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Cordoba, Benoît. "Creep and shrinkage of self-consolidating concrete (SCC)." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317343151&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Bush, Richard James. "Creep and shrinkage of high strength concrete." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531922.
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Altoubat, Salah Ahmed. "Early age stresses and creep-shrinkage interaction of restrained concrete." Full text available online (restricted access), 2000. http://images.lib.monash.edu.au/ts/theses/Altoubat.pdf.
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Townsend, Bradley Donald. "Creep and Shrinkage of a High Strength Concrete Mixture." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32743.
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In addition to immediate elastic deformations, concrete undergoes time-dependent deformations that must be considered in design. Creep is defined as the time-dependent deformation resulting from a sustained stress. Shrinkage deformation is the time-dependent strain that occurs in the absence of an applied load. The total strain of a concrete specimen is the sum of elastic, creep, and shrinkage strains.
Several test beams for the Pinnerâ s Point Bridge have been produced by Bayshore Concrete Products Corp., in Cape Charles, VA. These beams feature high strength concrete mix designs with specified 28-day compressive strengths of 55.2 MPa (8,000 psi) and 69.0 MPa (10,000 psi). These test beams were equipped with thermocouples to track interior concrete temperatures, and vibrating wire gages placed at the center of prestressing to record changes in strain.
Laboratory creep and shrinkage testing was conducted on specimens prepared with identical materials and similar mixture proportions to those used at Bayshore. The temperature profile from the test beams during steam curing was used to produce match-cured specimens for laboratory testing. Two match cure batches were produced, along with two standard cure batches. Creep specimens from each batch were placed in the creep room and loaded to 30 percent of their after-cure compressive strength. The creep room had a temperature of 23.0 ± 1.7 °C (73.4 ± 3 ºF) and relative humidity of 50 ± 4 %. Companion shrinkage specimens were also placed in the creep room. Measurements were taken on the creep and shrinkage specimens using a Whittemore gage. Four cylinders were also equipped with embedded vibrating wire gages (VWGs) so that the interior and exterior strains could be compared. The Whittemore and VWG elastic and creep strains were similar, while the VWGs recorded significantly less shrinkage.
The measured creep and shrinkage strains were compared to seven different models to determine which model was the most accurate. The models considered were ACI 209, ACI 209 modified by Huo, CEB Model Code 90, AASHTO-LRFD, Gardner GL2000, Tadros, and Bazant B3. The ACI 209 modified by Huo was most accurate in predicting time-dependent strains.Master of Science
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Kim, Seunghwan. "Creep and Shrinkage Effects on Steel-Concrete Composite Beams." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/48427.
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Predicting the long-term behavior of steel-concrete composite structures is a very complex systems problem, both because obtaining reliable information on material properties related to creep and shrinkage is not straightforward and because it is not easy to clearly determine the correlation between the effects of creep and shrinkage and the resultant structural response. Slip occurring at the interface between the steel and concrete may also make prediction more complicated. While the short-term deflection of composite beams may be easily predicted from fundamental theories of structural mechanics, calculating the long-term deflection is complicated by creep and shrinkage effects on the concrete deck varying over time. There are as yet no comprehensive ways for engineers to reliably deal with these issues, and the development of a set of justifiable numerical standards and equations for composite structures that goes beyond a simple commentary is well overdue. As the first step towards meeting this objective, this research is designed to identify a simple method for calculating the long-term deformations of steel-concrete composite members based on existing models to predict concrete creep and shrinkage and to estimate the time-varying deflection of steel-composite beams for design purposes. A brief reexamination of four existing models to predict creep and shrinkage was first conducted, after which an analytical approach using the age-adjusted effective modulus method (AEMM) was used to calculate the long-term deflection of a simply-supported steel-concrete composite beam. The ACI 209R-92 and CEB MC90-99 models, which adopt the concept of an ultimate coefficient, formed the basis of the models developed and examples of the application of the two models are included to provide a better understanding of the process involved. For the analytical approach using the AEMM, the entire process of calculating the long-term deflections with respect to both full and partial shear interactions is presented here, and the accuracy of the calculation validated by comparing the model predictions with experimental data. Lastly, the way the time-dependent deflection varies with various combinations of creep coefficient, shrinkage strain, the size of the beam, and the span length, was analyzed in a parametric study. The results indicate that the long-term deflection due to creep and shrinkage is generally 1.5 ~ 2.5 times its short-term deflection, and the effects of shrinkage may contribute much more to the time-dependent deformation than the effect of creep for cases where the sustained live load is quite small. In addition, the composite beam with a partial interaction exhibits a larger mid-span deflection for both the short- and long-term deflections than a beam with a full shear interaction. When it comes to the deflection limitations, it turned out that although the short-term deflections due to immediate design live load satisfy the deflection criteria well, its long-term deflections can exceed the deflection limitations.Master of Science
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Doan, Trung Van. "Long-term Deformations in Prestressed Concrete Box Girder Bridges." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12836.
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Long-span prestressed concrete box girder bridges are very sensitive to creep and shrinkage which may induce large deflection effects. Designers tend to rely on the simplified procedures contained in codes of practice for the estimation of service load behaviour. Such procedures usually oversimplify a complex problem and are often unreliable and conceptually misleading. This thesis presents a computer-based step by step numerical modelling procedure incorporating the programming language Matlab5 and the finite element package Strand7. The procedure is used to predict the long-term behaviour of the prestressed concrete box girder bridges built by the balanced cantilever construction over the Nepean River at Pheasants Nest, South of Sydney. Nine of the most common mathematical models for creep and shrinkage are used. The results are compared with survey measurements of the bridges since 1982 to present. It is found that only two prediction models give results which are in close agreement with measured deflections of the bridges. Sensitivity analyses are carried out and the results can be improved by varying model parameters such as concrete strength, humidity and concrete age at first loading. A number of recommendations for future research is presented. A simplified creep and shrinkage analysis procedure is also suggested for use in routine design of prestressed concrete structures.
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Haji, Arshad Abdul Aziz. "Moment continuity for simply supported pretensioned concrete bridges." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267146.
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Gribniak, Viktor. "Shrinkage Influence on Tension-Stiffening of Concrete Structures." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20091102_090235-06535.
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Due to the use of refined ultimate state theories as well as high strength concrete and reinforcement, resulting in longer spans and smaller depths, the serviceability criteria often limits application of modern reinforced concrete (RC) superstructures. In structural analysis, civil engineers can choose between traditional design code methods and numerical techniques. In order to choose a particular calculation method, engineers should be aware of accuracy of differ-ent techniques. Adequate modelling of RC cracking and, particularly, post-cracking behaviour, as one of the major sources of nonlinearity, is the most im-portant and difficult task of deformational analysis. In smeared crack approach dealing with average cracking and strains, post-cracking effects can be modelled by a stress-strain tension-stiffening relationship. Most known tension-stiffening relationships have been derived from test data of shrunk tension or shear mem-bers. Subsequently, these constitutive laws were applied for modelling of bend-ing elements which behaviour differs from test members. Furthermore, such re-lationships were coupled with shrinkage effect. Therefore, present research aims at developing a technique for deriving a free-of-shrinkage tension-stiffening re-lationship using test data of shrunk bending RC members. The main objective of this PhD dissertation is to investigate shrinkage influence on deformations and tension-stiffening of RC members subjected to short-term loading.
Present... [to full text]Pastaraisiais metais vis plačiau taikant stiprųjį betoną bei armatūrą, konst-rukcijų perdengiamos angos didėja, o skerspjūviai mažėja. Todėl projektuojant standumo (įlinkių) sąlyga vis dažniau tampa lemiamu veiksniu. Inžinieriai gelž-betoninių konstrukcijų apskaičiavimams gali taikyti empirinius normų arba skai-tinius metodus. Vieno ar kito skaičiavimo metodo parinkimas turi būti pagrįstas statistiniais tikslumo analizės rezultatais. Yra žinoma, kad adekvatus gelžbetoninio elemento pleišėjimo (ypač plyšių vystymosi stadijos) modeliavimas yra vienas sudėtingiausių netiesinės mechani-kos uždavinių. Toks uždavinys gali būti išspręstas taikant vidutinių plyšių kon-cepciją, kai pleišėjimo proceso modeliavimui naudojama tempiamojo betono vidutinių įtempių ir deformacijų diagrama. Dauguma tokių diagramų gautos, naudojant tempimo arba šlyties bandymo rezultatus. Pabrėžtina, kad šių diagra-mų taikymas lenkiamųjų gelžbetoninių elementų modeliavime duoda nemažas paklaidas. Kitas svarbus aspektas yra tai, kad gelžbetoniniuose bandiniuose, iki juos apkraunant trumpalaike apkrova, vyksta betono susitraukimas. Šiame darbe buvo siekiama sukurti metodą, leidžiantį pagal eksperimentinius lenkiamųjų gelžbetoninių elementų duomenis gauti tempiamojo betono vidutinių įtempių ir deformacijų diagramas, įvertinant betono susitraukimo įtaką. Pagrindinis diser-tacijos tikslas yra įvertinti ikieksploatacinių betono susitraukimo ir valkšnumo poveikį gelžbetoninių elementų, apkrautų trumpalaike apkrova... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Vincent, Edward Creed. "Compressive Creep of a Lightweight, High Strength Concrete Mixture." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30962.
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Concrete undergoes volumetric changes throughout its service life. These changes are a result of applied loads and shrinkage. Applied loads result in an instantaneous recoverable elastic deformation and a slow, time dependent, inelastic deformation called creep. Creep without moisture loss is referred to as basic creep and with moisture loss is referred to as drying creep. Shrinkage is the combination of autogeneous, drying, and carbonation shrinkage. The combination of creep, shrinkage, and elastic deformation is referred to as total strain.
The prestressed concrete beams in the Chickahominy River Bridge have been fabricated with a lightweight, high strength concrete mixture (LTHSC). Laboratory test specimens have been cast using the concrete materials and mixture proportions used in the fabrication of the bridge beams. Two standard cure and two match cure batches have been loaded for 329 and 251 days, respectively.
Prestress losses are generally calculated with the total strain predicted by the American Concrete Institute Committee 209 recommendations, ACI 209, or the European design code, CEB Model Code 90. Two additional models that have been proposed are the B3 model by Bazant and Baweja, and the GL2000 model proposed by Gardner and Lockman. The four models are analyzed to determine the most precise model for the LTHSC mixture. Only ACI 209 considered lightweight aggregates during model development. GL2000 considers aggregate stiffness in the model.
ACI 209 was the best predictor of total strain and individual time dependent deformations for the accelerated cure specimens. CEB Mode Code 90 was the best predictor of total strain for the standard cure specimens. The best overall predictor of time dependent deformations was the GL2000 model for the standard cure specimens.Master of Science
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Mucambe, Edson Silva David. "Creep and shrinkage prediction models for concrete water retaining structures in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5185.
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Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Concrete water retaining structures (WRS) in South Africa are under scrutiny due to the numerous durability problems that they have experienced lately; despite the efforts by local and national authorities in conserving these structures. At the heart of these problems are the creep and shrinkage phenomena. While shrinkage is the reduction of concrete volume with time, creep is defined as the time-dependent increase of concrete strain under constant or controlled stress. Both phenomena are affected by conditions to which WRS are exposed hence their accurate prediction is required. Numerical models have been developed to calculate the extent to which concrete creeps or shrinks over time. The objective of this thesis is to identify which of these models is better equipped to be used in South African WRS design. This is achieved through a systematic method that involves an investigation into the contents of these models and a statistical comparison of model calculations to WRS representative data. In partnership with reputable universities, a pioneer experimental creep and shrinkage data base is created in this project from which the WRS related data is selected. While investigating the contents of the numerical models, their applicability to South African WRS is identified and the integrity of model contents is assessed. Indeed, a few irregularities are found in the process and are presented in this thesis. The model calculations are statistically compared to data in the form of individual experiments as well as in the form of groups of experiments with similar concretes to find the ideal prediction model for different types of concretes as well. Also pioneered in this project is a weighted criteria and point system in which the findings of the model content assessment and statistical evaluations are incorporated. It is based on this system that conclusions are drawn and the most suitable prediction model for WRS design in South Africa is selected.
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Lopez, Mauricio. "Creep and Shrinkage of High Performance Lightweight Concrete: A Multi-Scale Investigation." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-11222005-122831/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.Kurtis, Kimberly E., Committee Co-Chair ; Kahn, Lawrence F., Committee Co-Chair ; Lai, James S., Committee Member ; Gokhale, Arun M., Committee Member ; Castrodale, Reid W., Committee Member. Vita.
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Abdulla, Che Sobry. "Influence of geometry on creep and moisture movement of clay, calcium silicate and concrete masonry." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1989. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/600/.
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This investigation involved creep and moisture movement measurements for about six months on 13-course clay (Engineering class B) and calcium silicate brickwork, and 5-course concrete blockwork, consecutively. Four different geometries of masonry were built, namely: single-leaf wall, cavity wall, hollow pier and solid pier, respectively having volume/surface area (V/S) ratios of 44,51,78 and 112 mm. Deformations were also measured on one-brick wide 5 or 6-stack high model brickwalls which were partly sealed to simulate the V/S ratios of the corresponding 13-course brickwork. At the same time, deformations were also measured on individual mortar prisms and brick or block units in order to verify composite model expressions for predicting masonry movements. Simulation of moisture diffusion of the corresponding mortarjoints and embedded bricks or block were made in terms of V/S ratio by partial sealing of the individual mortar prisms and brick or block units. The tests reveal that the modulus of elasticity to be independent of masonry geometry. However, there is a clear influence of geometry on the vertical ultimate creep and moisture movement of all the masonry types i,.e. creep and shrinkage increase with a decrease of V/S ratio. A similar trend occurs for horizontal shrinkage except for the clay brickwork which undergoes moisture expansion. Deformations of the model walls show reasonable agreement with the 13-course brickwork. When results of individual mortar and brick/block specimens are inserted in composite models,the predicted strains show good agreement with the measured strains, particularly in the vertical direction. There is no consistent pattern in the distribution of load and moisture strains for the different masonry geometries, and the measurements reveal that actual strains can be up to 100% higher than the average strains.
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Pulumati, Vijaykanth. "Investigation of Concrete Mixtures to Reduce Differential Shrinkage Cracking in Inverted T Beam System." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83383.
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The inverted T-beam system provides an accelerated bridge construction alternative. The system consists of adjacent precast inverted T-beams finished with a cast-in-place concrete topping. The system offers enhanced performance against reflective cracking and reduces the likelihood of cracking due to time dependent effects. Differential shrinkage is believed to be one of the causes of deck cracking in inverted T-beam systems. The objective of this study was to develop mix designs that exhibit lower shrinkage and higher creep compared to typical deck mixtures, recommend a prescriptive mix design and a performance criterion to VDOT that can be further investigated and used in the inverted T-beam system to combat effects of differential shrinkage.
Ten different mix designs using different strategies to reduce shrinkage were tested for their compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and unrestrained shrinkage. The four best performing mixes were selected for further study of their time dependent properties. The test data was compared against the data from various prediction models to determine the model that closely predicts the measured data. It was observed that ACI 209.2R-08 model best predicted the time dependent properties for the four mixes tested in this project. Tensile stresses in the composite cross-section of deck and girder, created due to difference in shrinkage and creep are quantified using an age adjusted effective modulus method.
In this analysis, it was observed that mixes with normal weight coarse aggregate (NWCA) developed smaller stresses compared to those of mixes with lightweight coarse aggregate (LWCA). Mixes with fly ash as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) developed smaller stresses at the bottom of deck when compared to mixes with slag as the SCM.Master of Science
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Freidriks, Aida. "Prediction Models of Shrinkage and Creep in Industrial Floors and Overlays." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-166188.
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All form of activity in a building is in need for a sound platform to be able to operate. The performance of concrete floor in industrial spaces is of importance because there are greater demands on industrial concrete floor. By making sure that the necessary recommendation regarding casting an industrial concrete floor is followed, the risk for failure is reduced. The Swedish Concrete Association (2008) recommends a w/c ratio of approximately 0.55 for industrial floors. This would result in a concrete strength class of C30/37 with an abrasive resistance adequate for most industrial floors. From an economical perspective an approach for concrete rehabilitation is the bonded overlay, which has been used for many years and has the intension to extend the life of structural concrete slabs. For concrete overlay having a matching material to the substrate is the main recommendation, in addition in a fully bonded overlay to the substrate there is less risk for cracking and edge lifting. From a mechanical perspective a crack develops when the stresses in concrete exceeds the tensile strength. Shrinkage and creep of concrete in both overlays and industrial floors are important factors that contribute in development of cracks which have considerable effect on failure of the structure; therefore it is useful to find an accurate prediction model to predict shrinkage and creep. The literature study that has been carried out in this thesis is mainly about shrinkage, creep, industrial floor, overlays and tensile stress prediction. In addition the following calculation models for prediction of creep and shrinkage of concrete have been reviewed in this paper: Eurocode 2, fib Model Code 2010, ACI 209R-92, Swedish code BBK04 and Swedish concrete manual Material. In order to study the differences between the mentioned models two example cases for calculation of shrinkage and creep in industrial floor and bonded overlay with the mentioned methods have been carried out, also the tensile stress development in bonded overlay has been calculated according to a method proposed by Prof. Silfwerbrand (1997). Since it was not possible to consider all types of concrete and conditions which will affect the outcome, only one type of concrete C30/37 with w/c ratio of 0.55 for industrial floor and w/c ratio of 0.40 for overlay is taken as an example in this thesis. Some of these methods take only a few factors into consideration; however the others are more detailed and treat numerous factors. The simple methods such as BBK04 or the graph in Eurocode 2 for calculating the creep coefficient can be used in the lack of existence of sufficient input parameters to be able to roughly estimate the final value. The predicted shrinkage did differ by using different models, however the final value of the creep coefficient was quiet similar regardless of the used model. There are some important parameters such as ambient relative humidity, age at loading, duration of drying and duration of loading which should be included in predicting models since these parameters affect shrinkage and creep considerably. Also aggregate type has an important role in both creep and shrinkage; however aggregate type (modulus of elasticity of aggregate) was not included in any of the studied models. Choosing a factor according to the type of aggregate might be helpful for better prediction.
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Huh, Jungsuck (Ben). "Influence of environment and size on the creep and drying shrinkage of concrete." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10680.
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In literature a lot of studies about the prediction of creep and shrinkage of concrete at constant temperature and relative humidity can be found. However, when a concrete structure is built in reality, temperature and relative humidity of the environment vary with location and seasons of construction. So it can be expected that the "moment of casting concrete" has an influence on the evolution of creep and shrinkage of that concrete. In order to acquire information regarding the problem of " the prediction of creep and shrinkage due to a time-varying climate history" a research program is going on at the University of Ottawa. The following parameters are examined: curing period, storage environment, specimen size and age of loading. Creep and shrinkage testing of two sets of specimens is described. For the size and environment tests, the 89 mm, 152 mm, 254 mm, and 610 mm diameter cylinders were used. All specimens were exposed to the chosen environment after moist curing 3-4 days and typically loaded at 24 days. For the age of loading tests, 89 mm diameter specimens were loaded at concrete ages raging from 3 to 200 days, 152 mm diameter specimens were loaded at concrete age 24 days, 254 mm diameter specimens were loaded at concrete ages raging from 24 to 200 days, and 610 mm diameter specimens were loaded at concrete age 24 days in each of the chosen environment. The environment wereinside Lab (22°C, variable humidity), Tent 22°C and 50 % relative humidity , outside (uncontrolled temperature and humidity) and immersed in water.
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Bargi, Nima. "Interaction of environment and size on the drying shrinkage and creep of concrete." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10953.
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This report describes the significant observations from an ongoing, long duration experimental investigation into the joint interaction of environment, specimen size, duration of moist curing on shrinkage and creep. The different environments investigated are: (a) constant temperature conditions in a laboratory, uncontrolled relative humidity, (b) in a room of 50% relative humidity and constant temperature, (c) in water, and (d) outside exposure in the Ottawa area. The compressive strength of concrete subject to these environments was measured. A number of 89 mm diameter, 152 mm diameter, 254 mm diameters and 610 mm diameter cylinders were cast from a single batch and moist cured in their moulds for 3 days. All specimens were exposed to the chosen environment after moist curing 3∼4 days and typically loaded at 24 days. For the age of loading tests, 89 mm diameter specimens were loaded at concrete ages raging from 3 to 200 days, 152 mm diameter specimens were loaded at concrete age 24 days, 254 mm diameter specimens were loaded at concrete age 24 days (200 days for the outdoor environment specimens) and the 610 mm diameter specimens were loaded at concrete age 24 days in each of the chosen environments. The environments were inside (22°C, variable humidity), 22°C and 50% relative humidity, outside (uncontrolled temperature and humidity) and immersed in water. The compressive strengths of concretes stored in the laboratory and 50% RH environments had similar values but 50% RH shrinkage was slightly smaller. Although the compressive strength of specimens stored outside was slightly smaller than the identical ones stored in the lab in the first days, the ultimate compressive strength of concrete was much larger for specimens outside. The shrinkages of the specimens stored outside were 50% of the specimens stored in the 50% RH environment. The specimens stored in the 50% RH environment and the laboratory approached an ultimate limiting value ie the rate of increase in shrinkage after 1000 days was small. Increasing the duration of moist curing from 3 days to 25 days, reduced shrinkage but increasing the duration of moist curing from 25 days to 200 days had little effect. Storing specimens outside (specimens were cast December 1997) reduced shrinkage considerably. Whether the conclusion is valid for concrete cast in summer is not known. Creep is reduced by increasing specimen diameter, duration of moist curing and the age of loading. The creep of the immersed and sealed specimens was less than the specimens exposed to drying. The lower the relative humidity the larger the creep. Sealing decreased creep - sealing is more effective if it is done in the first few days after casting. Specimens stored outside had significantly smaller creeps. Lab and 50% RE had almost similar creeps but 50% RH was slightly smaller. The creep of the immersed specimens became asymptotic with time after some 1000 days of loading. However the creep of none of the specimens exposed to drying reached an ultimate value in the observation period. The elastic and creep Poisson's ratio of the concrete used was 0.18.
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Hamad, Maitham. "Determination of Shrinkage Crack Risks in Industrial Concrete Floors through Analyzing Material tests." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-103081.
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The industrial concrete floor is a very important part of an industrial building, distribution center, storage or shopping mall, and it must have high quality surfaces for operation. To achieve the high quality we must know the problems and how to treat them. The most important problems on the concrete floors are: (i) cracks which are caused by shrinkage and creep, (ii) curling resulting in a loss of contact between concrete slab and sub-base, and (iii) unevenness In this thesis, it is aimed to investigate the effect of optimizing the concrete mix with and without additional shrinkage reducing agents (SRA) to reduce the crack risk in industrial concrete floors. Four types of concrete recipes are used (A-D) which include a recipe with optimized mix design for minimum shrinkage, a reference recipe (standard mix), an optimized mix with SRA and a fourth recipe with the reference plus SRA. The testing program extended to 224 days of age and comprised e.g. free-shrinkage, restrained shrinkage, weight change, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and creep of concrete. At early ages, a 28 days, there are large differences in shrinkage-time relations for different mixes. Later than 28 days, the relations are closer. A comparison among shrinkage and creep test results of four recipes shows that recipes A and C have greater crack risk than recipes B and D. The recipe D has also the best result in restrained shrinkage test. These results are because of the aggrega-te graduation, type of cement and shrinkage reducing agents which all have a direct influence on the concrete properties. These tests were done by CBI (The Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute) during 2009.
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Nelson, Douglas A. "Investigation of Concrete Mixtures to Reduce Differential Shrinkage Cracking in Composite Bridges." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/24425.
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The objective of the research presented in this thesis was to develop a concrete bridge deck topping mixture that resists the effects of differential shrinkage by decreasing shrinkage and increasing creep. . In addition, the amount of tensile creep that concrete experiences under long-term tensile stresses were quantified and compared to compressive creep values in order to gain a better understanding of how concrete behaves under tension. Test results show that the amount of tensile creep exceeded compressive creep by a factor of 2-5.
Various shrinkage and creep models were compared against test data in order to quantify results and determine the best model to use for the mixes examined during this research project. Data analysis revealed that the AASHTO time dependent effects (shrinkage and creep) models outperformed the other models used in this research project. Other material property data including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, Young's modulus of elasticity, and unrestrained shrinkage was also collected to compare against a common bridge deck topping mix to ensure that the mixes used in this research project are suitable for use in the field.
A parametric study utilizing the Age Adjusted Effective Modulus (AAEM) method was performed which showed that the most important factor in reducing tensile stresses was to decrease the amount of shrinkage experienced by the concrete bridge deck topping mixture.
Three concrete mixtures, one included saturated lightweight aggregates (SLWA), one including ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and one incorporating both were tested. Preliminary results show that the inclusions of SLWA into a concrete mixture reduced shrinkage by 25% and overall tensile stress by 38%.Master of Science
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De, Vittorio Stefano. "Time-dependent behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/3247/.
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In this thesis is studied the long-term behaviour of steel reinforced slabs paying particular attention to the effects due to shrinkage and creep. Despite the universal popularity of using this kind of slabs for simply construction floors, the major world codes focus their attention in a design based on the ultimate limit state, restraining the exercise limit state to a simply verification after the design. For Australia, on the contrary, this is not true. In fact, since this country is not subjected to seismic effects, the main concern is related to the long-term behaviour of the structure.
Even if there are a lot of studies about long-term effects of shrinkage and creep, up to date, there are not so many studies concerning the behaviour of slabs with a cracked cross section and how shrinkage and creep influence it. For this reason, a series of ten full scale reinforced slabs was prepared and monitored under laboratory conditions to investigate this behaviour. A wide range of situations is studied in order to cover as many cases as possible, as for example the use of a fog room able to reproduce an environment of 100% humidity.
The results show how there is a huge difference in terms of deflections between the case of slabs which are subjected to both shrinkage and creep effects soon after the partial cracking of the cross section, and the case of slabs which have already experienced shrinkage effects for several weeks, when the section has not still cracked, and creep effects only after the cracking.
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Hinkle, Stephen Dock. "Investigation of Time-Dependent Deflection in Long Span, High Strength, Prestressed Concrete Bridge Beams." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34740.
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Accurate camber prediction in prestressed concrete bridge beams is important to all parties involved in bridge design and construction. Many current prestress loss prediction methods, necessary for proper camber calculation, were developed many years ago and are predicated on assumptions that may no longer be valid as higher strength concrete, wider beam spacing, and longer span lengths become more commonplace. This throws into question which models are appropriate for use in camber calculation by the bridge engineers and contractors of today.
Twenty-seven high-strength concrete modified 79 in. Bulb Tee beams with a design compressive strength of 9,000 psi were periodically measured to determine camber growth. Most available models for concrete creep and shrinkage were used to calculate creep and shrinkage strain. The modulus of elasticity equation of each model was used to predict modulus of elasticity of the studied mix. The Shams and Kahn compressive strength and modulus of elasticity equations were modified in order to approximate measured modulus of elasticity. The creep, shrinkage, and modulus of elasticity equations were used as inputs to an incremental time step method. The time-dependent change in beam curvature calculated by the time step method was used to calculate theoretical camber using the Moment-Area method. Predicted camber, using inputs from each considered model, was then compared with measured camber to determine the most accurate camber prediction models. Season of casting was also examined to determine what, if any, affect ambient temperature has on camber growth.
For the studied beams, the Shams and Kahn Model for creep, shrinkage, and modulus of elasticity, used as inputs for an incremental time step analysis, were found to most accurately predict camber values. Lower concrete compressive strength was observed for test cylinders from beams cast in summer versus beams cast in winter. Differences in beam deflection based on season of casting showed mixed results.Master of Science
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Maheswaran, S. "The effect of creep and shrinkage on lightweight reinforced concrete slabs restrained by steel edge beams." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373777.
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Lindley, Seth Michael. "Investigation of the Time-Dependent Longitudinal Flexural Behavior of the Varina-Enon Bridge." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/92799.
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Post-tensioned concrete is a building technology which provides a compressive force to concrete via steel tendons. This combination of steel and concrete allows for the construction of lighter and stiffer structures. Post-tensioned concrete is widely utilized throughout the United States highway system and bridge construction. Over time, the force in the prestressing strands is reduced by delayed strains in the concrete. The accurate estimation of this prestress loss is vital for making good decisions about the remaining capacity of a structure and the infrastructure system at large.
The Varina-Enon Bridge is a post-tensioned concrete box-girder bridge in Richmond Virginia. Cracks in the bridge prompted an investigation into the magnitude of prestress loss experienced by the structure. To estimate prestress loss, a computer model of the structure was created. In addition, data from sensors previously installed on the bridge were used to back calculate prestress loss.
It was found that the estimation of losses from the field closely matched those estimated at the construction of the bridge. Additionally, more updated loss models estimated similar, or slightly smaller values for prestress loss.Master of Science
Post-tensioned concrete is a building technology which provides a compressive force to concrete via steel tendons. This combination of steel and concrete allows for the construction of lighter and stiffer structures. Post-tensioned concrete is widely utilized throughout the United States highway system and bridge construction. Over time, the force in the prestressing strands is reduced by delayed strains in the concrete. The accurate estimation of this prestress loss is vital for making good decisions about the remaining capacity of a structure and the infrastructure system at large. The Varina-Enon Bridge is a post-tensioned concrete box-girder bridge in Richmond Virginia. Cracks in the bridge prompted an investigation into the magnitude of prestress loss experienced by the structure. To estimate prestress loss, a computer model of the structure was created. In addition, data from sensors previously installed on the bridge were used to back calculate prestress loss. It was found that the estimation of losses from the field closely matched those estimated at the construction of the bridge. Additionally, more updated loss models estimated similar, or slightly smaller values for prestress loss.
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Waldron, Christopher Joseph. "Investigation of Long-Term Prestress Losses in Pretensioned High Performance Concrete Girders." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29672.
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Effective determination of long-term prestress losses is important in the design of prestressed concrete bridges. Over-predicting prestress losses results in an overly conservative design for service load stresses, and under-predicting prestress losses, can result in cracking at service loads. Creep and shrinkage produce the most significant time-dependent effect on prestress losses, and research has shown that high performance and high strength concretes (HPC and HSC) exhibit less creep and shrinkage than conventional concrete. For this reason, the majority of traditional creep and shrinkage models and methods for estimating prestress losses, over-predict the prestress losses of HPC and HSC girders.
Nine HPC girders, with design compressive strengths ranging from 8,000 psi to 10,000 psi, and three 8,000 psi lightweight HPC (HPLWC) girders were instrumented to determine the changes in strain and prestress losses. Several creep and shrinkage models were used to model the instrumented girders. For the HPLWC, each model over-predicted the long-term strains, and the Shams and Kahn model was the best predictor of the measured strains. For the normal weight HPC, the models under-estimated the measured strains at early ages and over-estimated the measured strains at later ages, and the B3 model was the best-predictor of the measured strains. The PCI-BDM model was the most consistent model across all of the instrumented girders.
Several methods for estimating prestress losses were also investigated. The methods correlated to high strength concrete, the PCI-BDM and NCHRP 496 methods, predicted the total losses more accurately than the methods provided in the AASHTO Specifications. The newer methods over-predicted the total losses of the HPLWC girders by no more than 8 ksi, and although they under-predicted the total losses of the normal weight HPC girders, they did so by less than 5 ksi.Ph. D.
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Kasera, Sudarshan Chakradhari. "Simulation of the effect of deck cracking due to creep and shrinkage in single span precast/prestressed concrete bridges." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1416233864.
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Shambira, Mandizvidza Valentine. "An experimental and numerical study of shrinkage and creep in axially-loaded patch-repaired reinforced concrete short columns." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297893.
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Patch repairs are sometimes considered to be capable of contributing to the resisting of externally applied load when the repairs are applied to deteriorated concrete structural members, particularly when the repair is subj ected to compression. However, it is generally known that many patch repair materials shrink and creep significantly relative to the concrete substrate. This thesis presents an experimental and numerical study of the contribution of patch repairs to load carrying in reinforced concrete columns, its quantification and the effect of shrinkage and creep. Twelve reinforced concrete columns were cast with a cavity located halfway up one side of the column. Two control columns were cast without a cavity. The parameters varied in the experimental testing were the depth of the repair cavity, type of repair material (one polymeric and the other polymer-modified), and whether the repaired columns were monitored under load or without being loaded. Test results prior to repair indicate that the loss of concrete from the column induces bending in the loaded column. Both the polymer-modified and polymeric mortar contributed to the column's resistance of the applied load in the short term, but in the long term the contribution of the polymer-modified mortar decreased substantially while that of the polymeric mortar was sustained. Repaired columns which were monitored with no load showed that shrinkage of the polymer-modified mortar can induce bending in the repaired column; this bending increased with cavity depth. Bending strain distributions in the repaired area are close to a straight line, particularly for columns monitored under load. The finite element numerical simulations showed good qualitative agreement with the test results. The analyses also indicated that strain distributions outside but close to the repaired area are nonlinear. However, predictions of the engineer's theory of bending showed favourable quantitative agreement with the finite element analyses.
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Aletto, Angela, and Sofia Engström. "Differentialsättningar i höga byggnader mellan vertikalt bärande element av stål och betong : Tidsberoende deformationer i element av betong på grund av lasthistorik, krypning, krympning och elastisk deformation samt elastisk deformation i stålpelare." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-174073.
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I höga hus, i storleksordningen 100 m och högre, med vertikalbärande stomme av stål och betong kan differentialsättningar uppstå då de olika materialen deformeras olika. Detta ger med tiden lutande bjälklag. I det här arbetet har ett beräkningsprogram tagits fram med hjälp av Mathcad för att räkna ut de slutliga deformationerna och hur mycket man behöver kompensera för skillnaderna i deformation genom att gjuta bjälklagen med fall. Programmet är tänkt att användas av WSP i projekteringen av höga hus. Med hjälp av programmet har parametriska studier gjorts och det visade sig att genom att ändra på vissa parametrar kan differentialsättningarna utjämnas. I vissa fall kan detta medföra att gjutning med fall ej är nödvändigt.When high buildings are built with steel and concrete collaborating, some problems may occur because the materials deform differently. The differences in the final deformations make horizontally casted floors start to lean over time. In this study a program has been developed in Mathcad to calculate the final deformations and differences. The differences can then be compensated by casting the floor with a slope. The program is supposed to be used by WSP to project high buildings. The program has been used for some parametric studies to show how different parameters can decrease the differences. If this makes the differences small enough it will not even be necessary to cast floors with a slope.
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Gribniak, Viktor. "Susitraukimo įtaka gelžbetoninių elementų tempiamosios zonos elgsenai." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20091102_090253-50712.
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Pastaraisiais metais vis plačiau taikant stiprųjį betoną bei armatūrą, konst-rukcijų perdengiamos angos didėja, o skerspjūviai mažėja. Todėl projektuojant standumo (įlinkių) sąlyga vis dažniau tampa lemiamu veiksniu. Inžinieriai gelž-betoninių konstrukcijų apskaičiavimams gali taikyti empirinius normų arba skai-tinius metodus. Vieno ar kito skaičiavimo metodo parinkimas turi būti pagrįstas statistiniais tikslumo analizės rezultatais.
Yra žinoma, kad adekvatus gelžbetoninio elemento pleišėjimo (ypač plyšių vystymosi stadijos) modeliavimas yra vienas sudėtingiausių netiesinės mechani-kos uždavinių. Toks uždavinys gali būti išspręstas taikant vidutinių plyšių kon-cepciją, kai pleišėjimo proceso modeliavimui naudojama tempiamojo betono vidutinių įtempių ir deformacijų diagrama. Dauguma tokių diagramų gautos, naudojant tempimo arba šlyties bandymo rezultatus. Pabrėžtina, kad šių diagra-mų taikymas lenkiamųjų gelžbetoninių elementų modeliavime duoda nemažas paklaidas. Kitas svarbus aspektas yra tai, kad gelžbetoniniuose bandiniuose, iki juos apkraunant trumpalaike apkrova, vyksta betono susitraukimas. Šiame darbe buvo siekiama sukurti metodą, leidžiantį pagal eksperimentinius lenkiamųjų gelžbetoninių elementų duomenis gauti tempiamojo betono vidutinių įtempių ir deformacijų diagramas, įvertinant betono susitraukimo įtaką. Pagrindinis diser-tacijos tikslas yra įvertinti ikieksploatacinių betono susitraukimo ir valkšnumo poveikį gelžbetoninių elementų, apkrautų trumpalaike apkrova... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Due to the use of refined ultimate state theories as well as high strength concrete and reinforcement, resulting in longer spans and smaller depths, the serviceability criteria often limits application of modern reinforced concrete (RC) superstructures. In structural analysis, civil engineers can choose between traditional design code methods and numerical techniques. In order to choose a particular calculation method, engineers should be aware of accuracy of differ-ent techniques. Adequate modelling of RC cracking and, particularly, post-cracking behaviour, as one of the major sources of nonlinearity, is the most im-portant and difficult task of deformational analysis. In smeared crack approach dealing with average cracking and strains, post-cracking effects can be modelled by a stress-strain tension-stiffening relationship. Most known tension-stiffening relationships have been derived from test data of shrunk tension or shear mem-bers. Subsequently, these constitutive laws were applied for modelling of bend-ing elements which behaviour differs from test members. Furthermore, such re-lationships were coupled with shrinkage effect. Therefore, present research aims at developing a technique for deriving a free-of-shrinkage tension-stiffening re-lationship using test data of shrunk bending RC members. The main objective of this PhD dissertation is to investigate shrinkage influence on deformations and tension-stiffening of RC members subjected to short-term loading. Present... [to full text]
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Akbar, Sidra, and Mathias Carlie. "Long-term deformation of balanced cantilever bridges due to non-uniform creep and shrinkage." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300449.
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Balanced cantilever bridges have historically experienced excessive deformations. Previous researchsuggeststhat the cause may be due to differential thickness in the box girder cross-section and underestimation of creep and shrinkage.In this project, the long-term deformationof balanced cantilever bridges due tonon-uniformcreep and shrinkage have been investigated. The non-uniformcreep and shrinkage arecaused by variations in drying rates for the different parts of the box-girder cross-sections.A finite element model was createdintheprogram Abaqusas a case study of the Alvik bridge.The finite element model was used to evaluate the difference betweennon-uniform and uniform creep and shrinkage with Eurocode 2.Further, a comparison between Eurocode 2 and Bažant’sB4 modelwas conductedfor non-uniform creep and shrinkage. The comparison aimedto evaluate the difference between industry and research specific calculation models, forthe effect of creep and shrinkage on deformations.A parameter study was alsoconducted to discern theeffect of parameters: ballast load, water-cementratio and conditions related to drying of concrete (relative humidity and perimeter exposed to air).Acomparison withthe deformationmeasurementsof theAlvik bridge was conductedto validate the resultsfrom the model.The results showed that there was a significant difference in the calculateddeformationof the bridge during the first ten years between analyses based onnon-uniform and uniformdistribution of creepand shrinkage,respectively.The non-uniformanalysis gave largerdeformations.However, only minor differences between the two approachescould be detected in the final deformation after 120 years. The main reason for the differences in the early behaviour is primarily caused by the differences in shrinkage rate between the top and bottom flanges. In these analyses, the top flange was assumed tonotdry out from the top. Thereby, the shrinkage rate of the top flange caused by one-way drying was similar to the bottom flange that was assumed to be exposed for two-waydrying.TheB4 model gave larger deformations compared to Eurocode2.This may be due to difference in the definition ofperimeter and surface. Eurocode 2 considers the perimeter exposed to air. The B4 model instead considers the entire surface area of the part.TheB4 model and Eurocode 2 show similar results asthe measurements. However, the B4 model gaveresults more consistent with the measurements.In the parameter study,lowerrelative humidity gave smaller deformations, since concrete shrinksquicker in dry ambient air.Varying the water-cement ratiodid not affect the deformationsnoticeably.Higher ballastheight gave significantly larger deformations. The height of the ballast was an uncertainfactor due to varying heights in the structural drawings of the case study. Accurate height of ballast is therefore important.Freivorbau broar har historiskt sett haft problem med kraftiga deformationer. Tidigare forskning föreslår att detta har orsakats av tjockleksskillnader i lådtvärsnitt och underskattning av krypning och krympning. Denna studie har undersökteffektenav ojämn krypningoch krympning på freivorbau broars långtidsdeformationer.Den ojämna krypningen och krympningen orsakas av skillnader i uttorkningshastigheterför lådtvärsnittets olika delar. En finitaelementmodell definieradesi programmet Abaqus som en fallstudie på Alviksbron.Modellen användes för att utvärdera skillnaden mellan ojämn och jämn krypning och krympning med Eurokod 2. En jämförelsemellan Eurokod 2 och Bažant’s B4 modellgenomfördes med hänsyn till ojämn krypningoch krympning.Syftet med jämförelsen var att utvärdera skillnadermellan byggnormeroch forskningmodeller med hänsyn till deformationer orsakade av ojämnkrypningoch krympning.Vidare genomfördes enparameterstudie för att urskilja effekten av parametrarna: ballast last, vatten-cement-tal och förhållanden relaterade till betongensuttorkning(relativ fuktighet och omkrets utsatt för luft).Deformationerna från finita elementmodellen jämfördes med uppmätta deformationer av Alviksbron.Resultaten visade att det fanns en signifikant skillnad i beräknad deformationunder de första tio årenmellan ojämn och jämn krypning och krympning.Ojämn krypning och krympning gav större deformationer.Mindre deformationsskillnad gavs dock i slutgiltig deformationefter 120 år. Den främsta anledningentill skillnaderna i deformation under de första tio årenär orsakat av skillnaderi krympningens hastighet mellan övre-och undre fläns.I analyserna antogs det att övre flänsen inte torkade ut från dess övre del.Därmed varkrympningens hastighetlikartad för övre flänsen som torkade ut åt ett håll, och undre flänsen som torkade ut åttvå håll.B4 modellen gav större deformationerjämfört med Eurokod 2.En möjlig förklaring för detta är definieringen av omkrets gentemot ytans area.Eurokod 2 definierar en omkrets utsatt för luft. B4 modellen definierar i stället arean av en yta, utan att ta hänsyn till om den är utsatt för luft.Även om B4 modellen och Eurokod 2 ger likartade deformationer, ger B4 modellen oftare deformationer som stämmer bättre överens med deformationsmätningarna av Alviksbron.Lägre relativ fuktighet gav mindre deformationer, eftersom betong krymper fortare i torrt klimat. Ändring av vattencementtal gav inte någon märkbar ändring i deformationer.Högre ballasthöjd gav betydligt större deformationer. Höjden på ballast var en osäker faktorpå grund av varierandehöjder i Alviksbrons konstruktionsritningar.Noggrann höjdbestämmelse av ballasten är därför viktigt.
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Vadlamani, Soumya. "Simulation of the Effect of Deck Cracking on the Behavior of the Prestressing Force in a Single Span Prestressed Concrete Girder." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1505127202585872.
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Long, Wu Jian. "Performance des bétons autoplaçants développés pour la préfabrication d'éléments de ponts précontraints." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1842.
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In the precast construction market, the competitive situation is significantly affected by price, cost, productivity, and quality factors. Since self-consolidating concrete (SCC) was first introduced to the concrete industry in the late 1980s, it has been used worldwide in variety of applications. Despite the documented technical and economic advantages of SCC in precast, prestressed applications, the use of SCC has been limited in some countries due to some technical uncertainties of such innovative material. To explore some unsolved issues related to SCC and to contribute to a wider acceptance of SCC in precast, prestressed applications, this study was undertaken to assess the effect of mixture proportioning and material characteristics on the performance of SCC and recommend performance-based specifications for use of SCC in the precast, prestressed applications. The thesis presents an experimental program that contains four parts: (1) a parametric study to evaluate the influence of binder type, w/cm, coarse aggregate type, and coarse aggregate nominal size on the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength developments; (2) a parametric study to evaluate the effect of mixture proportioning and material characteristics on fresh and hardened properties of SCC; (3) a fractional factorial design to identify the relative significance of primary mixture parameters and their coupled effects on SCC properties; and (4) a field validation using full-scale AASHTO Type II girders cast to investigate constructability, material properties, and structural performance (the latter part was carried out by the research team of Professor Denis Mitchell at McGill University). Based on the experimental test results, SCC exhibits similar compressive strength and modulus of elasticity to that of conventional high-performance concrete (HPC) of normal slump consistency. SCC and HPC mixtures made of a given binder type exhibit similar autogenous shrinkage. However, SCC exhibits up to 30% and 20% higher drying shrinkage and creep, respectively, at 300 days compared to HPC made with similar w/cm but different paste volume. The results of the experiment program show that among the investigated material constituents and mix design parameters, the w/cm has the most significant effect on mechanical and visco-elastic properties. The binder content, binder type, and sand-to-total aggregate ratio (S/A) also have considerable effect on those properties. The thickening-type viscosity modifying admixture (VMA) content (0 to 150 ml/100 kg CM) does not significantly affect mechanical and visco-elastic properties. Based on the findings, some mixture parameters regarding the overall performance of SCC designated for precast and prestressed applications can be recommended: SCC made with relatively low w/cm (such as 0.34 vs. 0.40) should be selected to ensure desirable compressive strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE), flexural strength, as well as less drying shrinkage and creep; the use of crushed aggregate with 12.5 mm MSA is suggested since it provides better mechanical properties of SCC compared to gravel; the use of low S/A (such as 0.46 vs. 0.54) to secure adequate mechanical and visco-elastic properties is recommended; the use of thickening-type VMA can help to secure robustness and stability of the concrete in the case of SCC proportioned with moderate and relatively high w/cm; and the use of Type MS cement can lead to lower creep and shrinkage than Type HE cement and 20% Class F fly ash. However, SCC mixtures made with Type HE cement and 20% Class F fly ash can result in better workability and mechanical properties. Therefore, it is recommended to use Type HE cement and 20% Class F fly ash and reduce binder content (such as 440 kg/m[exposant 3] vs. 500 kg/m[exposant 3]) to assure better overall performance of SCC. Validation on full-scale AASHTO-Type II girders using two HPC and two SCC mixtures show that girders casting with SCC can be successfully carried out without segregation and blocking for the selected optimized mixtures. The surface quality of the girders cast with SCC is quite satisfactory and of greater uniformity than girders cast with HPC. Both HPC and SCC mixtures develop similar autogenous shrinkage for mixtures made with similar w/cm. Again, the two evaluated SCC mixtures develop about 20% greater drying shrinkage than comparable HPC mixtures. Modifications of existing models to assess mechanical and visco-elastic properties of SCC used in the precast, prestressed applications are proposed. Based on the comparisons of various code provisions, the ACI 209 and CEB-FIP codes with suggested material coefficients can be recommended to estimate compressive strength. The modified AASHTO 2007 model can be used for predicting the elastic modulus and flexural strength. The AASHTO 2004 and 2007 models with suggested material coefficients can be used to estimate drying shrinkage and creep, respectively. The CEB-FIP 90 code model can be used to predict both drying shrinkage and creep. Finally, the modified Tazawa and Miyazawa 1997 model with material modifications can be used to estimate autogenous shrinkage of SCC.
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Kataoka, Luciana Tiemi. "Análise da deformabilidade por fluência e retração e sua utilização na monitoração de pilares de concreto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3144/tde-21102010-100319/.
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Esta pesquisa consiste no estudo da deformabilidade de estruturas de concreto, decorrente da retração e fluência. Este estudo envolve aspectos de caracterização do concreto por meio de ensaios em laboratório de retração, de fluência e de suas propriedades mecânicas (resistência à compressão, resistência à tração por compressão diametral e módulo de elasticidade). Por meio dessa caracterização, foram obtidos parâmetros experimentais de fluência e retração baseados em traços de concreto utilizados em obras que possam ser confrontados àqueles indicados pelas normas vigentes. Além disso, nove protótipos de pilares com duas taxas de armadura foram mantidos sob carga constante em um ambiente controlado de temperatura e umidade relativa durante 91 dias. O principal objetivo deste ensaio foi o estudo da influência da taxa de armadura na redistribuição de esforços do concreto para armadura devido às propriedades de fluência e retração em protótipos de pilares. Para prever esta redistribuição de esforços, foram feitas simulações numéricas utilizando o Método dos Elementos Finitos. As simulações consideraram tanto os modelos de previsão de fluência e retração disponível no programa quanto os resultados provenientes da caracterização laboratorial. Além disso, foram avaliadas outras formulações teóricas que prevêem as deformações ao longo do tempo em pilares. Um dos modelos de fluência que melhor se ajustou ao traço dos pilares foi calibrado e os resultados alimentaram as formulações teóricas. Os resultados teóricos foram confrontados com os observados na monitoração dos protótipos. Neste contexto, a caracterização das propriedades de fluência e retração do concreto e os indicadores estatísticos que apontam os melhores modelos de previsão representam uma contribuição ao conhecimento do comportamento de materiais usados atualmente, de forma a tornar possível o uso de um modelo eficaz em projetos de estruturas em concreto armado para os concretos estudados. Além disso, o estudo da fluência e retração em protótipos de pilares forneceu um melhor entendimento da redistribuição de tensões do concreto para armadura. Finalmente, o ajuste do modelo de fluência demonstrou ser eficaz para previsão das deformações obtidas experimentalmente.This thesis presents the study of the time dependent deformation of concrete structures due to creep and shrinkage. Creep, shrinkage, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity tests were performed in mixtures commonly used in construction. Experimental parameters were obtained from these mechanical characterizations and creep and shrinkage models were evaluated. Nine short reinforced and non reinforced columns were long term loaded and monitored for 91 days. The tests were performed in a temperature and relative humidity controlled ambient. The redistribution of internal stresses from concrete to reinforcement due to creep and shrinkage were investigated. In order to analyze the redistribution of internal stresses Finite Element Method simulations were performed. Creep and shrinkage models and experimental data were considered in simulations. Other formulations were also applied to examine the experimental data from columns. One of the creep models which best fit the experimental data of the column mixture characterization was adjusted and the model results were used in these formulations. Numerical results and experimental data were evaluated. In this context, the characterization of creep and shrinkage of concrete and statistical evaluation of models contribute to know the behaviour of present-day construction materials and makes possible the use of efficiency models. Besides the study of creep and shrinkage in columns enhance the knowledge of internal stresses redistribution. Finally, an updating creep model was successfully applied to concrete experimental data.
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Takeuti, Adilson Roberto. "Comportamento resistente imediato e ao longo do tempo de pilares reforçados por meio de encamisamento com concreto de alto desempenho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-09062006-152306/.
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A presente pesquisa trata da investigação experimental do comportamento de pilares por meio de encamisamento com concreto de alta resistência. Os principais objetivos da pesquisa são estudar o comportamento ao longo do tempo e o efeito de précarregamento nos pilares reforçados. Foram ensaiados vinte modelos experimentais, variando-se a forma da seção transversal (circular e quadrada), a taxa de armadura transversal da camisa de reforço e a existência ou não de pré-carregamento. Foram também realizados ensaios complementares sobre pilares curtos de seção circular para observação dos efeitos de confinamento. Ensaios de caracterização dos concretos utilizados sob ações de longa duração foram realizados. Para estudar a influência da deformação lenta, simulou-se nesta pesquisa pilares de concreto armado submetidos a pré-carregamento, os quais foram mantidos durante um certo período de tempo numa câmara climatizada. Estes pilares foram reforçados sem que fosse retirada a força de pré-carregamento.Todos os pilares foram submetidos ensaios à compressão axial de curta duração por meio de uma máquina universal de ensaios servo-hidráulica, em modo de controle de deslocamento. Na análise dos resultados foram aplicados modelos de cálculo do efeito de confinamento, análise numérica pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos e outras formulações teóricas, para efeito de confrontação de resultados teóricos e experimentais. As principais conclusões são de que, no reforço por encamisamento de pilares, uma vez garantidas adequadas condições de confinamento: a capacidade resistente do pilar original pode ser totalmente considerada na avaliação da resistência do elemento reforçado; o efeito de pré-carregamento de um pilar reforçado não afeta a resistência última do elemento reforçado, mas pode afetar a sua deformabilidade. Além disso, na análise do comportamento dos pilares ao longo do tempo, pôde-se perceber que houve transferência de esforços entre o pilar original e a camisa de reforço, mas seu efeito foi pouco significativo em termos de alteração da capacidade resistenteThe thesis presents an experimental investigation on the behavior of RC columns strengthened by high-performance concrete jackets. The main objectives are to analyze the immediate and time-dependant behavior of the elements and the preloading effect in its load capacity and deformability. Twenty columns were tested varying the transversal section shape (circular and square), transversal reinforcement ratio of the jacket and the preloading condition. Also complimentary tests were made on short circular section columns to observe confinement effects. A set of long-term tests was made to characterize the concrete immediate and time-dependant properties. To analyze the influence of time-dependant deformations, original columns were submitted to preloading forces and they were kept in a weather-controlled chamber during a certain period. The high-performance concrete jackets were applied to the original columns without removing the preloading forces. Every column was subjected to a monotonic axial compression test in a servohydraulic universal machine, in the displacement-controlled mode. In the analysis of the results theoretical models of concrete confinement, Finite Element Method simulations and other formulations were applied to examine the experimental results. The main conclusions are that, if adequate confinement conditions are maintained in the strengthened columns: the load capacity of the original column can be totally considered in strength evaluation; the preloading effect does not affect the ultimate load of the rehabilitated member, but it may affect the column deformability. Moreover, in the long-term behavior analysis, load transfer between the original column and jacket was observed. However, its effect was not significant in the load capacity of the strengthened member
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Siqueira, Henrique Carvalho. "Análise do comportamento diferido de cascas de concreto armado." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/100154.
Full textAbstract:
O concreto armado é um material de alta relevância para a construção civil e o aprimoramento das técnicas de análise estrutural possibilitam a elaboração de projetos mais realistas. Dentre os aprimoramentos, pode-se citar o incremento preciso de informações referentes às questões de envelhecimento, levando-se em conta, desta forma, fenômenos como fluência e retração relacionados com a idade do material no momento da aplicação das cargas. A análise de estruturas de cascas é altamente complexa e o incremento de deformações devido ao comportamento diferido pode resultar em conformações divergentes às obtidas pelas análises instantâneas, sendo bastante relevante ao campo da engenharia estrutural. Assim, este trabalho apresenta um modelo numérico computacional, com base no método dos elementos finitos, para análise diferida e não linear física e geométrica de cascas de concreto armado. Com esta finalidade, elementos de casca laminares, segundo uma formulação isoparamétrica Lagrangeana, foram implementados para representar o concreto. Para as armaduras, implementações dos modelos incorporado e distribuído foram realizadas. Na análise do concreto submetido a cargas instantâneas um modelo elastoplástico é admitido. Para a análise diferida, modelos Kelvin e Maxwell generalizados foram implementados, calibrados para o uso em estruturas de concreto e comparados entre si. A formulação geral inclui ainda os efeitos da fissuração no concreto e é válida nos campos dos grandes deslocamentos e pequenas deformações. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, para todos os modelos implementados, quando comparados com dados experimentais.The reinforced concrete is a high relevance material to the civil construction and improvements of structural analysis tools result in more realistic projects. Increment of information about the aging material as creep and shrinkage are some of these improvements possibilities. The analysis of shell structures is complex and the assumption of long term analysis could result in a different deformed shape when compared with an instantaneous analysis, being very important to structural engineering. Thus, a numeric computational model, based on finite element method, aiming long term and nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete shells is presented in this work. Degenerated shell elements, according a Lagrangean isoparametric formulation, were implemented. Smeared and embedded models to the reinforcement representation were incorporated. For instantaneous analysis an elastoplastic model has been admitted, while for long term analysis, viscoelasticity based on generalized Kelvin chain and generalized Maxwell chain have been proposed. These chains were calibrated for use in concrete structures and compared between each other. The general formulation includes cracking effects and it can be applied to large displacements and small deformations. The software has presented good agreement with experimental results.
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Incerti, Andrea. "Steel and macro-synthetic self-compacting fibre reinforced concrete, experimental study on the long-term deformations." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/3265/.
Full textAbstract:
Experimental study on the long-term deformations of the fibre reinforced concrete.
Steel and macro-synthetic fibers were used to evaluate the shrinkage, creep, mid-span deflection, cracking and rupture analysis of three different types of samples.
At the end the main topics of ACI guidelines were analyzed in order to perform an overview of design.
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Delsaute, Brice. "New approach for Monitoring and Modeling of the Creep and Shrinkage behaviour of Cement Pastes, Mortars and Concretes since Setting Time." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1104/document.
Full textAbstract:
Lors de la construction de structure réalisée en plusieurs phases de bétonnage, les déformations du béton sont restreintes durant son durcissement. Quand le retrait est restreint, des contraintes de traction sont induites dans le matériau et un risque de fissuration est présent. Il est alors nécessaire de modéliser l’évolution des propriétés au jeune âge afin de prédire le comportement de la structure durant le jeune âge du béton. La difficulté réside dans le fait que la modélisation des propriétés du béton doit être basée sur des données expérimentales au jeune âge et que ces données doivent être obtenues automatiquement car le durcissement du béton se produit rapidement pendant les premières heures et les premiers jours. La thèse porte sur l’étude expérimentale et numérique des propriétés au jeune âge des matériaux à base de ciment et plus particulièrement sur le développement des déformations endogènes, le coefficient de dilatation thermique, le module d’élasticité et le fluage propre en compression et en traction. A cet effet, un travail complet a été réalisé à l'ULB et à l’Ifsttar impliquant le développement d'une nouvelle approche avec de nouvelles procédures d'essai et la conception de nouveaux dispositifs d'essai pour générer des données expérimentales depuis la prise du matériau. La méthodologie est basée sur deux méthodes d'essai répété. Pour la caractérisation du comportement viscoélastique d'un béton depuis sa prise, un essai de chargement permanent couplé à un essai avec des chargements répétés de plusieurs minutes est nécessaire. Les déformations endogènes, le coefficient de dilatation thermique et la prise sont caractérisés avec des variations thermiques répétées sur un échantillon de béton. Cette nouvelle approche a été définie sur un béton ordinaire et ensuite étendue sur l’étude de 4 paramètres pertinents : le rapport eau-ciment, l'effet de restriction de l'agrégat sur la pâte de ciment dans le développement des propriétés du béton au jeune âge, la substitution du ciment par des additions minérales et la différence de comportement en traction et en compression. Sur la base de ces résultats expérimentaux, de nouveaux modèles ont été développés pour la caractérisation des propriétés au jeune âge de matériaux cimentaires depuis le temps de prise. Une version adaptée de la modélisation du fluage propre dans le Code modèle 2010 est également proposéeFor usual concrete structure built in several phases, concrete deformations are restrained during the hardening process. When shrinkage is restrained, tensile stresses are induced and a cracking risk occurs. Modelling the evolution of an early age set of parameters on concrete is necessary to predict the early age behaviour of concrete structures. The difficulty lies in the fact that the modelling of concrete properties must be based on experimental data at early age and this data must be obtained automatically because the hardening process of the concrete takes place rapidly during the first hours and also the first days. The thesis deals with experimental and numerical study of the early age properties of cement based materials and more specifically the development of the autogenous deformation, the coefficient of thermal expansion, the E-modulus and the basic creep in compression and tension. For this purpose, a comprehensive work was carried out at ULB and Ifsttar involving the development of a new approach with new test procedures and the design of new testing devices to generate experimental data since the setting of the material. The methodology is based on two repeated testing methods. For the characterization of the viscoelastic behaviour of a concrete since setting, a permanent loading coupled to a test with repeated minute-long loadings is needed. Whereas, the autogenous strain, the coefficient of thermal expansion and the setting are characterized with repeated thermal variations on a concrete sample. The new approach was defined on an ordinary concrete and then extended to the study of the following parameters: the water-cement ratio, the restrained effect of aggregate on the cement paste in the development of concrete properties at early age, the substitution of cement by mineral addition and the difference of behaviour in tension and in compression. Based on these experimental results, new models were developed for the characterization of the early age properties of cement based materials since setting time. An adapted version of the Model Code 2010 for the modelling of basic creep is also proposed
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Delsaute, Brice. "New approach for Monitoring and Modelling of the Creep and Shrinkage behaviour of Cement Pastes, Mortars and Concretes since Setting Time." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/241829.
Full textAbstract:
For usual concrete structure built in several phases, concrete deformations are restrained during the hardening process. When shrinkage is restrained, tensile stresses are induced and a cracking risk occurs. Modelling the evolution of an early age set of parameters on concrete is necessary to predict the early age behaviour of concrete structures. The difficulty lies in the fact that the modelling of concrete properties must be based on experimental data at early age and this data must be obtained automatically because the hardening process of the concrete takes place rapidly during the first hours and also the first days. The thesis deals with experimental and numerical study of the early age properties of cement based materials and more specifically the development of the autogenous deformation, the coefficient of thermal expansion, the E-modulus and the basic creep in compression and tension. For this purpose, a comprehensive work was carried out at ULB and Ifsttar involving the development of a new approach with new test procedures and the design of new testing devices to generate experimental data since the setting of the material. The methodology is based on two repeated testing methods. For the characterization of the viscoelastic behaviour of a concrete since setting, a permanent loading coupled to a test with repeated minute-long loadings is needed. Whereas, the autogenous strain, the coefficient of thermal expansion and the setting are characterized with repeated thermal variations on a concrete sample. The new approach was defined on an ordinary concrete and then extended to the study of the following parameters: the water-cement ratio, the restrained effect of aggregate on the cement paste in the development of concrete properties at early age, the substitution of cement by mineral addition and the difference of behaviour in tension and in compression. Based on these experimental results, new models were developed for the characterization of the early age properties of cement based materials since setting time. An adapted version of the Model Code 2010 for modelling of basic creep is also proposed.Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Eppers, Sören. "Assessing the autogenous shrinkage cracking propensity of concrete by means of the restrained ring test." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-65454.
Full textAbstract:
The autogenous shrinkage due to self-desiccation of high- and ultra-high performance concretes with very low water-cement ratio in case of restraint leads to considerable stresses starting from very early age. The resultant risk of cracking presently cannot be adequately investigated. Parameters that are particularly difficult to capture experimentally are the concrete temperature and the viscoelasticity. The primary objective of this work was to assess as precise as possible the autogenous shrinkage cracking propensity of representative concretes at strong restraint and constant room temperature. Test methods needed to be chosen and enhanced in a way that preferably allowed for the efficient and precise investigation of all relevant factors in the future. Ideally, a method suitable for a complete empirical modeling was provided. First the methodological requirements and the advantages and disadvantages of existing test methods were discussed. Based on this, optimized test methods were proposed. Their suitability was verified using the example of ultra-high strength concrete. The choice of concrete compositions considered the essential measures for reducing shrinkage (internal curing, shrinkage-reducing admixtures, reduction of the fraction of Portland cement in the binder). The autogenous shrinkage was measured with the shrinkage cone method. This new test method was validated by investigations of the repeatability and reproducibility and proved efficient and precise. It allows for measurements under non-isothermal conditions; no established test method exists for that purpose to date. The autogenous shrinkage of the ultra-high strength concretes at the age of 24 h, investigated under quasi-isothermal conditions (20 °C), was between 0,25 mm/m and 0,70 mm/m. It was particularly low when a shrinkage-reducing admixture was added and when superabsorbent polymers were used. The stresses due to restraint were determined with the restrained ring test. A large part of the stresses to be expected according to Hooke’s Law were eliminated by creep and relaxation. The relaxation capacity being very pronounced at very early age was the main reason that no visible cracking occurred, not even with the concretes with high autogenous shrinkage. The development of the autogenous shrinkage cracking propensity was described as ratio of restraint stress and splitting tensile strength. By means of modified ring tests, used to determine the maximum tensile stress, it could be shown that the ratio of stress to strength is an appropriate failure criterion. However, the cracking propensity can be calculated correctly only if the strongly age-dependent ratio of uniaxial to splitting tensile strength is accounted for. Besides, it needs to be considered that at very early age a plastic stress redistribution may occur in restrained ring tests. The reference concrete showed a high cracking propensity of up to 0.68. The fact that shrinkage-reducing measures led to significantly lower values reveals their relevance for the safe application of ultra-high strength concrete. However, the investigations carried out here at 20 °C do not allow for a final assessment of the cracking propensity under typical on-site conditions. To empirically model the autogenous shrinkage cracking propensity as a function of temperature and stress level in the future, an analytical stress solution for non-isothermal restrained ring tests and a new approach for investigating the residual stress and relaxation capacity by means of non-passive restrained ring tests was suggestedDas durch Selbstaustrocknung verursachte autogene Schwinden von besonders leistungsfähigen Betonen mit sehr niedrigem Wasserzementwert führt bei Dehnungsbehinderung bereits in sehr frühem Alter zu erheblichen Zwangsspannungen. Die Gefahr der Rissbildung, die sich daraus ergibt, lässt sich bislang nur unzureichend untersuchen. Experimentell besonders schwer zu erfassende Faktoren sind die Betontemperatur und die Viskoelastizität. Das vorrangige Ziel der Arbeit war die möglichst genaue Ermittlung der autogenen Schwindrissneigung repräsentativer Betone bei starker Dehnungsbehinderung und konstanter Raumtemperatur. Dabei waren die Prüfverfahren möglichst so zu wählen und weiterzuentwickeln, dass sich zukünftig alle relevanten Faktoren effizient und genau untersuchen lassen. Im Idealfall sollte eine Methode entstehen, die eine vollständige empirische Modellierung erlaubt. Zunächst wurden die methodischen Anforderungen und die Vor- und Nachteile existierender Prüfverfahren diskutiert. Darauf aufbauend wurden optimierte Verfahren vorgeschlagen. Ihre Eignung wurde an ultrahochfestem Beton überprüft. Bei der Auswahl der Betone wurden die wesentlichen Maßnahmen zur Schwindreduzierung berücksichtigt (innere Nachbehandlung, schwindreduzierende Zusatzmittel, Verringerung des Portlandzementanteils am Bindemittel). Das autogene Schwinden wurde mit dem Schwindkegelverfahren gemessen. Das neue Verfahren wurde durch Untersuchungen zur Wiederhol- und Vergleichsgenauigkeit validiert und erwies sich als effizient und genau. Es ermöglicht Messungen unter nicht-isothermen Bedingungen; hierfür existiert bisher kein etabliertes Verfahren. Das autogene Schwinden der untersuchten ultrahochfesten Betone unter quasi-isothermen Bedingungen (20 °C) betrug im Alter von 24 h zwischen 0,25 mm/m und 0,70 mm/m. Besonders gering war es bei Zugabe eines schwindreduzierenden Zusatzmittels bzw. Verwendung superabsorbierender Polymere. Mit dem Ring-Test wurden die bei Dehnungsbehinderung entstehenden Spannungen ermittelt. Ein großer Teil der gemäß Hooke’schem Gesetz zu erwartenden Spannungen wurde durch Kriechen und Relaxation abgebaut. Die im sehr frühen Alter stark ausgeprägte Relaxationsfähigkeit war der wesentliche Grund dafür, dass es selbst bei Betonen mit hohem autogenen Schwinden zu keiner erkennbaren Rissbildung kam. Die Entwicklung der autogenen Schwindrissneigung wurde als Verhältnis von Zwangsspannung und Spaltzugfestigkeit beschrieben. Durch modifizierte Ring-Tests, mit deren Hilfe die maximale Zugspannung ermittelt wurde, konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Verhältnis von Spannung und Festigkeit als Versagenskriterium geeignet ist. Die Rissneigung lässt sich aber nur dann korrekt berechnen, wenn das stark altersabhängige Verhältnis von einaxialer Zugfestigkeit und Spaltzugfestigkeit berücksichtigt wird. Außerdem ist zu beachten, dass es im sehr frühen Alter zu einer plastischen Spannungsumlagerung in Ring-Tests kommen kann. Der Referenzbeton wies eine hohe Rissneigung von bis zu 0,68 auf. Dass die schwindreduzierenden Maßnahmen zu deutlich geringeren Werten führten, zeigt deren Bedeutung für den sicheren Einsatz von ultrahochfestem Beton. Die hier bei 20 °C durchgeführten Untersuchungen erlauben allerdings keine abschließende Bewertung der Rissneigung unter baustellentypischen Bedingungen. Um die autogene Schwindrissneigung zukünftig als Funktion der Temperatur und des Lastniveaus empirisch modellieren zu können, wurden eine analytische Spannungslösung für nicht-isotherme Ring-Tests und ein neuer Ansatz zur Untersuchung der Resttrag- und Relaxationsfähigkeit mit Hilfe nicht-passiver Ring-Tests vorgeschlagen
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Dias, Maiga Marques. "Análise numérica de vigas mistas aço-concreto pelo método dos elementos finitos : efeitos de longa duração." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/77726.
Full textAbstract:
As vigas mistas de aço e concreto têm sido muito empregadas em obras civis de pequeno e grande porte. O emprego em conjunto de vigas de aço e lajes de concreto armado visa explorar as melhores características de cada um dos elementos, gerando uma solução estrutural econômica e eficiente. Os conectores de cisalhamento, que são os dispositivos de união desses elementos, permitem a transferência do esforço cortante ao longo da estrutura. O presente trabalho trata-se de uma continuação do estudo realizado por Tamayo (2011), o qual desenvolveu um código computacional em linguagem Fortran 90, utilizando o método dos elementos finitos, que é capaz de representar estruturas de vigas mistas em análises de curta duração. A teoria da plasticidade associada com um algoritmo de retorno explícito para o concreto e aço foi empregada em um procedimento incremental iterativo. O presente trabalho visa incluir a análise de serviço no código elasto-plástico, ou seja, a consideração dos efeitos de longa duração que interferem na distribuição de tensões e deformações da estrutura. A teoria da solidificação proposta por Bazant e Prasannan (1988) foi empregada para analisar os efeitos devido à fluência do concreto. Para o cálculo da fluência empregou-se um modelo reológico baseado na cadeia de Kelvin em série. Usando conceitos da série de Dirichlet, os parâmetros desta cadeia foram obtidos através de uma aproximação por mínimos quadrados. Em conjunto com a teoria da solidificação, os modelos de fluência e retração, propostos pelo Comité Euro-International du Béton (1990), foram utilizados. O amolecimento do concreto foi adicionado ao modelo computacional. Para os conectores de cisalhamento foi testada uma nova formulação empregando uma rigidez secante. As tarefas de pré e pós processamento foram realizadas através do software GiD que auxiliou nas etapas de geração da geometria e malha de elementos finitos, confecção de arquivo de entrada, e visualização dos resultados. Exemplos testados experimentalmente foram empregados para validação do modelo numérico proposto.Steel-concrete composite beams have been widely applied to both small and large civil works. The combined use of steel beams and reinforced concrete slabs aims to explore the best features of each one, creating an efficient structural solution with low cost. The shear connectors are the device joining the steel beam and concrete slab, allowing the transfer of shear along the structure. This work follows the research of Tamayo (2011) who developed a program in Fortran 90 language, using the finite element method, capable of representing composite beam structures in short time analyzes. The associated theory of plasticity with an explicit return algorithm for concrete and steel was used in an incremental iterative procedure. This study aims to include the service analysis into the code, which means to account for long-term effects that influence the stress and strain distribution in the structure. The solidification theory proposed by Bazant and Prasannan (1988) was used to examine the creep effects of concrete. For the creep calculation, a rheological model based on the Kelvin chain in series was employed. Using concepts of Dirichlet series, the chain parameters were obtained through a least squares approximation. Together with the solidification theory, the creep and shrinkage models proposed by the Comité Euro-International du Béton (1990) were used. The concrete softening was added to the computational model. A new formulation using secant stiffness was tested for the shear connectors modeling. The pre and post processing tasks were performed using the GiD software, which was used for geometry and finite element mesh generation, input file writing, and results viewing. Specimens tested experimentally were used for the validation of the proposed numerical model.
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Samarakkody, Dilrukshie. "Differential axial shortening in high rise buildings with concrete filled tube columns." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/96417/1/Dilrukshie%20Induprabha_Samarakkody%20Arachchilage_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This research developed and applied a comprehensive technique to evaluate the Differential Axial Shortenings (DASs) in composite high rise buildings. The findings of this research will help to reduce the adverse effects of DASs and facilitate safer designs of buildings. A method, based on the vibration characteristics of the building, to update the initial predictions during the service stage of the building has also been developed and applied.
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Hösthagen, Anders. "Thermal Crack Risk Estimation and Material Properties of Young Concrete." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och brand, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-65495.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents how to establish a theoretical model to predict risk of thermal cracking in young concrete when cast on ground or an arbitrary construction. The crack risk in young concrete is determined in two steps: 1) calculation of temperature distribution within newly cast concrete and adjacent structure; 2) calculation of stresses caused by thermal and moisture (due to self-desiccation, if drying shrinkage not included) changes in the analyzed structure. If the stress reaches the tensile strength of the young concrete, one or several cracks will occur. The main focus of this work is how to establish a theoretical model denoted Equivalent Restraint Method model, ERM, and the correlation between ERM models and empirical experiences. A key factor in these kind of calculations is how to model the restraint from any adjacent construction part or adjoining restraining block of any type. The building of a road tunnel and a railway tunnel has been studied to collect temperature measurements and crack patterns from the first object, and temperature and thermal dilation measurements from the second object, respectively. These measurements and observed cracks were compared to the theoretical calculations to determine the level of agreement between empirical and theoretical results. Furthermore, this work describes how to obtain a set of fully tested material parameters at CompLAB (test laboratory at Luleå University of Technology, LTU) suitable to be incorporated into the calculation software used. It is of great importance that the obtained material parameters describe the thermal and mechanical properties of the young concrete accurately, in order to perform reliable crack risk calculations. Therefore, analysis was performed that show how a variation in the evaluated laboratory tests will affect the obtained parameters and what effects it has on calculated thermal stresses.
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Darabi, Mohammadali. "Long-Term Deflection Of One-Way Concrete Slab Strips Containing Steel And GFRP Reinforcement." Thesis, Fredericton: University of New Brunswick, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1882/35382.
Full textAbstract:
Fibre reinforced polymers (FRP’s) are considered an alternative to steel reinforcement in concrete structures because of their noncorrosive nature and nonmagnetic properties. FRP materials are, however, brittle and have a lower stiffness compared to steel. The latter property can lead to deflection and crack control problems in FRP-reinforced concrete flexural members under service loads. A considerable amount of information is available for short-term deflection of FRP-reinforced concrete members, but data on long-term deflections are scarce.
This study presents the results of monotonic (short-term) and sustained (long-term)
loading tests of 12 concrete shallow beams reinforced with either steel or glass FRP
(GFRP) bars. The short-term load-deflection responses of the members are evaluated
using existing deflection prediction models (Branson’s and Bischoff’s), and the long-term deflection results (monitored over a period of one year) are used to evaluate the existing ACI code and CSA standard approaches for estimating long-term deflection. The GFRP-reinforced concrete beams exhibited greater amounts of both immediate deflection (under sustained load) and long-term deflections over time, than the steel-reinforced concrete beams. The long-term deflections of both the steel- and GFRP-reinforced concrete beams are overestimated when using the ACI and CSA approaches. Although ACI Committee 440 recommends use of lower values of the long-term deflection multiplier for GFRP-reinforced concrete beams, results obtained from this study suggest that the same longterm multiplier values may be used for GFRP- and steel-reinforced concrete beams loaded at between 115 to 157 days of concrete age.
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Dahiya, Ankuj. "Long-Term Monitoring and Evaluation of the Varina-Enon Bridge." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102891.
Full textAbstract:
To make sound decisions about the remaining life of a structure, the precise calculation of
the prestress losses is very important. In post-tensioned structures, the prestress losses due to creep
and shrinkage can cause serviceability issues and can reduce flexural capacity.
The Varina-Enon Bridge is a cable-stayed, precast, segmental, post-tensioned box girder
bridge located in Richmond, Virginia. Observation of flexural cracks in the bridge by inspectors
promoted a study regarding long-term prestress losses in the structure. For understanding and
sustaining the structure throughout its remaining service life, accurately quantifying prestress losses
is important.
Two approaches are used to predict long-term prestress losses on the Varina-Enon Bridge.
The first approach involves a finite element computer model of the bridge which run a timedependent
staged-construction analysis to obtain predicted prestress losses using the CEB-FIP '90
code expressions for creep and shrinkage. The second approach involves the compilation of data
from instrumentation mounted in the bridge to back calculate the effective prestress force.
The analysis using the computer model predicted the prestress losses as 44.6 ksi in Span 5,
47.9 ksi in Span 6, 45.3 ksi in Span 9, and 45.9 ksi in Span 11. The prestress losses estimated from
field data were 50.0 ksi in Span 5, 48.0 ksi in Span 6, 46.7 ksi in Span 9, and 49.1 ksi in Span 11.
It can be seen that relative to the results of field data estimations, the finite element analyses
underestimated prestress loss, but given the degree of uncertainty in each form of estimation, the
results are considered to fit well.Master of Science
In order to apply a precompression force to concrete structures, post-tensioned concrete employs stressed steel strands. To construct lighter, stiffer structures, this popular building technology can be used. The steel strands undergo a reduction in force known as prestress losses over time. To make good decisions about the remaining life of a structure, the precise calculation of the prestress losses is very important. The Varina-Enon Bridge is a post-tensioned concrete box-girder bridge in Richmond Virginia. In July of 2012, observation of flexural cracks in the bridge by the inspectors promoted a study regarding long-term prestress losses in the structure. Two techniques are used to predict long-term prestress losses for this bridge. A computer model of the bridge is used in the first method to calculate losses using the design code. In order to measure prestress losses, the second technique used data from sensors mounted on the bridge. It was found that the estimation of losses closely matched those predicted at the time of the bridge construction and the computer model results. Based on this the final conclusion is made that the prestress loss in the Varina-Enon Bridge is not significantly more than expected.
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Sethi, Vivek. "Unbonded Monostrands for Camber Adjustment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31335.
Full textAbstract:
Prestressed concrete structural members camber upwards or downwards depending upon the location of application of prestress force. Identical members do not camber equally due to variability of the factors influencing it. Differential camber in the beams, if significant, results in excessively tall haunches or girder top flange extending into the bottom of the slab. For adjacent members like deck bulb-tees and box girders that are to be transversely post-tensioned the differential camber causes problems during the fit up process. This variation is undesirable and hinders the smooth progress of construction work if not properly accounted for at the design stage.
Various factors influence camber and camber growth in prestressed members. Some of the factors are concrete strength and modulus, concrete creep and shrinkage properties, curing conditions, maturity of concrete at release of prestress force, initial strand stress, climatic conditions in storage and length of time in storage. Combinations of these variables result in variation of camber of otherwise similar beams at the time they are erected.
One way to increase the precision of camber estimation is to use Monte Carlo simulation based upon the randomized parameters affecting the camber and camber growth. In this method, the parameters, in the form of a probability distribution function, are combined and passed through a deterministic model resulting in camber and camber growth prediction with narrowed probability bounds as compared to single definite value given by most contemporary methods. This outcome gives the expected range of cambers for a given girder design. After determining the expected range of camber, the ultimate goal is to provide guidelines for using unbonded monostrands for camber adjustment.Master of Science
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Brodsky, Rachel Amanda. "Effective Prestress Evaluation of the Varina-Enon Bridge Using a Long-Term Monitoring System and Finite Element Model." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99398.
Full textAbstract:
The Varina-Enon Bridge is a cable-stayed, precast, segmental, post-tensioned box girder bridge located in Richmond, Virginia. Inspectors noticed flexural cracking in July of 2012 that prompted concerns regarding long-term prestress losses in the structure. Prestress losses could impact the future performance, serviceability, and flexural strength of the bridge. Accurately quantifying prestress losses is critical for understanding and maintaining the structure during its remaining service life.
Long-term prestress losses are estimated in the Varina-Enon Bridge using two methods. The first utilizes a time-dependent staged-construction analysis in a finite element model of the full structure to obtain predicted prestress losses using the CEB-FIP '90 code expressions for creep and shrinkage. The second method involves collecting data from instrumentation installed in the bridge that is used to back-calculate the effective prestress force.
The prestress losses predicted by the finite element model were 44.9 ksi in Span 5, 47.8 ksi in Span 6, and 45.3 ksi in Span 9. The prestress losses estimated from field data were 50.0 ksi in Span 5, 48.0 ksi in Span 6, and 46.7 ksi in Span 9. The field data estimates were consistently greater than the finite element model predictions, but the discrepancies are relatively small. Therefore, the methods used to estimate the effective prestress from field data are validated. In addition, long-term prestress losses in the Varina-Enon Bridge are not significantly greater than expected.Master of Science
Post-tensioned concrete uses stressed steel strands to apply a precompression force to concrete structures. This popular building technology can be used to create lighter, stiffer structures. Over time, the steel strands experience a reduction in force known as prestress losses. Accurately quantifying prestress losses is critical for understanding and maintaining a structure during its remaining service life. The Varina-Enon Bridge is a cable-stayed, prestressed box girder bridge located in Richmond, Virginia. Inspectors noticed cracking in July of 2012 that prompted concerns regarding long-term prestress losses in the structure. Prestress losses were estimated using two methods. The first method utilized a computer model of the full bridge. The second method used data from sensors installed on the bridge to back calculate prestress losses. It was found that the prestress losses estimated from field data were slightly greater than, but closely aligned with, the computer model results. Therefore, it was concluded that the Varina-Enon Bridge has not experienced significantly more prestress losses than expected.
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Kollárik, Adrián. "Monolitická železobetonová nádrž." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409794.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis deals with design and assessment of all supporting parts of cast-in-place reinforced concrete tank. The thesis includes a technical report, static analysis, drawing documentations, construction proces and visualization. The drawing documentation consists of shape and reinforcement drawings of supporting parts.
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Moragaspitiya, Himenshu Nalindrajith. "Interactive axial shortening of columns and walls in high rise buildings." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/48026/1/Himenshu_Moragaspitiya_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Concrete is commonly used as a primary construction material for tall building construction. Load bearing components such as columns and walls in concrete buildings are subjected to instantaneous and long term axial shortening caused by the time dependent effects of "shrinkage", "creep" and "elastic" deformations. Reinforcing steel content, variable concrete modulus, volume to surface area ratio of the elements and environmental conditions govern axial shortening. The impact of differential axial shortening among columns and core shear walls escalate with increasing building height. Differential axial shortening of gravity loaded elements in geometrically complex and irregular buildings result in permanent distortion and deflection of the structural frame which have a significant impact on building envelopes, building services, secondary systems and the life time serviceability and performance of a building. Existing numerical methods commonly used in design to quantify axial shortening are mainly based on elastic analytical techniques and therefore unable to capture the complexity of non-linear time dependent effect. Ambient measurements of axial shortening using vibrating wire, external mechanical strain, and electronic strain gauges are methods that are available to verify pre-estimated values from the design stage. Installing these gauges permanently embedded in or on the surface of concrete components for continuous measurements during and after construction with adequate protection is uneconomical, inconvenient and unreliable. Therefore such methods are rarely if ever used in actual practice of building construction. This research project has developed a rigorous numerical procedure that encompasses linear and non-linear time dependent phenomena for prediction of axial shortening of reinforced concrete structural components at design stage. This procedure takes into consideration (i) construction sequence, (ii) time varying values of Young's Modulus of reinforced concrete and (iii) creep and shrinkage models that account for variability resulting from environmental effects. The capabilities of the procedure are illustrated through examples. In order to update previous predictions of axial shortening during the construction and service stages of the building, this research has also developed a vibration based procedure using ambient measurements. This procedure takes into consideration the changes in vibration characteristic of structure during and after construction. The application of this procedure is illustrated through numerical examples which also highlight the features. The vibration based procedure can also be used as a tool to assess structural health/performance of key structural components in the building during construction and service life.
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Brattström, Niels, and Oliver Hagman. "Reinforced Concrete Subjected To Restraint Forces : A comparison with non-linear numerical analyses." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209122.
Full textAbstract:
In Sweden, it is Eurocode 2 which forms the basis for performing a design of concrete structures, in which methods can be found treating the subject of restrained concrete members and cracking in the serviceability limit state. In the code, both detailed hand calculations procedures as well as simplified methods are described. Several proposal of how to treat base restrained structures can be found in other codes and reports. Some state that the procedure given in Eurocode 2 is on the unsafe side as the method relies on stabilized cracking, while some say that the method is over conservative as the restraining actions will prevent the cracks from opening. As these methods are analysed closer and further tested, it is obtained that they all yield different results under the same assumptions. Most of them are within a similar span, and the deviation arises as the various methods takes different aspect into consideration. One method yields a result which is considerably higher than all other, denoted the Chalmers method. As this method is taught at the technical institute of Gothenburg (Chalmers), the large deviation have caused some confusion among Swedish engineers. As the methods are compared to numerical analyses, it is found that the detailed calculation procedure stated in Eurocode 2 yields fairly good prediction of crack widths for lower levels of strain, while for high levels of strain it is over conservative. The Chalmers method seems to underestimate the number of cracks which occur, and thus give rise to the deviating results. It is further found that in relation to more detailed hand calculations, the simplified procedure stated in Eurocode 2 may not always be on the safe side. The procedure is only valid within a certain range which may be exceeded depending on the magnitude of the load and choice of various design parameters. The effect creep have on base restrained structures subjected to long term loads such as shrinkage is further discussed and analysed numerically. Various hand calculation methods suggest that creep have a positive influence on base restrained structures in the sense that the crack width become smaller. The numerical results indicates that this is indeed the case, however, uncertainties of these analyses are considered to be large in relation to the short term analyses.I Sverige är det Eurokod 2 som används som basis för dimensionering av betongkonstruktioner, i vilken metoder som beskriver sprickkontroll i bruksgränsstadiet för betong utsatt för tvångskrafter återfinns. Både detaljerade handberäkningsmetoder och förenklade metoder beskrivs. I olika koder och rapporter återfinns ett flertal förslag till hur detta problem ska hanteras. Vissa påstår att metoderna som anges i Eurokod 2 är på osäkra sidan då dessa förlitar sig på stabiliserad sprickbildning, medan andra menar att Eurokod 2 är för konservativ då inspänningen kommer förhindra att sprickorna öppnar sig. Då metoderna analyseras noggrannare och testas framgår det att alla genererar olika resultat under samma antaganden. De flesta ligger inom samma spann och skillnaderna uppkommer då de olika metoderna beaktar olika aspekter. En metod genererar dock ett resultat som är högre än alla andra, som i denna rapport benämns som Chalmersmetoden. Då denna metod lärs ut på Göteborgs tekniska universitet (Chalmers) så har de utstickande resultatet skapat en viss förvirring bland konstruktörer i Sverige. Då metoderna jämförs med numeriska analyser framgår det att Eurokod 2 förutspår en rimlig sprickvidd för låga töjningsgrader, medan den verkar vara överkonservativ för höga töjningsgrader. Chalmersmetoden verkar underestimera antalet sprickor som uppkommer i konstruktionen, vilket resulterar i de utstickande resultaten. Fortsättningsvis fastslås det att i relation till en mer detaljerad handberäkning så är den förenklade metoden i Eurokod 2 inte alltid på säkra sidan. Metoden är endast giltig inom ett visst spann, vilket kan överskridas beroende på den egentliga töjningens storlek och valet av dimensioneringsparametrar. Krypningens effekt på fastinspända betongkonstruktioner då de utsätts för långtidslaster så som krympning har också diskuterats och analyserats numeriskt. Olika handberäkningsmetoder antyder att krypningen har en positiv effekt på så sätt att sprickvidden minskar. Även de numeriska resultaten indikeratar att så är fallet, dock anses osäkerheten i dessa analyser vara stor i förhållande till analyser av korttidslaster.
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Kassimi, Fodhil. "Development and performance of fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete for repair applications." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6636.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: The use of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) in the concrete industry in cast-in-place applications, including repair applications, is growing given the various advantages offered in both fresh and hardened states. The present study deals with the design and performance of fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete (FR-SCC) as a repair material of concrete infrastructure. The study also considers the use of various steel and synthetic fibers (five fibers in total) that were used to produce FR-SCC and fiber-reinforced self-consolidating mortar (FR-SCM) that can be employed for structural and non-structural repair applications. The study evaluates the effect of material properties and mixture composition of the fibrous concrete and mortar on workability, mechanical, visco-elastic, durability, and structural behavior. The investigation that is presented in this thesis included the testing of 28 full-scale beams under four-point flexural loading. The majority of these beams were repaired by casting concrete to fill a relatively thin section along the tension zone of the beams. The repair technique was based on the FR-SCC characteristics including the maximum fiber volume and length. This technique required mixtures of high range of fluidity. The optimized FR-SCC and FR-SCM mixtures exhibited excellent flow characteristics along the 3.2-m long beams without blockage, segregation, nor debonding at the interface of repair-substrate concrete. Based on the structural characteristics of the composite beams, the overall performance of the beams repaired using the FR-SCC and FR-SCM was similar or higher (up to 2.6 times) than that of monolithic beams made with conventional vibrated concrete (CVC). The use of optimized FRSCC mixtures enabled the replacement of 50% of the tension steel reinforcement in repair sections; i.e., the number of bars in the tension zone decreased from three bars to two bars with the addition of fibers in the SCC without mitigating structural performance. The degree of prediction of crack width, cracking load/moment, ultimate loads, and deflection of various FR-SCC and FR-SCM mixture was evaluated using several design and code models. The results indicate that these code models can provide safe predictions for crack and ultimate loads, as well as crack width of FR-SCC. The deflection of FR-SCC is unsafe but predictable by these code models. In total, 18 large-scale beams were tested in four-point for flexural creep. FR-SCC incorporating steel fibers combined with expansive agent provided overall performance up to 10 times of that obtained with CVC with the same fiber type and volume. The cracking under constant load was reduced by 60% to 80% using self-consolidating fibrous mixtures made with or without expansion agents, compared to SCC without fibers. The best combination to reduce the cracking potential when the restrained shrinkage ring test was employed was obtained with SCC mixtures made with steel fibers and expansive agent. Models were elaborated to predict the time-to-cracking for FR-SCC and FR-SCM mixtures based on mixture modulus of elasticity and drying and autogenous shrinkages. The project involved extensive testing of highly flowable fibrous materials to determine drying shrinkage (nearly 260 prisms), modulus of rupture (nearly 180 prisms), as well as compressive and splitting tensile strengths and elastic modulus (nearly 2100 cylinders). Based on the results, models were proposed to predict these key material properties that affect the performance of FR-SCC and FR-SCM used in repair applications. In addition to FR-SCC, the investigation also was set to evaluate the feasibility of using fiber-reinforced superworkable concrete (FR-SWC) in construction and repair applications. Such highly flowable concrete that requires limited vibration consolidation can represent some advantages over FR-SCC (lower admixtures demand, lower risk of segregation, greater robustness, lower formwork pressure, etc.). The energy needed to ensure proper consolidation, using either vibration or rodding, applied on samples made with FR-SWC was determined. The energy requirement took into consideration the development of mechanical properties, the resistance to segregation, and the development of proper surface quality. The study also demonstrated the higher overall structural performance of optimized FR-SWC compared to the corresponding FR-SCC mixtures. The findings of the thesis on the design and performance of highly workable fiber-reinforced cementitious materials should facilitate the acceptance of such novel high-performance material in infrastructure construction and repair applications. // Résumé: L'utilisation du béton autoplaçant (BAP) dans l'industrie du béton dans les applications du coulage sur place incluant les applications de la réparation, est en croissance vu les divers avantages offerts à l'état frais et à l'état durci. La présente étude traite de la conception et la performance des bétons autoplaçants fibrés (BAPF) en tant que matériau de réparation des infrastructures en béton. L'étude considère également l'usage de différentes fibres métalliques et synthétiques (cinq fibres au total) qui ont été utilisées pour produire des BAPF et des mortiers autoplaçants fibrés (MAPF) pour des applications de réparations structurales et non structurales. L'étude évalue l'effet des propriétés du matériau et la composition des bétons et mortiers fibrés sur l'ouvrabilité, les propriétés mécaniques, viscoélastiques, de durabilité et le comportement structural. L'étude présentée dans cette thèse a inclus 28 poutres à grande échelle testées sous un chargement flexionnel à quatre points. La majorité de ces poutres a été réparée par le coulage du béton pour remplir une section relativement mince tout au long de la zone tendue des poutres. La technique de réparation a été basée sur les caractéristiques des BAPF incluant le volume maximal et la longueur maximale de fibres. Cette technique a requis des mélanges de haut niveau de fluidité. Les BAPF et MAPF ont exhibé d'excellentes caractéristiques d'écoulement le long de 3,2 m, la longueur de la poutre, sans blocage, ségrégation, ni décollement à l'interface entre le béton de base et le béton de réparation. En se basant sur les caractéristiques structurales des poutres composites, la performance globale des poutres réparées en utilisant les BAPF et les MAPF était similaire ou supérieure (jusqu'à 2,6 fois) que celle des poutres monolithiques fabriquées d'un béton conventionnel vibré (BCV). L'utilisation des mélanges de BAPF optimisés a permis de remplacer 50% du ferraillage tendu dans les sections de réparation; c'est-à-dire que le nombre des barres d'armatures dans la zone tendue a réduit de trois barres à deux barres avec l'addition de fibres dans le BAP sans mitiger la performance structurale. Le degré de prédiction de la largeur de fissures, charge de fissuration, charge ultime et déflexion de différents mélanges de BAPF et MAPF a été évalué en utilisant quelques designs et modèles de codes. Les résultats ont montré que ces modèles ont pu fournir de prédictions sécuritaires pour les charges de fissuration et ultime, ainsi que la fissuration des BAPF. La déflexion des BAPF est non sécuritaire mais reste prédictible par ces modèles de codes. En total, 18 poutres à grande échelle ont été testées en fluage flexionnel de quatre points. Des BAPF contenant des fibres métalliques combinées avec un agent expansif ont fourni une performance globale jusqu'à 10 fois celle obtenue avec un BCV contenant le même type et volume de fibres. La fissuration sous une charge constante a été réduite de 60% à 80% en utilisant des mélanges autoplaçants fibrés fabriqués avec ou sans agents expansifs, par rapport au BAP sans fibres. La meilleure combinaison pour réduire le potentiel de fissuration avec l'essai du retrait restreint a été obtenue avec des mélanges de BAP contenant de fibres d'acier et un agent expansif. Des modèles ont été élaborés pour prédire le temps de fissuration des mélanges de BAPF et MAPF basés sur le module d'élasticité du mélange et les retraits de séchage et endogène. Le projet comportait de nombreux essais sur les mélanges fibrés de haute fluidité à savoir la détermination du retrait de séchage (près de 260 prismes), le module de rupture (près de 180 prismes), ainsi que la résistance en compression, la résistance en traction et le module d'élasticité (plus de 2100 cylindres). En se basant sur les résultats, des modèles ont été proposés pour prédire ces propriétés clés qui affectent la performance des BAPF et MAPF destinés aux applications de réparation. En plus des BAPF, l'étude a aussi été faite pour évaluer la faisabilité de l'utilisation des bétons semi-fluides fibrés (BSFF) dans les applications de construction et de réparation. Tels bétons de haute fluidité requérant une consolidation limitée peuvent présenter certains avantages par rapport aux BAPF (plus faible demande en adjuvants, plus faible risque de ségrégation, robustesse supérieure, plus faible pression sur les coffrages, etc.). L'énergie nécessaire pour assurer une propre consolidation, en utilisant soit la vibration ou le piquage, appliquée sur des échantillons de BSFF a été déterminée. Les exigences de cette énergie considèrent le développement des propriétés mécaniques, la résistance à la ségrégation et la propre qualité de surface. L'étude a aussi démontré une performance structurale globale supérieure des BSFF optimisés par rapport aux mélanges de BAPF correspondant. Les conclusions de la thèse sur le design et la performance des matériaux cimentaires renforcés de fibres et de haute fluidité devraient faciliter l'acceptation de tels nouveaux matériaux de haute performance dans les applications de la construction et la réparation des infrastructures.
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Balabuch, Tito José Rodrigues. "Análise numérica das deformações do concreto sujeito à reação álcali-agregado considerando os efeitos de retração e fluência." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-27082018-125220/.
Full textAbstract:
As deformações derivadas da retração e da fluência estão entre os principais fatores que afetam a integridade e facilidade de manutenção das estruturas de concreto a longo prazo. Outro fator que corrobora para a deterioração do concreto é a Reação Álcali-Agregado (RAA), que devido à sua característica expansiva é considerada uma manifestação patológica de difícil tratamento, sendo necessário medidas mitigadoras para evitar sua ocorrência. A retração, a fluência e a RAA são deformações expressivas em estruturas com grandes volumes de concreto, em que as deformações devido à retração e à fluência potencializam o efeito da RAA, criando um ciclo de degradação do concreto de difícil controle. Deste modo, este trabalho tem como objetivo a análise numérica que possibilite a previsão do comportamento da retração e da fluência quando associadas à RAA. O código computacional é baseado no Método de Elementos Finitos Posicional considerando o elemento de chapa com elementos triangulares de ordem cúbica e utilizando a lei constitutiva de Saint-Venant-Kirchhoff. Para a modelagem da RAA utiliza-se o estudo desenvolvido por Carrazedo & Lacerda (2008). A fluência e a retração são modeladas implementando-se os modelos FIB, JSCE e B4. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram a eficiência da modelagem e da análise numérica para a previsão do comportamento das deformações do concreto sujeito à RAA, considerando os efeitos de retração e fluência.Shrinkage and creep strains are among the main factors that affect the integrity and serviceability of concrete structures in long term. Another corroborating factor for the concrete deterioration is the Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (AAR), which due to its expansive characteristic is considered a pathological manifestation of difficult treatment, and mitigating measures are necessary to avoid its occurrence. Shrinkage, creep and AAR are expressive strains in structures with large volumes of concrete, in which strains due shrinkage and creep enhance the effect of AAR, creating a concrete degradation cycle that is difficult to control. Thus, this work has the aim of numerical analysis that allows the prediction of the shrinkage and creep behavior when associated with AAR. The computational code is based on the Positional Finite Elements Method considering the element of plate with triangular elements of cubic order and using the constitutive law of Saint-Venant-Kirchhoff. For the modeling of AAR is used the study developed by Carrazedo & Lacerda (2008). The creep and shrinkage are modeled by implementing the FIB, JSCE and B4 models. The results of this work demonstrate the efficiency of modeling and numerical analysis for the prediction of the strains behavior of concrete subject to AAR, considering the effects of shrinkage and creep.
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Prado, José Fernão Miranda de Almeida. "Estruturas de edifícios em concreto armado submetidas a ações de construção." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-11122017-111943/.
Full textAbstract:
As ações presentes durante a construção de estruturas de edifícios em concreto armado são significantemente influenciadas pelo processo construtivo e podem ultrapassar a capacidade resistente definida no projeto estrutural. Os pavimentos recém concretados são suportados por pavimentos previamente concretados, através de um sistema de fôrmas, escoras e reescoras. Se houver fissuração prematura os pavimentos terão maiores deformações ao longo do tempo. Assim sendo, o trabalho apresenta um procedimento de análise estrutural que leva em conta a seqüência natural de construção. A definição das ações nos pavimentos durante a construção estabelece a história de carregamentos dos elementos estruturais do início ao fim da obra. Os modelos tridimensionais (utilizando o método dos elementos finitos) aqui apresentados consideram que o tempo altera as propriedades de resistência e deformabilidade do concreto antes dos 28 dias. Com isso, é definido um novo método para a determinação da distribuição das ações de construção entre o sistema de escoramento e os pavimentos interligados (Método Aproximado). Além disso, propõe-se uma nova metodologia para verificação dos estados limites considerando a existência das etapas de construção.The loads during construction of multistory reinforced concrete structures are significantly influenced by the construction schedule and can exceed the supporting structure\'s design capacity. The fresh floors are supported by previously cast floors, through a system of forms, shores and reshores. If cracked prematurely, the floors will have larger time-dependent deflections. Then, the text presents a procedure for structural analysis that takes into account the natural sequence of construction. Definition of the loads on floors during construction provides a view of the history of structural element loads from the beginning to the end of construction work. The tridimensional models (using the finite element method) presented herein considers that the time affects the strenght and deformability properties of concrete before 28 days. Then, a new method for determining how the construction loads are distributed among the shoring system and the interconnected floors is defined (Approximated Method). Further, a new methodology for the limit states verification taking into account the construction phases is proposed.