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Books on the topic 'Conceptual reasoning'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Corbett, Dan. Reasoning and unification over conceptual graphs. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2003.

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Corbett, Dan. Reasoning and Unification over Conceptual Graphs. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003.

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Corbett, Dan. Reasoning and Unification over Conceptual Graphs. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0087-2.

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4

Eklund, Peter, and Ollivier Haemmerlé, eds. Conceptual Structures: Knowledge Visualization and Reasoning. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70596-3.

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Vaidya, Anand. Logic & critical reasoning: Conceptual foundations and techniques of evaluation. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt, 2011.

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6

1962-, Eklund Peter W., Haemmerlé Ollivier, Siekmann Jörg H, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Conceptual Structures: Knowledge Visualization and Reasoning: 16th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS 2008 Toulouse, France, July 7-11, 2008 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2008.

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7

Cao, Tru. Conceptual graphs and fuzzy logic: A fusion for representing and reasoning with linguistic information. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.

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8

Wahl, Claes. The state of statistics: Conceptual change and statistical reasoning in the modern state, 1870-1940. Stockholm: Dept. of Political Science, University of Stockholm, 1996.

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9

Rute Elizabete de Souza Rosa Borba. The effect of number meanings, conceptual invariants and symbolic representations on children's reasoning about directed numbers. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 2002.

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10

Wohlgenannt, Gerhard. Learning ontology relations by combining corpus-based techniques and reasoning on data from semantic web sources. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2011.

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11

Wohlgenannt, Gerhard. Learning Ontology Relations by Combining Corpus-Based Techniques and Reasoning on Data from Semantic Web Sources. Bern: Peter Lang International Academic Publishers, 2018.

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12

Logic and visual information. Stanford, Calif: CSLI Publications, 1995.

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13

Corbett, Dan. Reasoning and Unification over Conceptual Graphs. Springer, 2003.

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14

Reasoning and Unification over Conceptual Graphs. Springer My Copy UK, 2003.

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15

Reasoning by Analogy Using Holographic Conceptual Projection. Storming Media, 2002.

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16

Cao, Tru Hoang. Conceptual Graphs and Fuzzy Logic: A Fusion for Representing and Reasoning with Linguistic Information. Springer, 2012.

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17

Cao, Tru Hoang. Conceptual Graphs and Fuzzy Logic: A Fusion for Representing and Reasoning with Linguistic Information. Springer London, Limited, 2010.

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18

Huttenlocher, Janellen, and Nora S. Newcombe. Making Space: The Development of Spatial Representation and Reasoning (Learning, Development, and Conceptual Change). The MIT Press, 2003.

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19

Cao, Tru Hoang. Conceptual Graphs and Fuzzy Logic: A Fusion for Representing and Reasoning with Linguistic Information. Springer, 2010.

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20

Ünal, Ercenur, and Anna Papafragou. The relation between language and mental state reasoning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0008.

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This chapter discusses how children’s conceptual representations of the mind make contact with language. It focuses on two domains: the understanding of the conditions that lead to knowledge, and the ability to attribute knowledge to oneself and others. Specifically, it asks whether language provides the representational resources necessary for representing mental states and whether cross-linguistic differences in encoding of mental states influence sensitivity to the features that distinguish the conditions that allow people to gain knowledge. Empirical findings in these domains strongly suggest that language scaffolds the development of these cognitive abilities without altering the underlying conceptual representations of mental states.
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21

Pinker, Steven. Learnability and Cognition: The Acquisition of Argument Structure (Learning, Development, and Conceptual Change). The MIT Press, 1991.

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22

Conceptual Structures From Information To Intelligence 18th International Conference On Conceptual Structures Iccs 2010 Kuching Sarawak Malaysia July 2630 2010 Proceedings. Springer, 2010.

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23

Chapman, Peter, Dominik Endres, and Nathalie Pernelle. Graph-Based Representation and Reasoning: 23rd International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS 2018, Edinburgh, UK, June 20-22, 2018, Proceedings. Springer, 2018.

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24

Alam, Mehwish, Dominik Endres, and Diana Şotropa. Graph-Based Representation and Reasoning: 24th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS 2019, Marburg, Germany, July 1–4, 2019, Proceedings. Springer, 2019.

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25

Graph-Based Representation and Reasoning: 21st International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS 2014, Iaşi, Romania, July 27-30, 2014, Proceedings. Springer, 2014.

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26

Stapleton, Gem, Ollivier Haemmerlé, and Catherine Faron Zucker. Graph-Based Representation and Reasoning: 22nd International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS 2016, Annecy, France, July 5-7, 2016, Proceedings. Springer, 2016.

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27

Wohlgenannt, Gerhard. Learning Ontology Relations by Combining Corpus-Based Techniques and Reasoning on Data from Semantic Web Sources. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2018.

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28

Wedgwood, Ralph. The Unity of Normativity. Edited by Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.2.

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What is normativity? It is argued here that normativity is best understood as a property of certain concepts: normative thoughts are those involving these normative concepts; normative statements are statements that express normative thoughts; and normative facts are the facts (if such there be) that make such normative thoughts true. Many philosophers propose that there is a single basic normative concept—perhaps the concept of a reason for an action or attitude—in terms of which all other normative concepts can be defined. It is argued here that this proposal faces grave difficulties. According to a better proposal, what these normative concepts have in common is that they have a distinctive sort of conceptual role—a reasoning-guiding conceptual role. This proposal is illustrated by a number of examples: different normative concepts differ from each other in virtue of their having different conceptual roles of this reasoning-guiding kind.
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29

Tyler, Tom R., and Rick Trinkner. Developing Values and Attitudes about the Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190644147.003.0004.

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The chapters in Part II focus on different theoretical models of the legal socialization process. The development of legitimacy is only one facet of a general process of socialization through which children and adolescents develop. Their legal development involves value acquisition, attitude formation, and the growth of reasoning skills. All of these processes occur over time amid a general biological and neurological growth process that enables more advanced reasoning skills, emotional maturity, and capacities to think about the meaning and purpose of rules and systems of authority. We review of each of these theoretical frameworks to provide an overview of whether the field stands at a conceptual level.
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30

Holt, Robin, and Mike Zundel. What Paradox? Edited by Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski, and Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.3.

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This chapter investigates the relationship between paradox and the logical typing of classes and members. Class-based thinking affords efficiency in communication and the progressive, additive development of knowledge, but also creates fissures, shortcuts, truncations, and delimitations that generate paradoxical confusion when the rough ground of experience is brought into communion with the smooth conceptual space occupied by classes and members. The chapter explores possibilities for a different form of analytic reasoning manifest in a physiologically adapted style of movement that emphasizes interconnectedness and interdependency, which Gregory Bateson calls “grace”: the successful integration of smaller with wider arcs of awareness. This is developed here into a method for studying organizational phenomena using the example of an organizational routine, arguing that this may be one way of analytically appreciating the interactive systems that forever evade our conscious and conceptual grasp.
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31

Snowdon, Paul F. The Lessons of Kant’s Paralogisms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724957.003.0014.

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The overall question of this chapter is: what relevance do Kant’s Paralogisms have for current philosophy? After characterising Kant’s negative points about rational psychology, it is argued that once we abandon transcendental idealism and we appreciate that Kant’s assumption that we lack intuitions of ourselves is problematic, then Kant’s approach lacks a convincing basis. It is further argued that Strawson’s much more favourable reading of Kant’s argument relies on certain conceptual assumptions that are also unwarranted. The major and important lesson for our time, it is suggested, is that Kant identifies a serious weakness in a popular style of pro-dualist reasoning.
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32

Wilson, Mark. Semantic Mimicry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803478.003.0008.

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Reasoning patterns can look superficially alike, yet differ significantly in their supportive underpinnings. Paradoxically, the progress of science is sometimes aided by these inferential pretenders, in spite of the conceptual confusions upon which they rely. Two puzzling developments of this character are studied from this perspective: the “little plates” of the aircraft engineer and the incoherent infinitesimals of Physics 101 instruction. The proper semantical foundations of both notions weren’t unraveled satisfactorily until the mid-twentieth century, when the challenges posed by the finite element revolution within computing were squarely addressed by mathematicians. Their results teach a valuable lesson in how our classificatory vocabularies sometimes divide descriptive duties amongst themselves in very intriguing patterns of cooperative allocation.
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33

Gaisbauer, Helmut, Gottfried Schweiger, and Clemens Sedmak, eds. Absolute Poverty in Europe. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447341284.001.0001.

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This book examines absolute poverty in Europe, which is at the moment fairly neglected in academic and policy discourse. It opens with conceptual and methodological considerations that prepare the ground for an application of the concept of absolute poverty in the context of affluent societies and analyses shortcomings of social statistics as well as possibilities to include highly vulnerable groups. This includes thoughts on ethics of research in this particular field where people live under severe circumstances and research can make a difference. The book sheds light on crucial dimensions of deprivation and social exclusion of people in absolute poverty in affluent societies: access to health care, housing and nutrition, poverty related shame and violence. After conceptual and practical issues, the book investigates into different policy responses to absolute poverty in affluent societies from social policy concerns to civic organizations, e. g. food donations, and penalisation and “social cleansing” of highly visible poor. The book finally frames this discussion by profound ethical considerations and normative reasoning about absolute poverty and its alleviation, how it is related to concerns of justice/injustice as well as human dignity. Furthermore, it questions the power and importance of human rights and their judicial protection in regard of persons in absolute poverty.
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34

Sprenger, Jan, and Stephan Hartmann. Bayesian Philosophy of Science. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672110.001.0001.

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“Bayesian Philosophy of Science” addresses classical topics in philosophy of science, using a single key concept—degrees of beliefs—in order to explain and to elucidate manifold aspects of scientific reasoning. The basic idea is that the value of convincing evidence, good explanations, intertheoretic reduction, and so on, can all be captured by the effect it has on our degrees of belief. This idea is elaborated as a cycle of variations about the theme of representing rational degrees of belief by means of subjective probabilities, and changing them by a particular rule (Bayesian Conditionalization). Partly, the book is committed to the Carnapian tradition of explicating essential concepts in scientific reasoning using Bayesian models (e.g., degree of confirmation, causal strength, explanatory power). Partly, it develops new solutions to old problems such as learning conditional evidence and updating on old evidence, and it models important argument schemes in science such as the No Alternatives Argument, the No Miracles Argument or Inference to the Best Explanation. Finally, it is explained how Bayesian inference in scientific applications—above all, statistics—can be squared with the demands of practitioners and how a subjective school of inference can make claims to scientific objectivity. The book integrates conceptual analysis, formal models, simulations, case studies and empirical findings in an attempt to lead the way for 21th century philosophy of science.
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35

Marques, Teresa, and Åsa Wikforss, eds. Shifting Concepts. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803331.001.0001.

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Concepts stand at the centre of human cognition. We use concepts in categorizing objects and events in the world, in reasoning and action, and in social interaction. It is therefore not surprising that the study of concepts constitutes a central area of research in philosophy and psychology. Since the 1970s, psychologists have carried out intriguing experiments testing the role of concepts in categorizing and reasoning, and have found a great deal of variation in categorization behaviour across individuals and cultures. During the same period, philosophers of language and mind did important work on the semantic properties of concepts, and on how concepts are related to linguistic meaning and linguistic communication. An important motivation behind this was the idea that concepts must be shared, across individuals and cultures. However, there was little interaction between these two research programs until recently. With the dawn of experimental philosophy, the proposal that the experimental data from psychology lacks relevance to semantics is increasingly difficult to defend. Moreover, in the last decade, philosophers have approached questions about the tension between conceptual variation and shared concepts in communication from a new perspective: that of ameliorating concepts for theoretical or for social and political purposes. The volume brings together leading psychologists and philosophers working on concepts who come from these different research traditions.
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36

Rowett, Catherine. On the Failure of the Remaining Two Attempts to Analyse Episteme. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199693658.003.0012.

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The chapter suggests that Theaetetus’s second and third definitions of episteme fail because doxa, true or false, with or without an account, is always parasitic upon conceptual content. The latter is required for knowing ‘what it is’ in respect of types or concepts, which is the subject of the quest. Because Theaetetus does not understand that recognizing tokens differs from grasping types, he is unable to solve the problem that ensues from his attempts to reduce the episteme of types to some subset of the doxa of tokens. The jury example, popularly seen as an effective refutation of the second definition, is shoddy and underspecified. Plato uses it in the drama to highlight how Theaetetus (being very immature and too young for dialectic) has failed to understand the previous refutation, because he can only follow trial-and-error reasoning.
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37

Bauer, Nancy. Simone De Beauvoir: The Second Sex. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608811.003.0007.

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This chapter is a reprint of a book review of the new translation of The Second Sex, which raises questions about its success in rendering Beauvoir’s thought into English. Siding with critical scholars like Toril Moi, Bauer argues that Borde and Malovany-Chevallier’s translation is disappointing. The translation obscures Beauvoir’s philosophical insights by too often sacrificing readability and clear renditions of Beauvoir’s reasoning to word-by-word translations of Beauvoir’s long sentences and uncommon stylistic choices. This is due to the inexperience of the translators, who, Bauer claims, had never before translated such French theoretical writing and had no experience dealing with the “conceptual and rhetorical challenges” of Le deuxiéme sexe. Overall, Bauer’s review echoes the long history of the discounting of and underappreciation of feminist work as reflected in translation practices that assume women’s interests, writing, and scholarship to be tangential to scholarly research.
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38

Windt, Jennifer M., and Ursula Voss. Spontaneous Thought, Insight, and Control in Lucid Dreams. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.26.

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Dreams are sometimes described as an intensified form of spontaneous waking thought. Lucid dreams may seem to be a counterexample, because metacognitive insight into the fact that one is now dreaming is often associated with the ability to deliberately control the ongoing dream. This chapter uses conceptual considerations and empirical research findings to argue that lucid dreaming is in fact a promising and rich target for the future investigation of spontaneous thought. In particular, the investigation of dream lucidity can shed light on the relationship between metacognitive insight and control, on the one hand, and the spontaneous, largely imagistic cognitive processes that underlie the formation of dream imagery, on the other hand. In some cases, even lucid insight itself can be described as the outcome of spontaneous processes, rather than as resulting from conscious and deliberate reasoning. This raises new questions about the relationship between metacognitive awareness and spontaneous thought.
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39

Maloney, J. Christopher. Intentionalism’s Troubles Begin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854751.003.0003.

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This chapter puzzles over intentionalism’s odd exportation of the phenomenal character of perceptual experience. Evidently, a perceptual state's phenomenal character is intrinsic to the state while its content is not. So, intentionalism’s reduction of character to content stumbles right out of the blocks. Also, but contrary to fact, if content were phenomenally determinative, all cognitive states with the same content would have the same character. Since perceptual content admits of minimal logical or conceptual complexity, over time a perceiver may find herself in perceptual states that have the same content but, contrary to intentionalism, different phenomenal characters. Moreover, throughout a continuous period of phenomenally stable conscious perception a perceiver might reason from, or about, her experiential content. Her reasoning would ensure fluctuation in her cognitive content despite the constancy of her phenomenal character. In short, perceptual content’s availability to cognition generally undermines intentionalism. Content does not determine character.
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40

Radoilska, Lubomira. Autonomy in Psychiatric Ethics. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Cornelius Werendly van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732365.013.27.

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This chapter explores four kinds of skepticism about autonomy in general and its applicability to psychiatric ethics in particular. It is argued that although there are valuable lessons to be learnt from each of these skeptical challenges, their overall contribution is best understood in terms of friendly correctives to an autonomy-centered normative and conceptual framework instead of viable alternatives to it. The first four sections each provide a logical reconstruction of a distinct skeptical line of reasoning about autonomy and expand on its implications for psychiatric ethics: skepticism about personal autonomy; skepticism about autonomy as an agency concept; vulnerability-grounded skepticism about autonomy; and paternalism-friendly skepticism about autonomy. The fifth section identifies and explores the underlying presuppositions that motivate the previously discussed forms of skepticism about autonomy, and the sixth reflects on the significance of psychiatric ethics for rebutting skepticism about autonomy and developing a new, more promising positive theory.
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41

Drogosz, Anna. A Cognitive Semantics Approach to Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. Æ Academic, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52769/bl4.0017.

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DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION ranks among the most influential of modern scientific theories. Applying the methodology of COGNITIVE SEMANTICS , this study investigates how metaphors based on domains of JOURNEY, STRUGGLE, TREE and HUMAN AGENCY serve to conceptualize key concepts of Darwin’s theory — such as evolutionary change, natural selection, and relationships among organisms. At the outset the author identifies original metaphors in The Origin of Species, to turn to their realizations in modern discourse on evolution in later chapters. Thus, the study uncovers how metaphors contribute to structuring the theory by expressing it in a coherent and attractive way, and how they provide mental tools for reasoning. As the first comprehensive study of conceptual metaphors that underlie Darwin’s theory and affect the way we talk and think about evolution, it may be of interest not only to linguists and evolutionary biologists but also to anyone interested in the interconnection between thought and language.
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42

Wilson, Mark. Physics Avoidance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803478.001.0001.

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“Physics avoidance” refers to the fact that we frequently cannot reason about nature in the straightforward manner we anticipate, but must seek alternate policies to address the questions we want answered in a tractable way. Within both science and everyday life, we find ourselves tacitly relying upon thought processes that reach useful answers in opaque and roundabout manners. Conceptual innovators are often puzzled by the techniques they develop, when they stumble across reasoning patterns that are easy to implement but difficult to justify. But simple techniques frequently rest upon complex foundations—a young magician learns how to execute a card guessing trick without understanding how its progressive steps squeeze in on a correct answer. As we collectively improve our inferential skills in this evolving manner, we often wander into unfamiliar explanatory landscapes in which simple words encode physical information in complex and unanticipated ways. We have learned how to reach better conclusions, but we have become baffled by our successes. At its best, philosophical reflection illuminates the natural developmental processes that generate these confusions. But a number of widely shared methodological presumptions currently operate to opposite effect—they obscure the very tactics that advance our descriptive capacities. To correct these misapprehensions, sharper diagnostic tools are wanted. The nine new essays within this collection illustrate this need for finer discriminations through a range of informative cases of historical and contemporary significance.
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43

Thomasson, Amie L. Norms and Necessity. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190098193.001.0001.

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This book develops a new approach to understanding our claims about what is metaphysically necessary or possible: modal normativism. While claims about what is metaphysically necessary or possible have long played a central role in metaphysics and other areas of philosophy, such claims are traditionally thought of as aiming to describe a special kind of modal fact or property, or perhaps facts about other possible worlds. But that assumption leads to difficult ontological, epistemological, and methodological puzzles. Should we accept that there are modal facts or properties, or other possible worlds? If so, what could these things be? How could we come to know what the modal facts or properties are? How can we resolve philosophical debates about what is necessary or possible? The normativist rejects the assumption that modal claims aim to describe modal features or possible worlds, arguing instead that they serve as useful ways of conveying, reasoning with, and renegotiating semantic rules and their consequences. By dropping the descriptivist assumption, the normativist is able to unravel the notorious ontological problems of modality, and provide a clear and plausible story about how we can come to know what is metaphysically necessary or possible. Most importantly, this approach helps demystify philosophical methodology. For we are able to see that resolving metaphysical modal questions does not require a special form of philosophical insight or intuition. Instead, it requires nothing more mysterious than empirical knowledge, conceptual mastery, and an ability to explicitly convey and renegotiate semantic rules.
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44

Addink, Henk. Good Governance. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841159.001.0001.

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The pivotal aim of this book is to explain the creation, development, and impact of good governance from a conceptual, principal perspective and in the context of national administrative law. Three lines of reasoning have been worked out: developing the concept of good governance; specification of this concept by developing principles of good governance; and implementation of these principles of good governance on the national level. In this phase of further development of good governance, it is important to have a clear concept of good governance, presented in this book as the third cornerstone of a modern state, alongside the concepts of the rule of law and democracy. That is a rather new national administrative law perspective which is influenced by regional and international legal developments; thus, we can speak about good governance as a multilevel concept. But the question is: how is this concept of good governance further developed? Six principles of good governance (which in a narrower sense also qualify as principles of good administration) have been further specified in a systematic way, from a legal perspective. These are the principles of properness, transparency, participation, effectiveness, accountability, and human rights. Furthermore, the link has been made with integrity standards. The important developments of each of these principles are described on the national level in Europe, but also in countries outside Europe (such as Australia, Canada, and South Africa). This book gives a systematic comparison of the implementation of the principles of good governance between countries.
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45

Van Den Bos, Kees. Why People Radicalize. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657345.001.0001.

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This book focuses on the issue of why people radicalize. This issue includes the question of why sometimes Muslims or those who identify with right-wing or left-wing politics engage in violent extremism and are sympathetic to terrorist acts. The book argues that part of the answer to these important yet complex and multifaceted topics lies in people perceiving certain things in their world as profoundly unfair. For example, they feel that their group is being treated in blatantly unfair manners, or they judge crucial moral principles to be violated. The book makes the case that these unfairness judgments threaten people’s sense of who they are and jeopardize their beliefs about how the world should look. Furthermore, these judgments are not merely perceptions, but instead feel real and genuine to those who constructed them. As a result, these unfairness judgments can fuel people’s radical beliefs, extremist behaviors, and support for terrorist acts. This book explains how this fueling process takes place. In doing so, the book provides in-depth insight into Muslim, right-wing, and left-wing radicalization. The book draws novel conceptual conclusions and suggests usable practical implications. The book was written based on the author’s expertise as fairness researcher and his experiences of giving advice on radicalization (and associated issues of extremism and terrorism) to the Dutch government. Based on this expertise and experiences, the book conveys an engaging line of reasoning to a broad audience of scientists, practitioners, and others who are interested in radicalization, extremism, terrorism, and unfairness.
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46

Dowd, Cate. Digital Journalism, Drones, and Automation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655860.001.0001.

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Advances in online technology and news systems, such as automated reasoning across digital resources and connectivity to cloud servers for storage and software, have changed digital journalism production and publishing methods. Integrated media systems used by editors are also conduits to search systems and social media, but the lure of big data and rise in fake news have fragmented some layers of journalism, alongside investments in analytics and a shift in the loci for verification. Data has generated new roles to exploit data insights and machine learning methods, but access to big data and data lakes is so significant it has spawned newsworthy partnerships between media moguls and social media entrepreneurs. However, digital journalism does not even have its own semantic systems that could protect the values of journalism, but relies on the affordances of other systems. Amidst indexing and classification systems for well-defined vocabulary and concepts in news, data leaks and metadata present challenges for journalism. By contrast data visualisations and real-time field reporting with short-form mobile media and civilian drones set new standards during the European asylum seeker crisis. Aerial filming with drones also adds to the ontological base of journalism. An ontology for journalism and intersecting ontologies can inform the design of new semantic learning systems. The Semantic CAT Method, which draws on participatory design and game design, also assists the conceptual design of synthetic players with emotion attributes, towards a meta-model for learning. The design of context-aware sensor systems to protect journalists in conflict zones is also discussed.
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