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Begley, Mary. "The Middle English lexical field of 'insanity' : semantic change and conceptual metaphor." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2019. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-middle-english-lexical-field-of-insanity-semantic-change-and-conceptual-metaphor(8df594e5-d3a1-4272-8e4a-ed250107b737).html.
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This thesis is an investigation of Middle English insanity language. It analyses change in the Middle English lexical field of INSANITY, the semantic structure of lexemes wod and mad, and compares INSANITY conceptual metaphors in Middle English and present-day English. The INSANITY lexical field is an ideal one to study language change, due to socio-cultural changes since the Middle Ages such as advances in medical knowledge, the development of the field of psychiatry and legal changes protecting people with a mental illness from discrimination. The general theoretical aims were to examine a) change in conceptual metaphor, and b) semantic and lexical change with a particular focus on the decline in use of adjective wod. The theoretical frameworks are cognitive linguistics, prototype theory, and conceptual metaphor theory, and the data is derived from Middle English corpora and other sources. The INSANITY database I created for this study consisted of 1307 instances of mad, wod and near-synonyms in context. The main results can be divided into three groups. Firstly, the lexical field study demonstrates that various intra-linguistic and socio-cultural phenomena effect lexical change. Using case studies amongst others of the decline of wod in the Wycliffite Bible and of Caxton's translations from French, and a systematic variation across genre, I argue that the important factors are i) the arrival of new medical loanwords such as frensy, lunatic and malencolie; ii) the early re-emergence of the vernacular in medical texts starting in the twelfth century, and the development of a new medical register; iii) the so-called medieval 'inward turn'; iv) changes in the neighbouring lexical field of ANGER. Secondly, the semasiological study of wod and mad shows that the meanings of these two lexemes are structured and change in line with the central tenets of prototype theory, i.e. as described for diachronic prototype semantics by Geeraerts (1997). The path of mad's semantic development does not parallel that of wod after the thirteenth century. Mad's senses do not have the emphasis on wildness and fury that the senses of wod do. A particularly interesting finding is the semantic change from a sub-sense of adverb mad and adjective mad, 'unrestrained', leading in present-day English to a new delexicalised and grammaticalised sense of mad, where its use as an intensifier enhances scalar quantity and quality. Thirdly, the conceptual metaphor study demonstrates that predominantly the same conceptual metaphors are seen in both Middle English and present-day English, with some exceptions such as the concept of insanity being related to moral decline, as evidenced in the dearth of FALLING metaphors for insanity in present-day English. Conceptual metaphors such as INSANITY IS ANOTHER PLACE are evidenced in present-day English expressions such as out of her senses, or not in my right mind. In 1422, Thomas Hoccleve could write of a dysseveraunce between himself and his wit, or about his wyld infirmitie, which threw him owt of my selfe, illustrating the same underlying concepts. Other INSANITY conceptual metaphors which remain unchanged are GOING ASTRAY, LACK OF ORDER, LACK OF WHOLENESS, DARKNESS, FORCE, PRISON and BURDEN. Because of its unique approach in combining onomasiological and semasiological approaches with a conceptual metaphor study, this study reveals not only specific patterns of change, but differences in the rate of change on the lexical and conceptual levels. Lexical change driven by the need to be expressive, and reflecting socio-cultural changes such as changes in medical knowledge, can be seen to happen rapidly over the Middle English period. However, underlying conceptual change is barely discernible even over a much longer period of time from Middle English to present-day English. This research is significant because it provides a basis for future analysis of insanity language in other periods and contexts. It also contributes to the study of semantic change in general, highlighting the insights that can be gained by combining different types of data-driven analyses.
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Yasynetska, Olena A. "Conceptual, Linguistic and Translational Aspects of Headline Metaphors used to Refer to the American and Ukrainian Presidential Campaigns of 2004." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1129586319.
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Adams, Aurora Mathews. "LINGUISTIC AND CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS OF ‘HEART’ IN LEARNER CORPORA." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/20.
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This corpus-based study examined English and Spanish learner language for ‘heart’ metaphors. Gutiérrez Pérez (2008) compared ‘heart’ metaphors across five languages and that study served as a reference framework for the work presented here. This work intended to find evidence of metaphor transfer and/or new metaphor learning in second language writing. Conceptual metaphors (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980) and linguistic or lexical metaphors (Falck, 2012) from both languages were considered in the analysis. This work analyzed ‘heart’ metaphors taken from two learner corpora, the Cambridge Learner Corpus and the Corpus de Aprendices de Español. Results were compared to the findings of Gutiérrez Pérez (2008) to see whether these metaphors typically occur only in English, only in Spanish, or are found in both languages. The results showed evidence of language learners using several kinds of metaphors that do not typically occur in their first language. The aim of this study was to add a new facet to this body of research by examining these phenomena in learner corpora rather than monolingual corpora. Furthermore, this study also examined both second language English and second language Spanish corpora, addressing potential bi-directionality of transfer or conversely, the use of new linguistic forms.
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Olofsson, Malin. "En kognitiv semantisk analys av partikelverbet gå upp: : Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) kontra Principled Polysemy Approach to Meaning Analysis (PPAMA)." Thesis, Örebro University, Department of Humanities, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-1881.
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This essay examines the differences and similarities, weaknesses and strengths of the two Cognitive Semantic theories Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Principled Polysemy Approach to Meaning Analysis. To illustrate the two theories, the Swedish verb-particle construction "gå upp" is examined and analyzed accordingly. The results showed differences in the number of polysemous meaning found. The methodological evaluation showed that the differences in the underlying ideas concerning meaning-construction behind these two theories make them incompatible.
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Dilks, Charlotte. "Les métaphores de guerre dans la prose journalistique du français." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för franska, italienska och klassiska språk, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-31028.
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This study explores the use of war metaphors, more specifically metaphors centred on the verb, in modern French newspaper prose from three principal angles. The first part of the analysis shows that the verbs of war used are metaphorical rather than concrete. However, the vast majority of the metaphors stem from only five verbs, namely attaquer, affronter, combattre, défendre and lutter. The second part of the analysis focuses on these five verbs and their metaphorical uses. It is shown that it is the semantic role of patient that separates a metaphorical use from a concrete use. A classification of the patients according to semantic fields reveals that each of the five verbs shows a distinct preference for a certain type of patient and the verbs also differ in whether their patients have negative or positive connotations. This creates an image of five verbs, each of which is conventionalised in a certain linguistic context. The final chapter of the analysis investigates war metaphors from a textual perspective, analysing their usage according to three parameters: position, function and target domains. The position that is the most susceptible to war metaphors is the initial position. The textual functions of metaphors are divided into one semantic and three pragmatic functions. The semantic function structures the theme of an article in terms of war, construing an antagonism by means of elaborating or extending a conventional metaphor. The pragmatic functions considered are argumentative, descriptive and expressive. In the articles studied, war metaphors have mostly a descriptive or argumentative function. Finally, the target domains and their interconnections with the source domain WAR are considered, showing that the war metaphors are linked to power or the lack thereof. The metaphor often describes the person in power, but the case can be reversed with the metaphor describing the powerless resisting or fighting the person in power.
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Khan, Mohammad Miraz Hossain. "See how far we’ve come : A corpus study of the source metaphor JOURNEY." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-34984.
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The present study is based on conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), which Lakoff and Johnson introduced in 1980. Data were taken from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), and three phrases (a long road, bumpy road and fork in the road) were investigated, in order to see how far the conceptual metaphor theory can be corroborated using authentic data. Journey was taken as the source domain of the three phrases. After analysis it was found that altogether 79% were metaphorical tokens, 18% were literal uses and 3% ‘other’ uses of the three phrases. In the metaphorical tokens of the three phrases six conceptual metaphors were identified and the most common conceptual metaphor was LONG-TERM PURPOSEFUL (LABOURIOUS) ACTIVITIES ARE JOURNEYS which made up 63% of all metaphorical tokens. The conceptual metaphor RECOVERING FROM PHYSICAL ILLNESS (OR GRIEF) OR PHYSICAL (OR MENTAL) SUFFERING IS A JOURNEY was only found in metaphorical tokens of the phrase a long road. The study shows that CMT can be used to explain the majority of the tokens in the corpus. However, one conceptual metaphor often mentioned in previous accounts, LOVE IS A JOURNEY, turned out to be quite rare.Studien baseras på Lakoff och Johnsons teori om konceptuella metaforer som introducerades 1980. Materialet är hämtat från Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), där tre fraser undersöktes (a long road, bumpy road, fork in the road), för att se i vilken mån teorin om konceptualla metaforer kan beläggas i autentiskt material. Journey (dvs. resa)var källdomänen för de tre fraserna. Analysen visade att totalt 79 % av de undersökta fraserna var metaforiska, i 18 % användes fraserna i bokstavlig mening, och 3 % klassificerades som ”annat”. Sex konceptuella metaforer identifierades; den vanligaste visade sig vara LÅNGSIKTIGA MÅLINRIKTADE (ARBETSKRÄVANDE) AKTIVITETER ÄR RESOR vilket utgjorde 63 % av alla token. Den konceptuella metaforen ATT TILLFRISKNA FRÅN FYSISK SJUKDOM (ELLER SORG) ELLER FYSISKT (ELLER MENTALT) LIDANDE ÄR EN RESA påträffades bara i frasen a long road. Studien visar att teorin om konceptuella metaforer kan användas för att förklara majoriteten av träffarna i korpusen. Det visade sig emellertid att en konceptuell metafor som ofta nämns i tidigare beskrivningar, KÄRLEKEN ÄR EN RESA, var ovanlig i materialet.
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Brodell, Josefin. "LA MÚSICA ES AMOR y otras metáforas conceptuales por las que vivimos : La semántica y la estructura gramatical de metáforas traducidas." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för moderna språk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-216182.
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In this thesis I have combined cognitive metaphor theory, based mostly on the theories of the book Metaphors we live by by Lakoff & Johnson, with translation theory in order to try and show how the former can contribute with useful analytical tools within me- taphor translation. More specifically, my objective is to try and show how the knowled- ge of how metaphor works according to the cognitive perspective can help translating metaphors in a way that corresponds to the recommendations established by Peter Newmark (1992), i.e. try to maintain, in as much as posible, both grammatical structure and semantics. Through a qualitative analysis I considered gramatical structure and se- mantics of three original literary metaphors taken from the swedish book ”Gösta Ber- lings saga” by Selma Lagerlöf, and their translations to spanish made by Slaby (1955). I identified how well the translations corresponded to the recommendations of Newmark, as well as suggested new translations based on the results of the cognitive analysis. As a result we could see the importance, not only of maintaining both source domain and tar- get domain of the original metaphor, or at least the epistemical correspondences in case the source domain changed, but also the ontological correspondences, the specific con- tact, that the original metaphor establishes between these two domains, for a translation that better follows the norms defined by Newmark. In other words, limited to these th- ree examples, I managed to confirm that a cognitive approach to metaphor can be very useful within translation.
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Colin, Nathalie. "English and Swedish Animal Idioms : A Study of Correspondence and Variation in Content and Expression." Thesis, Karlstad University, Division for Culture and Communication, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-13.
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Idioms are found in every language and learning them is an important aspect of the mastery of a language. The English language is no exception as it contains a large number of idioms, which are extensively used. However, because of their rather rigid structure and quite unpredictable meaning, idioms are often considered difficult to learn. Although little research has been done to date on the nature of idioms as well as how they are used, a better understanding of variations in idioms can nevertheless be acquired by looking at some theories and thoughts about their use and their structure.
The aim of this paper is to examine a number of animal idioms, focusing primarily on English idioms and the similarities and differences found in equivalent Swedish idioms, even when the Swedish idioms do not contain an animal. Two types of studies are presented. In the first one, the English and Swedish animal idioms collected are grouped into four categories. The results of such a categorization show that half of the English animal idioms found have an equivalent in Swedish containing an animal. In the second study, the content, structure, wording, semantics and metaphorical meaning of the animal idioms are analysed and compared. The results indicate that the Swedish animal idioms that correspond to the English animal idioms have, for the most part, the same structures and similar variations in degree of literalness, fixity, manipulation and transformation. Furthermore, the use of metaphor, personification and simile appears to be common both in English and Swedish animal idioms. The role of context and literal and figurative translation are also addressed in this study.
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Knighton, Erik Joseph. "Vertical Scales in Temporal sub Constructions." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1402999952.
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Castaño, Castaño Emilia. "The Embodied Basis of Discourse Coherence." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96719.
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This doctoral dissertation investigates the corporeal basis of global and local coherence. As far as global coherence is concerned, the main argument of this thesis is that the search for global coherence is often guided by means of metaphorical mappings, particularly those having to do with the conceptual metaphor DISCOURSE IS A FORM OF MOTION ALONG A PATH INFLUENCED BY FORCE DYNAMICS. In the case of local coherence, the analysis presented focuses only on a subset of interclausal connections: cause-effect and cause-concession relations, when explicitly marked by means of discourse markers. This thesis successfully assesses the hypothesis that Talmy’s force-dynamic model, along with conceptual metaphor, may account for the semantic content and the type of inferences that said subset of connectives generate during language processing. More broadly, this thesis provides evidence to support the premise that not only the general structure of discourse, but also the coherence relations on which it relies, emerge from our embodied interaction with the world.Esta tesis estudia la posible influencia que la metáfora conceptual, entendida como un proceso cognitivo, puede ejercer en la producción y comprensión del discurso, en particular en el modo en que las relaciones de coherencia global y local emergen y se sustentan. Mediante un análisis cualitativo, esta tesis muestra que la metáfora conceptual UN DISCURSO ES UNA FORMA DE MOVIMIENTO INFLUENCIADA POR DINÁMICAS DE FUERZA y sus esquemas de imagen subyacentes son recursos estructurales básicos. Dichos elementos dan forma a la organización del discurso, contribuyen a realzar las relaciones de coherencia del texto y facilitan la comprensión lectora al activar inferencias o expectativas que pueden ayudar a predecir el comportamiento del discurso. En el caso de a coherencia local, cuatro estudios experimentales proporciona evidencias empíricas, a través de una análisis comparativo del inglés y del castellano, que apoyan la tesis de que las relaciones de coherencia causales y concesivas tienen una naturaleza corpórea ya que parecen estar basadas en conceptos más concretos: interacciones de fuerza. Además este trabajo también ofrece datos que permiten afirmar que dichos patrones de fuerza no sólo son codificados en términos lingüísticos mediante verbos sino también mediante marcadores del discurso causales y concesivos. Todos estos datos llevan a pensar que los esquemas de imagen y la metáfora conceptual son cruciales en conceptualización de las nociones de causalidad y concesión ya que comprimen nuestra experiencia y la extienden a nociones mucho más abstractas tales como la causalidad y la concesión para hacer estas nociones comprensibles. En definitiva esta tesis proporciona evidencias de que apoyan la premisa de que no sólo la estructura general del texto sino también las relaciones de coherencia local emergen de nuestra interacción corpórea con el mundo que nos rodea.
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Wallin-Ashcroft, Anna-Lena. "Great men and charming creatures : on male and female terms in eighteenth century novels." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Moderna språk, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-65860.
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A corpus of terms for human beings collected from 18th century novels is studied from a broad sociolinguistic perspective. A summary of recent linguistic theories and a survey of 18th century culture and society are provided as background. The basic assumption is that the meaning of words is dependent on human beings and their society and that shifts in meaning are linked to changes in attitudes, culture and social structure. Terms used for men and women therefore mirror the concepts of 'male' and 'female' in a society. Gender differences found in various semantic fields are presented and discussed. Prototypes for certain terms are suggested by means of frame analysis. Sense developments are traced and related to societal changes. Differences in male and female usage are discussed. The findings are analyzed in terms of the following contrasts within the concepts of 'male' and 'female': spirit/matter; power/dependency; active/passive; varied/limited.digitalisering@umu
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Dabrickytė, Aidena. "Semantik der Verben der Nahrungsaufnahme im Deutschen." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100903_002520-72841.
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In den Mittelpunkt dieser Abschlussarbeit werden die Nahrungsverben gestellt. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die deutschen Verben der Nahrungsaufnahme unter dem semantischen Aspekt zu analysieren. Die Nahrungsverben werden aus zwei Standpunkten alalysiert: Wort und Wortverbindungen. In dem theoretischen Teil werden theoretische Grundlagen der Merkmalanalyse, semantischen Gruppen und die Theorie der konzeptuellen Metapher besprochen. Zur Untersuchung der Semantik der Nahrungsverben wurden 91 Verben der Nahrungsaufnahme im Deutschen und 82 metaphorische Wortverbindungen analysiert. Die Merkmalanalyse hat gezeigt, dass: • alle Nahrungsverben, die analysiert waren, gehören zu derselben semantischen Gruppe. Dennoch gibt es große Unterschiede zwischen den Bedeutungen der analysierten Nahrungsverben. • die Verben der Nahrungsaufnahme bilden zwei große Gruppen: ESSEN und TRINKEN. Die Gruppe ESSEN ist noch in 14 und die Gruppe TRINKEN in acht kleinere semantische Untergruppen gegliedert. Jede Untergruppe besitzt ein nur für sie kennzeichnendes Merkmal (z. B. ´jmdm. Nahrung geben´, ´viel und begierig essen´, ´Alkohol gebrauchen´, ´trinken, bis nichts mehr da ist´ u. a. ). Aus der Analyse von metaphorischen Wortverbindungen ließen sich 9 konzeptuelle Metaphern feststellen. Die durchgeführte Metaphernanalyse hat gezeigt, dass ESSEN metaphorisch in Beziehung zu GEMÜTSZUSTAND, KOGNITIVE FÄHIGKEIT, RAUM, WEG, KÖRPER, GELD, ANGABEN, STROM, INFORMATION gesetzt wird.Šio bakalauro darbo tema – „Maitinimosi veiksmažodžių semantika vokiečių kalboje“. Tyrimo tikslas – remiantis komponentine reikšmės analize išnagrinėti surinktus maitinimosi procesą reiškiančius veiksmažodžius bei išanalizuoti metaforiškus posakius su maitinimosi veiksmažodžiais taikant kognityvinės lingvistikos metaforų teoriją. Buvo rastas 91 maitinimosi procesą reiškiantis veiksmažodis ir 82 metaforiškai vartojamų maitinimosi veiksmažodžių pavyzdžiai. Atlikus komponentinę analizę gauti tokie rezultatai: Maitinimosi veiksmažodžių semantinė grupė suskirstyta į dvi dideles grupes: VALGYTI (vok. ESSEN) ir GERTI (vok. TRINKEN). Grupė VALGYTI suskirstyta į 14 mažesnių semantinių pogrupių, o grupė GERTI – į 8. Kiekvienam pogrupiui priskirtas tik jam būdingas požymis, pvz. VALGYTI grupės požymiai: ´kažką maitinti´ (vok. ´jmdm. Nahrung geben´), ´daug ir godžiai valgyti´ (vok. ´viel und begierig essen´), ´valgyti tam tikru paros metu´ (vok. ´für bestimmte Tagesmahlzeit´), ´valgyti kažką saldaus´ (vok. ´etw. Leckeres essen´), ´gerai ir daug valgyti´ (vok. ´gut und reichlich essen´), ´valgyti žolę´ (vok. ´Gras essen´), ´maitinti gyvūną´ (vok. ´einem Tier essen geben´), ´viską suvalgyti´ (vok. ´essen, bis nichts mehr da ist´), ´valgyti su tam tikru stalo įrankiu´ (vok. ´mit einem bestimmten Besteck essen´) ir kt. GERTI grupės požymiai: ´vartoti alkoholį´ (vok. ´Alkohol gebrauchen´), ´skubiai´ (vok. ´hastig´), ´po truputį´ (vok. ´in kleineren Mengen´), ´žindyti´ (vok. ´an der Brust... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The subject of the thesis is The Semantics of Verbs' Nutrition in German. The main aim of the paper is the analysis of verbs' nutrition in German invoking the componential analysis and the theory of conceptual metaphor. 91examples of verbs' nutrition and 82 metaphorical sayings have been selected and grouped into 2 groups, i.e. TO EAT and TO DRINK. The group TO EAT is comprised of 14 semantic subgroups and the group TO DERINK - 8 subgroups. Every subgroup has a different feature. The results of the componetial analysis are: 9 conceptual metaphors have been distinguished. THE NUTRITION is related figuratively to THE FRAME OF MIND, COGNITIVE ABILITY, SPACE, ROAD, BODY, MONEY, DATA, ELECTRICITY SUPPLY, INFORMATION.
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Cruz, Anna Cecília de Paula. "Metáforas orientacionais e ontológicas na ampliação semântica de quatro raízes hebraicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8152/tde-19072010-124709/.
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Em Metaphors we live by, Lakoff e Johnson apresentam uma nova perspectiva de metáfora. Esta não é apenas um recurso lingüístico, mas estrutura conceitual determinada culturalmente. Nosso pensamento está estruturado com base em metáforas conceituais que nos possibilitam compreender um tipo de coisa em termos de outra; noções abstratas por meio da nossa experiência física. Com base nesta perspectiva de metáfora, analisamos quatro raízes hebraicas, ??? (rdl), ??? (tsv\"), ??? (yrd) e ??? (\"lh), dando ênfase às suas formas verbais, cujos sentidos passam de uma experiência concreta para outras mais abstratas. Nosso objetivo é demonstrar em que medida metáforas orientacionais e ontológicas contribuem para a ampliação lexical por ampliação semântica de uma palavra em hebraico. Para tanto, fizemos uma análise dos sentidos das raízes selecionadas, acompanhando parte de sua evolução semântica. Partimos de exemplos do texto bíblico, principal referência da língua hebraica, e contrastamos com exemplos de textos jornalísticos modernos disponíveis no site do jornal israelense Ha\'arets.In Metaphors we live by, Lakoff and Johnson present a new perspective on metaphors. Metaphor is not merely viewed as a linguistic resource, but as a conceptual cultural structure culturally determined. Thinking is structured through conceptual metaphors which enable the comprehension of a certain thing in terms another; abstract notions through physical experience. Based on this view of metaphor, we analyzed four hebrew roots: ??? (rdl), ??? (tsv\"), ??? (yrd) and ??? (\"lh), emphasizing their verbal forms, whose meanings change from concrete experience to abstract ones. Our aim is show to which extent orientational and ontological metaphors contribute to lexical expansion through semantic expansion of a word, in hebrew. With this objective, we analyzed the meanings of roots selected, observing part of their semantic evolution. We started from examples from biblical text, the main reference of the Hebrew language, and contrasted them with modern journalistic texts available on the website of Israeli newspaper Ha\'arets
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Fukada, Chie. "The Cognitive Basis of Semantic Extension in Natural Language - With Special Reference to Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy in English." Kyoto University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149866.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第9658号
人博第142号
13||127(吉田南総合図書館)
新制||人||35(附属図書館)
UT51-2002-G416
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科人間・環境学専攻
(主査)教授 山梨 正明, 助教授 三谷 惠子, 助教授 北山 忍
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Matos, Lucia Helena Lopes de. "A metáfora e a intertextualidade: uma realização multicultural na língua portuguesa." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2006. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4247.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorEste estudo teve a finalidade de descrever, num corpus literário de iniciação, tanto a metáfora conceptual e suas manifestações lingüísticas quanto à intertextualidade, como caminhos possíveis para um processo de compreensão construtivo e autônomo, em textos de língua portuguesa produzidos em culturas diferentes. Selecionamos, como material de investigação dos aspectos estudados, na literatura brasileira, uma trilogia metaliterária de Lygia Bojunga Nunes, na literatura portuguesa, dois contos de Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, e na literatura africana, optamos pela representação moçambicana com uma novela de Mia Couto. As obras das duas primeiras autoras são lidas por jovens entre 14 a 17 anos nos seus países de origem e a obra de Mia Couto está aqui relacionada por ser uma possibilidade e um enriquecimento para o leitor em formação. Trabalhamos com a metáfora inserida nos fundamentos da Semântica cognitiva, porque traz como preceito básico o desvelamento das associações que vão embasar nossos esquemas mentais e cujo conhecimento vai-nos habilitando a uma autonomia para relacionar sentidos e perceber que até a mais obscura emissão vai ganhar ares de previsibilidade por conta das nossas experiências, dos textos que buscamos na memória e do contexto que construímos com os dados lingüísticos que preenchem a moldura de um dado cenário. A metáfora, porém, se mostrou produtiva em nossas análises porque associamos a sua gênese conceptual com a sua função pragmática. É nessa fusão que ela se faz língua, se faz pujante, desviante e revela para o interlocutor as marcas que a remetem para a circularidade original, ou seja, o conceito da qual ela foi gerida. Verificamos, na aplicação da teoria no corpus analisado, que, através dos fundamentos da metáfora conceptual e da intertextualidade, podemos compreender o que é universal e o que é cultural nas nossas expressões literárias e que a fronteira entre essas duas dimensões não fratura o diálogo que se faz urgente e necessário, para a defesa de uma cultura lusófona
This study aimed to describe, in a literary corpus, both the conceptual metaphoric as well as its linguistic manifestations concerning intertextuality, and possible ways for a constructive and autonomous understanding in texts written in Portuguese and produced in different cultures.The selected material have included, in the Brazilian literature, a metaliterary trilogy by Lygia Bojunga Nunes; in the Portuguese literature, two short stories by Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen; and as for the African literature, we have opted for the Mozambique representation, with a novel by Mia Couto. The works by the first two authors are read by 14 to 17-year-ld youngsters in their native countries and the work by Mia Couto is referred here since it is considered to be an enriching possibility for the reader in formation.We have worked with the metaphor defined in the fundamentals of Cognitive Semantics, because it follows the basic principle of unveiling the associations which will found our mental schema and whose knowledge allows that even the most obscure emission will seem to be predictability based on our own experiences, the texts we retrieve from memory and the context that we build with the linguistics data which fill in the frame of a given scenario.The metaphor has proved to be productive in our analyses because we have associated its conceptual genesis with its pragmatic function. It is in this fusion that it becomes language, it is magnificent and deviant, and reveals to the interlocutor the marks that forward it to the original circularity, that is, the concept from which it was generated.By applying the theory to the analyzed corpus, we have verified that by means of the principles of the conceptual metaphor and of the intertextuality we can understand what is universal and what is cultural in our literary expressions and that the frontier between these two dimensions does not fracture the dialogue which is made urgent and necessary in the defense of a lusophonic culture
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Hurtig, Alexander. "The Best Balance : An Investigation of Expressions Describing Taste Experiences." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4215.
Full textAbstract:
Taste, or gustation, has long been considered a primitive, and even non-rational, perceptual sense. Taste, as a subject of academic research, has been given very little attention; especially, when contrasted to other human perceptual senses. The knowledge of how people express and discuss their perceptions and sensations of tastes, and, specifically, the descriptions of tastes of chocolate, is very limited.
Furthermore, the terminological inconsistency in the vocabulary of chocolate tasting, with the risk of misunderstanding or miscommunication, suggests that a basic method for representing tastes is needed.
This thesis presents a study of how people actually express the perception or sensation of tasting, and specifically when tasting chocolate. This study also explores the possibility of crafting a method for use when describing the tastes of chocolate.
The study was carried out by holding two tasting workshops. The first one was concerned with recording conversations about tasting chocolate. Participants were asked to taste different kinds of chocolates and, freely, discuss what they perceived and sensed. In the second workshop the participants were asked to describe the tastes of chocolate using predetermined vocabulary and formatted questionnaires.
The results of this study are linguistic semantic analyses of the different words that were used, and also a proposal for a prototypical method to use when tasting chocolate.
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Rosa, Leila Isabelita Pereira de Oliveira. "Neologia semântica na década de 90: um estudo sobre a metáfora em um corpus jornalístico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-19112009-154133/.
Full textAbstract:
Esta Dissertação tem por objetivo estudar as metáforas geradas em um corpus jornalístico da década de 90, constituído no âmbito do Projeto Observatório de Neologismos do Português Brasileiro Contemporâneo (TermNeo). Para isso, selecionamos, dentre as unidades lexicais neológicas de cunho semântico, as formações metafóricas que compõem nosso estudo. Este visa a fazer uma análise interpretativa da metáfora vista sob o viés da lingüística cognitiva. Assim, levamos em conta, para nossa análise, que a metáfora é uma atividade cognoscitiva e está presente nos diversos discursos produzidos nas atividades humanas, bem como permeia todo o nosso cotidiano. Trata-se de uma atividade cognoscitiva cuja evidência se dá pela linguagem natural da qual nos servimos para nos comunicarmos e, também, produzirmos conhecimento. Nossa análise tem como embasamento a Teoria da Integração Conceptual proposta por Fauconnier em seus postulados que datam de 1997 e que está sendo ampliada e aprimorada em parceria com Turner e seus colaboradores. Para o autor, a metáfora constitui um fenômeno conceptual, bem como um instrumento de projeção mental. Esta teoria baseia-se na Teoria dos Espaços Mentais de autoria de Fauconnier que objetiva explicar como é que falantes e ouvintes registram correspondências conceptuais e, também, constroem novas inferências durante o discurso. Os autores defendem que o processo de instauração da metáfora se dá a partir de relações entre espaços mentais. Aplicamos a referida teoria nas formações metafóricas presentes no corpus escolhido e verificamos que se trata de uma teoria de suma importância para os estudos acerca da metáfora. O resultado de nossa análise comprova que a metáfora é um fenômeno conceptual e um instrumento de projeção mental.This dissertation intends to study the metaphors generated in journalistic corpus in the 90s, which is part of the Projeto Observatório de Neologismos do Português Brasileiro Contemporâneo (TermNeo). Thus, we have selected among the neologic lexical units of semantic tenor, the metaphoric formations that compound our study. This aims to do an interpreting analysis of the metaphor under the optics of cognitive linguistics. In this manner, we have taken into account to our analysis that the metaphor is a cognoscitive activity and is present in the various discoureses produced in human activities, as well as it permeates our everyday. It is about a cognoscitive activity which evidence is seen in the natural language we use to communicate and, as well, produce knowledge. Our analysis has that Conceptual Integration Theory as its basis offered by Fauconnier in his postulates from 1997 and is being amplified and improved in association with Turner and his collaborators. To the author, the metaphor constitutes a conceptual phenomenon, as well as a mental projection instrument. This theory is bases in the Mental Spaces Theory of Fauconnier that seeks to explain how speakers and listeners register conceptual correspondence and, also, build new inferences during the speech. The authors defend that the process of instauration of the metaphor starts in the relations between mental spaces. We have applied the cited theory in metaphoric formations present in the chosen corpus and verified that it is of extreme importance for metaphor studies. The result of our analysis confirms that the metaphor is a conceptual phenomenon and a mental projection instrument.
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Garcia, Sainz Elvira Alicia. "La interpretación del significado de locuciones verbales en español : Estrategias de aprendientes y hablantes nativos para describir el sentido figurado al Pensar en Voz Alta." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-167331.
Full textAbstract:
Idioms are frequently used in any language and thereby it is important to investigate how these linguistic resources are understood, acquired and mastered. More studies need to be conducted, specially in the learning of a second language. Cooper (1999) examined the processing of idioms in English by L2 learners using the Think-aloud procedure (TAP). He found that a heuristic model consists of the numerous strategies used by these speakers to find the meaning of written idioms by exploring and try to find the meaning which is less familiar to them, compared to the native speakers knowledge and holistic or integrated approach. In the currrent work, realized in Sweden, the TAP was applied to compare the responses given by learners of Spanish as a second language and native speakers about common verbal idioms. The aim is to analyze the interpretation and comprehension of non-literal or figurative meaning of these expressions. As the result indicates, the Spanish idioms were less familiar to the L2 learners, but their figurative meaning was understood in 41% of the times, and including partial associations in 76% of the attempts using the TAP. The descriptions of these L2 Spanish speakers’ group varied notoriously: amid match and partial coincidences with figurative meaning, unusual images were referred and the literal meaning was presented in a few cases as part of the figurative. The heuristic and a kind of hybrid approach to the idiomatic meaning in the oral and semantic elaborations and interpretative strategies were confirmed. However, it was relatively easier to the L2 speakers to propose lexical definitions. With a more holistic processing and descriptions of meaning, the native speakers accessed the non-literal idioms’ meaning with a complete description in 85% of the cases, and including linked information in 98%, which confirmed that regional idioms could be particularly unknown. Some difficulties to give explicit information about concrete terms by members of the group of native speakers were identified.Las locuciones son expresiones de uso común en el habla cotidiana y por ello es importante investigar cómo son comprendidas y adquiridas, tanto en el aprendizaje de lenguas maternas como en el de segundas lenguas. Cooper (1999) examinó cómo los hablantes de inglés como segunda lengua, usando el procedimiento Pensar en Voz Alta (PVA), describen el significado de locuciones presentadas por escrito. Él identificó que un modelo heurístico de procesamiento se conforma por numerosas estrategias con las cuales estos hablantes intentan encontrar y dar respuestas acertadas acerca del significado idiomático. El PVA se usó en este estudio, realizado en Suecia, para comparar las respuestas de aprendientes de español como segunda lengua y hablantes nativos, enfocando locuciones verbales de uso común en esa lengua. El propósito fue analizar las interpretaciones y comprensión de significado no literal o figurado de las secuencias convencionales presentadas. Los resultados muestran que para los hablantes de español como segunda lengua las locuciones eran poco familiares, pero acertaron en el 41% de sus intentos al describir significados coincidentes con el sentido figurado, y en 76% con asociaciones parciales de significado. Las respuestas de estos hablantes variaron notoriamente: entre aproximación al significado convencional proporcionaron imágenes inusuales y algunos significados literales como parte del figurado, confirmando un abordaje heurístico o indagatorio y cierta aproximación híbrida al conocimiento idiomático en la L2. Sin embargo, fue relativamente más fácil para estos participantes formular definiciones léxicas. El abordaje de los hablantes nativos fue en cambio más holístico o integrador, con la descripción completa de significados del sentido figurado en 85% de casos, y en 98% con asociación de información relacionada, lo que confirma que algunas expresiones pueden ser conocidas de distinta forma en regiones diferentes. En algunos casos hubo ciertas dificultades para exponer información explícita sobre términos concretos en este grupo de hablantes nativos.
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Pettersson, Ulf. "Textmedierade virtuella världar : Narration, perception och kognition." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för film och litteratur (IFL), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-29606.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis synthezises theories from intermedia studies, semiotics, Gestalt psychology, cognitive linguistics, cognitive psychology, cognitive poetics, reader response criticism, narratology and possible worlds-theories adjusted to literary studies. The aim is to provide a transdisciplinary explanatory model of the transaction between text and reader during the reading process resulting in the reader experiencing a mental, virtual world. Departing from Mitchells statement that all media are mixed media, this thesis points to Peirce’s tricotomies of different types of signs and to the relation between representamen (sign), object and interpretant, which states that the interpretant can be developed into a more complex sign, for example from a symbolic to an iconic sign. This is explained in cognitive science by the fact that our perceptions are multimodal. We can easily connect sounds and symbolic signs to images. Our brain is highly active in finding structures and patterns, matching them with structures already stored in memory. Cognitive semantics holds that such structures and schematic mental images form the basis for our understanding of concepts. In cognitive linguistics Lakoff and Johnsons theories of conceptual metaphors show that our bodily experiences are fundamental in thought and language, and that abstract thought is concretized by a metaphorical system grounded in our bodily, spatial experiences. Cognitive science has shown that we build situation models based on what the text describes. These mental models are simultaneously influenced by the reader’s personal world knowledge and earlier experiences. Reader response-theorists emphasize the number of gaps that a text leaves to the reader to fill in, using scripts. Eye tracking research reveals that people use mental imaging both when they are re-describing a previously seen picture and when their re-description is based purely on verbal information about a picture. Mental spaces are small conceptual packets constructed as we think and talk. A story is built up by a large number of such spaces and the viewpoint and focus changes constantly. There are numerous possible combinations and relations of mental spaces. For the reader it is important to separate them as well as to connect them. Mental spaces can also be blended. In their integration network model Fauconnier and Turner describe four types of blending, where the structures of the input spaces are blended in different ways. A similar act of separation and fusion is needed dealing with different diegetic levels and focalizations, the question of who tells and who sees in the text. Ryan uses possible worlds-theories from modal logic to describe fictional worlds as both possible and parallel worlds. While fictional worlds are comparable to possible worlds if seen as mental constructions created within our actual world, they must also be treated as parallel worlds, with their own actual, reference world from which their own logic stems. As readers we must recenter ourselves into this fictional world to be able to deal with states of affairs that are logically impossible in our own actual world. The principle of minimal departure states that during our recentering, we only make the adjustments necessary due to explicit statements in the text.