Academic literature on the topic 'Concrete columns'

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Journal articles on the topic "Concrete columns"

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VIRGENS, J. P., R. B. GOMES, L. M. TRAUTWEIN, G. N. GUIMARÃES, and A. P. R. VAZ. "Experimental analysis of eccentrically loaded reinforced concrete columns with an added jacket of self-compacting concrete." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 12, no. 2 (April 2019): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952019000200007.

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Abstract This paper presents the experimental study of eccentrically loaded reinforced concrete columns with an added 35 mm self-compacting concrete jacket attached to the column’s most compressed face using wedge bolts. Nine columns with a 2000 mm height were tested under compression and one-way bending until failure. Columns were denominated as original column (PO) with a cross section of 120 mm x 250 mm; reference column (PR) with a cross section of 155 mm x 250 mm, and seven columns with an initial cross section of 120 mm x 250 mm and later reinforced by the addition of 35 mm self-compacti
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Ali, A., Z. Soomro, S. Iqbal, N. Bhatti, and A. F. Abro. "Prediction of Corner Columns’ Load Capacity Using Composite Material Analogy." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 2 (April 19, 2018): 2745–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1879.

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There are numerous reasons for which concrete has become the most widely used construction material in buildings, one of them being its availability in different types, such as fiber-reinforced, lightweight, high strength, conventional and self-compacting concrete. This advantage is specially realized in high-rise building construction, where common construction practice is to use concretes of different types or strength classes in slabs and columns. Columns in such structures are generally made from concrete which is higher in compressive strength than the one used in floors or slabs. This ra
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Lei, Min, Zihao Wang, Penghui Li, Liyi Zeng, Hongyao Liu, Zhidong Zhang, and Huicheng Su. "Experimental Investigation on Short Concrete Columns Reinforced by Bamboo Scrimber under Axial Compression Loads." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (September 29, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8886384.

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The paper presents bamboo scrimber bars as a reinforcing material instead of steel reinforcement in low-strength concrete columns. Twelve short concrete columns with different reinforcements are tested under axial compression load to study the axial compressive behavior of short concrete columns reinforced by bamboo scrimber. Three columns are reinforced concrete columns, and the other nine columns are bamboo scrimber reinforced concrete columns. The failure process, bearing capacity, axial deformation, and strain of the specimens are compared and analyzed. The results show that the bonding pe
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Mohamed Sayed, Ahmed, Mohamed Mohamed Rashwan, and Mohamed Emad Helmy. "Experimental Behavior of Cracked Reinforced Concrete Columns Strengthened with Reinforced Concrete Jacketing." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 2832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122832.

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Reinforced concrete (RC) columns often need to be strengthened or rehabilitated to allow them to carry the loads applied to them. In previous studies, RC columns have been strengthened by jacketing, without considering the occurrence of cracking. In this study, the behavior of RC columns strengthened externally by jacketing after cracking is analyzed. The accuracy of the existing models was verified by analyzing the performance of fifteen RC columns with different cross-sections to determine the effect of new variables, such as the column size, amount of steel reinforcement, and whether the co
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Wu, Jing, Fa Zhou Wang, Wen Yang, and Qing Jun Ding. "Load Carrying Capacity Analysis of Multi-Spiral Reinforced Concrete Column." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.441.

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The behavior of confined concrete is highly dependent on the confinement type of transverse reinforcement, spiral hoops are generally believed to have better confined effect in concrete than rectangular hoops. It is verified through experiments and the oretical calculations that multi-spiral confined concrete columns have better mechanical properties than single spiral columns, the multi-spiral significantly increase the column’s strength, plasticity, ductility and anti-seismic capability. Based on the three-direction stress law of confined concrete, the load carrying capacity of the rectangul
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Szmigiera, Elżbieta. "INFLUENCE OF CONCRETE AND FIBRE CONCRETE ON THE LOAD‐CARRYING CAPACITY AND DEFORMABILITY OF COMPOSITE STEEL‐CONCRETE COLUMNS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2007): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2007.9636419.

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The report presents the results of laboratories’ tests on steel columns strengthened by concrete casing. During testing of steel I‐shape column the strength of concrete casing and the way of the column loading were parameters subjected to changes. The possibility of increasing load capacity of columns by strengthening the supporting zones was checked, too. On the basis of tests performed, it has been stated that there is a considerable effect of concrete casing on the performance and capacity of steel columns. Possibility of increasing the load capacity of columns by making heads of fibre conc
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Qi, Yue. "Experimental Research on Bearing Capacity of Concrete Columns with High Strength Concrete Core under Axial Compression Loading." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 2041–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.2041.

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Based on experimental research on plain concrete columns with high strength concrete core, the formula to predict the bearing capacity of concrete columns with high strength concrete core under axial compression loading was brought forward in previous paper, in order to verify the formula whether right, axial compression test including 3 concrete columns with high strength concrete core and 1 ordinary reinforced concrete column were completed, and the failure characteristic was analyzed additionally. According to experimental results, it can be shown that the failure modes of concrete columns
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FERREIRA, D. B., R. B. GOMES, A. L. CARVALHO, and G. N. GUIMARÃES. "Behavior of reinforced concrete columns strenghtened by partial jacketing." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 9, no. 1 (February 2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952016000100002.

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This article presents the study of reinforced concrete columns strengthened using a partial jacket consisting of a 35mm self-compacting concrete layer added to its most compressed face and tested in combined compression and uniaxial bending until rupture. Wedge bolt connectors were used to increase bond at the interface between the two concrete layers of different ages. Seven 2000 mm long columns were tested. Two columns were cast monolithically and named PO (original column) e PR (reference column). The other five columns were strengthened using a new 35 mm thick self-compacting concrete laye
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Halding, Philip Skov. "Reduction of the Carbon Footprint of Precast Columns by Combining Normal and Light Aggregate Concrete." Buildings 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020215.

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To reduce the global emission of CO2 from the building industry, researchers, architects and manufacturers must consider new ways of constructing precast concrete buildings. Modern concrete columns and walls are not optimized to the applied load, and there is potential to save material. By creating a stronger column core and a lightweight concrete cover, it is possible to reduce the carbon footprint. A method is proposed to calculate such eccentrically loaded columns of two or more materials. The analytical method is developed for straight columns and columns with Entasis. Production of curved
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Marques, M. G., A. P. A. R. Liserre, R. B. Gomes, and G. N. Guimarães. "Analysis of the behavior of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with sleeve wedge bolts and a self compacting concrete layer." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 8, no. 2 (April 2015): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952015000200003.

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Strengthening of reinforced concrete columns by jacketing is one of the most common structural rehabilitation techniques in Brazil. For adequate performance, it is necessary, among others, to avoid detachment of the new concrete layer (strengthening material) from the old concrete substrate when the strengthened member is again in service conditions. This paper describes the test results of eight reinforced concrete rectangular columns subjected to combined compression and one-axis bending to evaluate the efficiency of using sleeve wedge bolts across the new concrete/old concrete interface to
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Concrete columns"

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Khalil, Nariman Jaber. "Slender reinforced concrete columns." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305374.

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Trezona, James Richard. "Analysis and design of circular reinforced concrete columns and concrete filled steel tube columns /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENS/09enst818.pdf.

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Bhola, Rajendra Kumar. "Reliability of slender reinforced concrete columns." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25079.

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The effects of the variability in strength and loading on the reliability of slender, reinforced concrete columns are investigated using the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The columns are considered to be axially loaded with equal end eccentricities and no lateral load. Variabilities in strength, axial load and eccentricity of axial loads are considered. A new procedure called the Implicit Uncorrelation Procedure has been developed to find the values of the failure function from the values of the basic variables named above. The allowable axial load at various eccentricity levels correspo
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羅紹湘 and Siu-seong Law. "Failure of reinforced concrete beam-columns." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1985. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31207327.

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Welp, Katherine Marie 1958. "Effective stiffness of rectangular concrete columns." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276822.

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This thesis is based upon a need to re-examine the assumptions and expand upon the results arrived at in recent studies on the flexural stiffness of reinforced concrete columns. A survey is presented of concrete column design over the last 200 years. Elastic and plastic behavior of concrete columns is discussed with respect to stiffness and Euler's buckling load. Some limitations and applications of buckling load are considered. Various current code approximations of stiffness are presented. Four possible methods for computing a more exact stiffness (EI) and their advantages and disadvantages
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Law, Siu-seong. "Failure of reinforced concrete beam-columns /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1985. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12263631.

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Lloyd, Alan Eric Walker. "Blast Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Columns." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32389.

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Explosives place large demands on the lateral load carrying capacity of structures. If these loads are applied on columns, the high pressure transient loads from explosives can result in significant damage to the primary gravity load carrying elements. The loss of these elements, which are responsible from overall strength and stability of the structure, may cause collapse of all or parts of the structure. Therefore, it is important to mitigate the blast loads effects on columns. A comprehensive research study into the design, application, and use of different retrofit systems to mitigate dama
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Bugaldian, Adel Abdulmoula. "Concrete columns confined with scrap tires." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0022/MQ52289.pdf.

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Lillistone, Duncan. "Non-ferrous compositely reinforced concrete columns." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364791.

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Choe, Lisa Y. "Shear strength of circular reinforced concrete columns." Connect to resource, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/6448.

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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2006.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains ix, 68 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-45). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Books on the topic "Concrete columns"

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Manning, David G. Electrochemical removal of chloride ions from reinforced concrete: Initial evaluation of the Pier S19 field trial. Downsview: Research and Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, 1990.

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Ibrahim, Hisham H. H. Flexural behavior of high strength concrete columns. Edmonton, Alta: Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, 1994.

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Rodriguez, M. Seismic load tests on reinforced concrete columns strengthened by jacketing. Christchurch, N.Z: University of Canterbury, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1991.

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374, ACI Committee. Acceptance criteria for moment frames based on structural testing and commentary: An ACI standard. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute, 2006.

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Park, R. Strengthening and/or repair of existing reinforced concrete columns: Final report to the Earthquake and War Damage Commission on the research project 91/15. [New Zealand]: University of Canterbury, 1993.

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D, Lin T., and Portland Cement Association, eds. Fire resistance of reinforced concrete columns. Skokie, Ill: Portland Cement Association, 1992.

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McLean, David I. Retrofit of split bridge columns. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Transportation, 2001.

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Stone, W. C. Inelastic behavior of full-scale bridge columns subjected to cyclic loading. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989.

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Casandjian, Charles, Noël Challamel, Christophe Lanos, and Jostein Hellesland. Reinforced Concrete Beams, Columns and Frames. Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118639511.

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Hellesland, Jostein, Noël Challamel, Charles Casandjian, and Christophe Lanos. Reinforced Concrete Beams, Columns and Frames. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118635360.

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Book chapters on the topic "Concrete columns"

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Setareh, Mehdi, and Robert Darvas. "Columns." In Concrete Structures, 277–370. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24115-9_5.

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Kong, F. K., and R. H. Evans. "Eccentrically loaded columns and slender columns." In Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete, 248–91. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7134-0_7.

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Quenemoen, Caroline K. "Columns and Concrete." In A Companion to Roman Architecture, 63–81. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118325117.ch4.

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Purcell, Patrick. "Reinforced concrete columns." In Concise Guide to Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocode 2, 91–107. London: ICE Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/cgrcdet.65727.091.

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Elliott, Kim S. "Precast concrete columns." In Precast Concrete Structures, 313–57. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367814885-6.

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Hertz, Kristian Dahl, and Philip Halding. "Columns and Walls." In Sustainable Light Concrete Structures, 69–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80500-5_5.

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Peng, Yuxuan, Dezhang Sun, and Junwu Dai. "Numerical Analysis of High-Performance Reinforced Concrete Columns Under Eccentric Loading." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 441–52. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4355-1_41.

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AbstractThe article is based on the eccentric compression test of HRB650E reinforced high-strength concrete columns. ABAQUS finite element software is used to conduct finite element analysis on HRB650E reinforced high-strength concrete column specimens. Comparing the simulation results with the experimental results, it can be found that the two fit well. By observing the patterns of experimental and simulation results, it can be concluded that the bearing capacity of HRB650E grade reinforced high-strength concrete columns is good, and improving the concrete strength can enhance the bearing capacity of the specimens.
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Abdelrahman, Amr. "Strengthening of Concrete Columns." In Strengthening of Concrete Structures, 35–85. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8076-3_2.

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Ding, Yining, and Xiliang Ning. "Compression Members––Columns." In Reinforced Concrete: Basic Theory and Standards, 237–303. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2920-5_7.

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Sheikh, Shamim A., and Shafik Khoury. "Confined concrete columns with varied concrete strength." In Earthquake Engineering, edited by Shamim A. Sheikh and S. M. Uzumeri, 623–30. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487583217-079.

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Conference papers on the topic "Concrete columns"

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Sheikh, Shamim Ahmed, and Zahra Kharal. "Corrosion-resistant Reinforced Concrete Columns." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0946.

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&lt;p&gt;To address this issue of corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete, large scale columns reinforced with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars were tested under simulated earthquake loads. In addition to the moment - curvature and shear - deflection responses, ductility factors, and work and energy dissipation parameters were used to evaluate column performance. Twenty-five columns with circular and square sections can be compared to investigate variables such as axial load level, amount and type of reinforcement, i.e. GFRP vs steel. GFRP-reinforced columns were found to behave wi
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"High-Performance Concrete Columns." In "SP-149: High-Performance Concrete - Proceedings, International Conference Singapore, 1994". American Concrete Institute, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/4167.

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Güler, Soner, Fuat Korkut, Namik Yaltay, and Demet Yavuz. "Axial behaviour of concrete filled steel tube stub columns: a review." In 12th international conference on ‘Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures’ - ASCCS 2018. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/asccs2018.2018.7602.

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Concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns are widely used in construction of high-rise buildings and peers of bridges to increase the lateral stiffness of the buildings, the axial load capacity, ductility, toughness, and resistance of corrosion of the columns. The CFST columns have much superior characteristics compared with traditionally reinforced concrete columns. The position of the concrete and steel tube in the cross-section of the CFST column is the most appropriate solution in terms of the strength and ductility. The steel tube, which is placed outside of the cross-section of the co
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"High-Strength Concrete Columns Confined with Spirals." In SP-293: Reinforced Concrete Columns with High Strength Concrete and Steel Reinforcement. American Concrete Institute, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51686233.

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He, Ziqi, Dan Gan, Tao Zhang, and Xuhong Zhou. "Experimental investigation on the bamboo-concrete filled circular steel tubular stub columns." In 12th international conference on ‘Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures’ - ASCCS 2018. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/asccs2018.2018.7138.

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Concrete-filled steel tubes have been widely used all over the world due to their superior structural behaviour. To promote the use of ecofriendly materials and to reduce the use of concrete, this paper presents an innovative type of composite column, which can be referred as bamboo-concrete filled steel tubes. In this kind of column, concrete filled in the space between the external steel tube and the inner raw moso bamboo. Bamboo-concrete filled steel tubes inherit the merits of concrete-filled steel tubes such as high load-bearing capacity and ductility performance. Besides, global buckling
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"Blast Behaviour of Ultra High Strength CRC Columns." In SP-293: Reinforced Concrete Columns with High Strength Concrete and Steel Reinforcement. American Concrete Institute, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51686239.

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"CFRP Prestressed Concrete Lighting Columns." In SP-215: Field Applications of FRP Reinforcement: Case Studies. American Concrete Institute, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/12858.

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"Confined Concrete in Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Columns." In SP-238: International Symposium on Confined Concrete. American Concrete Institute, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/18277.

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"An Experimental Investigation on Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns Under Axial Compression." In Recent Advancements in Geotechnical Engineering. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901618-9.

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Abstract. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the behaviour of concrete filled steel tube columns under axial compression. The steel columns were filled with self-compacting and self-curing concrete instead of normal conventional concrete. A test program consisting of square column, circular column and rectangular column was firstly conducted. The behaviour of three concrete filled steel tubular sections (CFSTs) under axial load is presented. The effect of steel tube dimensions, shapes and confinement of concrete are also examined. Measured column strengths are compared with t
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Han, Lin-Han, and Kan Zhou. "Fire performance of concrete-encased CFST columns and beam-column joints." In 12th international conference on ‘Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures’ - ASCCS 2018. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/asccs2018.2018.6927.

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Concrete-encased CFST (concrete filled steel tube) structure is a type of composite structure featuring an inner CFST component and an outer reinforced concrete (RC) component. They are gaining popularity in high-rise buildings and large-span buildings in China nowadays. To date, the behaviour of concrete-encased CFST structures at ambient temperature has been investigated, but their fire performance has seldom been addressed, including the performance in fire and after exposure to fire. This paper summarizes the fire test results of concrete-encased CFST columns and beam-column joints. The cr
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Reports on the topic "Concrete columns"

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Carinci, Craig A., and Grant T. Halvorsen. Tie Requirements for Prestressed Concrete Columns. Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/pci.rr.comp-024.

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Nema, Arpit, and Jose Restrep. Low Seismic Damage Columns for Accelerated Bridge Construction. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/zisp3722.

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This report describes the design, construction, and shaking table response and computation simulation of a Low Seismic-Damage Bridge Bent built using Accelerated Bridge Construction methods. The proposed bent combines precast post-tensioned columns with precast foundation and bent cap to simplify off- and on-site construction burdens and minimize earthquake-induced damage and associated repair costs. Each column consists of reinforced concrete cast inside a cylindrical steel shell, which acts as the formwork, and the confining and shear reinforcement. The column steel shell is engineered to fa
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WANG, Liping, Xing-Xing CAO, Fa-Xing DING, and Yi SUN. COMPRESSION TESTS OF CONCRETE-FILLED DOUBLE CIRCULAR STEEL TUBULAR STUB COLUMNS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2018.p.083.

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Yang, Hua, Faqi Liu, Yuyin Wang, and Sumei Zhang. FIRE RESISTANCE DESIGN OF CIRCULAR STEEL TUBE CONFINED REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2018.p.094.

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Al-Khafaji, Hayder. Experimental Investigation of CFRP Wrapped Square Non-ductile Reinforced Concrete Columns. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5265.

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Pedro F., Rodrigues, Vellasco Pedro C. G. da S., Lima Luciano R. O. de, Silva André T. da, Rodrigues Monique C., and Sarmanho Arlene M. C. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF COMPOSITE TUBULAR COLUMNS CFDST (STAINLESS STEEL–CONCRETE–CARBON STEEL). The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2018.p.025.

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Li, Wei, and Bing Chen. PUSH-OUT TESTS ON CIRCULAR CONCRETE-FILLED DOUBLE-SKIN STEEL TUBULAR COLUMNS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2018.p.172.

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Baltov, Anguel, Ana Yanakieva, and Gargana Nikolova. Residual Resource of Emergency-loaded Concrete Columns under Pressure and Micro-damage. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2019.08.11.

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Taylor, Andrew W., Cynthia Kuo, Kevin Wellenius, and Duke Chung. A summary of cyclic lateral load tests on rectangular reinforced concrete columns. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5984.

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Lopez Ibaceta, Alvaro. Seismic Performance of Substandard Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns under Subduction-Zone Ground Motions. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6853.

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