging to traditionally recognized genera were found, including 21 indigenous and two exotic species. Highest species diversity (Simpson 0.765) and species richness (20 species) was observed in natural areas, although urban sites scored also well (Simpson 0.476, 16 species). Four clusters could be distinguished based on the correspondence analysis. The first one is related to human modified landscapes (such as urban, rural and industrial sites). A second is composed of species not associated with a specific habitat type, including the now widely distributed Anopheles plumbeus. A third group includes species commonly found in restored natural or bird migration areas, and a fourth cluster is composed of forest species. Outcomes of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed sampling scheme and support the choice of the trap type. Obtained results of this first country-wide inventory of the Culicidae in Belgium may serve as a basis for risk assessment of emerging mosquito-borne diseases.

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Saunders, Mike R., and Robert G. Wagner. "Long-term spatial and structural dynamics in Acadian mixedwood stands managed under various silvicultural systems." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 3 (March 2008): 498–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-155.

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Using inventory data from a long-term silviculture experiment in east-central Maine, spatial models were developed to analyze 28 years (1974–2002) of stand structural dynamics. Differences in spatial pattern, species mingling, height differentiation, and relative stand complexity index (rSCI) were compared among five treatments: commercial clear-cutting, fixed diameter-limit, 5 year single-tree selection, three-stage shelterwood (both with and without precommercial thinning), and unharvested natural areas. Regardless of treatment, regeneration events (whether induced by natural breakup of the overstory or by harvesting) increased aggregation in spatial pattern and reduced species mingling, more so in the commercial clearcut and fixed diameter-limit treatments where hardwood densities were highest. Regular spatial patterns were rare. Height differentiation values for individual trees and stand-level mean rSCI were generally highest in untreated natural areas and 5 year selection treatments, intermediate in commercial clearcut and fixed diameter-limit treatments, and lowest in three-stage shelterwood treatments. After a brief adjustment period, precommercial thinning in a shelterwood treated stand generally increased species mingling, height differentiation, and rSCI. Two untreated natural areas exhibited divergent pathways of structural development. Dynamics in uneven-aged selection treatments more closely resembled that of the untreated natural areas than did the shelterwood, commercial clearcut, or fixed diameter-limit treatments.

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Stephenson, P. J., and Carrie Stengel. "An inventory of biodiversity data sources for conservation monitoring." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): e0242923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242923.

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Many conservation managers, policy makers, businesses and local communities cannot access the biodiversity data they need for informed decision-making on natural resource management. A handful of databases are used to monitor indicators against global biodiversity goals but there is no openly available consolidated list of global data sets to help managers, especially those in high-biodiversity countries. We therefore conducted an inventory of global databases of potential use in monitoring biodiversity states, pressures and conservation responses at multiple levels. We uncovered 145 global data sources, as well as a selection of global data reports, links to which we will make available on an open-access website. We describe trends in data availability and actions needed to improve data sharing. If the conservation and science community made a greater effort to publicise data sources, and make the data openly and freely available for the people who most need it, we might be able to mainstream biodiversity data into decision-making and help stop biodiversity loss.

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CUCCHIARELLI, ALESSANDRO, and PAOLA VELARDI. "Finding a domain-appropriate sense inventory for semantically tagging a corpus." Natural Language Engineering 4, no. 4 (December 1998): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324998002071.

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Semantically tagging a corpus is useful for many intermediate NLP tasks such as: acquisition of word argument structures in sublanguages; acquisition of syntactic disambiguation cues; terminology learning; etc. The general idea is that semantic tags allow the generalization of observed word patterns, and facilitate the discovery of recurrent sublanguage phenomena and selectional rules of various types. Yet, as opposed to POS tags in morphology, there is no consensus in the literature about the type and granularity of the semantic tags to be used. In this paper, we argue that an appropriate selection of semantic tags should be domain-dependent. We propose a method by which we select from WordNet an inventory of semantic tags that are ‘optimal’ for a given corpus, according to a scoring function defined as a linear combination of general and corpus-dependent performance factors. We believe that an optimal selection of a category inventory is a necessary premise for obtaining better results in all lexically learning algorithms that are based on, or concerned with, semantic categorization of words. Furthermore, an adequate inventory (one which intuitively ‘fits’ with the semantics of a domain, e.g. phenomenon for Natural Science, or part, piece for a technical handbook) may facilitate the manual annotation of large corpora.

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Croft, William. "Linguistic Selection: An Utterance-based Evolutionary Theory of Language Change." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 19, no. 2 (December 1996): 99–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500003358.

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Hull (1988) uses recent developments in the theory of biological evolution, in particular rigorous application of the population theory of species, a consistently phylogenetic approach to evolutionary taxonomy and a proposed resolution of the dispute over which levels natural selection operates, to propose a general analysis of selection processes which he then applies to conceptual change in science. Hull's model of selection is applied to language change. It is argued that the utterance plays the central role in linguistic selection, and causal mechanisms by which linguistic selection – language change – occurs are proposed. The final sections consider the possibility that selection occurs also at higher levels of linguistic organization, and suggest how language contact may be accounted for in terms of phylogenetic reticulation.

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Biggeri, Annibale, and Dolores Catelan. "The methodological and conceptual aspects of mortality studies in psychiatry." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 19, no. 1 (March 2010): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00001548.

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AbstractAn extensive literature documented a mortality differential for natural causes between psychiatric patients and the general population. Less clear is the pattern for cancer diseases. Methodological problems arise when trying to explain such mortality gap: selection bias and reverse causation; time-dependent confounders that are also intermediate variables; complex relationships within a life course have to be considered. We try to explain such problems in terms of causal graphs. Excess risk for causes of death which are not attributable to higher prevalence of risk factors or treatment side-effects and higher mortality rates for avoidable causes have been also documented. These findings underline the need for research on health promotion and preventive programs targeted to psychiatric patients.

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Song, Xingqiang, Christel Carlsson, Ramona Kiilsgaard, David Bendz, and Helene Kennedy. "Life Cycle Assessment of Geotechnical Works in Building Construction: A Review and Recommendations." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 8442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208442.

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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is becoming an increasingly important environmental systems analysis tool in the construction sector for the identification of measures and strategies to reduce the environmental impact of buildings throughout the whole value chain. Geotechnical processes, such as earthworks, ground improvement and foundation construction, are often energy- and resource-intensive. Geotechnical works can thus play an important role in moving towards more sustainable building construction practices. This article reviews recent applications of LCA of buildings, including foundations as the focus or part of the system studied, based on the ISO 14040/44 standards. The system boundaries of geotechnical works are defined and a conceptual model for LCA of geotechnical works in building construction is proposed. The results of the literature review showed that the application of LCA to the building substructure is currently under development, but still in a fragmented state. There is a need for a unified framework for LCA of geotechnical works in building construction, especially regarding the definition of the functional unit, the choice of system boundaries, the appropriateness of inventory data, and the selection of impact categories. The conceptual model focuses on the demonstration of inventory flows and system boundaries and can serve as a basis for scope definition in future LCA studies of geotechnical works in building construction. It may also support effective communication between different actors and stakeholders regarding environmental sustainability in the construction sector.

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Breul, Martin. "Philosophical Theology and Evolutionary Anthropology." Neue Zeitschrift für Systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie 61, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 354–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nzsth-2019-0019.

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Summary Being one of most influential anthropologists of contemporary times, Michael Tomasello and his groundbreaking evolutionary approach to a natural history of human beings are still to be received by theological anthropology. This article aims at evaluating the prospects and limitations of Tomasello’s natural history of human ontogeny from a philosophical and theological perspective. The major advantages of Tomasello’s approach are a new conceptual perspective on the mind-brain problem and a possible detranscendentalization of the human mind which leads to an intersubjectively grounded anthropology. At the same time, evolutionary anthropology struggles with the binding force of moral obligations and the human ability to interpret one’s existence and the world in a religious way. This article thus offers a first theological inventory of Tomasello’s account of evolutionary anthropology which praises its prospects and detects its limitations.

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Kapuscinski, Anne R. D., and James E. Lannan. "A Conceptual Genetic Fitness Model for Fisheries Management." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1606–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-199.

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A generalized model for managing fisheries to maintain reproductive fitness is proposed. The fitness of an individual within a stock is its number of successful progeny, where successful means survival to the reproductive stage. The fitness of a stock is a probability distribution (W) described by its mean [Formula: see text] and variance (Vw). An example of equations, derived from a variance effective number, expresses the distribution as a function of phenotypic variables (including abundance, immigration and age structure) which could be estimated in fishery surveys. Management of a stock as a self-perpetuating system requires maintenance of its probability distribution at a sufficiently broad level, estimated from reference generations, to allow it to perpetuate in the face of fishing and natural mortality in a changing environment. Modification of the distribution by exploitation or management actions imposes the risk of reduction of genotypic diversity in the stock. Selection of appropriate reference generations requires careful attention to biological detail. Application of the model is illustrated by computing the effective number for fictitious stocks with different life histories.

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Fröb, Friederike, Are Olsen, Fiz F. Pérez, Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Emil Jeansson, Abdirahman Omar, and Siv K. Lauvset. "Inorganic carbon and water masses in the Irminger Sea since 1991." Biogeosciences 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2018): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-51-2018.

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Abstract. The subpolar region in the North Atlantic is a major sink for anthropogenic carbon. While the storage rates show large interannual variability related to atmospheric forcing, less is known about variability in the natural dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and the combined impact of variations in the two components on the total DIC inventories. Here, data from 15 cruises in the Irminger Sea covering the 24-year period between 1991 and 2015 were used to determine changes in total DIC and its natural and anthropogenic components. Based on the results of an extended optimum multiparameter analysis (eOMP), the inventory changes are discussed in relation to the distribution and evolution of the main water masses. The inventory of DIC increased by 1.43 ± 0.17 mol m−2 yr−1 over the period, mainly driven by the increase in anthropogenic carbon (1.84 ± 0.16 mol m−2 yr−1) but partially offset by a loss of natural DIC (−0.57 ± 0.22 mol m−2 yr−1). Changes in the carbon storage rate can be driven by concentration changes in the water column, for example due to the ageing of water masses, or by changes in the distribution of water masses with different concentrations either by local formation or advection. A decomposition of the trends into their main drivers showed that variations in natural DIC inventories are mainly driven by changes in the layer thickness of the main water masses, while anthropogenic carbon is most affected by concentration changes. The storage rates of anthropogenic carbon are sensitive to data selection, while changes in DIC inventory show a robust signal on short timescales associated with the strength of convection.

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Patel, Aniruddh D. "Musical Rhythm, Linguistic Rhythm, and Human Evolution." Music Perception 24, no. 1 (September 1, 2006): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2006.24.1.99.

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There is now a vigorous debate over the evolutionary status of music. Some scholars argue that humans have been shaped by evolution to be musical, while others maintain that musical abilities have not been a target of natural selection but reflect an alternative use of more adaptive cognitive skills. One way to address this debate is to break music cognition into its underlying components and determine whether any of these are innate, specific to music, and unique to humans. Taking this approach, Justus and Hutsler (2005) and McDermott and Hauser (2005) suggest that musical pitch perception can be explained without invoking natural selection for music. However, they leave the issue of musical rhythm largely unexplored. This comment extends their conceptual approach to musical rhythm and suggests how issues of innateness, domain specificity, and human specificity might be addressed.

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Garvin-Doxas, Kathy, and Michael W. Klymkowsky. "Understanding Randomness and its Impact on Student Learning: Lessons Learned from Building the Biology Concept Inventory (BCI)." CBE—Life Sciences Education 7, no. 2 (June 2008): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe.07-08-0063.

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While researching student assumptions for the development of the Biology Concept Inventory (BCI; http://bioliteracy.net ), we found that a wide class of student difficulties in molecular and evolutionary biology appears to be based on deep-seated, and often unaddressed, misconceptions about random processes. Data were based on more than 500 open-ended (primarily) college student responses, submitted online and analyzed through our Ed's Tools system, together with 28 thematic and think-aloud interviews with students, and the responses of students in introductory and advanced courses to questions on the BCI. Students believe that random processes are inefficient, whereas biological systems are very efficient. They are therefore quick to propose their own rational explanations for various processes, from diffusion to evolution. These rational explanations almost always make recourse to a driver, e.g., natural selection in evolution or concentration gradients in molecular biology, with the process taking place only when the driver is present, and ceasing when the driver is absent. For example, most students believe that diffusion only takes place when there is a concentration gradient, and that the mutational processes that change organisms occur only in response to natural selection pressures. An understanding that random processes take place all the time and can give rise to complex and often counterintuitive behaviors is almost totally absent. Even students who have had advanced or college physics, and can discuss diffusion correctly in that context, cannot make the transfer to biological processes, and passing through multiple conventional biology courses appears to have little effect on their underlying beliefs.

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Windle, Michael. "Psychometric Strategies of Measures of Temperament: A Methodological Critique." International Journal of Behavioral Development 11, no. 2 (June 1988): 171–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548801100203.

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The test construction strategies used in the development of a large number of current questionnaire measures of temperament were reviewed. The review detailed the procedures that various researchers selected to construct their measures, including the specification of the content domain of interest, the method and sequence of item selection and evaluation, and efforts to determine the dimensionality of respective measures. A critique of these temperament measures was then provided, with reference to several central concepts in psychometric theory and multivariate developmental correlational research. The selection by some test constructors of coefficient alpha as the sole criterion for inferring unidimensionality was shown to be insufficient. Differences were discussed regarding the usefulness of the principal components and common factor models to represent multivariate item response data. Conceptual clarity and empirical inter-inventory studies were suggested to assist in the identification of similarity/dissimilarity among temperament constructs proposed by different investigators. A final recommendation was that greater attention be given to cross-validation as a component in the construction process of temperament measures.

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Dudkiewicz, Margot, and Katarzyna Kawalec. "IDEA OF THE SYMBOLIC GARDEN IN THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT OF AREA AROUND THE CHURCH OF URSZULA LEDÓCHOWSKA IN LUBLIN." Annales Horticulturae 30, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/ah.2020.1.1.

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Each element of space is a potential sign or it can become thanks to the author’s intentions. Sign and symbol issues are used in design for the development of the area around St. Urszula Ledóchowska church in Lublin. The work defines the concept of a church garden as well as features and functions of a welldesigned object. The fieldwork consisted of carrying out a detailed dendrological inventory and assessing the condition of existing facility. Then, a conceptual design was developed, which proposed a new selection of plants with the preservation of some existing trees. The surface has been completely changed and elements of small architecture have been added. The area was divided into three zones: representative, contemplative and relaxing. The whole idea is to serve the clergy and parishioners, while being a vote of gratitude to St. Urszula Ledóchowska.

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File, Amanda L., Guillermo P. Murphy, and Susan A. Dudley. "Fitness consequences of plants growing with siblings: reconciling kin selection, niche partitioning and competitive ability." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1727 (November 9, 2011): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1995.

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Plant studies that have investigated the fitness consequences of growing with siblings have found conflicting evidence that can support different theoretical frameworks. Depending on whether siblings or strangers have higher fitness in competition, kin selection, niche partitioning and competitive ability have been invoked. Here, we bring together these processes in a conceptual synthesis and argue that they can be co-occurring. We propose that these processes can be reconciled and argue for a trait-based approach of measuring natural selection instead of the fitness-based approach to the study of sibling competition. This review will improve the understanding of how plants interact socially under competitive situations, and provide a framework for future studies.

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KIJIMA, Taizo, and Thierry HOQUET. "Translating “natural selection” in Japanese: from “shizen tōta” to “shizen sentaku”, and back?" Bionomina 6, no. 1 (June 28, 2013): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.6.1.2.

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This paper focuses on terminological issues related to the translation of Darwin’s concept of “natural selection” in Japanese. We analyze the historical fate of the different phrases used as translations, from the first attempts in the late 1870s until recent times. Our first finding is that the first part of the Japanese translations never changed during the period considered: “natural” was constantly rendered by “shizen”. By contrast, the Japanese terms for “selection” have dramatically changed over time. We identify some major breaks in the history of Japanese translations for “natural selection”. From the end of the 1870s to the early 1880s, several translations were suggested in books and periodicals: “shizen kanbatsu”, “shizen tōta”, “tensen”. Katō Hiroyuki adopted “shizen tōta” in 1882 and he undeniably played an important role in spreading this phrase as the standard translation for “natural selection”. The most common Japanese translation of the Origin during the first half of the 20th century (by Oka Asajirō in 1905) also used “shizen tōta”. Adramatic shift occurred after WWII, from “tōta” to “sentaku”. While a linear interpretation could suggest a move from a “bad” translation to a better one, a closer analysis leads to more challenging insights. Especially we stress the role of the kanji restriction policy, which specified which kanji should be taught in schools and thus should be used in textbooks: “tōta” was not included in the list, which may have led to the good fortune of “sentaku” in the 1950–1960s. We think the hypothesis of the influence of Chinese translations is not a plausible one. As to conceptual differences between “shizen tōta” and “sentaku”, they remain unconvincing as both terms could be interpreted as a positive or negative process: there is no clear reason to prefer one term over the other from the strict point of view of their meanings or etymology. Then, turning to the way terms are used, we compare translations of natural selection with translations of artificial or sexual selection. First we turn to the field of thremmatology (breeders): there, “tōta” (sometimes spelled in hiragana instead of kanji) often bore the meaning of culling; since 1917, breeders often used “sentaku” as a translation for “selection”. However, quite surprisingly, breeders used two different terms for selection as a practice (“senbatsu”), and “selection” as in “natural selection” (“shizen sentaku”). Finally, we compare possible translations for “sexual selection” and “matechoice”: here again, there are some good reasons to favour “tōta” over “sentaku” to avoid lexical confusion.

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Lucero, Margaret M., and Anthony J. Petrosino. "A Resource for Eliciting Student Alternative Conceptions: Examining the Adaptability of a Concept Inventory for Natural Selection at the Secondary School Level." Research in Science Education 47, no. 4 (July 16, 2016): 705–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9524-z.

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Bouwma-Gearhart, Jana, and Andrew Bouwma. "Inquiry through Modeling." American Biology Teacher 77, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2015.77.2.8.

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The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Lead States, 2013) recommend that science courses engage communities of students in scientific practices that include building accurate conceptual models of phenomena central to the understanding of scientific disciplines. We offer a set of activities, implemented successfully at both the secondary and postsecondary levels, that involve students in guided inquiry toward creation and progressive revision of a robust model of selection that accounts for both natural and sexual selection and their complicated relationship to one another at the level of individuals and populations. Requiring students to progressively revise their models in light of data and previous understanding replicates scientific practice and allows for authentic assessment of students’ growing content knowledge, understanding, and skills regarding scientific modeling and communication processes.

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Crnogorac, Miroslav, Miloš Tanasijević, Dušan Danilović, Vesna Karović Maričić, and Branko Leković. "Selection of Artificial Lift Methods: A Brief Review and New Model Based on Fuzzy Logic." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 6, 2020): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071758.

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Artificial lift methods have applications in oil wells where oil production is no longer possible due to natural reservoir energy, so this necessary energy is added by introducing lift methods. In order to achieve optimum production, the selection of an artificial lift method is very important. This paper uses fuzzy logic as a mathematical and conceptual model for selection of the optimal artificial lift method. The outcome or IF-THEN rules, as the central part of the model, is based on empirical data from the selected oil fields. Results are presented in two ways: according to the surfaces of irregular geometric bodies, and their gravity with the scattering of results, i.e., on smaller and greater possibilities of interpreting results when there are small differences in outputs. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the model is presented.

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Yoon, Byun Gun, and Jin Seon Yang. "Applications of Genetic Algorithm and Text Mining on Technology Innovation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (December 2011): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.287.

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The notion of technology innovation is similar to the phenomena of natural evolution because a lot of concepts in technology innovation such as technology trajectory and path dependency was originated the ideas of evolutionary theory. However, existing studies just deal with conceptual relationship between technology evolution and biological evolution without quantitative, detailed analysis. Genetic algorithm is a good approach which can investigate the evolution of promising technology by defining the mutation and selection of technology. Thus, this research aims at proposing a new approach to applying the genetic algorithm to grasp the evolution path of technology. For this, first, the analogy between technology evolution and natural evolution is identified. Second, the morphology of a selected technology is defined by extracting the keyword information from patent documents which are collected from database of USTPO (United State Trade and Patent Office) through text mining. Third, genetic algorithm is applied to analyze the evolutionary pattern of technology and derive the configurations of promising technology with software, describing the cells, mutation and selection of technology.

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Simons, Andrew M. "Modes of response to environmental change and the elusive empirical evidence for bet hedging." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1712 (March 16, 2011): 1601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0176.

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Uncertainty is a problem not only in human decision-making, but is a prevalent quality of natural environments and thus requires evolutionary response. Unpredictable natural selection is expected to result in the evolution of bet-hedging strategies, which are adaptations to long-term fluctuating selection. Despite a recent surge of interest in bet hedging, its study remains mired in conceptual and practical difficulties, compounded by confusion over what constitutes evidence for its existence. Here, I attempt to resolve misunderstandings about bet hedging and its relationship with other modes of response to environmental change, identify the challenges inherent to its study and assess the state of existing empirical evidence. The variety and distribution of plausible bet-hedging traits found across 16 phyla in over 100 studies suggest their ubiquity. Thus, bet hedging should be considered a specific mode of response to environmental change. However, the distribution of bet-hedging studies across evidence categories—defined according to potential strength—is heavily skewed towards weaker categories, underscoring the need for direct appraisals of the adaptive significance of putative bet-hedging traits in nature.

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Chan, Chung-Shing. "Developing a Conceptual Model for the Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Changing Tourism Risk Perception." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 9824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189824.

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The global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has tremendously reshaped the tourism industry and destinations worldwide. Tourism destinations and the travel market require empirical research to support their post-pandemic strategies, especially in relation to the influences of changing perceptions of tourism risks, experience, and behavioural intention. This paper aims to propose a conceptual model and its hypotheses of the perceived tourism risks of natural and man-made disasters to explain the associations between the expected travel experience and ultimate travel behaviour. This paper provides a foundation for further empirical study based on a literature review and discussion. Several areas of theoretical development are identified for immediate research: (1) comparison of self-interpretation and understanding of multi-dimensional tourism risks of natural and man-made complexity in epidemics across a great variety of geographical and geo-political territories; (2) a complex web of influence to changing safety concerns and risk perception by information dissemination; (3) the effect of destination selection or hesitation in travel intention caused by changing destination image; and (4) local perception of the epidemic and health crisis. Destination authorities are recommended to (1) strengthen the preparedness and emergency responses of an effective disaster management process, (2) maintain the emotional solidarity of both tourists and local residents, and (3) mitigate multiple dimensions of the perceived risks, mainly associated with the health and psychological risks of those affected.

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Lewis, James J., Steven M. Van Belleghem, Riccardo Papa, Charles G. Danko, and Robert D. Reed. "Many functionally connected loci foster adaptive diversification along a neotropical hybrid zone." Science Advances 6, no. 39 (September 2020): eabb8617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb8617.

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Characterizing the genetic complexity of adaptation and trait evolution is a major emphasis of evolutionary biology and genetics. Incongruent findings from genetic studies have resulted in conceptual models ranging from a few large-effect loci to massively polygenic architectures. Here, we combine chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, Hi-C, RNA sequencing, and 40 whole-genome sequences from Heliconius butterflies to show that red color pattern diversification occurred via many genomic loci. We find that the red wing pattern master regulatory transcription factor Optix binds dozens of loci also under selection, which frequently form three-dimensional adaptive hubs with selection acting on multiple physically interacting genes. Many Optix-bound genes under selection are tied to pigmentation and wing development, and these loci collectively maintain separation between adaptive red color pattern phenotypes in natural populations. We propose a model of trait evolution where functional connections between loci may resolve much of the disparity between large-effect and polygenic evolutionary models.

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Pamies-Bertrán, Antonio, and Wang Yuan. "The spatial conceptualization of time in Spanish and Chinese." Yearbook of Phraseology 11, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 107–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phras-2020-0007.

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AbstractThere is a general consensus about the existence of a cognitive transfer by which we conceive time in terms of space, witnessed by the recurrence of this metaphor in many languages. We can distinguish two theoretical trends in the treatment of this conceptual metaphor: those based on universalistic apriorisms and those based on more relativistic and empirical assumptions. While the first tend to extrapolate from English, reducing this metaphor to very few basic models with a natural motivation, the second privilege Amerindian languages, with empirical data which do not fit in such speculative universals. This contrastive work on the two typologically distant languages Spanish and Chinese confirms the cross-linguistic productivity of other space-to-time associations (reversed time, mirror time, vertical time, cyclic time). Though our results show more similarities than differences in the overall available inventory, some specific divergences between Chinese and Spanish are also noted.

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Ogle, Stephen M., and Keith Paustian. "Soil organic carbon as an indicator of environmental quality at the national scale: Inventory monitoring methods and policy relevance." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 85, Special Issue (September 1, 2005): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s04-087.

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Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage is an indicator of environmental quality for mineral soils because of the influence that organic matter has on key functional properties, such as fertility, soil structure and water relations. Historically, agricultural management has caused large losses of SOC relative to native ecosystems, leading to degradation. However, new technologies and conservation practices have been developed during the past few decades that can enhance SOC storage, and thus improve environmental quality. Our objective was to describe a national inventory procedure to estimate SOC storage for purposes of monitoring environmental quality. The major steps in this procedure include: (1) model selection/development, (2) model verification, (3) identification of model input data, (4) uncertainty assessment, (5) model implementation, and (6) validation of results. Applying this approach with a simple C accounting method, the upper 30 cm of US agricultural soils were estimated to have accumulated 10.8 Tg C yr-1 between 1982 and 1997, with an uncertainty of ± 40%. A simple index was developed to relate estimated SOC stocks to the potential amounts under native conditions and conventional agricultural management. An index value of 0% on the proposed scale would be equivalent to the SOC under conventional a gricultural use, while an index value of 100% would be equivalent to native levels. With an estimated 1997 stock of 22 400 Tg C, the index value for US agricultural soils was about 60%. Using this inventory procedure, environmental issues related to soil, water and air quality could be informed by SOC in combination with other key indicators, in addition to using the inventory for evaluating sustainability of agricultural lands for food and fiber production. Key words: Natural resource inventory, environmental quality indicators, soil organic carbon, land use and management, national inventory, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Develop

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Oneal, Elen, and L. Lacey Knowles. "Ecological selection as the cause and sexual differentiation as the consequence of species divergence?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1750 (January 7, 2013): 20122236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2236.

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Key conceptual issues about speciation go unanswered without consideration of non-mutually exclusive factors. With tests based on speciation theory, we exploit the island distribution and habitat differences exhibited by the Caribbean cricket Amphiacusta sanctaecrucis , and with an analysis of divergent ecological selection, sexually selected differentiation and geographical isolation, address how these different factors interact. After testing for divergent selection by comparing neutral genetic and morphological divergence in one ecological (mandible shape) and one sexual (male genitalia shape) trait, we examine whether ecological or sexual selection is the primary mechanism driving population divergence. We find that all three factors—isolation, ecological and sexual selection—contribute to divergence, and that their interaction determines the stage of completeness achieved during the speciation process, as measured by patterns of genetic differentiation. Moreover, despite the striking diversity in genitalic shapes across the genus Amphiacusta , which suggests that sexual selection drives speciation, the significant differences in genitalia shape between forest habitats revealed here implies that ecological divergence may be the primary axis of divergence. Our work highlights critical unstudied aspects in speciation—differentiating the cause from the consequence of divergence—and suggests avenues for further disentangling the roles of natural and sexual selection in driving divergence in Amphiacusta .

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Martins, Rogério Parentoni. "The conceptual structure of evolutionary biology: A framework from phenotypic plasticity." European Journal of Ecology 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eje-2018-0018.

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Abstract In this review, I approach the role of phenotypic plasticity as a key aspect of the conceptual framework of evolutionary biology. The concept of phenotypic plasticity is related to other relevant concepts of contemporary research in evolutionary biology, such as assimilation, genetic accommodation and canalization, evolutionary robustness, evolvability, evolutionary capacitance and niche construction. Although not always adaptive, phenotypic plasticity can promote the integration of these concepts to represent some of the dynamics of evolution, which can be visualized through the use of a conceptual map. Although the use of conceptual maps is common in areas of knowledge such as psychology and education, their application in evolutionary biology can lead to a better understanding of the processes and conceptual interactions of the complex dynamics of evolution. The conceptual map I present here includes environmental variability and variation, phenotypic plasticity and natural selection as key concepts in evolutionary biology. The evolution of phenotypic plasticity is important to ecology at all levels of organization, from morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations that influence the distribution and abundance of populations to the structuring of assemblages and communities and the flow of energy through trophic levels. Consequently, phenotypic plasticity is important for maintaining ecological processes and interactions that influence the complexity of biological diversity. In addition, because it is a typical occurrence and manifests itself through environmental variation in conditions and resources, plasticity must be taken into account in the development of management and conservation strategies at local and global levels.

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Suchostawska, Laura. "Metaphorical Construals of Nature in Thoreau’s Writings." Anglica Wratislaviensia 55 (October 18, 2017): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0301-7966.55.8.

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The article investigates how the concept of nature is metaphorically construed in the writings of Henry David Thoreau, one of the earliest and most influential nature writers. The analysis has been inspired by insights from cognitive linguistics and cognitive poetics, especially Lakoff and Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Fauconnier and Turner’s Blending Theory. Several different metaphorical construals of the concept of nature appear in Thoreau’s writings which have been examined in this study, including Walden, The Maine Woods, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, a selection from his journal, and two collections of his earlier and later natural history essays and manuscripts. One can encounter there, obviously, conventional personifications of nature, such as Mother Nature, which, however, is questioned by Thoreau, as well as the occasional construal of nature as a companion or a bride. Other conventional conceptual metaphors, which are more frequently employed by him, include the metaphorical construal of nature as a work of art or as a literary work and once, more unconventionally, as a concert. Natural entities are also construed as other kinds of products. An original metaphor, which frequently appears in Thoreau’s late manuscript on the dispersion of seeds, is the personification of nature as a forester.

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Ganzeveld, L. N., J. A. van Aardenne, T. M. Butler, M. G. Lawrence, S. M. Metzger, P. Stier, P. Zimmermann, and J. Lelieveld. "Technical Note: Anthropogenic and natural offline emissions and the online EMissions and dry DEPosition submodel EMDEP of the Modular Earth Submodel system (MESSy)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 3 (June 27, 2006): 5457–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-5457-2006.

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Abstract. We present the online calculated Earth's surface trace gas and aerosol emissions and dry deposition in the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) submodel EMDEP as well as the currently applied anthropogenic and natural emissions inventories. These inventories, being read-in by the MESSy submodel OFFLEM, include the industrial, fossil fuel, agricultural and biomass burning emissions considering emission height profiles as a function of the source category based on the EDGAR v3.2 fast track 2000 inventory. Terrestrial and marine emissions of a selection of trace gases and aerosols are calculated online in EMDEP using climate model parameters such as wind speed, temperature and land cover and land use parameters. The online dry deposition calculation includes gases and aerosols, where the default selection for the trace gases for the dry deposition scheme can be easily extended using a commonly applied method based on trace gas solubility and reactivity. In general, the simulated global annual emissions agree with previously reported inventories, although differences exist, partly dependent on the applied model resolution. A high sensitivity of the simulated dry deposition to the applied emission height profiles stresses the importance of a realistic and consistent representation of the spatial and temporal variability in surface exchange processes in Earth system models.

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Sinha, Chris, Vera Da Silva Sinha, Jörg Zinken, and Wany Sampaio. "When time is not space: The social and linguistic construction of time intervals and temporal event relations in an Amazonian culture." Language and Cognition 3, no. 1 (March 2011): 137–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/langcog.2011.006.

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AbstractIt is widely assumed that there is a natural, prelinguistic conceptual domain of time whose linguistic organization is universally structured via metaphoric mapping from the lexicon and grammar of space and motion. We challenge this assumption on the basis of our research on the Amondawa (Tupi Kawahib) language and culture of Amazonia. Using both observational data and structured field linguistic tasks, we show that linguistic space-time mapping at the constructional level is not a feature of the Amondawa language, and is not employed by Amondawa speakers (when speaking Amondawa). Amondawa does not recruit its extensive inventory of terms and constructions for spatial motion and location to express temporal relations. Amondawa also lacks a numerically based calendric system. To account for these data, and in opposition to a Universal Space-Time Mapping Hypothesis, we propose a Mediated Mapping Hypothesis, which accords causal importance to the numerical and artefact-based construction of time-based (as opposed to event-based) time interval systems.

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Côté, Sylvie, Louis Bélanger, Robert Beauregard, Évelyne Thiffault, and Manuele Margni. "A Conceptual Model for Forest Naturalness Assessment and Application in Quebec’s Boreal Forest." Forests 10, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040325.

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Research Highlights: To inform eco-designers in green building conception, we propose a conceptual model for the assessment of the impact of using wood on the quality of ecosystems. Background and Objectives: The proposed model allows the assessment of the quality of ecosystems at the landscape level based on the condition of the forest and the proportion of different practices to characterize precisely the forest management strategy. The evaluation provides a numerical index, which corresponds to a suitable format to inform decision-making support tools, such as life cycle analysis. Materials and Methods: Based on the concept of naturalness, the methodology considers five naturalness characteristics (landscape context, forest composition, structure, dead wood, and regeneration process) and relies on forest inventory maps and data. An area within the boreal black spruce-feathermoss ecological domain of Quebec (Canada) was used as a case study for the development of the methodology, designed to be easily exportable. Results: In 2012, the test area had a near-natural class (naturalness index NI = 0.717). Simulation of different management strategies over 70 years shows that, considering 17.9% of strict protected areas, the naturalness index would have lost one to two classes of naturalness (out of five classes), depending on the strategy applied for the regeneration (0.206 ≤ ΔNI ≤ 0.413). Without the preservation of the protected areas, the management strategies would have further reduced the naturalness (0.274 ≤ ΔNI ≤ 0.492). Apart from exotic species plantation, the most sensitive variables are the percentage of area in irregular, old, and closed forests at time zero and the percentage of area in closed forests, late successional species groups, and modified wetlands after 70 years. Conclusions: Despite the necessity of further model and parameter validation, the use of the index makes it possible to combine the effects of different forestry management strategies and practices into one alteration gradient.

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SPIVEY, MICHAEL J., SARAH E. ANDERSON, and RICK DALE. "THE PHASE TRANSITION IN HUMAN COGNITION." New Mathematics and Natural Computation 05, no. 01 (March 2009): 197–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793005709001234.

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This article attempts to build a bridge between cognitive psychology and computational neuroscience, perhaps allowing each group to understand the other's theoretical insights and sympathize with the other's methodological challenges. In briefly discussing a collection of conceptual demonstrations, neural network and dynamical system simulations, and human experimental results, we highlight the importance of the concept of phase transition to understand cognitive function. Our goal is to show that viewing cognition as a self-organizing process (involving phase transitions, criticality, and autocatalysis) affords a more natural explanation of these data over traditional approaches inspired by a sequence of linear filters (involving detection, recognition, and then response selection).

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Scott, David, and Dean Croshaw. "Marbled salamanders (Ambystoma opacum) choose low elevation nest sites when cover availability is controlled." Amphibia-Reptilia 27, no. 3 (2006): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853806778190123.

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AbstractNest site selection is an important part of adult reproductive behavior because growth and survival of young are often affected by the local environment. In terrestrially nesting marbled salamanders, nest elevation is likely important to reproductive success because it is directly related to the time of hatching. We tested the hypothesis that females choose nest sites based on elevation and its correlates by controlling the availability of nesting cover, a potentially important factor in nest site selection which often covaries with elevation. Breeding adults were confined to field enclosures in which natural nesting cover had been removed and replaced with equal proportions of artificial cover in each of three elevation zones. In four enclosures that spanned from lowest to highest areas of a wetland breeding site, females used artificial nesting cover most frequently at low elevations. These results contrast with other studies in which intermediate elevations had highest nest densities, but are consistent with a conceptual model in which opposing selective forces result in locally adapted nest site selection.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Conceptual inventory of natural selection'

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