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1
Sullivan, Karen. "Integrating constructional semantics and conceptual metaphor." Constructions and Frames 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.8.2.02sul.
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Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) aims to represent the conceptual structure of metaphors rather than the structure of metaphoric language. The theory does not explain which aspects of metaphoric language evoke which conceptual structures, for example. However, other theories within cognitive linguistics may be better suited to this task. These theories, once integrated, should make building a unified model of both the conceptual and linguistic aspects of metaphor possible. First, constructional approaches to syntax provide an explanation of how particular constructional slots are associated with different functions in evoking metaphor. Cognitive Grammar is especially effective in this regard. Second, Frame Semantics helps explain how the words or phrases that fill the relevant constructional slots evoke the source and target domains of metaphor. Though these theories do not yet integrate seamlessly, their combination already offers explanatory benefits, such as allowing generalizations across metaphoric and non-metaphoric language, and identifying the words that play a role in evoking metaphors, for example.
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Sardaraz, Khan, and Roslan Ali. "A COGNITIVE-SEMANTIC APPROACH TO THE INTERPRETATION OF DEATH METAPHOR THEMES IN THE QURAN." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp219-246.
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In previous literature, conceptual metaphor has been used as a comprehensive cognitive tool to explore systematic categorization of concepts in the Quran. Death metaphor themes have either been studied from rhetorical or conceptual perspectives, but metaphor interpretation needs both linguistic and conceptual knowledge. This paper will explore the function of both linguistic and conceptual knowledge in metaphor interpretation in the Quran. This paper has used the technique of key words and phrases for data collection and metaphor identification procedure (MIP) for metaphors identification. Thirteen conceptual metaphors were found in the data. The key conceptual metaphors were analyzed through the lexical concept cognitive model theory (hereafter LCCM) to find out the functions of linguistic and conceptual knowledge in metaphor interpretation. The findings reveal that conceptual metaphor gives only relational structure to the linguistic metaphoric expressions, whereas interpretation needs integration of both linguistic and conceptual knowledge. Conceptual simulation of metaphoric expressions is a multilinear process of multiple conceptual schemas and language. The findings also reveal that LCCM needs the tool of intertextuality for clash resolution of contexts in text interpretation. This paper holds that meaning construction depends upon multilinear processing of conceptual schemas and language. Furthermore, it asserts that the gap in LCCM may be resolved through the tool of intertextuality in metaphor comprehension. This study suggests further studies on relationship between conceptual schemas and lexical behaviour and an elaborate model for text interpretation, combining LCCM and intertextuality.
Keywords: Cognitive model, cognitive semantics, conceptual metaphor, fusion, lexical concept
Cite as: Sardaraz, K., & Ali, R. (2019). A cognitive-semantic approach to the interpretation of death metaphor themes in the Quran. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(4), 219-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp219-246
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Johnson, Cynthia A., Peter Alexander Kerkhof, Leonid Kulikov, Esther Le Mair, and Jóhanna Barðdal. "Argument structure, conceptual metaphor and semantic change." Diachronica 36, no. 4 (December 18, 2019): 463–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.00014.bar.
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Abstract In contrast to grammaticalization studies of lexical verbs changing into auxiliaries, the realm of semantic changes associated with lexical verbs is an understudied area of historical semantics. We concentrate on the emergence of verbs of success from more semantically concrete verbs, uncovering six conceptual metaphors which all co-occur with non-canonical encoding of subjects in Indo-European. Careful scrutiny of the relevant data reveals a semantic development most certainly inherited from Indo-European; hence, we reconstruct a dat-‘succeeds’ construction at different levels of schematicity for Proto-Indo-European, including a novel reconstruction of a conceptual metaphor, success is motion forward, and the mapping between this metaphor and the verb-class-specific argument structure construction. Hence, this article offers a systematic analysis of regularity in semantic change, highlighting the importance of predicate and argument structure for lexical semantic developments.
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Păstae, Oana-Maria. "The conceptual metaphor of joy." JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC AND INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/jolie.2019.12.1.10.
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The purpose of this paper is to study how ‘joy’, an emotional concept, is metaphorised in English from a cognitive perspective. It introduces the theoretical framework of Cognitive Linguistics, then briefly touches upon the definition of metaphor, the different types of conceptual metaphors and, finally, the conceptual metaphors of ‘joy’. We think in metaphors, which we learn very early. Our conceptual system, in terms of what we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature (Lakoff, & Johnson 2003: 8). Lakoff and Johnson’s book Metaphors we live by changed the way linguists thought about metaphor. Conceptual Metaphor Theory was one of the earliest theoretical frameworks identified as part of the cognitive semantics enterprise and provided much of the early theoretical impetus for the cognitive approach. The basic premise of Conceptual Metaphor Theory is that metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. The cognitive model of joy can be described using the example of Lakoff for anger: JOY IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER: She was bursting with joy; JOY IS HEAT/FIRE: Fires of joy were kindled by the birth of her son; joy is a natural force: I was overwhelmed by joy; JOY IS A SOCIAL SUPERIOR: If I ruled the world by joy; JOY IS AN OPPONENT: She was seized by joy; joy is a captive animal: All joy broke loose as the kids opened their presents; JOY IS INSANITY: The crowd went crazy with joy; JOY IS A FORCE DISLOCATING THE SELF: He was beside himself with joy.
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Ratri, Deasy Ade. "A Semantic Analysis of Metaphors Found In “Dream Theatre’s” Selected Lyrics." LUNAR 1, no. 02 (November 6, 2017): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36526/ln.v1i02.454.
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Metaphor is an implicit comparison in which two unlike objects are compared by identification or substitution of one for the other to suggest common quality shared by the two. It is an implied analogy in which a word or phrase is applied to a person, object, idea or concept to which it is literally or semantically inapplicable. Many students in English Department are still confused in interpreting metaphors’ meaning whereas they have learned semantics. The research aims to find the types of metaphors which are used in Dream Theatre’s selected lyrics then interpret its contextual meaning. There are five song lyrics are chosen. They are, As I am, Endless Sacrifice, Pull Me Under, The Spirit Carries On, and Through Her Eyes. This research uses theory of Chrystal that classifies the metaphors into three types. They are Conceptual Metaphor, Mixed Metaphor, and Poetic Metaphor.
To achieve the research purposes, this research uses content analysis by deductive category application. The steps in deductive category application are collecting the theory related to metaphors, identifying the concepts of metaphors, coding Dream Theatre’s selected lyrics, classify the metaphors according to Chrystal theory, and interpreting the contextual meaning of metaphors. The result shows that forty three cases of metaphors which are found in Dream Theatre’s selected lyrics. There are three thirty two metaphors that included to Conceptual metaphor, Tens metaphor are Mixed metaphor, and one metaphors are Poetic metaphor. According to the result above, conceptual metaphor are higher and more often than mixed metaphor and poetic metaphor, mixed metaphor ranks second and Poetic metaphor appears as the least type
Based on the result, it is suggested to the readers use the information to know widely and deeply about the types of metaphors classified by Chrystal, as the reference or study more about metaphors. For the students who are learning about metaphors or students who are in English Department are suggested to use songs in learning and improving their capability in language and interpreting the meaning. While for the lecturer, it is suggested to use songs as a resourches in teaching semantics especially in teaching metaphors
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Ntabo, Victor Ondara, Naom Moraa Nyarigoti, and Moses Gatambuki Gathigia. "Interpreting the Human Being Metaphors in Ekegusii Pop Songs Using the Cognitive Semantics Framework." Issues in Language Studies 7, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ils.1612.2018.
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The paper explores the human being metaphors in Ekegusii pop songs (EPS). Composers of EPS use human being metaphors to convey their message in different perspectives. It is possible for the meaning of the human being metaphors to elude the audience of EPS because language is both embodied and situated in a specific environment. Therefore, the meaning of the metaphors need to be objectively interpreted to reveal the message of the composers. The study purposively sampled Christopher Mosioma’s (Embarambamba) EPS amasomo (education) and the late Ontiri Bikundo’s obwanchani (love) based on the songs’ richness in metaphors. The Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit was used to identify 54 metaphors in the EPS by four coders (including the researchers). The concept of conceptual mapping, which is a fundamental tenet of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, was employed to understand the source domains in terms of the target domains. The identified metaphors were classified into four conceptual domains of human being, animal, plant and object using the principle of the Great Chain of Being Metaphor. The paper then identified eight human being metaphors for the present study. The research found that human being metaphors are important ways of conceptualizing other human beings in society. In addition, metaphors are important tools of communication and should be explained using a cognitive semantics framework. The findings of the study will benefit the audience of the EPS, ethnographers and metaphor theorists to conceptualise EPS and culture.
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Parshak, Kateryna, and Yaroslava Kalynovska. "SEMANTIC-FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR IN THE LANGUAGE OF WORKS OF POSTMODERNISTS POETS." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Literary Studies. Linguistics. Folklore Studies, no. 29 (2021): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2659.2021.29.6.
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The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the functioning and creation of metaphors in the poetry of Oksana Zabuzhko, Yuri Izdrik and Serhiy Zhadan. The main contradiction in the understanding of metaphor lies in the ambiguous essence of this phenomenon: on the one and, metaphor is a means of speech, a linguistic unit, and on the other – it belongs to the figurative figures of language. A number of linguistic works in both Ukrainian and foreign linguistics are devoted to the study of metaphors. In particular, the language metaphor became the subject of scientific interest of N. Harutyunova; metaphor, its nature and role in language, and speech were studied by A. Gavrilyuk, the means of expression of metaphor became the main topic of research G. Sklyarevskaya and others. One of the important problems of linguistic stylistics is the study of the linguistic personality of writers, whose works are one of the stylistic sources of development of Ukrainian poetic language, so the importance of metaphor in poetic texts remains a relevant object of modern linguistic studies. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of semantics and the functioning of conceptual-semantic and structural-grammatical types of metaphors in the collections "Second Attempt" by Oksana Zabuzhko, "Quote Book" by Serhiy Zhadan and "Lazy and Gentle" by Yuri Izdryk. In accordance with the purpose, the following research methods were used: descriptive, using the methods of comparison and observation, as well as external and internal interpretation of linguistic material to determine the associations underlying metaphorical transference, contextual, conceptual and semasiological to analyze metaphor in the context of a poetry of postmodern writers. The article also clarifies the concept of metaphor and establishes its feature as a semantic linguistic unit. The focus is on the classification of metaphors used in the works of postmodern poets. The stylistic role and functions of language metaphors in poetic texts are investigated. This article can be used for further research in the field of conceptual metaphors in novel or poems.
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Połowniak-Wawrzonek, Dorota. "Metaphor in Cognitive Approach." Respectus Philologicus 26, no. 31 (October 25, 2014): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2014.26.31.13.
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The article presents issues relevant to the cognitive theory of metaphor developed by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson. The researchers suggest that metaphors are common. They are rooted in the experience, important in the perception of the world, thinking, acting, as revealed in the language. The metaphor of language is a reflection of a conceptual metaphor. Lakoff and Johnson point out that the metaphor of language occurs in the texts of various types, from the colloquial language to the specialist language. A metaphor carries out two important functions: explaining and facilitating understanding. It enables a partial understanding of some kind of experience in terms of another type of beings and experiences. Some issues such as the concept of love, metaphysical issues, become possible to understand only through metaphor. Thus, the thesis, which treats about necessity of metaphor, is significant. In the process of metaphorical cognition, there is a projection, which takes the source domain to the target domain. A thesis about invariant is important here. Metaphorical mapping is partial. At the root metaphor is structural similarity between domains or their correlations in our experience. Conceptual metaphors can create complex structural relationships. In the case of metaphor the thesis of one-way metaphorical mappings is as important as the thesis about her creative potential. Prominent semantics of conceptual metaphor cannot give full meaning in the literal paraphrase. Among the conceptual metaphors structural metaphors, orientation and ontological metaphors are characterized.
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Gathigia, Moses Gatambuki, Daniel Ochieng Orwenjo, and Ruth Wangeci Ndungu. "Foodsemic metaphors of love in Gĩkũyũ: Insights from cognitive semantics." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00024.gat.
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Abstract Using the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, this study discusses the transfer of semantic aspects of foodsemic metaphors upon the abstraction of love. An interview schedule was administered to 48 respondents of different gender by the researchers assisted by two research assistants. The data collected were subjected to the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU). 12 foodsemic metaphors which play an indispensable role in the understanding of love in Gĩkũyũ were identified. In addition, the study noted that gender is a dominant variable that provides people with lens through which they view love in Gĩkũyũ. This study concludes that metaphor is an integral component of the way people conceptualize and embody love in Gĩkũyũ. Further, foodsemic metaphors provide a way of understanding the nexus between gender and love in Gĩkũyũ.
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Skrynnikova, Inna V. "Analogical reasoning in uncovering the meaning of digital-technology terms: the case of backdoor." Journal of Computer-Assisted Linguistic Research 4, no. 1 (May 26, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/jclr.2020.12921.
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<p>The paper substantiates the critical role of analogical reasoning and figurative languge in resolving the ambiguity of cybersecurity terms in various expert communities. Dwelling on the divergent interpretations of a backdoor, it uncovers the potential of metaphor to serve both as an interpretative mechanism and as a framing tool in the ongoing digital technologies discourse. By combining methods of corpus research and frame semantics analysis the study examines the challenges of unpacking the meaning of the contested concept of the backdoor. The paper proposes a qualitatively new metaphor-facilitated mode of interpreting cybersecurity vulnerabilities based on MetaNet deep semantic metaphor analysis and outlines the merits of this hierarchically organized metaphor and frames ontology. The utility of the method is demonstrated through analyzing corpus data and top-down extracting of metaphors (linguistic metaphor – conceptual metaphor – entailed metaphor – inferences) with subsequent identifying of metaphor families dominating the cybersecurity discourse. The paper further claims that the predominant metaphors prompt certain decisions and solutions affecting information security policies. </p>
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Febriansyah, Gema. "Conceptual Metaphor of Anger Emotion in Grunge Musician’s Song Lyrics." NOTION: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Culture 2, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/notion.v2i1.1026.
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This journal is entitled “Conceptual Metaphor of Anger Emotion in Grunge Musician’s Song Lyrics”. The objective of this study is to analyze and describe conceptual metaphors of anger emotion that Grunge Musicians used in their song lyrics and to analyze and describe the image schema formed in conceptual metaphor of anger emotion. The data are taken from the lyrics of grunge musicians based on the Rolling stones magazine about the best grunge musicians all the time. The research uses a qualitative method since the data collected are in the form of words rather than numbers and it is conducted based on the conceptual metaphor theory and emotion concept theory from cognitive semantics study. The result of this research shows that the conceptual metaphor of anger emotion mostly used by grunge musicians are ANGER IS FIRE, ANGER IS AN OPPENENT IN A STRUGGLE, ANGER IS A NATURAL FORCE, and ANGER IS A HOT FLUID IN CONTAINER. The image schema that found in conceptual metaphor of anger emotion is FORCE SCHEMA and CONTAINMENT SCHEMA.
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Hong, Jisup. "Automatic metaphor detection using constructions and frames." Constructions and Frames 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 295–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.8.2.06hon.
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This paper presents MetaNet’s automatic metaphor detection system that applies theoretical principles from construction grammar, frame semantics, and recent developments in conceptual metaphor theory, including the theory of cascades (Lakoff 2014). The system has achieved relative success in identifying metaphorical expressions for a range of target domains from large corpora and holds promise as a useful tool for corpus-based study of metaphor. The detection system relies on MetaNet’s conceptual network of frames and metaphors as a computational resource for its functionality, and improves automatically as the representations stored in the network are built up. In addition, because of its theoretically principled design the system’s level of accuracy at identifying metaphorical expressions provides feedback to linguists about the accuracy of the frame and metaphor analyses in the network.
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Benczes, Réka. "Creative noun–noun compounds." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 3 (October 31, 2005): 250–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.3.13ben.
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The paper makes the following novel claims: (1) the semantics of noun–noun compounds which is activated by metaphor and/or metonymy (often termed as “exocentric” compounds in linguistics and generally regarded as semantically opaque) can be accounted for within a cognitive linguistic framework, and the term “creative compound” is proposed for such linguistic phenomena; (2) there are regular patterns of creative compounds, depending on which constituent is affected by conceptual metaphor and/or metonymy. The second part of the paper presents one type of creative compounds: noun–noun combinations whose meaning is influenced by a metaphor-based semantic relationship between the two constituents. Such compounds seem to be quite frequent in English and come in all sorts of shapes and sizes: ranging from the “simpler” cases of image metaphors to the more elaborate single scope blends. The paper will give examples of the various types and will provide detailed analyses of each, within a cognitive linguistic framework.
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Díaz-Peralta, Marina. "Metaphor and ideology: Conceptual structure and conceptual content in Spanish political discourse." Discourse & Communication 12, no. 2 (January 9, 2018): 128–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481317745752.
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This article presents the results of the analysis of a number of linguistic metaphors found in a corpus of opinion articles published in the Spanish newspaper El País. The authors included in the corpus, who tend towards the left of the political spectrum, use metaphor to express moral judgements on the actions and decisions of the conservative, centre-right People’s party ( Partido Popular or PP), which governs Spain with an overall majority. With the aim of describing this discourse, we have undertaken a qualitative analysis with a conceptual framework deriving from CDA and cognitive linguistics. First, therefore, we have made use of the methodology developed by Steen and the Pragglejaz group to extract the discourse units that could be considered as the lexical expression of an underlying mapping between domains, that is, the metaphors; second, according to the descriptions of Talmy, Croft, Sweetser, Sullivan, and Dancygier and Sweetser, we have verified that the different types of grammatical structure in which the lexical items appeared also indicated the existence of a metaphorical thought process; and third, in the words of van Dijk, we have studied the ideological semantics underlying conceptual structures and conceptual content. As we have demonstrated, all the samples of linguistic metaphors found led readers to construct the same interpretation of the meaning: The Spanish People’s party government is the past, a past that provokes rejection and which was thought to be definitively ended.
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Li, Shuguang, and Klaus-Uwe Panther. "‘Author (date)’ constructions in academic discourse." English Text Construction 7, no. 2 (November 3, 2014): 215–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.7.2.03li.
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This article elucidates the semantics and pragmatics of a genre-specific nominal pattern with a definite referring function, the ‘Author (date)’ construction, which is widely used in scientific discourse. We investigate the conceptual structure and pragmatic use of this construction in terms of conceptual metonymy and conceptual metaphor theory. The construction exhibits three senses: a literal ‘author’, a metonymic ‘work’, and a metaphorized ‘human agent’ sense (personification). Contextual factors that enable, coerce, or preempt the occurrence of these meanings are identified by means of various grammatical and semantic-pragmatic parameters, such as number agreement, anaphoric constraints, and the meaning of verbs collocating with the construction. Finally, the implications of our theoretical findings for the teaching and learning of academic discourse are considered. Keywords: conceptual metonymy; conceptual metaphor; genre-specific construction; personification; teaching and learning of academic discourse
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Crisp, Peter. "Imagism's metaphors - a test case." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 5, no. 2 (May 1996): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394709600500201.
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Imagism is centered on the image metaphor, and so is a valuable resource for studying this kind of metaphor. Image metaphor raises questions for any theory that sees metaphor as something conceptual. Such theories entail the rejection of truth-conditional semantics and are thus rejected by proponents of truth conditionalism, such as Donald Davidson. Imagism embodies an extreme form of image metaphor that avoids generating any clear propositional entailments. The problem it poses for conceptual theories of metaphor is thus considerable. The solution lies in the concept of the image schema as the basis of propositional reasoning. Image metaphor can be seen as displaying the matrix out of which conceptual metaphor proper itself develops. Image metaphor shows that matrix to be bound up with the nature of aesthetic affect. It thus points the way to a view of poetry that does justice to its aesthetic passion without opposing it in some absolute way to the rationality of logic and science.
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Haula, Baiq. "METAFORA KONSEPTUAL DALAM JUDUL BERITA KONTAN.CO.ID: KAJIAN LINGUISTIK KOGNITIF." SUAR BETANG 15, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/surbet.v15i1.118.
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The study is titled “Conceptual Metaphor in Kontan.co.id News Titles: A Study of Cognitive Semantics”. The selection of news title diction is not only explicitly delivered, but also implicitly that is by using metaphors. This research is included in qualitative research that is descriptive. The source of metaphoric data comes from online news site Kontan.co.id. The methods used in data collection are in the name of the method of simak with the technique of note as the basic technique and method of data analysis using the method of clay with advanced techniques for direct elements (BUL). The results of the study showed three types of metaphors that were found, namely structural metaphors as much as two data, orientational metaphors as many as two data, and ontological metaphors as many as two data. Based on metaphorical mapping between the source domain and the target domain of the dominant image scheme formed is identity.
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Karska, Katarzyna, and Ewelina Prażmo. "Didactic potential of metaphors used in medical discourse." Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 3 (December 30, 2017): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/lingbaw.5653.
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Specialist languages should be straightforward and unambiguous. In areas such as law, business or medicine precision and to-the-point wording is required. However, in order to facilitate the description of complicated matters, and especially in expert to non-expert communication, unexpected strategies, e.g. metaphorisation, are used. Conceptual metaphor theory, as initially introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (cf. Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) states that human beings tend to think in metaphors, i.e. we are engaged in constant search of similarities between concepts. This drive for pattern recognition helps us understand the unknown in terms of the familiar, the abstract in terms of the concrete. Most conceptual metaphors are grounded in our physical experience of the world, which means that we draw from this familiar experience while creating metaphorical mappings to the complex, abstract concepts. Controversial as it may seem, the same process applies to understanding professional terms and scientific notions, and as a result the language of law, business, medicine, etc. is heavily metaphorical in nature. In our presentation we focus on medicine alone and analyse a corpus of medical text in search of conceptual metaphors. We claim, that rather than obscuring the message, metaphors actually make it clearer and more precise. They enrich conceptualisation, structure the semantics of the message and serve a number of pragmatic functions, esp. in doctor to patient communication. By choosing a certain metaphor, the message may e.g. be softened in order to lessen the impact it has on the recipient. Moreover, it may be more easily understood if it is built on an adequate conceptual metaphor. Many metaphors used in the medical discourse are based on multimodal representations e.g. descriptions of diseases often invoke the imagery of food including its shape, colour, texture, and smell. Such multimodality of representation (cf. Forceville, 2009 and online) engages a number of cognitive faculties for the construction of a complex conceptualisation and in this way helps us gain better understanding of the concepts described. We claim that conceptual metaphor and esp. pictorial metaphor is a very effective tool used in didactics and its use is perfectly justified in scientific discourses, including the medical discourse. Therefore, in our presentation we analyse pictorial metaphors found in medical discourse and in the field of radiology in particular.
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Strugielska, Ariadna. "An Integrated Approach to Conventionality and Its Implications for the Semantics of Emotion Terms." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 47, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10121-010-0018-1.
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Abstract The aim of this article is to demonstrate that an integrated methodology can shed a new light on the understanding of notions inherent in contemporary conceptual approaches to linguistic analysis. One of the key ideas around which the cognitive paradigm is built is conventionality. It is assumed, however, that various strands of the cognitive enterprise view conventionality in dissimilar ways. Consequently, by extrapolating diverse interpretations of the notion, we are going to argue that certain conceptual approaches are more cognitive than others. As a result, it will be argued that a conceptual metaphor methodology, an apparently dominant approach to the semantics of emotion terms, is too coarse-grained to account for the richness of cognitive processes observable in real data. Providing a corpus-assisted verification of selected instantiations of the attributive construction, we are going to argue that a conceptual metaphor approach cannot be successfully applied within a usage-based model.
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Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco José. "Mapping concepts." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 27, no. 1 (August 8, 2014): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.27.1.08rui.
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The notion of “conceptual mapping”, as a set of correspondences between conceptual domains, was popularized in Cognitive Semantics, following seminal work by Lakoff & Johnson (1980), as a way of accounting for the basic cognitive activity underlying metaphor and metonymy. Strangely enough, Cognitive Semantics has paid little, if any, attention to other cases of so-called figurative language such as hyperbole, irony, paradox, and oxymoron. This paper contends that it is possible to account for these and other figures of thought in terms of the notion of conceptual mapping. It argues that the differences between these and other figurative uses of language are a matter of the nature of the domains involved in mappings and how they are made to correspond. Additionally, this paper examines constraints on mappings and concludes that the same factors that constrain metaphor and metonymy are operational in the case of mappings for the other figures of thought under discussion.
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Tay, Dennis. "Bodily experience as both source and target of meaning making." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 1, no. 1 (August 5, 2014): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.1.1.04tay.
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Bodily experiences (BE) are often theorized by cognitive linguists as sources of meaning making, encoded and projected at the levels of grammar, semantics, and discourse. For example, Conceptual Metaphor Theory regards embodied image schemas (Johnson 1987) and, more recently, live simulations of embodied experiences (Gibbs 2013) as vital to the emergence and understanding of conceptual metaphors. Interestingly however, BE also feature as targets or topics in certain discourse contexts, which leads to underexplored scenarios where BE is simultaneously a source and a target of meaning making. This paper presents examples of metaphors in psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a case in point. In psychotherapy, experientially concrete sources are often used to conceptualize abstract issues such as emotions and subjective experiences. In the case of PTSD, however, bodily experiences turn out to be both potential source concepts as well as target topics of therapeutic discussion, a phenomenon seldom discussed in cognitive linguistics. I examine psychotherapy transcripts involving victims of the 2010–12 earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, discuss how this source-target simultaneity of BE is exploited for therapeutic ends, and highlight three strands of implications pertaining to cognitive, discursive, and strategic aspects of metaphor use in psychotherapy. I conclude with a more programmatic statement about psychotherapeutic discourse as a productive site of inquiry for applied cognitive linguistics and applied metaphor research.
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Dalpanagioti, Thomai. "Frame-semantic issues in building a bilingual lexicographic resource." Constructions and Frames 5, no. 1 (August 5, 2013): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.5.1.01dal.
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This paper discusses the issues that emerged from applying frame semantics to the development of a small-scale bilingual database for Greek and English motion verbs. Proposing an alternative to current lexicography in Greece, the database exploits available corpora and query systems, and carries out a (manual) frame-semantic analysis of the extracted data. The most important theoretical implication of the database is that by combining frame semantics with conceptual metaphor theory and corpus-based information on usage patterns, we can make precise (monolingual) descriptions and effective (cross-linguistic) comparisons. From a practical perspective, the database complements existing English FrameNet and contributes to the creation of a new resource, i.e. a FrameNet for Greek.
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Jumaah, Ruaa Talal, Sabariah Md Rashid, Mohd Azidan Bin Abdul Jabar, and Afida Mohamad Ali. "A Cognitive Semantic Analysis of Arabic Verb of Visual Perception رأى (ra’a) in Fiction Writing." SAGE Open 10, no. 3 (July 2020): 215824402094952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020949525.
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This study focuses on whether the metaphors of visual perception are really as universal as has been argued in the literature as research in non-Western languages has demonstrated that the metaphors are not universal. Thus, this study aims at unraveling the conceptual metaphors underlying the linguistic expressions of the Arabic verb of visual perception ىأر (ra’a) in fiction writing. This study adopts a qualitative approach and is situated within the field of cognitive semantics. A corpus of Arabic fiction writing, comprising 1 million words, between the period of 2010 and 2017 was compiled from different sources. Specifically, a sample consisting of 1,000 examples of the Arabic verb of visual perception ىأر was randomly extracted from the corpus using Ghawwas_V4.6 concordancer. The metaphor identification procedures (MIPs) were used to identify the metaphorical linguistic expressions in the corpus, and Lakoff and Johnson’s and Sweetser’s analytical frameworks were adopted for data analysis. The data analysis revealed many conceptual metaphors of knowledge and understanding underlying the metaphorical linguistic expression of the verb ىأر in Arabic. The findings of this study support Sweetser’s claim regarding the universality of conceptual metaphors related to the verbs of visual perception in motivating metaphors of knowledge and intellection. Thus, this study contributes to the literature on verbs of perception, particularly verbs of visual perception, as it is the first to address the conceptual metaphors underlying the verb ىأر in Arabic using real authentic corpus of fiction writing.
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Fauzi, Muhammad Ivan, Nurul Khasanah, and Maria Dimitrij Angie Pavita. "The Concept of Color Metaphor In Sundanese: A Semantic Cognitive Study." Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/lensa.11.1.2021.33-41.
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This paper is a qualitative descriptive study that aims to describe the concept of color in Sundanese. In this study, the authors used the free-to-speak listening method without involving the participants. To support data collection, the author involves intuitive knowledge. In the method of analysis, the writer uses referential methods and semantic methods to describe and compare the relationship between metaphorical expressions as the source and the intended meaning of the target. The data taken are fragments of song lyrics, fragments of sentences from short stories, and proverbs. As a result, the authors found the colors hideung, beureum, bodas, konéng, héjo and blue in the concept of color as a Sundanese metaphor.Keywords: Metaphors, cognitive semantics, Sundanese language, conceptual metaphors
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Dolgova, Elena V. "English phraseological units as a mean of representing knowledge of a person’s physical characteristics." Neophilology, no. 22 (2020): 308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2020-6-22-308-317.
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We center on the study of the phraseological units semantics from cognitive positions. In particular, attention is paid to information about person physical characteristics represented by phraseological units of the English language containing somatisms, as well as the names of food, clothing and furniture. As phraseological units representing information about physical characteristics we consider those units which represent information about the properties of the body and/or appearance of the human body. The aim of the study is to identify semantic features of these phraseological units, as well as to consider the cognitive mechanisms of their development. During the study of the given phraseological units semantics, the following semantic groups are distinguished: 1) the structure of the human body; 2) age; 3) appearance; 4) the physical/physiological characteristics of the person. In the course of studying the factual material, it is established that the main mechanisms for the development of the meaning of the studied phraseological units are cognitive metaphor, metonymy and metaphtonymy. It is concluded that when comprehending human physical properties, a reference is made both to the very conceptual field of HUMAN and to other conceptual fields involved in the processes of reinterpretation. These may include the conceptual fields FOOD, CLOTHING, FURNITURE, PLANT, ANIMAL.
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O'Mara-Shimek, Michael. "A communicative efficiency and effectiveness model for using metaphor and metonymy in financial news reporting." On the Horizon 23, no. 3 (September 7, 2015): 216–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oth-06-2015-0030.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a model to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of metaphor when used in financial news media reporting. Design/methodology/approach – Theory in Cognitive Linguistics, Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Frame Semantics are used to demonstrate metaphor’s central role shaping human thought and understanding, producing conceptual frameworks used to understand abstract concepts in not only financial news media but also all human discourse. The deontological principles of the major financial news sources are presented which demonstrate a commitment to common core principles, such as “balance” and “accuracy”, yet few consider the potential role of metaphor toward achieving them. This research presents a minimum source domain model for describing stock market phenomenon to increase “interpretation reliability” based on the concepts of communicative efficiency and effectiveness. Findings – This research presents a model for communicative efficiency and effectiveness of metaphor and metonymy (CEEMM) in financial reporting by presenting a minimum source domain model for describing stock market phenomenon to increase “interpretation reliability” when metaphor is used in financial news media sources. Research limitations/implications – While evidence for the role of metaphor and metonymy on behavior has been provided and in economic contexts, more research into the role that it plays in financial news media and the dynamics of how it influences consumer decisions is necessary. Practical implications – CEEMM provides news media sources with a tool for standardizing the modes they use to semantically create and communicate knowledge of the stock market and stock market phenomenon. Reporting on stock market phenomenon will have, for the first time, objective parameters for using metaphor toward the fulfillment of journalism deontological principles. Social implications – CEEMM has the potential to increase clarity in the metaphors used, as they require less creative exploration on the part of readers. This results in greater levels of trust in news media sources and permits news consumers to make more well-informed financial decisions, as their perceptions of events will be less subjective to creative interpretation. This research should urge news media companies to publicly declare principles for metaphor and metonymic practice in their communication of financial data. Originality/value – The paper presents the first model for increasing the communicative efficiency and effectiveness in the use of metaphor in financial news media.
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Pozza, Marianna. "Vista conoscenza, parola: lo “Schema del contenitore” applicato a un caso di polisemia indoeuropea." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 66, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2021.3.15.
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"View, Knowledge, Word: The Container Image-Schema Applied to a Case of Proto-Indo-European Polysemy. The present discussion aims at reconsidering the theoretical process of knowledge in some ancient Indo-European languages in the light of the prerequisites offered by cognitive linguistics and prototype theory. Thanks to the dynamic pattern of the Container Image-Schema – which is a primitive mental structure – some historical outcomes of a polysemic Indo-European root will be discussed in order to place them within the continuum of the semantic space in which the container is located. Keywords: Conceptual metaphor; polysemy; Image-Schema; Indo-European; semantics. "
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Brenda, Maria. "The semantics of the English complex preposition next to." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 17, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 438–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00042.bre.
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Abstract The present paper is an analysis of the semantic structure of the complex spatial preposition next to. Theoretical concepts of the cognitive framework promote a deep understanding of spatial relations and their metaphorical transfers encoded by individual prepositional senses. Assuming the usage-based model of language, the study takes a closer look at corpus data which is the basis for proposing five distinct meanings of the preposition under investigation. Conceptual metaphor theory is used to explain metaphorical transfer of spatial next to to abstract domains of human experience.
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Crisp, Peter. "Metaphorical propositions: a rationale." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 11, no. 1 (February 2002): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394700201100102.
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This article is an overview of the approach to metaphor analysis expounded in the following three articles. Until now the study of conceptual metaphor has been based mainly on the evidence of invented linguistic examples. Although the great value of the work done within this framework is clear, a more empirically oriented approach will need to engage with metaphorical language in naturally occurring discourse. To study this an explicit analytic procedure is required. Although such a procedure should ultimately provide a new source of evidence for underlying cognitive processes, it will not provide a direct path from linguistic to cognitive reality. When our group classifies an instance of language as metaphorical we thus do not claim that it realizes a psychologically real conceptual metaphor, but only that it provides the linguistic basis for such a realization. In specifying the conceptual metaphorical potential of this linguistic basis, we have found the tools of propositional analysis, as developed by discourse psychology, as well as the concept of cross-domain mapping familiar in cognitive semantics, to be extremely useful. Our approach to metaphor analysis thus has three levels: that of metaphorical language; that of the metaphorical proposition; and that of the cross-domain mapping.
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Restiani, Anggie, and Tajudin Nur. "KONSEPTUALISASI METAFORA PADA LAGU COLDPLAY DALAM ALBUM “A HEAD FULL OF DREAMS”: KAJIAN SEMANTIK KOGNITIF (METAPHORICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION IN COLDPLAY ALBUM OF A HEAD FULL OF DREAMS: A COGNITIVE SEMANTICS STUDY)." Metalingua: Jurnal Penelitian Bahasa 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/metalingua.v17i1.223.
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The article about metaphor is carried out using qualitative method. The data were taken from the internet on Coldplay’s lyrics from the album “A Head Full of Dreams”. Theories used in the study is on the metaphor, conceptual metaphor, types and forms of metaphors, and image schemas. It aims to find the types and image schemas of the metaphors on the data. The result shows that based on Lakoff and Johnson’s theory on metaphors there are 18 structural metaphors, 17 orientational metaphors, and 14 ontological metaphors. Based on Saeed’s theory of image schemas there are 12 image schemas of space, 8 image schemas of journey, and 6 image schemas of strength, while based on Cruse and Croft’s theory there are 11 image schemas of identity. From 12 song lyrics on the album, there are only 9 of them that contain metaphors.AbstrakPenelitian konspetualisasi metafora ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Data penelitian diambil dari lirik lagu Coldplay dalam album “A Head Full of Dreams” dari situs internet. Teori yang digunakan adalah metafora, konseptualisasi metafora, bentuk dan jenis metafora, dan skema citra. Masalah yang dibahas adalah jenis metafora dan skema citra yang terdapat pada data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan teori Lakoff dan Johnson tentang jenis-jenis metafora, ditemukan 18 metafora struktural, 17 metafora orientasional, dan 14 metafora ontologis. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi skema citra dengan menggunakan teori Saeed, dalam data ditemukan 12 skema citra ruang, 8 skema citra perjalanan, dan 6 skema citra kekuatan, sedangkan berdasarkan skema citra menurut Cruse dan Croft terdapat 11 skema citra identitas. Dari 12 lagu yang terdapat dalam album “A Head Full of Dreams”, hanya ada 9 lagu yang mengandung unsur metafora.
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Nozdrina, A. S. "German Verbal-Nominal Phrases (stehen, stellen, schließen, fassen + Nomen) through the Prism of Conceptual Schemes." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-10-128-141.
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The article deals with the fixed verb combinations of the German language from the point of view of cognitive linguistics. As the material under study, fixed verb combinations are presented, built according to the type “verb + (preposition) + noun”. The author dwells on four German verbs (stehen, stellen, schließen, fassen) and possible combinations with them. The examples under consideration are combined into groups where different nouns are used with one verb, usually of an abstract nature. An attempt is made to analyze conceptual schemes that model fragments of the surrounding reality and to identify the images that the carrier of the German linguistic culture operates with. The study of the figurative component of fixed verb combinations allows us to classify them on conceptual grounds, namely to single out the metaphor “container” and the spatial metaphor. The author also dwells on the conceptual metaphor of objectification. Particular attention is paid not only to the semantics of individual components of verbal phrases (verb, preposition and noun), but also to the grammatical characteristics of lexemes. The analysis performed makes it possible to speak about the presence in the German linguistic culture of basic universal concepts, designed in the form of conceptual schemes. The studied conceptual schemes make it possible to clearly demonstrate the thesis that abstract phenomena are often comprehended through concrete-sensory images.
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Vu, Nguyen Ngoc, Nguyen Thi Thu Van, and Nguyen Thi Hong Lien. "Cross-linguistic Analysis of Metonymic Conceptualization of Personality in English and Vietnamese Idioms Containing "Head", "Face" and “Eyes”." International Journal of English Language Studies 2, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijels.2020.2.4.3.
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Research on idioms from the point of view of cognitive linguistics, in particular through conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy in cognitive semantics, has been steadily growing. While there have been quite a few investigations into the role of conceptual metaphors in meaning formation, conceptual metonymies are still left underexplored. This article examines the role of metonymic conceptualization of personality in English and Vietnamese idioms containing "head", "face" and “eyes” from the conceptual metonymy theory of cognitive linguistics. With analyzed examples from 713 English languages and 947 Vietnamese idioms of body parts collected, the article shows that metonymic conceptualization plays an essential part in the formation of meaning. There are many similarities in the way "head", "face" and “eyes” are conceptualized for personality in both English and Vietnamese cultures. However, why Vietnamese body part idioms use a lot of symbolic pairs, English idioms do not. The study suggests more attention to conceptual metonymy in teaching idioms in order to help students infer idiomatic meanings. Rather than asking students to learn by heart the composite meaning of idioms, teachers should encourage them to guess the idiomatic meaning. Besides, conceptual metonymy should be explained to students since it helps language learners infer idiomatic meaning and retain it longer.
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Hazrati, Yousef, Fateme Yousefirad, Belghis Rovshan, and Mohammad Reza Ahmadkhani. "The Study of Polysemy in the Framework of Cognitive Semantics in Azerbaijani Turkish." International Journal of English Linguistics 6, no. 5 (September 23, 2016): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n5p130.
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<p>The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of conceptual metaphor in the polysemy of the visual verb of /baxmaq/ (look) in Azerbaijani Turkish within the framework of cognitive semantics. The research method is a descriptive—analytic and the study tries to present the various meanings of the verb. To achieve this goal, the linguistic data was gathered by using Azerbaijani Turkish dictionaries, books, magazines, newspapers, and one of the authors’ linguistic intuitions. The findings indicate that for visual verb /baxmaq/ there are 19 senses with regard to its classification and abstracting away of contextual variations. They also show that the polysemy is a systematic phenomenon and factor such as metaphor and metonymy are crucially involved in the formation and description of polysemy and this makes broad meaning and eventually leads to polysemy of verb. In this way, semantic extensive network of verb is formed and on the other hand, it is claimed that metaphor has stronger role than metonymy in the formation of polysemy and usage of verb in the different context. The findings also show that polysemy is not randomly and forms based on our experiences of different concepts and the meanings of verbs are different from each other because they are understood from different ways.</p>
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Engberg-Pedersen, Elisabeth. "The Concept of Domain in the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 18, no. 2 (December 1995): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500000123.
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In cognitive semantics metaphors are cross-domain mappings in the conceptual system. Thus the notion of domain plays a crucial role in the theory. However, domain is never defined, but taken for granted. By means of data from language acquisition and language production and comprehension I question the cognitive status of the notion of domain. Furthermore, I demonstrate that both linguistic and nonlinguistic evidence indicate that space and time are cognitively linked in a way that makes it problematic to claim that space is mapped onto time in the development of grammatical temporal markers.
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Aygekum, Kofi. "Metaphors and Metonyms of Nsa, ‘the Hand’ in Akan." Pragmatics and Cognition 23, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 300–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.23.2.06ayg.
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This paper looks at the metaphorical and metonymic expressions derived from nsa, ‘hand’. I will analyse and discuss hand metaphoric and metonymic expressions in relation with the universal concept of the agility and versatility of the hand as an important aspect of the human being. The paper projects the concept of the hand in the Akan cultural system and looks at how it has expanded into compound words, idioms and proverbs. We will look at the cognitive, semantics, sociolinguistics and pragmatics of nsa, ‘hand’. The paper is discussed under the theory of conceptual metaphor as expounded by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and followed by many scholars in the western world, Asia and Africa.
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Meganova Lyra, Hera. "Konseptualisasi Sosiokultural Masyarakat Sunda dalam Metafora Konseptual Bagian Tubuh." Metahumaniora 8, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/metahumaniora.v8i1.18874.
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AbstrakDalam tulisan ini dideskripsikan konseptualisasi sosiokultural masyarakat Sundayang terkandung dalam metafora konseptual bagian tubuh. Digunakan metode deskriptifdan kajian distribusional konseptual semantik kognitif Lakoff dan Johnson (1980) yangdipertegas oleh Konwles & Rosamund (2006), Kovecses (2010), Saeed (2009) dalammendeskripsikan dan menganalisis data yang bersumber dari data lisan dan tulisan.Dihasilkan konsep sosiokultural masyarakat Sunda yang terkandung di dalamnya metaforabagian tubuh, yaitu: (1) konsep keadaan (bentuk, tekstur, pancaindera, zat cair, dan suasana);(2) konsep bagian; (3)konsep posisi; (4) konsep wilayah; dan (5) konsep imitasi bentuk.Kata kunci: metafora konseptual, bagian tubuh, sosiokultural, dan bahasa SundaAbstractThis article describes the sociocultural conceptualization produced by the Sundanesesociety as the creators and users of conceptual metaphor of body parts. The descriptive methodand distributional study of cognitive-semantics conceptual by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) wereused supported by Konwles and Rosamund (2006), Kovecses (2010), and Saeed (2009) indescribing and analyzing the data collected from both oral and written data sources. The resultshows the sociocultural concept of Sundanese society contained in body parts metaphor, namely:(1) concept of state (form, texture, five senses, liquid substances, and situation); (2) concept ofpart; (3) concept of position; (4) concept of territory; and (5) concept of form imitation.Keywords: conceptual metaphor, body parts, sociocultural, and Sundanese language
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Meganova Lyra, Hera. "Konseptualisasi Sosiokultural Masyarakat Sunda dalam Metafora Konseptual Bagian Tubuh." Metahumaniora 8, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/mh.v8i1.18874.
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AbstrakDalam tulisan ini dideskripsikan konseptualisasi sosiokultural masyarakat Sundayang terkandung dalam metafora konseptual bagian tubuh. Digunakan metode deskriptifdan kajian distribusional konseptual semantik kognitif Lakoff dan Johnson (1980) yangdipertegas oleh Konwles & Rosamund (2006), Kovecses (2010), Saeed (2009) dalammendeskripsikan dan menganalisis data yang bersumber dari data lisan dan tulisan.Dihasilkan konsep sosiokultural masyarakat Sunda yang terkandung di dalamnya metaforabagian tubuh, yaitu: (1) konsep keadaan (bentuk, tekstur, pancaindera, zat cair, dan suasana);(2) konsep bagian; (3)konsep posisi; (4) konsep wilayah; dan (5) konsep imitasi bentuk.Kata kunci: metafora konseptual, bagian tubuh, sosiokultural, dan bahasa SundaAbstractThis article describes the sociocultural conceptualization produced by the Sundanesesociety as the creators and users of conceptual metaphor of body parts. The descriptive methodand distributional study of cognitive-semantics conceptual by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) wereused supported by Konwles and Rosamund (2006), Kovecses (2010), and Saeed (2009) indescribing and analyzing the data collected from both oral and written data sources. The resultshows the sociocultural concept of Sundanese society contained in body parts metaphor, namely:(1) concept of state (form, texture, five senses, liquid substances, and situation); (2) concept ofpart; (3) concept of position; (4) concept of territory; and (5) concept of form imitation.Keywords: conceptual metaphor, body parts, sociocultural, and Sundanese language
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Jurewicz, Joanna. "Polysemy and cognitive linguistics. The case of vána." Lingua Posnaniensis 61, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2019-0014.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to address the problem of the polysemy of Sanskrit words using the example of the meanings of the word vána used in the Ṛgveda (“a tree, wood, forest, fire drill, vessel for Soma, water and material of the world”). I will show that the methodology of cognitive linguistics is very useful to analyse the rational background of polysemy and its conceptual consistency. The basis for my analysis is three assumptions accepted in cognitive linguistics: 1. the meaning of words reflects thinking about the designate; 2. thinking is motivated by experience and cultural beliefs; 3. the associations between semantic aspects of the word can be modelled as conceptual metonymy, conceptual metaphor and conceptual blending. On the basis of these assumptions, I will reconstruct the semantic structure of the word vána. It is a radial category, the centre of which is constituted by its most literal meaning, “tree”, and its metonymic extensions, i.e. wood and forest. The meanings of things made of wood (i.e. fire drill and vessel) are also close to the central meaning and are metonymic extensions. The meanings of water and the material of the world are metaphoric extensions of the central meaning and more peripheral. They are based on cultural beliefs and models shared by the Ṛgvedic poets. I will also argue that the Ṛgvedic poets consciously shaped the semantics of the word vána by using it in contexts which forced the recipient to activate its less literal meanings. Thus they could create a general concept of the hiding place of desirable goods, such as fire, Soma, the sun, and the world.
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Zhivago, N. A. "SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS OF VERBAL METAPHOR OF FOOD (THE SEMANTIC GROUP «FOOD CONSUMPTION WITH THE AID OF TEETH»)." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 4 (January 10, 2018): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2017-4-167-174.
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The article features an analysis of semantics, pragmatics and text-based functioning of figurative vocabulary and expressions, which are metaphorically motivated by such verbs as bite, gnaw, nibble and chew. These verbs name various activities, processes and phenomena because of their analogy to food consumption with the aid of teeth. The analysis allowed the author to describe a number of cognitive metaphorical models which, in their turn, reflect the image projection from the source-domain “Food Consumption” into the conceptual spheres of physiological, mental, psychological and social phenomena. The given system of images expresses metaphorically the concept of various processes and notions related to deformation, destruction and disappearance of material objects; destructive effects on the human body and psyche; social and moral pressure (e. g. competitive struggle, repressive political system), loss of physical resources and values. The pragmatic potential of the image-bearing vocabulary and expressions is predominantly related to negative evaluative connotation since they reveal disapproving, condemning, contemptuous emotional attitude and high level of expressivity.
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Gieroń-Czepczor, Ewa. "Gloomy Images of Yellow and Żółty in a Corpus-Based Cognitive Study." Research in Language 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rela-2013-0006.
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Abstract The paper reports on a comparative corpus-based semantic analysis of one colour term as it is used in two languages: English yellow and Polish żółty. The investigation of central and peripheral meanings, based on analyses of corpus concordances draws upon the methodology and constructs of cognitive linguistics, such as prototype-based categories, domains, conceptual metonymy and metaphor. The first objective of this parallel study is to determine the prototypical reference points for yellow and żółty, followed by descriptions of those motivations and mechanisms of meaning extensions which lead to ‘figurative’ usages. The results are tentatively suggested in the form of a general network of related meanings, the entrenchments of which are established on the basis of frequencies attested in samples of 1,500 citations. The outcomes confirm a conceptual proximity reflected in the semantics of these colour terms, which seems to be - perhaps surprisingly - incongruous with the popular association of yellow/żółty with the sun. As the evidence provided by the British National Corpus and the Polish Scientific Publishers' corpus (PWN) reveals, the central and peripheral readings are inspired by the imagery of autumnal and physiological changes, while the semantics of both yellow and żółty reflect the significant influence of cultural factors, unparalleled in the polysemies of the other five basic colour terms.
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Morras Cortés, Javier A., and Xu Wen. "Unweaving the embodied nature of English temporal prepositions." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 8, no. 1 (September 8, 2021): 60–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00066.mor.
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Abstract The metaphor time is space (Lakoff & Johnson 1999) and the pervasiveness of metaphor and image-schematic structure in human conceptualization (Johnson 1987; Hampe 2005) have been widely accepted among cognitive scientists as constructs that help explain non-spatial and temporal linguistic constructions. However, Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) might not be the whole story. While it is acceptable that moments in time can be construed as being analogous to points in space as in utterances such as at the corner vs. at 2:30, there seems to be much more temporal cognition than previously thought. It turns out that time exhibits its own structure (following Evans 2004, 2013; Galton 2011) that is based on transience. This idea has made some scholars support the weak version of CMT which posits that the temporal meaning of prepositions is represented and processed independently of the corresponding spatial meanings (see Kemmerer 2005 for such a view). The present article supports the idea that spatial and temporal structures complement each other in order to achieve temporal conceptions. This is indeed a conceptual pattern showed by the English preposition at that makes use of an extrinsic temporal reference to activate its temporal semantics. To analyze the different temporal realizations that at may have, the paper aims to identify the topological structure that underlies the conceptual basis of this preposition. This allows us to appreciate how the spatio-conceptual structure of at partially structures temporal conceptions. The paper also identifies the nature of the temporal structure that is involved in temporal realizations. The article concludes with some remarks, among them the pivotal role of the schematic temporal structure that is captured by the extrinsic temporal reference, and the role of conceptual metaphor in underdetermining temporal thinking.
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Musolff, Andreas. "Ignes fatui or apt similitudes ?- the apparent denunciation of metaphor by Thomas Hobbes1." Hobbes Studies 18, no. 1 (2005): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187502505x00061.
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AbstractThomas Hobbes's condemnation of metaphor as one of the chief "abuses of speech" in Leviathan occupies a famous (to some critics, infamous) place in the history of thinking about metaphor. From the viewpoint of cognitive metaphor theory, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980,1981) have depicted Hobbes and John Locke as the founding fathers of a tradition in which "metaphor and other figurative devices [became] objects of scorn". Similar verdicts on Hobbes and on Locke as arch-detractors of metaphor can be found in many other accounts of the history of semantics. However, these indictments stand in marked contrast to a considerable number of scholarly publications that have shown that Hobbes's assessment of rhetoric and metaphor is far from a 'straightforward' denunciation of anything non-'literal'. In this paper I shall use results of this research in an analysis of key-passages from Leviathan to re-assess Hobbes's views on metaphor. I shall demonstrate that some critics of Hobbes have overlooked crucial differentiations (in particular, of different kinds of metaphor and similitude) in his concept of metaphor as a key-issue of public communication. Furthermore, I shall argue that Hobbes's foregrounding of the 'dangers' of metaphor use in political theory and practice should be interpreted as an acknowledgement rather than as a denial of its conceptual and cognitive force.
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A. Khuzina, Ekaterina, and Rezeda Yo. Mukhtarova. "Determination of Specifics of Semantics of Phraseological Units with a Gender Component in the English and Tatar Languages." Journal of Social Sciences Research, SPI 1 (November 29, 2018): 458–551. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi1.548.551.
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The gender field in linguistics the subject of which is the language-gender correlation as a social factor studies the concepts such as gender, femininity, masculinity. Gender is expressed in semantics and in grammar of the language, forming a linguistic world image, which, in turn, depends on the conceptual image. The gender view of the world is not biologically determined in different cultures and language communities, the concepts of femininity and masculinity are determined by cultural and historical factors, in particular, by language stereotypes. Gender metaphor also influences the formation of conceptual and linguistic view of the world. The gender metaphor is understood as the transfer not only of physical features but also of the totality of spiritual qualities and properties united by the nominations of femininity and masculinity to the objects that are not related to gender. In different language communities the referents of femininity and masculinity often do not coincide, which creates difficulties in intercultural communication and translation. Phraseological unit is a peculiar unit of language, complex and contradictory as language and culture. Phraseological units (PhU), like a sponge, absorb all the original in language. It is in them, where, alongside vocabulary and aphorism, the cumulative function of language is manifested first.
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Brenda, Maria. "A cognitive perspective on the semantics of near." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 15, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 121–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.15.1.06bre.
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Abstract The present study investigates the semantic structure of the word near assuming that its distinct senses form a semantic network with a prototypical spatial sense at the center and various extended senses at different distances away from the prototype. In order to explain the extensions of near, the cognitive notions of construal, image schema transformation, metaphor and metonymy are taken into consideration. The conceptual blending theory is used to explain the semantic structure of the complex preposition near to. The research reveals that the word near functions as a preposition (also a part of the complex preposition near to), an adverb, an adjective and a verb, and that its semantic structure is best viewed as a continuum encoding both lexical and grammatical information. At the same time, the analysis shows that the polysemy of near is rather impoverished when compared to the polysemies of other spatial prepositions, such as in, on, at or over.
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Marmaridou, A. Sophia S. "Directionality in Translation Processes and Practices." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.8.1.04mar.
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Abstract In this article an attempt is made to systematically approach directionality in translation processes and practices from a cognitive point of view. Within the framework of cognitive semantics, it is argued that translation is an instance of conceptual metaphor, whereby conceptual structures of the target language are mapped onto the source text in order to make it understood by the TL reader. The relevance of this position for the study of translation becomes obvious when considered against existing practices in professional and nonprofessional translating. Thus, the directionality from target to source is experimentally shown to correlate with another type of directionality, namely, translating from or into one's mother tongue, and can explain observable facts in the performance of translation tasks.
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Sosnin, Aleksei V., and Yuliya V. Balakina. "THE METAPHOR LONDON-AS-THE-WORLD AS A KEY METAPHOR IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE LONDON TEXT OF ENGLISH LINGUISTIC CULTURE." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series, no. 9 (2020): 202–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2020-9-202-216.
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The article examines the metaphor London-as-the-World in the structure of the London text of English linguistic culture (i.e., an emic or invariant text for a group of texts related to the British capital). Such an analysis makes it possible to update the most important dimension of the London text: its objects turns out to be a key component of Englishness, being conceptualized as a model of all-English and world processes, as an analogy of the civilized world and the universe. The metaphorical realizations of the London text are seen as the result of conceptual fusion. The research cited in the article is carried out at the junction of the cognitive and semiotic approaches, according to which socially significant mental entities are examined via a semantic analysis of corresponding supertexts. The integration of the cognitive and the semiotic is effected within the framework of unified semantics. Thereby a semiotic analysis of text consists in singling out propositions of diverse degrees of similarity in it, in the selection and classification of predicates with which characters and “things” are endowed in the text, and in the inclusion of individual entities from the text in the general categories, what reveals the picture of the world deep structure from the standpoint of that text. The article draws on the literary canon of New English, and a study into that material educes a continuity in the metaphors and the means of their linguistic expression that were used by the English-speaking community to structure the reality. The article thus postulates the relative stability of London text as a supertextual entity.
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S, Irzam Sarif, Yuyu Yohana Risagarniwa, and Nani Sunarni. "Conceptual Metaphor about Corona Virus: Cognitive Semantic Analysis." Eralingua: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Asing dan Sastra 5, no. 1 (February 14, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/eralingua.v5i1.13951.
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Abstract. Conceptual metaphors are the result of mental construction, conceptualization of the experience of human life. In Japanese, metaphorical features are often found in conveying information so that information can be easily understood. This study aimed to describe the conceptual metaphors found at the Japanese Prime Minister's Press Conference, Shinzo Abe on March 14 and 28, 2020 through the official website kantei.go.jp. The research method used was descriptive qualitative analysis. Data were collected by taking text that contained metaphorical elements and then selected. Data selection was based on the basic principle of metaphor, which was the mapping from the source domain to the target domain. Then the data were classified based on the type of metaphor by Lakoff and Johnson and the type of image scheme by Cruse and Croft. Based on the study done, there were three types of conceptual metaphors, 1) Structural metaphors with conceptuals meaning of enemy, medical treatment, control, and mind; 2) Orientational metaphors with conceptual meaning of disadvantage, and approval; 3) Ontological metaphors with conceptuals meaning of finance, and emotion. In addition, there were also six types of image schemes, namely the image scheme of Strength, Existence, Identity, Scale, Space, and Unity.Keywords: Conceptual Meaning, Press Conference, Cognitive Semantic, Image Scheme
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Ryzhova, D., and M. Kuleshova. "Lexical typological approach to prefix derivatives: verbs of falling with the prefixes *o-/obin Russian, Serbian and Slovenian." Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, no. 1 (August 2020): 299–343. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716109.
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The paper presents a novel approach to a typologically oriented semantic analysis of Slavic prefixes exemplified with the data of Russian, Serbian and Slovenian verbs of falling with the prefixes *o-/ob-. Based on dictionary and corpus data supplemented by native speakers surveys we scrutinize distributional properties of the verbs of falling with the prefixes *o-/ob- and form a list of their meanings expressed in different contexts. We show that Russian and Serbian cognates cover one and the same conceptual space, but the verbs partition it in different ways, i.e. the differences between Russian and Serbian within this semantic domain are mostly due to semantic properties of the verbal roots, while the prefixes exhibit a similar linguistic behavior. In Serbian, unlike Russian, the root -val- is not used in the domain of falling, and the Serbian root -padcovers almost all the situations, in which -syp- is used in Russian. Thus, cognates are not semantically equivalent to each other, for instance, the Serbian verb osuti se corresponds to Russian verbs obsypat’sya and obrushit’sya rather than to its direct cognate osypat’sya. In Slovenian, the system of the verbal roots with the meaning of falling is very close to the Serbian one (the root -val- is not present, -pad- is used broader), while the semantics of the prefixes changes: the prefixes od-, z- and u- drive out o-/ob- in different subzones of the conceptual space. We visualize these tendencies with a semantic map, which allows to map both roots and prefixes without any violation of the Semantic Map Connectivity Hypothesis (every linguistic means covers a connected region on a map). We also demonstrate that the verbs covering the same points on the map, and not the cognates as one could expect, develop the same metaphoric extensions. For example, the metaphor of the decrease («Less is Down») is conveyed by the Serbian verb opasti and the Slovenian verb upasti, which both denote literal level recession
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Herrero Ruiz, Javier. "The role of metaphor, metonymy, and conceptual blending in understanding advertisements: the case of drug-prevention ads." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 19 (November 15, 2006): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2006.19.10.
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Over the last years, there has been a growing interest in the analysis of advertisements from the point of view of pragmatic theory (cf. Brierley, 1995; Myers, 1994; Rein, 1982; Tanaka, 1994). Nevertheless, pragmatic studies of the language of advertising from a cognitive perspective are scarce (cf. Turner & Fauconnier, 2000; Coulson, 2000; Sánchez & Gómez, 2002). In this connection, the aim of this study is twofold: first, we attempt to provide additional evidence about the role of metaphor, metonymy, and conceptual blending in the proper understanding of a set of drug-prevention ads and, second, we shall demonstrate that, in addition to determining the semantics of the slogans, the underlying mappings also constrain the choice of their related visual layouts; thus, the overall communicative effects brought about by the advertisement are further reinforced. With this purpose in mind, we have drawn a corpus of sixteen drug-prevention advertisements, both in Spanish and English, which include slogans and images. The adverts under consideration have been entirely retrieved from the net, and contain expressions such as "keep your eyes open," "there is a long life ahead," or "turn away from drugs." We shall show that the interpretation of such examples ultimately exploits metaphor (e.g. FUTURE TIME IS IN FRONT OF EGO, KNOWING IS SEEING) and metonymy (e.g. EFFECT FOR CAUSE), either independently or in interaction, and conceptual blending.
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Lemghari, El Mustapha. "A metaphor-based account of semantic relations among proverbs." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 6, no. 1 (July 12, 2019): 158–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00034.lem.
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Abstract The paper deals with semantic relations in the field of proverbs from the standpoint of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Our main claim is that proverb understanding is conceptually complex, involving many construal operations, namely metaphor. Metaphor is assumed to play a crucial role in framing and relating proverbs to one another via various semantic relationships. Three semantic relations will be highlighted: synonymy, antonymy and polysemy. Synonymous proverbs will be shown to be structured by similar metaphors, whereas antonymous proverbs by contradictory metaphors. As regards polysemous proverbs, our focus will be on a specific polysemy, consisting of contradictory meanings. Overall, we will attempt to build a cognitive model for proverbs semantic relationships, based on three main assumptions: first, proverbs have relatively stable meaning. Second, rather than sharply distinct, conventionalized meaning and contextual meaning of proverbs form a continuum, residing in their common conceptual base. Third, such a common conceptual base is metaphor-dependent.