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1
Sullivan, Karen. "Integrating constructional semantics and conceptual metaphor." Constructions and Frames 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.8.2.02sul.
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Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) aims to represent the conceptual structure of metaphors rather than the structure of metaphoric language. The theory does not explain which aspects of metaphoric language evoke which conceptual structures, for example. However, other theories within cognitive linguistics may be better suited to this task. These theories, once integrated, should make building a unified model of both the conceptual and linguistic aspects of metaphor possible. First, constructional approaches to syntax provide an explanation of how particular constructional slots are associated with different functions in evoking metaphor. Cognitive Grammar is especially effective in this regard. Second, Frame Semantics helps explain how the words or phrases that fill the relevant constructional slots evoke the source and target domains of metaphor. Though these theories do not yet integrate seamlessly, their combination already offers explanatory benefits, such as allowing generalizations across metaphoric and non-metaphoric language, and identifying the words that play a role in evoking metaphors, for example.
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Stickles, Elise, Oana David, Ellen K. Dodge, and Jisup Hong. "Formalizing contemporary conceptual metaphor theory." Constructions and Frames 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 166–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.8.2.03sti.
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This paper describes an innovative formalization of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and its implementation in a structured metaphor repository. Central to metaphor analysis is the development of an internal structure of frames and relations between frames, based on an Embodied Construction Grammar framework, which then informs the structure of metaphors and relationships between metaphors. The hierarchical nature of metaphors and frames is made explicit, such that inferential information originating in embodied conceptual primitives is inherited throughout the network. The present analysis takes a data-driven approach, where lexical differences in linguistic expressions attested in naturally-occurring discourse lead to a continued refinement and expansion of our analyses.
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Kövecses, Zoltán. "Conceptual metaphor theory." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 6 (November 26, 2008): 168–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.6.08kov.
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Despite its popularity in and outside cognitive linguistics, cognitive metaphor theory (CMT) has received a wide range of criticisms in the past two decades. Several metaphor researchers have criticized the methodology with which metaphor is studied (emphasizing concepts instead of words), the direction of analysis (emphasizing a top-down instead of a bottom-up approach), the category level of metaphor (claiming its superordinate status instead of basic level), the embodiment of metaphor (emphasizing the universal, mechanical, and monolithic aspects instead of nonuniversal, nonmechanical, and nonmonolithic aspects of embodiment), and its relationship to culture (emphasizing the role of universal bodily experience instead of the interaction of body and context). In the paper, I respond to this criticism largely based on my own research and propose a view on these issues that can successfully meet these challenges and that can be regarded as an alternative to the “standard theory.”
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Spirchagov, Svyatoslav Y. "Metaphors in banking." Neophilology, no. 18 (2019): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2019-5-18-139-149.
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Contemporary theory of metaphor highlights its cognitive nature as opposed to traditional view of metaphor as rather a trope. We address the status and significance of conceptual metaphors in English banking terminology. A large-scale corpus analysis of English banking discourse (1888728 words) is conducted to determine how this trope is used. The application of a cognitive approach to a banking discourse has led to identification of metaphoric structures characterizing banking discourse. We confirm the use of terminology system corpus for (organic, mechanical, military, liquid, sports) metaphor models. We prove that banking discourse is highly metaphoric and borrows metaphors from multiple terminological domains. We establish the evolution of certain metaphors. We define the connections between concept areas of cognitive maps. We also prove that not all semes are transferred from the source to the target area, which confirms the connection at the conceptual level. Special attention is paid to the nexus of banking institution and social and political aspects of national cultures. This in turn allows to substantiate and test the theory of conceptual metaphor, and also served as means for a detailed study of conceptual metaphors as a culturally determined phenomenon in language. Given that metaphor is a dynamic cognitive mechanism, we detect diverse ways of metaphorization.
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Sardaraz, Khan, and Roslan Ali. "A COGNITIVE-SEMANTIC APPROACH TO THE INTERPRETATION OF DEATH METAPHOR THEMES IN THE QURAN." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp219-246.
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In previous literature, conceptual metaphor has been used as a comprehensive cognitive tool to explore systematic categorization of concepts in the Quran. Death metaphor themes have either been studied from rhetorical or conceptual perspectives, but metaphor interpretation needs both linguistic and conceptual knowledge. This paper will explore the function of both linguistic and conceptual knowledge in metaphor interpretation in the Quran. This paper has used the technique of key words and phrases for data collection and metaphor identification procedure (MIP) for metaphors identification. Thirteen conceptual metaphors were found in the data. The key conceptual metaphors were analyzed through the lexical concept cognitive model theory (hereafter LCCM) to find out the functions of linguistic and conceptual knowledge in metaphor interpretation. The findings reveal that conceptual metaphor gives only relational structure to the linguistic metaphoric expressions, whereas interpretation needs integration of both linguistic and conceptual knowledge. Conceptual simulation of metaphoric expressions is a multilinear process of multiple conceptual schemas and language. The findings also reveal that LCCM needs the tool of intertextuality for clash resolution of contexts in text interpretation. This paper holds that meaning construction depends upon multilinear processing of conceptual schemas and language. Furthermore, it asserts that the gap in LCCM may be resolved through the tool of intertextuality in metaphor comprehension. This study suggests further studies on relationship between conceptual schemas and lexical behaviour and an elaborate model for text interpretation, combining LCCM and intertextuality.
Keywords: Cognitive model, cognitive semantics, conceptual metaphor, fusion, lexical concept
Cite as: Sardaraz, K., & Ali, R. (2019). A cognitive-semantic approach to the interpretation of death metaphor themes in the Quran. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(4), 219-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp219-246
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Ahmed, Trifa Omar, and Muhammad Karim Ahmed. "Conceptual Metaphor Theory in Poetrys’ Code." Halabja University Journal 7, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10430.
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Common conceptual metaphors are used in poetry, as part of the conceptual metaphor theory, that enables poets to express their poetic images and depict their world through a mixture of language and cultural codes. This study is an attempt to show how conceptual poetic metaphors are illustrated in Kurdish poems by analysing source and target domains. According to the theory, the target domain which is the metaphor emerges from the source domain, that is generally the source of our common knowledge of the world. This leads speakers and listeners to easily categorise and make sense of the abstract terms. In this research, samples of poems were analyzed and categorized according to four types of conceptual metaphors such as imagistic, orientational, ontological and structural. They were also given two codes in reference to both aforementioned domains. Therefore, the Mapping between the two sources in the literary samples was observed and shown in the present paper.
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Putterer, Elisabeth. "Von der Conceptual Metaphor Theory zur Deliberate Metaphor Theory." Initium 4, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33934/initium.2022.4.9.
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Der vorliegende Beitrag bietet einen Überblick über zwei Metapherntheorien, die für die linguistische Metaphernanalyse als wichtige Beschreibungsrahmen gelten. Zunächst wird der einflussreiche Ansatz von Lakoff und Johnson (1980), die Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) mit ihren wichtigsten Grundannahmen dargestellt. Anschließend werden einige Kritikpunkte präsentiert, die auf die theoretischen und methodischen Mängel der CMT hinweisen. Danach wird die von Gerard Steen (2008) entwickelte Deliberate Metaphor Theory (DMT) in den Fokus gestellt, die sich als Erweiterung der CMT versteht und sich zum Ziel setzt, eine umfassende Beschreibung der Metapher mit Berücksichtigung ihrer sprachlichen, konzeptuellen und kommunikativen Dimensionen zu ermöglichen. Schließlich werden die Reaktionen auf den Ansatz und die Debatte um die DMT diskutiert, die theoretischen Schwächen und methodischen Schwierigkeiten des Ansatzes, aber auch sein Erkenntnispotenzial aufgezeigt.
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Liang, Songman. "A Corpus-Based Study on Conceptual Metaphors in the Finance & Economics Column of The Economist." International Journal of English Language Studies 3, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijels.2021.3.8.3.
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Traditional metaphor researches consider metaphors as a rhetoric device for ornamental study. In 1980, Lakoff and Johnson put forward the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, which marks the shift of metaphor study from rhetoric view to cognitive view. Since then, numerous studies at home and abroad on conceptual metaphors have emerged. Economic news has also become a research interest. However, few research concerns about The Economist, let alone Finance & Economics Column inside. Therefore, this study explores the conceptual metaphors in the Finance & Economics Column of the Economist with Conceptual Metaphor Theory as a theoretical foundation. In order to address the above questions, the paper selects articles from October 2019 to December 2019 in The Economist and employs both qualitative and quantitative approaches to analyze conceptual metaphors in the self-constructed corpus. The results show that: firstly, altogether 443 conceptual metaphors are identified in the corpus, covering structural metaphor, ontological metaphor and orientational metaphor. Due to space limitation, only JOURNNEY metaphor, HUMAN BEING metaphor and UP/DOWN metaphor with high frequency is selected to be analyzed in detail. And their frequency varies from each other. Secondly, these three metaphors are identified in the corpus function by mapping from the source domain to the target domain. Finally, the frequency of these three metaphors is different lies in the systematicity, cultural coherence of metaphors and characteristics of economic news. This study enlarges the scope of conceptual metaphor and helps enhance their metaphorical awareness in economic discourses.
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Kövecses, Zoltán. "An extended view of conceptual metaphor theory." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 18, no. 1 (August 17, 2020): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00053.kov.
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Abstract A major insight of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) is that it added a strong, empirically testable cognitive dimension to the study of metaphor that is capable of changing the way we think about metaphor not only in language, but also thought and action, and, ultimately, the way we do philosophy (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980, 1999). In the paper, I argue that CMT itself needs to be changed in several ways. In particular, I suggest (1) that it has to be given a much more elaborate contextual component than is currently available, (2) that even its cognitive dimension needs to be refined, (3) that it requires a component that can explain the actual usages of metaphors in natural discourse, and (4), and most significantly, that it needs to be changed in such a way that the modifications under (1), (2), and (3) can be integrated into a unified and coherent theory of metaphor. The paper is based on my forthcoming book Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Kövecses, 2020).
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Ge, Mengshi, Rui Mao, and Erik Cambria. "Explainable Metaphor Identification Inspired by Conceptual Metaphor Theory." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 10 (June 28, 2022): 10681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i10.21313.
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Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also reflects the concept projection between source and target domains in human cognition. Previous sequence tagging-based metaphor identification methods could not model the concept projection, resulting in a limitation that the outputs of these models are unexplainable in the predictions of the metaphoricity labels. In this work, we propose the first explainable metaphor identification model, inspired by Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The model is based on statistic learning, a lexical resource, and a novel reward mechanism. Our model can identify the metaphoricity on the word-pair level, and explain the predicted metaphoricity labels via learned concept mappings. The use of the reward mechanism allows the model to learn the optimal concept mappings without knowing their true labels. Our method is also applicable for the concepts that are out of training domains by using the lexical resource. The automatically generated concept mappings demonstrate the implicit human thoughts in metaphoric expressions. Our experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed model in metaphor identification, and concept mapping tasks, respectively.
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Zou, Milan. "Extended conceptual metaphor theory." Chinese Semiotic Studies 16, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 637–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/css-2020-0034.
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Huang, Jie. "Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory." Metaphor and Symbol 35, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2020.1813035.
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Gibbs, Raymond W. "Evaluating Conceptual Metaphor Theory." Discourse Processes 48, no. 8 (October 27, 2011): 529–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0163853x.2011.606103.
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Berezhnykh, Natalia, Natalia Sivtseva, Tatiana Skopintseva, and Assia Kontrimovich. "Metaphorical Blends (Case Study of Metaphorization of Concept BOOK)." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001171.
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The article deals with the mechanism of creating metaphor in the context of the theory of conceptual integration. A particular emphasis is laid on the basic theses of the theory of conceptual metaphor and the theory of conceptual integration. The comparison of G. Lakoff and M. Johnson’s theory of conceptual metaphor and G. Fauconnier and M. Turner’s theory of conceptual integration is carried out. The analysis of the examples of metaphorical mapping of the concept BOOK is conducted and three conceptual metaphors of the given concept (the target domain) are defined. Each conceptual metaphor is described, the input spaces, generic and blended spaces are defined. The integrated roles and emergent properties and structures are determined and explained.
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Reza, Muhammad. "Metaphor in Mark Forster's Album LIEBE S/W." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 1998–2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i2.1888.
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This study is a cognitive semantic analysis of the conceptual metaphor of the song lyrics in Mark Forster's album Liebe S/W. The method used is descriptive qualitative. The theories used are the conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) by Lakoff&Johnson (2003) as the main theory and image schema theory by Croft & Cruse (2004). The data sources in this study were taken from the lyrics of 14 German songs from the album Liebe S/W (2019) by Mark Forster. This study was carried out for the purpose of describing the characteristics of the metaphors, the types of conceptual metaphors and image schemes contained in the song lyrics in the album. Mark Forster's cognition as a singer-songwriter on the album can be seen with this study through a conceptual metaphor approach. Based on the results of the research, it is found as many as 52 data containing metaphorical expressions. Based on the analysis in accordance with Saeed's theory as a metaphor characteristic theory, it shows that there are 13 data with abstraction,15 data with conventionality, 9 data with systematicity, and 15 data with asymmetry. The ontological metaphors is the most dominant in the album. Data analysis using the Lakoff&Johnson theory shows that the conceptual metaphors are found as many as 32 ontological metaphors, 15 orientational metaphors, and 5 structural metaphors. The image schemes found are 20 containers, 4 multiplicities, 4 existences, 5 identites, 12 spaces and 1 scale. Some patterns were found based on theories, 1) metaphors with the characteristics of abstraction and asymmetry have ontological, orientational and structural conceptual metaphors with all types of image schemes. 2) metaphors with conventional characteristics only have ontological conceptual metaphor type with some image schemes, except multiplicity. 3) metaphors with systematic characteristics have ontological and orientation conceptual metaphors with image schemes, except identity and scale.
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Gibbs, Raymond W. "Metaphoric cognition as social activity." Metaphor and the Social World 3, no. 1 (July 15, 2013): 54–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.3.1.03gib.
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Metaphoric thought is often viewed as a property of individual minds that is quite separate from people’s social, communicative actions with metaphoric language and gesture. My goal in this article is to argue that metaphoric cognition is fundamentally linked to human social activities. I defend this idea by focusing not only on metaphor use in overt communicative situations, but by suggesting ways that individual metaphoric cognition is implicitly social. Many of the experimental tasks used in psychology to demonstrate the psychological reality of conceptual metaphors reflect intricate couplings between cognitive and social processes. This argument demands a reorientation in how metaphor scholars interpret empirical findings related to conceptual metaphor theory, and more broadly aims to dissolve the long-standing theoretical divide between metaphoric cognition and metaphoric communication.
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Păstae, Oana-Maria. "The conceptual metaphor of joy." JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC AND INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/jolie.2019.12.1.10.
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The purpose of this paper is to study how ‘joy’, an emotional concept, is metaphorised in English from a cognitive perspective. It introduces the theoretical framework of Cognitive Linguistics, then briefly touches upon the definition of metaphor, the different types of conceptual metaphors and, finally, the conceptual metaphors of ‘joy’. We think in metaphors, which we learn very early. Our conceptual system, in terms of what we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature (Lakoff, & Johnson 2003: 8). Lakoff and Johnson’s book Metaphors we live by changed the way linguists thought about metaphor. Conceptual Metaphor Theory was one of the earliest theoretical frameworks identified as part of the cognitive semantics enterprise and provided much of the early theoretical impetus for the cognitive approach. The basic premise of Conceptual Metaphor Theory is that metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. The cognitive model of joy can be described using the example of Lakoff for anger: JOY IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER: She was bursting with joy; JOY IS HEAT/FIRE: Fires of joy were kindled by the birth of her son; joy is a natural force: I was overwhelmed by joy; JOY IS A SOCIAL SUPERIOR: If I ruled the world by joy; JOY IS AN OPPONENT: She was seized by joy; joy is a captive animal: All joy broke loose as the kids opened their presents; JOY IS INSANITY: The crowd went crazy with joy; JOY IS A FORCE DISLOCATING THE SELF: He was beside himself with joy.
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Kövecses, Zoltán. "Visual metaphor in extended conceptual metaphor theory." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 7, no. 1 (August 19, 2020): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00047.kov.
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Abstract My goal in the paper is to examine a variety of visual experiences that appear to evoke visual metaphors. This is a range of experience types that extends from “sign-like” visual experiences to “non-sign-like” visual experiences. I propose that visual metaphors are evoked by paintings through winner’s podiums all the way to cityscapes and scenes in nature. The latter two (non-sign-like) cases, cityscapes and natural scenes, are not commonly subjected to serious examination from a CMT perspective. However, they provide us with new challenges in the study of visual metaphors, since they greatly extend the range of visual experience that might give rise to visual metaphors. I suggest, further, that the comprehension or interpretation of all of these visual experiences, including sign-like and non-sign-like alike, makes use of the same metaphorical processing mechanisms. The visual metaphors that are evoked by visual experiences can be based either on correlations or resemblance.
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Jiang, Yicun. "On a Chomskyan postulation in conceptual metaphor theory." Chinese Semiotic Studies 17, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/css-2021-2002.
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Abstract This paper is an attempt to make a comparison between Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory and Chomsky’s transformational generative grammar, and to demonstrate a Chomskyan postulation in the former. Although Lakoff and Johnson regard Chomsky’s linguistics as a modern representative of traditional Western philosophies of language that tend to highlight the a priori assumptions rather than empirical findings, the cognitive theory of metaphor contains a Chomskyan metaphysical assumption as its most important notion, i.e. the assumption of conceptual metaphors. Thus, what the present paper wants to argue with ample evidence is that Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory resembles Chomsky’s logic and that their notion of conceptual metaphors is very much a Chomskyan postulation. What the present study tries to further demonstrate is that the abovementioned two theories actually have many points in common, which also implies that Lakoff and Johnson have failed to avoid the paradigm that they believe is conflicting with their own.
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Bingyu, Tang. "Analysis of Political Metaphors in Donald J. Trump’s State of the Union Address in 2020." English Literature and Language Review, no. 74 (December 3, 2021): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ellr.74.69.73.
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On the basis of Conceptual Metaphor Theory proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, this paper conducts a cognitive analysis of conceptual metaphors in Donald J. Trump’s State of the Union Address in 2020, aiming to explain the metaphors in the State of the Union Address, reveal the political intentions hidden behind the metaphors, and construe the relationship between politics and metaphor. It is found that the metaphors in this State of the Union Address are: CONFLICT metaphors, BUILDING metaphor, JOURNEY metaphors, ORIENTATIONAL metaphors, and PLANT metaphors. Through the analysis, this paper concludes that conceptual metaphor has the function of persuading the masses and shaping the image of politicians. At the same time, this paper also finds that politics restricts the choice and application of metaphor.
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Niu, Peipei. "An integrated study of visual metaphors in Chinese editorial cartoons." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 325–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00043.niu.
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Abstract Conceptual metaphor theory highlights that metaphor is a matter of thinking. This assumption indicates that metaphors exist not only in language, but also in other modes. This study examines uses of visual and visual-verbal metaphors in 50 Chinese editorial cartoons conceptualizing serious haze problem, with the intention of eliciting implicit meaning conveyed by visual signs alone or together with verbal texts. Both conceptual and critical discourse analysis of the metaphors are conducted. The study finds that the way a metaphor is realized visually and verbally in a cartoon determines the features mapped onto the topic, and further implicitly expresses a critical stance toward the topic under discussion. The metaphors in the cartoons evoke a general understanding of haze problem by activating the war scenario and familiar cultural or social context in viewers. It is found in this corpus that visual fusion and visual replacement are the most frequent kinds of visual metaphors. The study further affirms that visual metaphors are better in conveying rich and implicit conceptual and affective meaning, and can be direct manifestation of the conceptual metaphor without the mediation of language. In sum the study suggests the need for an integrated approach to visual metaphoric representation in multimodal analysis.
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Huang, Yanli. "How to Represent Abstract Concepts? From the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphor Theory." Journal of Human Psychology 1, no. 2 (December 9, 2020): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2644-1101.jhp-20-3637.
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How human understand and represent concepts is always a hot topic in cognitive psychology. According to the conceptual metaphor theory 1, 2, understanding and representing abstract concepts rely on concrete concepts via metaphoric mappings. In this review, we discussed three core issues with the aim to have a comprehensive understanding of conceptual metaphors. First, I describe the underlying process of metaphoric mappings. Lakoff and Johnson (1999) 2 put forward that the source domain (concrete concepts) can be used to represent the target domain (abstract concepts). The metaphoric mappings from source domains to target domains are characterized as image schemas, which structure and provide sensory-motor grounding for abstract concepts. Then, I concerned on the directionality (the second issue) and automaticity (the third issue) of metaphoric mappings. According to conceptual metaphor theory, metaphoric mappings have the directionality from the concrete domain to the abstract domain, which is an automatic and obligatory process with neither effort nor awareness. However, directionality and automaticity were debated by recent research. In this article, by focusing on the three important issues I provided a comprehensive review which would help deepen our understanding about the nature of metaphoric mappings.
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Boussaid, Youness. "Metaphor-Based Analysis of Joe Biden’s and George Washington’s Inaugural Speeches." International Journal of English Linguistics 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v12n3p1.
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This paper analyzes how conceptual metaphor is used as a persuasive tool in Joseph Biden’s and George Washington’s inaugural speeches. The speeches are analyzed using Conceptual Metaphor Theory. A source-based approach to metaphor analysis is adopted in this paper. Statistical findings are used to examine how metaphor is utilized to frame certain political topics. The study demonstrates that metaphor is a vital persuasive tool in political discourse. The use of conceptual metaphors persuades and appeals to people’s emotions. The paper shows that Biden utilized more conceptual metaphors than Washington. This indicates the need and importance Biden attaches to persuasive rhetoric of which the use of metaphor successfully provides and attains. The nature of conceptual metaphor in both speeches reveals the existence of diachronic differences in how metaphors were used. This metaphor variation which reflects changes in society is ascribed to the differences in ideologies and the zeitgeist of the two eras in which the speeches took place.
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Hemphill, Christy. "Dressing for Spiritual Battle and Other Challenges: Translating Passages with Underlying Conceptual Metaphors." Journal of Translation 15, no. 1 (2019): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54395/jot-6j9c9.
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Traditionally, the approach to translating metaphor in Scripture assumed that metaphors are descriptive literary devices with an underlying “literal meaning.” Research in cognitive linguistics has challenged this idea, and a new field of study, conceptual metaphor theory, has emerged. Conceptual metaphor theory draws a distinction between image metaphors, where a target is described in comparison to a source, and conceptual metaphors, where an abstract or complex conceptual domain is actually understood in terms of a more concrete or familiar conceptual domain drawn from embodied human experience. This paper examines the importance of identifying conceptual metaphors and analyzing their accessibility when translating Scripture. Translators who encounter figurative language derived from underlying conceptual metaphors that are not culturally conventional may try to convert the mapped elements of the source domain into a series of descriptive image metaphors. This skewing of meaning could be mitigated if translators were trained to identify conceptual metaphors licensing figurative language and consider making them explicit. As a case study, a translation of Ephesian 6:13–17 in Tlacoapa Meꞌphaa (tpl) produced by a translator guided by Paratext notes and trained in the traditional approach to the translation of metaphors (Larson 1984) is compared with a second translation produced after encouragement to make the underlying conceptual metaphor PREPARATION IS GETTING DRESSED explicit at the beginning of the passage.
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Havlíčková Kysová, Šárka. "Conceptual metaphor theory cannot be just conceptual." Theatralia, no. 1 (2021): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/ty2021-1-17.
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Browse, Sam. "Revisiting Text World Theory and extended metaphor: Embedding and foregrounding extended metaphors in the text-worlds of the 2008 financial crash." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 25, no. 1 (February 2016): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947015608969.
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It has long been recognised that metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also has important cognitive dimensions. To find evidence that metaphor is an important feature of the human conceptual system, cognitive linguists have often searched for clusters of metaphor in discourse that manifest a single conceptual metaphor. As Werth points out, however, in addition to clustering, metaphors can be sustained throughout a discourse. The subtle conceptual effects of these extended metaphors are of particular interest to researchers working in the field of stylistics. In this article, I build on Werth’s account of extended metaphor to explore in more detail these sustained conceptual effects. Like Werth, I draw on Text World Theory to outline a text-world approach to extended metaphor, proposing the idea of a ‘source-world’ to account for how individual, clause-level metaphors combine across a discourse to create a discourse-level conceptual structure. I argue that the source-worlds of extended metaphor are anchored in the text-world structures discourse participants create as they engage with a text and that this embedding of extended metaphor in the discourse gives rise to some of the subtle conceptual effects to which Werth alludes. Building on work by Gavins, Steen, Stockwell and Sullivan, I also argue that source-worlds can be more or less foregrounded or pushed into the background of discourse participants’ mental representations of the text and I propose a linguistic framework to account for the phenomenon of extended metaphor foregrounding. I illustrate extended metaphor embedding and foregrounding by analysing a newspaper opinion piece by Matthew D’Ancona entitled ‘Gordon Brown with siren suit and cigar’.
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Peeters, Stefanie. "“The suburbs are exploding”." Framing 24 (December 10, 2010): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.24.05pee.
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Ever since Lakoff and Johnson (1980) introduced their Conceptual Metaphor Theory, metaphors have been seen as important ‘framing devices’: as metaphor involves constructing one conceptual domain in terms of another, the choice of the latter (or source domain) affects how the former (or target domain) is represented. Based on a corpus of French written press reporting, this article will, on the one hand, show that the notion of ‘framing’ is, in line with the findings of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, useful for analysing metaphors as well as for indicating their constructive force. On the other hand, however, this article will defend the idea that an analysis of metaphors in terms of frames does not always suffice and needs to be complemented. Following a recent strand in metaphor studies that shows an increasing awareness of the importance of studying metaphors as linguistic and discursive phenomena (cf. Cameron, 2003; Semino, 2008), we will claim that a more co-text-oriented metaphor approach has to be adopted to account for the nuances and evaluative associations metaphors are able to convey.
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Rohrer, Tim. "Metaphors, Visual Blends and the Ideology of Information Technology." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 13, no. 24 (February 22, 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v13i24.25572.
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In this article I argue from linguistic and visual evidence that the information highway metaphor is having tremendous ideological effects in shaping U.S. politics over technology. I apply Lakoff and Johnson’s theory of conceptual metaphor to the linguistic and visual evidence, but then argue that Fauconnier and Turner’s theory of conceptual blending is useful to explain the visual and linguistic evidence in its full complexity. I conclude by summarizing the ways in which current ideological uses of conceptual metaphors and conceptual blends are assimilating the older innovative software design metaphors for operating systems.
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Onysko, Alexander. "Conceptual metaphor variation in meaning interpretation." Metaphor Variation in Englishes around the World 4, no. 1 (September 22, 2017): 7–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.4.1.02ony.
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Abstract This paper contributes to research on metaphor variation in the context of world Englishes from a theoretical and an empirical point of view. Starting with a discussion of the dissonance between universality and cultural specificity in conceptual metaphor research, basic dimensions of variation are outlined that are relevant to conceptual metaphor theory (CMT). These dimensions inform a continuum of variation in CMT that ranges from basic conceptualizations (as primary metaphors) to the surface level of language use (as metaphorical expressions). The empirical part of the paper takes heed of this continuum of variation and outlines the methodological choices relevant to the description of conceptual metaphors in an associative task. The data are based on meaning interpretations given to novel English compounds by Māori and non-Māori speakers of New Zealand English. The results of the task highlight that Māori-English bilinguals apply a greater range of different conceptual metaphors compared to non-Māori bilingual and monolingual speakers of English. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for further research on metaphor variation in Aotearoa New Zealand and world Englishes.
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Sun, Xinxin. "Analysis on the Translation of Conceptual Metaphors in the Report on the Work of the Government of 2021." Frontiers in Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 7 (July 20, 2022): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/fhss.v2i7.1310.
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In recent years, Chinese scholars have made many researches in-depth on conceptual metaphor and translation. Nowadays, people pay more and more attention to political life, and political texts have more important significance for people. So according to Lakoff's conceptual metaphor theory as the foundation, analyze the report on the work of the government which released in March 2021 for conceptual metaphor translation, to discuss the annual government work report in conceptual metaphor types and frequency, It also discusses the translation characteristics of relevant conceptual metaphors in English.
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Schoor, Carola. "Political metaphor, a matter of purposeful style." Metaphor and the Social World 5, no. 1 (July 10, 2015): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.5.1.05sch.
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There are currently attempts to dovetail classical and conceptual metaphor to improve analyses of metaphor in political discourse, but the results, to date, are not robust or sufficiently comprehensive. In this article, I return to Aristotle’s original definition of metaphor in order to set up a framework for the analysis of political metaphors. I first designate the exact position of Aristotle’s theory within conceptual metaphor theory, in order to avoid a lack of coherence between classical and conceptual metaphor theory. In the combination of the two theories I am able to define three styles of purposeful political use of metaphor: reason-based, emotion-based and strategy-based usage of (conceptual) metaphor. These styles are significant, because using a political metaphor is performing a political speech-act, and an important purpose of that speech-act, besides persuasion, is establishing a political identity and style. Examples of the three metaphor purposes and styles show how they can be identified in political discourse. The framework can be used in further political analysis to assess what the role of rhetorical style is in political processes.
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Nuryadin, Trian Ramadhan, and Tajudin Nur. "Metafora Konseptual Bertema Rihlah (Jalan-Jalan) pada Majalah Gontor: Analisis Semantik Kognitif." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v4i1.72.
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This research is a cognitive semantic analysis and uses descriptive qualitative methods. The problems discussed in this study are the types of conceptual metaphors, namely (1) structural metaphors, (2) orientational metaphors, (3) metaphors. The theory used is the conceptual metaphor from Lakoff & Johnson (2003) as the main theory and the image scheme from Cruse & Croft (2004) theory. The data is taken from the Gontor magazine with the theme of "rihlah" (traveling). Based on the analysis conducted, 11 conceptual metaphor data were found, with the following details: seven structural metaphors are the concepts of the meaning of decoration, protection, limb, the taste of food, expenditure, nature, and fame; one orientational metaphor with the concept of the meaning of quality; and three ontological metaphors with the concept of well-known meaning, heredity, and quality of goods. The image schemes found were one power/control scheme, two existence/process schemes, two identity/conformity schemes, and six existence/object schemes.
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Navidi-Baghi, Sakineh, Ali Izanloo, Alireza Qaeminia, and Alireza Azad. "Metaphoric chains." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 19, no. 2 (October 11, 2021): 273–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00085.nav.
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Abstract The molecular structure of a complex metaphor comprises two or more atomic metaphorical parts, known as primary metaphors. In the same way, several molecular structures of metaphors may combine and form a mixture, known as mixed metaphors. In this study, different types of metaphoric integrations are reviewed and illustrated in figures to facilitate understanding the phenomena. Above all, we introduce double-ground metaphoric chain, a new form of metaphoric integration that has not been identified in the previous literature. Also, a distinction is made between single-ground and double-ground metaphoric chains. In the former, which has already been introduced, two basic metaphors are chained with the same form and have the same ground, while the latter includes two chained metaphors, one main metaphor plus a supportive one, with different grounds. In this analysis, we benefited from Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) to analyse double-ground metaphoric chains. This study suggests that each metaphoric integration leads to a multifaceted conceptualization, in which each facet is related to one of the constituent micro-metaphors.
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Mitsiaki, Maria. "INVESTIGATING METAPHOR IN MODERN GREEK INTERNET MEMES:." Revista Brasileira de Alfabetização, no. 12 (July 27, 2020): 73–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.47249/rba.2020.v.432.
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Internet memes are a quite recent web-genre that makes use of metaphorical conceptualizations and humor. This paper draws on data from humorous metaphors in a small corpus of Greek memes posted on Facebook. The analysis suggests that common conventional metaphors underlie memes, such as emotions are forces, human body is a machine, and people are animals; however, several novel conceptualizations arise, fused into conceptual blends: coronavirus is war, low-paid is diseased, natural forces are people. The findings are interpreted in the light of the cognitive theory of metaphor and humor and they are discussed in terms of contextualizing metaphor and developing metaphoric competence or conceptual fluency within discourse-based L2 learning contexts.
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Lemghari, El Mustapha. "A metaphor-based account of semantic relations among proverbs." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 6, no. 1 (July 12, 2019): 158–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00034.lem.
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Abstract The paper deals with semantic relations in the field of proverbs from the standpoint of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Our main claim is that proverb understanding is conceptually complex, involving many construal operations, namely metaphor. Metaphor is assumed to play a crucial role in framing and relating proverbs to one another via various semantic relationships. Three semantic relations will be highlighted: synonymy, antonymy and polysemy. Synonymous proverbs will be shown to be structured by similar metaphors, whereas antonymous proverbs by contradictory metaphors. As regards polysemous proverbs, our focus will be on a specific polysemy, consisting of contradictory meanings. Overall, we will attempt to build a cognitive model for proverbs semantic relationships, based on three main assumptions: first, proverbs have relatively stable meaning. Second, rather than sharply distinct, conventionalized meaning and contextual meaning of proverbs form a continuum, residing in their common conceptual base. Third, such a common conceptual base is metaphor-dependent.
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Tan, Yao. "Conceptual Metaphor of COVID-19 in New York Times." Frontiers in Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 12 (December 21, 2022): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/fhss.v2i12.3131.
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Conceptual metaphor is an important theory of cognitive metaphor. Its nature is recognized as a rhetoric within the scope of traditional metaphor research. It is a deliberate deviation of literal meaning and an optional discourse modifier. Cognitive metaphor holds that metaphor mechanism is the projection from the source domain to the target domain. In this process, the establishment of similarity is fundamental, and the similarity relationship can be divided into physical similarity and psychological similarity. Things can enter both ends of metaphor by virtue of these two similarity relationships to produce rich and complex conceptual metaphor, which makes metaphor everywhere in our life. As one of the important ways of information dissemination, news discourse has a strong ideological tendency and political motivation, which has a subtle impact on the psychology of readers. Therefore, from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, this paper uses conceptual metaphor theory to analyze the characteristics, types and cognitive mechanisms of conceptual metaphors in COVID-19 coverage in The New York Times. It provides ideas for discourse analysis of epidemic situation in the future.
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Ratri, Deasy Ade. "A Semantic Analysis of Metaphors Found In “Dream Theatre’s” Selected Lyrics." LUNAR 1, no. 02 (November 6, 2017): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36526/ln.v1i02.454.
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Metaphor is an implicit comparison in which two unlike objects are compared by identification or substitution of one for the other to suggest common quality shared by the two. It is an implied analogy in which a word or phrase is applied to a person, object, idea or concept to which it is literally or semantically inapplicable. Many students in English Department are still confused in interpreting metaphors’ meaning whereas they have learned semantics. The research aims to find the types of metaphors which are used in Dream Theatre’s selected lyrics then interpret its contextual meaning. There are five song lyrics are chosen. They are, As I am, Endless Sacrifice, Pull Me Under, The Spirit Carries On, and Through Her Eyes. This research uses theory of Chrystal that classifies the metaphors into three types. They are Conceptual Metaphor, Mixed Metaphor, and Poetic Metaphor.
To achieve the research purposes, this research uses content analysis by deductive category application. The steps in deductive category application are collecting the theory related to metaphors, identifying the concepts of metaphors, coding Dream Theatre’s selected lyrics, classify the metaphors according to Chrystal theory, and interpreting the contextual meaning of metaphors. The result shows that forty three cases of metaphors which are found in Dream Theatre’s selected lyrics. There are three thirty two metaphors that included to Conceptual metaphor, Tens metaphor are Mixed metaphor, and one metaphors are Poetic metaphor. According to the result above, conceptual metaphor are higher and more often than mixed metaphor and poetic metaphor, mixed metaphor ranks second and Poetic metaphor appears as the least type
Based on the result, it is suggested to the readers use the information to know widely and deeply about the types of metaphors classified by Chrystal, as the reference or study more about metaphors. For the students who are learning about metaphors or students who are in English Department are suggested to use songs in learning and improving their capability in language and interpreting the meaning. While for the lecturer, it is suggested to use songs as a resourches in teaching semantics especially in teaching metaphors
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Aghajanyan, Narine. "Conceptual Metaphors in Theory and Practice." Armenian Folia Anglistika 13, no. 1-2 (17) (October 16, 2017): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2017.13.1-2.083.
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Languages can be viewed as metaphorical due to their linguistic and cultural background. The connection between the image and abstract meaning can be understood in cognitive terms using a particular concept of metaphor. The notion “metaphor” can be applied to any linguistic unit used in an indirect sense. In contrast to previous theories of metaphor, conceptual metaphor theory proposes that metaphor is not just a language unit but a fundamental part of human thought. The aim of this paper is to bring forward different aspects of theoretical studies on this important issue and show how new realities in politics automatically cause metaphorization of language.
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Kövecses, Zoltán. "Metaphor in media language and cognition: A perspective from conceptual metaphor theory." Lege Artis 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lart-2018-0004.
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Abstract I discuss three large issues relating to media language. (1) How does conceptual metaphor theory affect the way we see the conceptual system that characterizes the main participants of communication in the media? (2) How do conceptual metaphors structure the language (and thought) used by the media? (3) Is the metaphorical mind of the participants of media communication a “self-contained” mind immune to the influence of context or is it affected by it?
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RASSE, CARINA, ALEXANDER ONYSKO, and FRANCESCA M. M. CITRON. "Conceptual metaphors in poetry interpretation: a psycholinguistic approach." Language and Cognition 12, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 310–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.47.
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ABSTRACTPsycholinguistic research has shown that conceptual metaphors influence how people produce and understand language (e.g., Gibbs, 1994, 2017a; Kövecses, 2015; Jacobs & Kinder, 2017). So far, investigations have mostly paid attention to non-poetic metaphor comprehension. This focus stems from the original discovery of Conceptual Metaphor Theory that much of everyday, non-poetic language is metaphorical. The present study aims to expand this focus and explores whether people access conceptual metaphors during poetry interpretation. To answer this question, we conducted a psycholinguistic experiment in which 38 participants, all native speakers of English, completed two tasks. In each task, participants read excerpts of poetry containing conceptual metaphors before selecting or rating items that indicated their implicit and explicit awareness of the conceptual metaphors. The results of both tasks show that participants retrieve conceptual metaphors when reading poetry. This provides empirical evidence in favor of the idea that crucial aspects of poetic thought and language arise from conceptual metaphor.
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Keefer, Lucas A. "Chasing complexity in metaphor research: A response to Thibodeau (2022)." Theory & Psychology 32, no. 5 (September 2, 2022): 814–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09593543221109548.
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Thibodeau (2022) offers a thoughtful critique of my article (Keefer, 2022), attempting to bridge literatures on conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) and Lacan’s theory of metaphor. In this response, I specifically address issues about the extent to which cognitivist alternatives are able to effectively address concerns about the reductiveness of metaphors in CMT. My view is that these approaches either make untenable assumptions about semantic value or are better articulated in a Lacanian structuralism about language. Contra Thibodeau, I believe that a psychoanalytic approach to studying metaphor can be scientific, but that its methods must better capture the complexity of metaphoric thought. I close by addressing the Lacanian unconscious and pose the need for cognitive models of metaphor to better grapple with the intersubjective transmission of metaphor and motive.
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Rupp, Nathan Black. "The rise and fall of metaphor: A study in meaning and meaninglessness." Semiotica 2016, no. 213 (November 1, 2016): 419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0131.
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AbstractI propose the specific words used by a community define that community, yet at the same time the community is defined by those words. This ever-changing lexicon of communal metaphor is the storehouse of all the meanings and their usages used by a given group. By looking at the metaphors that permeate any communal language, we see that all language is metaphoric. With the use of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Conceptual Blending Theory, I investigate how new meanings enter our lexicon and become social meaning. This investigation also provides a closer understanding of “literal” meanings. We come to see they are just stale metaphors or neglected blendings devoid of potency. The process by which meanings are created illuminates how they become “literal.” Thus, showing us the danger that accompanies us in the modern, literal age.
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Grohmann, Marianne. "Metaphors of Miscarriage in the Psalms." Vetus Testamentum 69, no. 2 (April 17, 2019): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341361.
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Abstract The article applies the conceptual blending theory of metaphor to a specific imagery in the Psalms: metaphors of miscarriage or stillbirth. It asks whether miscarriage is considered a real threat or a “mere” metaphor in these texts, and situates the texts within the conceptual systems about miscarriage and stillbirth in the Hebrew Bible and the ancient Near East. In the Psalms, miscarriage and stillbirth are described by three terms with different connotations: שכל (bereavement) in Ps 35:12, נפל (falling down) in Ps 58:9, and יצא (going forth/coming out) in Ps 144:14. Conceptual blending offers a framework to integrate both “literal” and “metaphoric” references to miscarriage in the Psalms.
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Mazzone, Marco. "La metafora fra teoria della pertinenza e teoria concettuale." PARADIGMI, no. 1 (May 2009): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/para2009-001004.
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- Sperber and Wilson (2006) have recently claimed that metaphors are not a genuine cognitive phenomenon. There is a continuum, they claim, ranging from literal to figurative uses of language, and the interpretation of any sentence along that continuum can, and must, be performed by the same relevance-guided inferential procedure; therefore, metaphor interpretation would not require any special cognitive process. Following a suggestion of Gibbs and Tendahl (2006), we propose a framework according to which the relevance-theoretic account has to be integrated with the conceptual theory of metaphors. In particular, we will suggest that the relevance-guided inferential procedure has to be sensitive not only to the balance between cognitive efforts and effects, but also to the nature of the conceptual relations between context and verbal meanings; in the case of metaphor comprehension, this amounts to saying that sensitivity to conceptual mappings is part of how the procedure works, at least for fresh metaphors. As a consequence, there is a clear sense in which metaphor is, after all, a specific cognitive phenomenon. Keywords: Conceptual theory, Figurative meaning, Literal meaning, Mapping, Metaphor, Relevance.
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Bylytsia, Ulana, Olha Bilyk, Oksana Doichyk, Nataliia Ivanotchak, and Nataliia Pyliachyk. "COVID-19 Metaphoric Blends in Media Discourse." Studies about Languages 1, no. 40 (July 13, 2022): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.40.1.30155.
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The study aims at describing COVID-19 metaphorical representations in media discourse. The analysis of conceptual metaphors in political and medical discourse enables a reconstruction of metaphorically based knowledge of coronavirus in English speech communities. Being produced by world political leaders and media presenters these conceptual metaphors influence the socialunderstanding of the novel disease both directly and indirectly. The study is based on the Conceptual Metaphor theory, Conceptual Integration theory and Discourse analysis. The range of the target domain COVID-19 includes the following source domains: WAR and PERSON. The latter is further elaborated as GUEST, INTRUDER, ENEMY, CRIMINAL, SPY, TEACHER. The focus is on the cross-space mappings which present the sets of systematic correspondences between the target and source domains. The novel conceptualisations based on the conventional use of metaphoric patterns are analysed within the framework of the following cognitive devices: extending, elaboration, questioning, and combining. The conceptual blends and emergent structures that provide additional layers of COVID-19 interpretation are represented by means of Conceptual Integration Networks, namely, double- and multiple-scope models. The analysis reveals that the conceptual metaphor COVID-19 PANDEMIC IS WAR is mostlyrepresented in political discourse that refers to the disease as a general threat to the world. In medical discourse the metaphor COVID-19 IS PERSON is objectified, with further elaboration of the source domain. The correlation COVID-19 IS TEACHER reveals positive connotations of the phenomenon.
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Abdel-Qader, Lina Mahmoud, and Rajai Rashead Al-Khanji. "Conceptual Metaphor in COVID-19 Speeches of the American President Joe Biden." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 12, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1204.24.
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This qualitative and quantitative study aims at shedding the light on the use of metaphor in COVID-19 speeches of the American President Joe Biden. Metaphor is considered to be one of the common linguistic strategies that are pervasively used in different types of discourse including speech. This study focuses on analyzing metaphor according to their source domains and to investigate their functions using Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) as a semantic cognitive approach. As opposed to the decorative approach, CMT states that metaphor “plays a central role in thought, and is indispensable to both thought and language” (Degani, 2005). This approach was first elaborated by Lakoff and Johnson and is the most accepted theory that relates metaphor to cognition. The study aims at answering the following questions: (1) What are the most frequent source-domain categories of conceptual metaphors used in COVID-19 speeches of Joe Biden?; (2) What is the density of metaphor in various speeches delivered by Joe Biden? and finally (3) What are the main functions of metaphors found in Biden’s speeches? The findings revealed that the most common used source domains are Unity, Object, person, spatial and War metaphors, respectively. Moreover, the study has found that Urges America to Wear Masks is denser in metaphor than COVID-19 Response& Vaccine and Biden's Speech on Corona Virus. Finally, metaphor is used for several functions such as simplifying, convincing people and for emotive functions.
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Połowniak-Wawrzonek, Dorota. "Metaphor in Cognitive Approach." Respectus Philologicus 26, no. 31 (October 25, 2014): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2014.26.31.13.
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The article presents issues relevant to the cognitive theory of metaphor developed by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson. The researchers suggest that metaphors are common. They are rooted in the experience, important in the perception of the world, thinking, acting, as revealed in the language. The metaphor of language is a reflection of a conceptual metaphor. Lakoff and Johnson point out that the metaphor of language occurs in the texts of various types, from the colloquial language to the specialist language. A metaphor carries out two important functions: explaining and facilitating understanding. It enables a partial understanding of some kind of experience in terms of another type of beings and experiences. Some issues such as the concept of love, metaphysical issues, become possible to understand only through metaphor. Thus, the thesis, which treats about necessity of metaphor, is significant. In the process of metaphorical cognition, there is a projection, which takes the source domain to the target domain. A thesis about invariant is important here. Metaphorical mapping is partial. At the root metaphor is structural similarity between domains or their correlations in our experience. Conceptual metaphors can create complex structural relationships. In the case of metaphor the thesis of one-way metaphorical mappings is as important as the thesis about her creative potential. Prominent semantics of conceptual metaphor cannot give full meaning in the literal paraphrase. Among the conceptual metaphors structural metaphors, orientation and ontological metaphors are characterized.
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Sirait, Asnita, Lia Maulia Indrayani, Rosaria Mita Amalia, and Thomson Radesman Lingga. "CONCEPTUALIZATIONS AND SCHEMATIZATIONS OF HEAD METAPHORS: A CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR THEORY." Eltin Journal : Journal of English Language Teaching in Indonesia 10, no. 1 (March 9, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/eltin.v10i1.p11-22.
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Human’s head takes the most important part in human’s part of body which leads to the frequent use of head in language uses. This study therefore aims to investigate how head is conceptualized through the use of metaphor in Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and how the conceptual metaphors are projected through image schemas. The data were obtained from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) as a rich data sources relevant to the study. This study applied qualitative descriptive study through the framework of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (2008). Sentences which contain head metaphors were selected, analyzed, and categorized to relevant conceptual metaphors through the bridge of mappings to characterize the relationship between two concepts (source and target domains) in the metaphorical process and image schemas. The findings of the study showed that head is mostly metaphorically used as a container which is conceptualized as a head is a container.The most image schemas used are containment schemas which show in-out, full-empty, and surface schemas. The image-schemas have indeed been shown to likely become the basis of numerous metaphorical constructions and have been helpful to understand how people cognize their world.
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Vermenych, Yana. "Multimodal Metaphor Patterns in Documentaries About Plastic Pollution." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 878–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1108.02.
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This article addresses the issue of multimodal instantiation of conceptual metaphors in documentaries about plastic pollution: A Plastic Ocean (2016) and Recycling Sham (2019). Theoretically, it departs from conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff & Johnson1980), extending it with the multimodal (Forceville and Urios-Aparisi 2009) and discursive (Musolff 2006) approaches to metaphor. In agreement with the latest theoretical development in this area (Ping Tang, Kelin Quan, Jianbin Zhu 2020), conceptual metaphor is viewed not as a mere correspondence between two conceptual domains, but as a condensed micronarrative that provides a rich understanding of the target domain. The research demonstrates that multimodal metaphors in the documentaries under scrutiny are capable of forming constellations that carry ideological implications, demonstrating temporal variation.
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Sweetser, Eve, and Karen Sullivan. "Minimalist metaphors." English Text Construction 5, no. 2 (November 23, 2012): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.5.2.01swe.
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We suggest that the impact of metaphoric language does not depend entirely on the conceptual metaphor that is evoked, nor on the form the metaphoric language takes, but also on the steps involved in evoking a given metaphor. This is especially apparent in minimalist poetry. Readers are given hints, cultural conventions, or no guidance at all, on how to fill in missing metaphoric domains and mappings. We place minimalist metaphors at the “effortful” end of the cline proposed by Stockwell (1992), and suggest that the other end can be associated with maximalist metaphors, which corral the reader into a highly specific interpretation. The degree of minimalism or maximalism depends on the specific mappings that are linguistically indicated, the degree of conventionalization of the metaphor, and reliance on cultural background knowledge.