Books: 'Conceptualization and measurement'

1

Conceptualization and measurement in the social sciences. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1986.

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2

Wachs, Theodore D., and Robert Plomin, eds. Conceptualization and measurement of organism-environment interaction. Washington: American Psychological Association, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10100-000.

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Svend-Erik, Skaaning, ed. Requisites of democracy: Conceptualization, measurement, and explanation. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon [England]: Routledge, 2011.

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4

Puustinen, Pekka. Towards a consumer-centric definition of value in the non-institutional investment context: Conceptualization and measuremement of perceived investment value. Tampere: Tampere University Press, 2012.

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5

1947-, Draper Thomas, Marcos Anastasios C, and National Council on Family Relations., eds. Family variables: Conceptualization, measurement, and use. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications, 1990.

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6

(Editor), Robert L. Schalock, and Gary N. Siperstein (Editor), eds. Quality of Life: Conceptualization and Measurement. Amer Assn on Mental Retardation, 1996.

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7

Conceptualization and Measurement of Organism-Environment Interaction. American Psychological Association (APA), 1994.

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8

Spencer-Rodgers, Julie, Elise Anderson, Christine Ma-Kellams, Carol Wang, and Kaiping Peng. What Is Dialectical Thinking? Conceptualization and Measurement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199348541.003.0001.

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In the past several decades, research comparing dialectical and non-dialectical (“linear”) cultures has flourished, as have empirical studies on holistic versus analytic thinking. This literature has identified East-West cultural differences in almost all aspects of the human condition and life, from the manner in which people reason and make decisions, to how they conceptualize themselves and others, to how they cope with stress and mental illness. This chapter defines dialectical and holistic thinking, distinguishing them from related epistemologies (e.g., Hegelian and Marxist dialectical thinking) and cultural constructs (e.g., collectivism and interdependence). The chapter then discusses the various ways dialectical thinking has been operationalized, measured (e.g., with the Dialectical Self Scale), and manipulated in the literature. Lastly, the chapter examines the issue of how dialecticism, especially tolerance of contradiction, influences the manner in which people respond to self-report measures in the first place and the implications this has for cross-cultural research.

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9

1941-, Wachs Theodore D., Plomin Robert 1948-, American Psychological Association, Purdue University, and Pennsylvania State University, eds. Conceptualization and measurement of organism-environment interaction. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1991.

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10

Draper, Thomas W., and Anastasios C. Marcos. Family Variables: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Use (New Perspectives on the Family). Sage Publications, Inc, 1989.

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11

Michel, Hersen, Rosqvist Johan, and Reitman David 1965-, eds. Handbook of psychological assessment, case conceptualization, and treatment. Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley, 2008.

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12

(Editor), Michel Hersen, and Johan Rosqvist (Editor), eds. Handbook of Psychological Assessment, Case Conceptualization, and Treatment, Adults. Wiley, 2007.

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13

Carter, Kimberly Ann. Self-esteem conceptualization and measurement: A comparison of American and Japanese value systems. 1997.

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14

Skaaning, Svend-Erik. The Global State of Democracy Indices Methodology. Conceptualization and Measurement Framework, Version 2. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2018.66.

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15

Skaaning, Svend-Erik. The Global State of Democracy Indices Methodology: Conceptualization and Measurement Framework, Version 3. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2019.41.

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16

Skaaning, Svend-Erik. The Global State of Democracy Indices Methodology: Conceptualization and Measurement Framework, Version 4 (2020). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.72.

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The Global State of Democracy is a biennial report that aims to provide policymakers with an evidence-based analysis of the state of global democracy, supported by the Global State of Democracy Indices (GSoD Indices), in order to inform policy interventions and identify problem-solving approaches to trends affecting the quality of democracy around the world. The second edition of the report provides a health check of democracy and an overview of the current global and regional democracy landscape. This document presents revised and updated information about all the variables included in the GSoD indices data set that enabled the construction of Version 4 of the GSoD Indices, which depicts democratic trends at the country, regional and global levels across a broad range of different attributes of democracy in the period 1975–2019. The data underlying the GSoD Indices is based on a total of 116 indicators developed by various scholars and organizations using different types of source, including expert surveys, standards-based coding by research groups and analysts, observational data and composite measures.

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17

Hersen, Michel. Handbook of Psychological Assessment, Case Conceptualization, and Treatment, Two-Volume Set. Wiley, 2007.

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18

Rentzou, Konstantina, and Ruslan Slutsky. Early Childhood Education and Care Quality in Europe and the USA: Issues of Conceptualization, Measurement and Policy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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19

Rentzou, Konstantina, and Ruslan Slutsky. Early Childhood Education and Care Quality in Europe and the USA: Issues of Conceptualization, Measurement and Policy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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20

Rentzou, Konstantina, and Ruslan Slutsky. Early Childhood Education and Care Quality in Europe and the USA: Issues of Conceptualization, Measurement and Policy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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21

Rentzou, Konstantina, and Ruslan Slutsky. Early Childhood Education and Care Quality in Europe and the USA: Issues of Conceptualization, Measurement and Policy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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22

Gisselquist, Rachel M., and Omar Shahabudin McDoom. The conceptualization and measurement of ethnic and religious divisions: Categorical, temporal, and spatial dimensions with evidence from Mindanao, the Philippines. UNU-WIDER, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2015/907-7.

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23

Lambert, Jason R., and Myrtle P. Bell. Diverse Forms of Difference. Edited by Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0002.

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The purpose of this chapter is to provide a review of the state of diversity in management literature, including the most recent conceptualizations and measures developed for studying diversity among individuals within organizations. Background on the theoretical and empirical development of surface-level and deep-level diversity is provided. Turning then to separation, variety, and disparity, the chapter will discuss the meaning, form, and assumptions underlying each type of diversity, and offers guidelines for conceptualization, measurement, and theory testing of each. The authors summarize the findings and suggest ideas for future research to move the diversity field forward.

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24

Bauer, Paul C., and Markus Freitag. Measuring Trust. Edited by Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.1.

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This article focuses on the measurement of trust. First, we start with a brief conceptualization of trust, contrasting it with the concept of generalized trust. Second, we survey developments in trust measurement since the 1960s. Third, we summarize and try to systematize a number of measurement debates that have taken place. Fourth, we outline how trust measurement may develop in the future, discuss how differently formulated survey questions may abate some of the debates within the field, and present empirical data that follow some of these directions. Essentially we argue that trust—as opposed to generalized trust—should be measured through reliance on a set of more specific questions that measure expectations across a series of different situations.

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25

Lewis, Cara C., Kayne D. Mettert, Caitlin N. Dorsey, and Bryan J. Weiner. Measures and Outcomes in Implementation Science. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0005.

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This chapter provides an overview of the state of implementation outcome measurement in general and specific to the cancer control continuum. A novel conceptualization of the timing of implementation outcome assessment is presented as it pertains to the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment model. An environmental scan revealed 40 measures across eight implementation outcomes in use across the cancer control continuum. The quality of measures in use is either poor or not yet established. Five key measurement challenges are broached, with recommendations for resolving them provided wherever possible. The chapter closes with emerging advances in implementation outcome, context, and process measurement and a list of resources for the field.

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26

Subramanian, S. The Quintile Income Statistic and Distributional Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812555.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses a seemingly very elementary indicator of welfare called the ‘quintile income statistic’ whose maximization has been advanced by Kaushik Basu as one plausible and important goal of an economy’s development. Some possible interpretations of the statistic and the uses to which it can be put in distributional analysis—with particular reference to the conceptualization and measurement of money-metric poverty and inequality—are explored. The indicator suggests aspects of both diagnosis and remedy of poverty and inequality which do not emerge from an application of conventional methods of measurement. It is concluded that seemingly simple though it is the quintile income statistic has many interesting insights to offer into issues of social measurement and economic policymaking.

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27

Pérez, Efrén O. The Language-Opinion Connection. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.18.

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This chapter critically reflects on the deceptively simple relationship between language and survey response: the language-opinion connection. It discusses what survey researchers actually know about this link, paying close attention to challenges involving conceptualization, measurement, and research design. Throughout, the discussion emphasizes a core theme: despite great advancements in sampling, measurement, and research design, the study of language and survey response is bereft of strong theory. Thus, while the language-opinion connection seems on the surface easy to assess, public opinion researchers have modest theory to explain how, when, and among whom language influences survey response. Against this backdrop, the chapter outlines several ways forward, stressing in particular the importance of identifying and testing psychological mechanisms.

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28

Elliott, Stephen N., and Brendan J. Bartlett. Opportunity to Learn. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.013.70.

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Opportunity to learn (OTL) is an evolving construct from which to better understand and use the intricacy of the schooling process. Progress to date includes considerations of how it might serve as an index of key factors of teachers’ and students’ contributions to learning and as a tool to guide fair and productive measurement of its operation. In this chapter, we provide an account of OTL measurement where classrooms have been the unit of analysis and where concentrations of focus have moved to include calibration of the quality of instruction alongside considerations of time and content elements of a learning opportunity. The account highlights the significance of this inclusion and presents current developments in creating feasible, reliable measurement and ongoing challenges where additional research is needed to further refine our conceptualization and current tooling for measuring OTL.

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29

Doucerain, Marina, Norman Segalowitz, and Andrew G. Ryder. Acculturation Measurement. Edited by Seth J. Schwartz and Jennifer Unger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215217.013.7.

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This article discusses the importance of clear and precise conceptualizations of acculturation as well as the need for consistencies in definition, operationalization, and measurement. More specifically, it argues for an expanded acculturation research toolkit that does not rely too heavily on self-report acculturation scales. The article begins with an overview of the state of affairs with respect to acculturation conceptualizations and methods, paying particular attention to the unidimensional, bidimensional, and multidimensional frameworks of psychological acculturation. It then considers ways in which commonly used definitions and methods of acculturation can be used more intelligently. It also describes alternative methods for researchers interested in moving beyond self-report rating scales, a tiered approach to acculturation research, and method-specific health considerations. Finally, it offers some recommendations aimed at helping the field of acculturation and health research move forward.

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30

Lucas, Richard. Subjective Well-Being in Psychology. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.13.

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Within psychology, subjective well-being refers to a person’s overall evaluation of the quality of life from his or her own perspective. Traditionally, psychologists have focused on three specific components of subjective well-being: life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect, though disagreements exist about precisely how these components should be best measured. Psychological research shows that intuitively appealing predictors of SWB, such as income and health, are typically only weakly correlated with SWB, whereas personality predictors tend to be stronger. This chapter reviews basic psychological research on SWB, addresses questions about the conceptualization and measurement of the construct, and discusses recent attempts to clarify the associations among the various components that are typically studied.

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31

Ferguson, Gail, Steve Tran, Shawn Mendez, and Fons van de Vijver. Remote Acculturation. Edited by Seth J. Schwartz and Jennifer Unger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215217.013.12.

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Globalization has accelerated the exposure of nonmigrants to remote cultures in which they have never lived, producing remote acculturation (RA). The health implications of RA may reach further than those of immigrant acculturation because nonmigrants constitute the majority of the world’s population. This chapter describes the conceptualization of RA, reviews the body of empirical research on RA, discusses measurement of RA, and explores the health implications of RA. The review suggests that RA to faraway cultures may have both negative and positive health outcomes, some of which are also common to immigrants (e.g., acculturation gap between adolescents and parents). Acculturation and health researchers, as well as health practitioners, need to be alert to this new cultural landscape if they are to effectively address the health needs of modern individuals who may be acculturating remotely in their own backyards.

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32

Williams, David M., Ryan E. Rhodes, and Mark T. Conner. Overview of Affective Determinants of Health Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0001.

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This chapter provides a brief introduction to the topic of affective determinants of health behavior. In doing so it analyzes each aspect of the book’s topic. It begins by outlining what is meant by “health behavior.” It then considers traditional views of the key determinants of such behaviors and the value of and need for integrating affective determinants within health behavior theories. Next, it offers a conceptualization of affective determinants in relation to health behaviors, including distinctions between/among (1) affect proper versus affect processing (the latter also known as affective judgments or cognitively mediated affect); (2) core affect versus moods and emotions; (3) integral versus incidental affect; and (4) anticipated affect, affective attitudes, implicit attitudes, and affective associations. It closes with a brief overview of measurement of affect in the context of health behavior research.

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33

Thomassen, Jacques, and Carolien van Ham. A Legitimacy Crisis of Representative Democracy? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793717.003.0001.

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This chapter presents the research questions and outline of the book, providing a brief review of the state of the art of legitimacy research in established democracies, and discusses the recurring theme of crisis throughout this literature since the 1960s. It includes a discussion of the conceptualization and measurement of legitimacy, seeking to relate legitimacy to political support, and reflecting on how to evaluate empirical indicators: what symptoms indicate crisis? This chapter further explains the structure of the three main parts of the book. Part I evaluates in a systematic fashion the empirical evidence for legitimacy decline in established democracies; Part II reappraises the validity of theories of legitimacy decline; and Part II investigates what (new) explanations can account for differences in legitimacy between established democracies. The chapter concludes with a short description of the chapters included in the volume.

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34

Beckfield, Jason, and Nancy Krieger. Political Sociology and the People's Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492472.001.0001.

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Health, illness, and death are distributed unequally around the world. Babies born in Japan can expect to live to age 80 or over, while babies born in Malawi can expect to die before the age of 50. As important, birth into one race, class, and gender within one society vs. another also matters enormously for one’s health. To answer such questions about social inequalities in health, Political Sociology and the People’s Health responds to two research trends that are motivating scholarship at the leading edge of inquiry into population health. First, social epidemiology is turning toward policy and politics to explain the unequal global distribution of population health. Second, social stratification research is turning toward new conceptualizations and theorizations of how institutions—the “rules of the game” that organize power in social life—distribute social goods, including health. Political Sociology and the People’s Health advances these two turns by developing new hypotheses that integrate insights from political sociology and social epidemiology. Political sociology offers a rich array of concepts, measures, and data that help social epidemiologists develop new hypotheses about how macroscopic factors like social policy, labor markets, and the racialized and gendered state shape the distribution of population health. Social epidemiology offers innovative approaches to the conceptualization and measurement of population, etiologic period, and distribution that can advance research on the relationships between institutions and inequalities. Developing the conversation between these fields, Political Sociology and the People’s Health describes how human institutional arrangements distribute life and death.

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McNally, Richard J. The Meaning of Psychological Trauma. Edited by Metin Başoğlu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374625.003.0007.

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The concept of trauma is integral to the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) because exposure to a stressor qualifying as “traumatic” is a prerequisite for diagnosing someone with the disorder. Yet clarifying the meaning of trauma and specifying what kinds of stressors count as “traumatic” is no easy task. Indeed, many people who experience unquestionably traumatic events (e.g., combat) do not develop PTSD, whereas others who experience seemingly less severe stressors do suffer from symptoms of PTSD. Moreover, stressors triggering PTSD can vary across cultures and within a culture throughout history. Debates about trauma have relevance to whether interrogation practices now falling under the rubric of cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment (CIDT) constitute torture. This chapter reviews the arguments and scientific evidence on the meaning and measurement of psychological trauma and shows how these findings can clarify the conceptualization of CIDT, its psychiatric consequences, and whether it qualifies as torture.

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36

Kus, Basak, Brian Nolan, and Christopher T. Whelan. Material Deprivation and Consumption. Edited by David Brady and Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.26.

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This article examines material deprivation and consumption in relation to poverty. In a developing country context, manifest material deprivation and inadequate levels of consumption have always been central to the conceptualization of poverty and living standards. Direct measures of failure to meet “basic needs” are widely used alongside income-based measures such as the World Bank’s “dollar a day” standard. In contrast, both research and official poverty monitoring in rich countries tend to rely on household income. This article begins with a review of recent research on material deprivation, seen primarily as a means to go “beyond income” in capturing poverty and exclusion. It then considers the mismatch between low income and measured deprivation, along with the notion of multidimensionality and the measurement issues raised in the implementation of multidimensional approaches. Finally, it analyzes conceptual and empirical issues relating to the contrast between income and consumption.

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37

Zimmer-Gembeck, Melanie J., Amanda L. Duffy, Samantha Ferguson, and Alex A. Gardner. Relational Aggression in Dating and Romantic Relationships. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0016.

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Romantic relational aggression (RRA) is aimed at harming a romantic partner’s relationships with others. In this chapter, we discuss 15 RRA studies that show a high prevalence of RRA in surveys of adolescents, young adults, and married partners, and a gender difference (favoring females) in studies with large sample sizes. There is evidence of personal and social antecedents (e.g., parents and peers) of RRA, as well as poorer psychosocial outcomes from RRA. Researchers are identifying a developmental pathway from late childhood or adolescent general relational aggression to RRA, which seems to also involve attributions for and beliefs about aggressive and other hostile behavior, physiological and emotional reactions, and alcohol use. We present key future research directions, including the integration of RRA research with that from related fields, clarification regarding the conceptualization and measurement of RRA, and the development and evaluation of intervention programs aimed at reducing this form of aggression.

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38

Jacoby, Ryan J., and Jonathan S. Abramowitz. Intolerance of Uncertainty in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0017.

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Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a key cognitive construct in the maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. Whereas most individuals feel “certain-enough” that situations are relatively safe, those with OCD who have elevated IU have difficulty managing the feeling of not knowing “for sure” whether a feared outcome may occur. As a result, they engage in compulsive rituals (e.g., checking, reassurance seeking) with the aim of restoring a sense of certainty. Given the pervasiveness of uncertainty in daily life, these doubts and rituals can lead to heightened daily distress for individuals with OCD. Accordingly, the present chapter reviews the following: (a) a comprehensive definition of IU, (b) the conceptualization of IU as important in the development and maintenance of OCD across various symptom presentations, (c) the measurement of IU using both self-report and behavioral methods, and (d) recommendations for the consideration of IU in OCD treatment.

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39

Tran, Thanh V., Tam Nguyen, and Keith Chan. Concluding Comments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190496470.003.0007.

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The term culture should be understood from microlevels and macrolevels. Microlevel is the study of different subgroups within a society or a community such as race, ethnicity, religion, gender, language, and even political orientation. At the macrolevel, cross-cultural analyses can be viewed as the comparison of different nations and continents. Incorrect screening instruments or bias diagnostic procedures lead to false implementation of treatments, and false treatments can harm clients socially, psychologically, and financially. Cross-cultural measurement development requires the researchers to be aware of cultural nuances of the target culture. Researchers should consider gender differences within the target culture at every step of the instrument development. When an instrument is developed for two or more cultural groups, representatives of these groups must be invited to participate in the research process from the formulation of the research questions, conceptualization, and operationalization of research variables to questionnaire construction and interpretation of the results.

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40

De Vries, Catherine E. In or Out? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793380.003.0003.

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This chapter introduces a benchmark theory of public opinion towards European integration. Rather than relying on generic labels like support or scepticism, the chapter suggests that public opinion towards the EU is both multidimensional and multilevel in nature. People’s attitudes towards Europe are essentially based on a comparison between the benefits of the status quo of membership and those associated with an alternative state, namely one’s country being outside the EU. This comparison is coined the ‘EU differential’. When comparing these benefits, people rely on both their evaluations of the outcomes (policy evaluations) and the system that produces them (regime evaluations). This chapter presents a fine-grained conceptualization of what it means to be an EU supporter or Eurosceptic; it also designs a careful empirical measurement strategy to capture variation, both cross-nationally and over time. The chapter cross-validates these measures against a variety of existing and newly developed data sources.

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Podsakoff, Philip M., Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.001.0001.

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The purpose of this handbook is to provide a broad and interdisciplinary review of state-of-the-art research on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), and related constructs such as contextual performance, spontaneous organizational behavior, prosocial behavior, proactive behavior, employee voice, and counterproductive work behavior. Chapters by leading scholars in the field address: (a) the conceptualization of OCBs; (b) the distinction between these behaviors and related constructs; (c) the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of these behaviors; (d) the mechanisms through which these behaviors influence organizational success and the boundary conditions limiting these effects; and (e) the methodological and measurement issues that are common when studying OCBs. In addition, this handbook has several chapters that explore the implications for managerial practice and career success. Finally, each of the chapters identifies substantive questions, methods, and issues for future research. The overarching goal of this handbook is to offer a single resource that will inform and inspire scholars, students, and practitioners of the origins of this construct, the current state of research on this topic, and potentially exciting avenues for future exploration.

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42

Tesh, Anita Star. Conceptualizations of test bias and adverse impact: Implications of recent policy proposals. 1990.

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43

Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., Henry E. Brady, and David Collier, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.001.0001.

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The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology is designed to reflect developments of all the key specific methodologies through comprehensive overviews and critiques. Political methodology has changed dramatically in the past thirty years. Not only have new methods and techniques been developed, but the Political Methodology Society and the Qualitative Methods Section of the American Political Science Association have engaged in on-going research and training programs that have advanced both quantitative and qualitative methodology. This Handbook emphasises three things. First, techniques should be the servants of improved data collection, measurement, conceptualization, and the understanding of meanings and the identification of causal relationship in social science research. Techniques are described with the aim of showing how they contribute to these tasks, and the emphasis is upon developing good research designs — not upon simply using sophisticated techniques. Second, there are many different ways that these tasks can be undertaken in the social sciences through description and modelling, case-study and large-n designs, and quantitative and qualitative research. Third, techniques can cut across boundaries and be useful for many different kinds of researchers. The articles ask how these methods can be used by, or at least inform, the work of those outside those areas where they are usually employed. For example, scholars describing large-n statistical techniques should ask how their methods might at least inform, if not sometimes be adopted by, those doing case studies or interpretive work, and those explaining how to do comparative historical work or process tracing should explain how it could inform those doing time-series studies.

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Higgins, Raymond L., and Ruth Q. Leibowitz. Reality Negotiation and Coping. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195119343.003.0002.

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This chapter provides an overview of the development and current status of the reality-negotiation construct, relates the construct to coping processes, and suggests that it has important implications for conceptualizations of social support and the mechanisms through which social support is related to coping. Following brief definitional, historical, and measurement sections, it provides a compendium of reality-negotiation strategies and relates the reality-negotiation construct more specifically to the issue of coping with adversity. A discussion of selected issues related to coping with chronic illness and disability will serve as the vehicle for linking the reality-negotiation construct to some evolving notions about the underlying nature of social support.

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45

Sutin, Angelina R. Openness. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.16.

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Despite its early struggles to survive, openness is now recognized as a personality trait with far-reaching consequences. This chapter is an overview of how individual differences in cognitive flexibility, sensitivity to aesthetics, depth of feeling, and preference for novelty contribute to important domains of functioning. Briefly reviewed will be conceptualizations of openness, some measurement considerations, and where it fits within the nomological net of related constructs. The chapter is then devoted to the nature and consequences of openness, arranged from the biological to the societal. Research on the biological roots of openness and its developmental trajectory from early childhood through old age are then covered. Also considered is how openness contributes to nearly every aspect of functioning, including health and well-being, employment, person presentation and perception, marriage and family, and its geographic implications.

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Paulsen, Jacob A., Moin Syed, Kali Trzesniewski, and M. Brent Donnellan. Generational Perspectives on Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.11.

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Sociologists, psychologists, and others in the social sciences generally agree that the nature of adulthood is different now from what it was 50 years ago. There is much less agreement, however, on what these changes mean for the psychological experience of emerging adults. There has been extensive discussion and debate in the academic literature and popular press about whether there have been generational changes in how young people view themselves and their place in society. This chapter explores the debate over the self-focused nature of emerging adulthood from a generational perspective, focusing on the construct of narcissism. The authors review past and current conceptualizations and measurements of narcissism, summarize the ongoing debate about the nature of young people today, discuss narcissism from a lifespan developmental perspective, and offer suggestions for future research. Throughout, the authors emphasize the historical context of narcissism and societal beliefs about young people more broadly and stress that a generational perspective must be considered alongside a developmental perspective (i.e., individual ontogenetic change) to provide a more nuanced understanding of emerging adulthood.

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Books on the topic 'Conceptualization and measurement'

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