Journal articles: 'Concrete interlocking blocks'

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Wani, Mohammad Vekas, and Mr Chitranjan Kumar. "Behaviour of Interlocking Hollow Concrete Blocks." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (2018): 2850–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd14173.

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Wani, Mohammad Vekas, and Mr Chitranjan Kumar. "Behaviour of Interlocking Hollow Concrete Blocks." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-5 (2018): 1853–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18203.

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Chen, Gong, Ming Qiao Zhu, and Yun Du Cai. "Shape Optimization and Mix Proportion Design of Innovative Interlocking Mortarless Block." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 2017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2017.

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Mortarless interlocking blocks have the advantage of convenient construction and low cost, but establishing the geometry interlocking mechanism between horizontal blocks has been overlooked. Optimizing the shape of mortarless interlocking block. The connection of vertical direction in the form of a frustum of a cone, and the connection of horizontal direction in the form of trapezoid shape. This design proposal builds geometry interlocking mechanism between the block and its all adjacent ones. Setting cone and rectangular holes on block body, accordingly, block laying could forming taper vertical channel and rectangular vertical channel. The concrete of interlocking mortarless block has particularity, which is not suitable for “Mix Proportion Design of Ordinary Concrete Regulation” (JGJ55-2010) of China. This paper presents a platter idea to establish the concrete mix proportion design method of mortarless interlocking block, moreover, an example calculation and confirmatory experiment is dispensable.

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Teguh, Mochamad, Novi Rahmayanti, and Zakki Rizal. "Mechanical Properties of Various Models of Interlocking Concrete Blocks under In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Loads." Key Engineering Materials 881 (April 2021): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.881.149.

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Building material innovations in various interlocking concrete block masonry from local materials to withstand lateral earthquake forces is an exciting issue in masonry wall research. The block hook has an advantage in the interlocking system's invention to withstand loads in the in-plane and out-of-plane orientations commonly required by the masonry walls against earthquake forces. Reviews of the investigation of in-plane and out-of-plane masonry walls have rarely been found in previous studies. In this paper, the results of a series of experimental tests with different interlocking models in resisting the simultaneous in-plane shear and out-of-plane bending actions on concrete blocks are presented. This paper presents a research investigation of various interlocking concrete blocks' mechanical properties with different hook thicknesses. Discussion of the trends mentioned above and their implications towards interlocking concrete block mechanical properties is provided.

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Pianchaiyaphum, Sawitri, Suphaphat Kwonpongsagoon, Premrudee Kanchanapiya, and Chakrapan Tuakta. "Recycling of Non-metallic Residue from Waste Printed Circuit Boards to Produce Interlocking Concrete Blocks." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 12, no. 6 (2021): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2021.12.6.1336.

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The process of copper recovery from waste printed circuit board has generated large amounts of non-metallic fraction (NMF) residue. In this research, the residue was recycled as a substitute for fine aggregates at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% to produce interlocking concrete blocks. Properties of the interlocking concrete blocks produced in this study, such as density, water absorption, compressive strength, were firstly examined and the selected mixes were further evaluated for the heavy metal leachability. The results indicated that the NMF residue affected physical, mechanical and chemical properties of NMF interlocking concrete block samples. When increasing NMF contents, the density and compressive strength decreased, while the water absorption increased. In the leachability results, the leaching of Cu decreased as cement content increased, and its concentration level was well below the Soluble Threshold Limit Concentration limit (STLC). Thus, the high content of Cu and all other metals embedded in the NMF material were immobilized in the interlocking concrete block specimens.

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Liu, Shen, Jingshu Zhang, Le Liu, Hang Guo, and Bo Wang. "Compressive performance of new types of load-bearing horizontal-hole interlocking concrete hollow blocks." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 6 (2018): 1368–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218813472.

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Two series of load-bearing horizontal-hole interlocking hollow concrete blocks, referred to as H-shaped series and cross-shaped series, were developed, including three geometric types: type BH-290 (H-shaped), type BH-240 (H-shaped), and type BC-240 (cross-shaped). The research presented in this article investigated the compressive behavior of the proposed load-bearing horizontal-hole interlocking hollow concrete blocks and aimed at analyzing the influence of geometric parameters on the block capacity. First, compressive tests of the horizontal-hole interlocking hollow concrete blocks were carried out. The compressive strength, elastic modulus, and compressive failure mechanism were analyzed. Second, the feasibility of the finite element analysis model was verified by experimental results presented in this article, as well as by available test data from other researchers. The influences of vertical ribs, horizontal ribs, and concrete strength on the compressive strength of horizontal-hole interlocking hollow concrete blocks were investigated. Ultimately, based on the numerical modeling results, linear equations were proposed to predict the compressive strength of H-shaped series and cross-shaped series blocks. The results show that the compressive strengths of types BH-240, BH-290, and BC-240 are 15.9, 13.4, and 13.0 MPa, respectively. For the H-shaped series, the core horizontal rib is the key part that can significantly constrain the vertical ribs so that the block can achieve higher compressive bearing capacity. For the cross-shaped series, core horizontal ribs cannot improve the compressive strength of the block because core horizontal ribs and joints near them become damaged early. Improving the concrete strength and the width of the vertical rib can effectively improve the compressive bearing capacity for both H-shaped and cross-shaped series blocks. The accuracy of the proposed equations for predicting the compressive strength of H-shaped and cross-shaped blocks is acceptable, according to the current verification.

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Chang, Yu Jiao, Biao Ma, Fang Qin, and Xuan Lv. "Application of Interlocking Block Pavement in Rural Highway." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 926–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.926.

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Concrete interlocking block pavement is characterized of preferred durability, easy construction and maintenance and low construction cost. It can be widely applied in the rural highway. Based with the project of rural highway in Tongchuan Shaanxi province, the paper studies the mechanism of interlocking blocks, design of the pavement, and construction technology for field application. After one year service for open traffic, the interlocking block pavement is shown to have fascinating economy and service performance for the rural road.

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Teguh, Mochamad, Furqon Widi Rivai, Novi Rahmyanti, and Erik Wahyu Pradana. "Experimental investigation on interlocking concrete block for masonry wall of non-engineered earthquake resistant buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 156 (2020): 05016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015605016.

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Most of the seismic damage of existing traditional buildings is due to the absence of practical beam and column structures as the main reinforcement of the building. While a masonry wall as a structural component is commonly negligible due to their relatively low strength in contributing to the frame structure. As a result, when the earthquake struck, the building collapsed, and the ruins of building elements hit the occupants seriously and caused many deaths. This paper presents the results of preliminary research on the experimental investigation of interlocking concrete block for the masonry wall applied to non-engineered earthquake-resistant buildings. The interlocking between concrete blocks is expected to contribute to the strength of the masonry wall in resisting the loads, either in-plane or out-of-plane directions. The novelty of this type of concrete block lies in the uniqueness of the interlocking shape, making it effective in withstanding the earthquake load. This research focuses on the testing of interlocking concrete block units in withstanding loads in the direction and perpendicular to the field and equipped with testing the compressive strength of the wall and diagonal shear strength. The results produce interlocking models of concrete block contribute to better strength than ordinary clay bricks for the masonry wall.

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Hunyak, Oleksii, Khrystyna Sobol, Taras Markiv, and Volodymyr Bidos. "The effect of natural pozzolans on properties of vibropressed interlocking concrete blocks in different curing conditions." Production Engineering Archives 22, no. 22 (2019): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2019.22.01.

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Abstract Concrete block pavements have become an attractive engineering and economical alternative to both flexible and rigid pavements because of it’s high strength and durability. The influence of pozzolanic mineral additions – natural zeolite and expanded perlite powder on the properties of concrete interlocking blocks in different curing conditions has been studied. The use of zeolite as a substitute for cement in the production of concrete blocks increased the water demand but decreased the water absorption of the blocks. Obtained results show, that concrete blocks with 10% substitution of cement with zeolitic tuff is characterized by higher strength, lower mass loss and absence of efflorescence.

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Mokhtar, M., M. Kaamin, S. Sahat, and N. B. Hamid. "The Utilisation of Shredded PET as Aggregate Replacement for Interlocking Concrete Block." E3S Web of Conferences 34 (2018): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183401006.

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The consumption of plastic has grown substantially all over the world in recent years and this has created huge quantities of plastic-based waste. Plastic waste is now a serious environmental threat to the modern way of living, although steps were taken to reduce its consumption. This creates substantial garbage every day, which is much unhealthy. Plastic bottles such as Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was use as the partially component in this making of interlocking blocks concrete. This project investigates the strength and workability of the interlocking block concrete by replacing course aggregate with % PET. The suitability of recycled plastics (PET) as course aggregate in interlocking block concrete and its advantages are discussed here. Moreover, there were more benefits when using interlocking block than using conventional block such as it easy for construction because they are aligning, easy to place, high speed stacking and they offer more resistance to shear and buildings would be even stronger. Based on the test perform, the failure parameter were discussed .From the compressive strength test result, it shows that the strength of concrete block decreased with increased of PET used. From the results, it shows that higher compressive strength was found with 5% natural course aggregate replaced with PET compared to other percentages.

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Lin, Hongda, Xiaolong Yu, Guangzhen Zhang, Honglei Chang, and Jian Liu. "Design and Interlocking Stability of Slope Protection Block of H-Type Gravity Mutual-Aid Steel Slag Core Concrete." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (September 25, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2932410.

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At the present, the natural stone used for traditional block rock revetment is becoming increasingly scarce, and other commonly used revetment types also have some problems, such as poor stability, complex fabrication and installation process, and large investment. Therefore, it is imminent to study a new type of reinforcement of dangerous dam banks with both ecological and environmental protection functions to meet the requirement of river flood stability. Combining theoretical calculation with laboratory tests, a new slope protection block of H-type gravity mutual-aid steel slag core concrete (H-type gravity mutual-aid steel slag core concrete block hereinafter), which is composed of an ordinary concrete shell and a steel slag core, is designed as an improvement of revetment reinforcement type and for solid waste utilization and resource saving. The indoor test method shows that the optimal shell thickness of the new block is 6 cm, and the steel slag of a single block can replace the natural aggregate ratio of 25%. The new block has concave and convex structures to enhance the interlocking effect between blocks. The compressive strength of the new block is tested by the drilling core compressive strength test to meet the strength requirement of the revetment works. Moreover, on the basis of the overall stability test platform of the interlocking block and numerical simulation analysis, the H-type gravity mutual-aid steel slag core concrete block was proved to have a better interlocking effect than the traditional blocks and exhibits excellent overall stability.

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Prakash A, Krishna, Jane Helena H, and Paul Oluwaseun Awoyera. "Optimization of Mix Proportions for Novel Dry Stack Interlocking Concrete Blocks Using ANN." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (June 21, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9952781.

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This paper proposes novel concrete interlocking blocks made of fly ash and GGBS which are an alternative for the conventional concrete blocks. The artificial neural network (ANN) technique is used to estimate the mechanical strength of interlocking blocks and is verified with experimental investigation. The ANN model is based on the Levenberg–Marquardt principle which is executed using MATLAB. The inputs are given in the percentage ratio of cement: fly ash: crushed stone aggregate (FA): coarse aggregate (CA) for the process of learning, testing, and validation. The selected model is subjected to several trials in terms of mean square error, containing 4 input, 2 sets of 10 hidden layers, and one output components. In this study, a total of 2600 blocks of different mixes were tested as per IS 2185-1 (2005) to assess 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days’ strength. The experimental investigations were carried out in two phases. In the first phase, experimental investigations to identify the optimum mix proportions of cement, aggregate, fly ash, and ground granulated blast furnace slag to achieve desired compressive strength was carried out. In the second phase, the identified mix proportions were analysed using ANN to predict the compressive strength of interlocking blocks. The results indicate that the proposed ANN model developed to determine the mechanical strength and cost of interlocking blocks has excellent prediction ability.

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Ribeiro, Bruno, Tadaaki Uchiyama, Jun Tomiyama, Takashi Yamamoto, and Yosuke Yamashiki. "An Environmental Assessment of Interlocking Concrete Blocks Mixed with Sugarcane Residues Produced in Okinawa." Resources 9, no. 8 (2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9080093.

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The use of sugarcane residues in mortar and concrete is believed to contribute to the reduction of environmental problems, such as the reduction of mining of natural aggregates as well as the improper disposal of sugarcane residues. Therefore, in this study, bagasse fiber and bagasse sand were added into the preparation of the interlocking concrete blocks, and the flexural strength and an environmental assessment of the blocks were analyzed. The flexural strength of the blocks was not affected by the addition of the bagasse fiber and bagasse sand. In addition, the environmental load of interlocking concrete blocks using sugarcane residues was lower than the blocks using conventional aggregates due to the greater simplicity of acquisition of the residues. Moreover, in the scenarios where the blocks are supposedly made on smaller islands, the emissions increased due to long-distance transportation, since conventional aggregates come from other islands.

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Ribeiro, Bruno, Tadaaki Uchiyama, Jun Tomiyama, Takashi Yamamoto, and Yosuke Yamashiki. "Development of Interlocking Concrete Blocks with Added Sugarcane Residues." Fibers 8, no. 10 (2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib8100061.

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The use of sugarcane residues in mortar and concrete is believed to contribute to a reduction of costs and environmental problems, such as the reduction of mining of natural aggregates and incorrect disposal of the sugarcane residues. Bagasse fiber has a high water retention rate and thus may be considered as a countermeasure for urban heat islands. Because of these properties, bagasse fiber and bagasse sand were added into the preparation of the interlocking concrete blocks. An investigation of the flexural strength and the contribution of the sugarcane residues against an urban heat island was made. The results showed that, by adding 2.0% of bagasse fiber and 5.0% of bagasse sand in concrete, the flexural strength and the water retention content increased in comparison to the control composite. Moreover, the surface temperature and the water evaporation rate of the blocks were smaller in comparison to the control composite.

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Santos, C. C., Luiz Oliveira Veriano dalla Valentina, F. C. Cuzinsky, and L. C. Witsmiszyn. "Interlocking Concrete Paving Blocks Produced with Foundry Sand Waste." Materials Science Forum 912 (January 2018): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.912.191.

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Industrialized products demand huge quantities of raw material, and generate enormous volumes of residue. This fact has caused an imbalance in the environment, such as the soil, the water tables, ecosystems and public health. The foundry industry, known for being one of the biggest users of raw material, is among the major pollutants. Concomitantly, the civil construction sector is notorious for its huge consumption of natural resources, but in contrast, it has the potential to aggregate residues from other industries, resulting in added- value products. Recycling is one of the alternatives found when trying to lessen the environmental impacts created by industrial waste, transforming residue into useful products for society. The goal of this research is to analyze the use of spent foundry sand (SFS) and foundry exhausted dust (ED) in the making of interlocking concrete paving blocks. These blocks have been made with foundry sand waste as aggregate and this element has been substituted partially by 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% with exhausted dust. The blocks were technically analyzed for their compressive strength, measurement of dimension and water absorption. The results obtained concerning compressive strength were below the standard specification, whereas the dimensions and water absorption testing were in accordance with the Brazilian National Standards Organization NBR 9781 [1].

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Tonetti, Adriano Luiz, Natalia Cangussu Duarte, Mariana Rodrigues Ribeiro dos Santos, and Gustavo Henrique Siqueira. "Environmentally friendly interlocking concrete paver blocks produced with treated wastewater." Water Supply 19, no. 7 (2019): 2028–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.078.

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Abstract This study aimed at supporting processes and techniques for minimization of water consumption in the production of concrete. For this purpose, the use of treated wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in interlocking concrete paver block (ICPB) production was evaluated. The treated wastewater was added in various dosages (0%, 50%, 75% and 100%) to the water used to produce cylindrical concrete samples. These samples were evaluated for compressive strength and water absorption tests. After these evaluations, the dosage of 100% treated wastewater for concrete production was established and ICPB were produced with this water composition. Subsequently, an area in a parking lot was replaced by ICPB produced with treated wastewater, and an equal area was replaced by ICPB produced with potable water. A comparison between parameters obtained for cylindrical samples and ICPB samples prepared with treated wastewater and those prepared with potable water indicated that wastewater reuse would be a good alternative for potable water consumption reduction in the concrete industry.

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Silva Junior, Vasni Oliveira da, Victor Mateus Pavão, André Camacho Pontremolez, Bruno de Medeiros Costa, Gerson Cendes Saragosa, and Paulo Sérgio Bardella. "Estudo da produção de pavers para pisos intertravados utilizando resíduos de blocos de concreto." Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas 42, no. 1 (2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2021v42n1p21.

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This work presents part of a study whose main objective is to observe the behavior of the physical and mechanical properties of the materials (raw material) and of products made for the civil construction from the precast concrete industry, such as concrete blocks and pavers for interlocking floors. Through the investigation, was identified the potential of using the concrete blocks waste of the production as aggregates added to the concretes utilized to produce pavers. Thus, it is expected that this work contributes as a basis for obtaining scientific and technical knowledge regarding the materials and procedures that must be adopted for the manufacture of pavers, allowing their production for commercialization.

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Abdul-Aziz Sultan, Suad, Ban Sahib Abduljalel, and Talib Qasim Talib. "EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF SUSTAINABLE INTERLOCKING CONCRETE BLOCKS MANUFACTURED FROM RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 2018, no. 04 (2018): 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.2018.4.12.

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Meera, Miss, B. Durga Vara Prashad, and Supratic Gupta. "Experimental Investigations on Concrete with Fly Ash and Marble Powder for Paver Blocks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.32 (2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.32.18410.

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The construction industry is capable of absorbing large amounts of wastes by utilizing them in other useful products. Thermal power plants and marble industries produce huge quantities of bi-products which causes environmental problems. Utilization of these in concrete will save natural resources to some extent and solve the disposal. Interlocking concrete block pavements are simple to construct and maintain. The main objective of this research is to develop an eco-friendly paver block while considering the economy as a defining parameter. In this research, experimental investigations were carried out on the paver blocks to know the feasibility of using fly ash and marble powder. For paving block concrete, it is partly replaced with cement and aggregates with fly ash and waste marble powder. Various tests for mechanical and durability properties were conducted. All the properties were improved when compared to the control mix. Utilization of fly ash and marble powder in concrete reduces the cost of paver blocks and making it economical and eco-friendly.

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Tataranni, Piergiorgio. "Recycled Waste Powders for Alkali-Activated Paving Blocks for Urban Pavements: A Full Laboratory Characterization." Infrastructures 4, no. 4 (2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4040073.

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Paving blocks are today a popular paving solution for urban surfaces. Considering the wide variety of products currently on the market, it is possible to build pavements that differ in terms of functionality, bearing capacity, skid resistance, visual impact, and aesthetic integration with the surrounding landscape. Interlocking concrete paving block is the most common construction technology considering its low cost and its easy installation. Different wastes and second-hand materials have recently been tested in order to completely or partially replace the raw materials used for the production of paving blocks. In this paper, a waste basalt powder is used for the production of alternative paving blocks through the alkali-activation process. Two different synthetic blocks were produced, with and without aggregates. Taking into account the EN 1338 standard for concrete paving blocks, a complete laboratory characterization is proposed for the two experimental blocks. Tests highlighted positive results and downsides that need to be optimized in order to convert the laboratory production to an industrial scale.

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Yang, Zhong, and Gui Sheng Wang. "The Linhuaigang Main Dam Openings Vertical Interlocking Block Revetment Design and Calculation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 212-213 (October 2012): 846–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.212-213.846.

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The design “non-rope opening vertical interlock block” is used in the main dam of Linhuaigang Project for the first time in China. The opening of the block can effectively reduce the uplift pressure induced by waves. The vertical interlock can make block interlock three- dimensionally so as to enhance the integrity of the block and improve the anti-wave performance. The design can not only improve the protection of the main dam slope under long blowing distance and high wind and waves, but also save the use of stone and construction investment as well as protect the environment. Openings vertical interlock concrete block between the rigid in-situ concrete slope and the flexible dry stone slope, not only avoid the shortcomings of in-situ concrete slope suited to soft ground deformation, but also resist the larger storms owing to the better integrity than dry stone pitching ,from the interlocked effect between the blocks. Compared with the entity block, opening vertical interlock block thickness is reduced greatly. The earth dam project of Lin Huai Gang flood control project applied openings vertical interlock block successfully in water conservancy projects .The project has the pioneering position in the use in the wave elements of reservoirs, lakes and the other large water conservancy revetment constructions.

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Zhao, Hai Jing, Dan Xun Li, and Xing Kui Wang. "Study on Hydraulic Characteristics of Interlocking Concrete Blocks with Ecological Flood-Control Function." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4552.

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Through simulation research on hydraulic characteristics of precast interlocking concrete blocks, the stress condition, overall stability, the effect of filling gravels into the holes of the blocks in the water flow during the flood period and the resistance parameters of the blocks were studied, a comprehensive analysis on the mechanical stability and the scour-resisting characteristics of the blocks was made, and then the requirement and the safety degree of the gravel filling were given. The experiment shows that compared with the surface protection of the conventional dyke projects, besides convenience for manufacture at low cost, this new type of protective revetment has such merits as higher anti-shear stress, better stability and permeability as well as improving ecological environment in river course.

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Dos Santos Teixeira, Willians, Giselle Cunha do Nascimento, Lívia Da Silva Oliveira, and David Barbosa de Alencar. "Use of RCDs in the Making of Interlocked Pavements with Waste Collected at the Federal Institute of Amazonas – CMC." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 10 (2019): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss10.1749.

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The area of construction is responsible for a large portion of non-renewable natural resources that generate environmental impacts, since the extraction of materials and extend in large scale as waste from renovations, works and demolitions, causing construction and demolition waste, known as RCDs. The aim of this study is to analyze the feasibility of reusing recycled waste from mortars, concrete and ceramic bricks in civil construction, as aggregates in the manufacture of interlocking blocks, in order to simulate the reality of the conventional block produced in the civil construction sector. For the tests, 6 concrete load specimens were molded with coarse aggregate and fine aggregate percentages, respectively: 50% and 25%, following the parameters of NBR 5738. It was possible to conclude that the interlocking pavement made with RCDs is useful. to improve the permeability of land, sidewalks and streets, enabling ordinary people within their homes to produce and apply them.

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Bilyay, Engin, Berguzar Ozbahceci, Gulsen Kiziroglu, and Selahattin Bacanli. "A NEW APPROACH TO BREAKWATER DESIGN - 2B BLOCK." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 35 (June 23, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v35.structures.39.

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Breakwaters are one of the oldest and important marine structures. Rubble mound breakwater is a very common type in all around the world. If the heavier rock is necessary for the design, concrete armor units are used. Each unit has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example cube and antifer blocks are massive units and their interlocking is weak. Dolos and tribar units have good interlocking but rocking stresses in these units are extraordinarily high. The placement method is very important and requires special equipment and experienced staff for the later developed single-layered units like accropod and core-loc. Moreover, continuous touching of blocks to each other and fatigue of the material may cause the breakdown of legs and serious damage of armor layer. And in case of damage, it is necessary to remove the units in a wide area on the breakwater and then relocate them, so it is very difficult to repair. A new type concrete armor unit is developed considering all these problems. It is called 2B Blocks.

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Li, Jie, Hao Zhou, Wenwen Chen, and Zhongfan Chen. "Mechanical Properties of a New Type Recycled Aggregate Concrete Interlocking Hollow Block Masonry." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (2021): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020745.

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Considering the advantages of energy conservation and reducing the construction skill requirement of the workers, a new type of interlocking hollow block using recycled aggregates concrete (IHB-RAC) with the compressive strength up to 10 Mpa was proposed, which could help improve more than 56% of the construction efficiency compared to commonly used concrete hollow blocks. In order to study the mechanical properties and promote the application of this new type block in building engineering, the masonries considering different strengths of mortar and the concrete used in the grouting holes were designed, and the corresponding compressive and shear strength, as well as the failure mode of the masonries were studied according to the test results. Then, experimental results were compared with the calculated values obtained from Chinese code GB50003-2011 to check the suitability of the standards. In order to make an accurate prediction of the compressive strength of the masonry, modifying coefficients were suggested considering the positive contributions of the connecting keys. In addition, according to the test results, an appropriate calculation method for accurately predicting the shear strength of the grouted IHB-RAC masonry was proposed by separately considering the effort of the mortar and the grouting hole concrete.

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Nguyen-Ngoc, Hau, H.Nguyen-Xuan, and Magd Abdel-Wahab. "Three-Dimensional Meshfree Analysis of Interlocking Concrete Blocks for Step Seawall Structure." Computers, Materials & Continua 66, no. 1 (2020): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2020.012948.

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Lee, Hyun-Soo, Jae-Yong Lee, and Myoung-Youl Yu. "Influence of iron oxide pigments on the properties of concrete interlocking blocks." Cement and Concrete Research 33, no. 11 (2003): 1889–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(03)00209-6.

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Koksal, Fuat, Osman Gencel, Yusa Sahin, and Osman Okur. "Recycling bottom ash in production of eco-friendly interlocking concrete paving blocks." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 23, no. 3 (2021): 985–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01186-8.

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Umashankar, H. N., and B. V. Pramod. "The Study Involving Partial Replacement of Slag Sand in Polymer Modified Concrete and its Application in Interlocking Concrete Paver Block (ICPB)." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, no. 10 (2020): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.328.

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The idea of Carriageway design and maintenance needs to be such that it bears loads due to the climate change and also for the social comfort which caters the all range of people who use the road way. In this study the potential of the paver blocks is evaluated in the laboratory. Styrene-Butadiene rubber induced paver blocks will have greater tension, good ductility and also, good impact strength because of the 3D polymer network. The bridging between cracks and also due to voids filling nature, the porosity decreases. A Styrene-Butadiene rubber polymer induced along with granular slag sand in ICPB to improve the ductility and flexure of polymer modified concrete (PMC). The structural properties of PMC in paver blocks are studied, the study is divided into two series, Series 1 is to cast paver blocks solely of granular slag sand and Series 2 is to cast paver blocks of PMC where fine aggregates with few parts replaced with Granular slag sand. The comparative study is done for various strength parameters. The study concludes that the paver blocks with PMC concrete with 15% of Granular slag sand replaced with fine aggregates.

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Iordanishvili, Irina, Inga Iremashvili, Adam Ujma, Vladimer Shurgaya, Nodar Kandelaki, and Konstantin Iordanishvili. "Modeling Procedure of Coastal Protection Shaped Blocks with High Wave Suppressing and Interlocking Capacity." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 05050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199705050.

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A groyne is a shore protection structure built perpendicular to the shoreline of the coast (or river), over the beach and into the shoreface (the area between the nearshore region and the inner continental shelf), to reduce longshore drift and trap sediments. A groyne field or system is a series of groynes acting together to protect a beach. Concret is often used as construction material. On the basis of analysis of wave suppression efficiency and stability on the slope of more than one hundred existing shaped massives the new type of coast protecting reinforced concrete blocks – so called “Hexablock” (“Hexablock” was called because of its 6 facets) characterized with higher wave suppression properties, interlocking capacity, stability on the slope and longer life time is proposed.

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Tang, Zhenghao, Majid Ali, and Nawawi Chouw. "Residual compressive and shear strengths of novel coconut-fibre-reinforced-concrete interlocking blocks." Construction and Building Materials 66 (September 2014): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.094.

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Li, Jie, Hao Zhou, Wenwen Chen, and Zhongfan Chen. "Shear properties of a new type recycled aggregate concrete interlocking hollow block masonry with axial load." Advances in Structural Engineering 24, no. 12 (2021): 2735–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13694332211012568.

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Comprehensively considering the positive contribution of energy conservation and the reduction of the construction skill requirement for workers, a new type of interlocking hollow block using recycled aggregates concrete (IHAC) with the compressive strength defined as MU10 was proposed, which could help improve more than 56% of the construction efficiency compared to common used concrete hollow blocks. In order to study the shear properties and promote its application in building engineering, the shear strength of 10 groups (three specimens for each group) of masonries considering different axial stress level and whether or not to use concrete in the grouting holes were studied, and the failure mode as well as the shear strength of the masonries were analyzed. And then, the calculation formulas for predicting the shear strength of the IHAC masonry were obtained by using the parameter fitting method based on the Coulomb failure theory, which could well reflect the parabolic shaped changing characteristic of the shear strength with the increasing of the axial stress, and the maximum difference was within 18% between the calculated and test results.

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Aziz Sultan, Suad Abdul, Ban Sahib Abduljalel, and Fadi Qais Abbas. "Effect of Recycled Aggregate on Interlocking Concrete Blocks for Paving Aircraft Parking Areas in Iraq." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 54, no. 2 (2017): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v54p213.

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Yan, Libo, Nawawi Chouw, and Bohumil Kasal. "Experimental study and numerical simulation on bond between FFRP and CFRC components." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 36, no. 4 (2016): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684416683453.

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Natural flax fabric-reinforced polymer (FFRP) tube encased coir fibre-reinforced concrete (CFRC) structure (termed as FFRP-CFRC) is steel-free hybrid structure that has shown its potential as axial, flexural and earthquake-resistant structural members. An FFRP plate with a CFRC overlay has great potential to be light and environmentally friendly wall panel or pedestrian bridge deck. The overall structural performance of this panel or deck is highly dependent on the bond at the FFRP and CFRC interface. Therefore, this study proposed a novel interlocking at their interface to improve the bond and thus the composite action of the hybrid structures composed of FFRP and CFRC components. This interlocking was generated by creating numbers of perforations on the FFRP component (tube and plate) surface. To evaluate the effectiveness of using this interlocking on the bond behaviour between FFRP and CFRC, two stages experimental studies were conducted. In the first stage, 18 FFRP-CFRC cylindrical specimens were constructed and tested under push-out bond, bending and axial compression. In the second stage, 30 FFRP plate and CFRC sandwich block specimens were constructed and tested under push-out bond considering different experimental parameters, i.e. depth, diameter and number of perforations. Additionally, numerical simulation was performed to verify the failure modes of FFRP plate and CFRC sandwich blocks under push-out. This study revealed that the presence of interlocking is an effective way to improve the interfacial bond and composite action between FFRP (either tube or plate) and CFRC components.

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Souza, Adriana Ireno de, Leonardo Alves de Oliveira Casimiro, Emanuel Campigotto Sandri, Jerry Adriani Johann, and Geysler Rogis Flor Bertolini. "Desempenho ambiental e viabilidade econômica em uma indústria de pavimentos intertravados." Revista de Administração da UFSM 13, no. 4 (2020): 664–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1983465930029.

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Purpose – This study’s main objective is to verify if there is a relation between proactivity and technological protection in the environmental performance of the ventures in this segment. And check if there is economic feasibility to produce interlocking concrete paving blocks with the addition of rubber, as well as the certification of the product as ecologically friendly.Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on the methodologies shown by Dickel (2017), questionnaire and variables, and Bertolini (2009), economic viability for the manufacture of ecologically friendly products.Findings – As a result, the study confirms the association between technological protection and proactivity in environmental performance, as well as the economic viability for the offer of the interlocking concrete paving product with ecological certification.Originality/value – Civil construction occupies a prominent position, accounting for a significant portion of Brazil's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as well as being the largest employer industry in the country. It is also recognized as having significant environmental impacts in the conduct of its activities. However, the search for sustainability has been a mobilizing element in the definition of corporate strategies, companies have been seeking more and more actions that are economically viable, respecting environmental and social aspects.

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Gunatilake, Dhanushika, and W. K. Mampearachchi. "Finite element modelling approach to determine optimum dimensions for interlocking concrete blocks used for road paving." Road Materials and Pavement Design 20, no. 2 (2017): 280–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1385512.

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Atici, U., and A. Ersoy. "Evaluation of destruction specific energy of fly ash and slag admixed concrete interlocking paving blocks (CIPB)." Construction and Building Materials 22, no. 7 (2008): 1507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.03.028.

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Ghisi, Enedir, Thiago Belotto, and Liseane Thives. "The Use of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement to Filter Stormwater for Non-Potable Uses in Buildings." Water 12, no. 7 (2020): 2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12072045.

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A reduction in potable water demand in buildings could be made by using non-potable water for certain uses, such as flushing toilets. This represents a sustainable strategy that results in potable water savings while also using an underutilised resource. This work assesses the use of permeable interlocking concrete pavement to filter stormwater that could be used for non-potable purposes in buildings. Two pavement model systems were tested. One of the model systems presents a filter course layer with coarse sand and the other model system has no filter course layer. In order to evaluate the filtering capacity, the model systems were exposed to rain events. The amount of water infiltrated through the layers was measured to represent the potential quantity available for use. Stormwater runoff samples were collected from a parking lot paved with impermeable interlocked blocks and then, these were tested in both model systems. Water samples were subjected to quality tests according to the parameters recommended by the Brazilian National Water Agency. The model system with no filter course showed filtering capacity higher (88.1%) than the one with a filter course layer (78.8%). The model system with a filter course layer was able to reduce fecal coliforms (54.7%), total suspended solids (62.5%), biochemical oxygen demand (78.8%), and total phosphorus concentrations (55.6%). Biochemical oxygen demand (42.4%) and total phosphorus concentrations (44.4%) increased in the model system with no filter course layer. In conclusion, one can state that the filter course layer used in permeable interlocking concrete pavement can contribute to decreasing pollutants and can improve stormwater quality. The use of permeable interlocking concrete pavement showed to be a potential alternative for filtering stormwater prior to subsequent treatment for non-potable uses in buildings.

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Pilarczyk, K. W. "DESIGN ASPECTS OF BLOCK REVETMENTS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 21 (1988): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.151.

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The increasing shortage and costs of natural materials in certain geographical areas has resulted in recent years, inter alia, in the rapid development of artificial (concrete) block revetments. In general, two main types of revetments can be distinguished: permeable (stone pitching, placed relatively open block-mats) and (relatively-) impermeable (closed blocks, concrete slabs). Regarding the shape and/or placing technique a distinction can be made between: a) free (mostly rectangular-) blocks and b) interlocking blocks of different design (tongue-and-groove connection, ship- lap, cabling, blocks connected to geotextile by pins etc.). In all these cases the type of sublayer (permeable/impermeable) and the grade of permeability of the toplayer are very important factors in the stability of these revetments. The design also needs to be made (executed) and maintained. Both aspects must therefore already be taken along within the stadium of designing. At the moment there is a large variety of types of revetment-blocks and other defence systems (i.e. block-mats), see Fig. 1. Until recently no objective design-criteria were available for most types/systems of blocks. The choice (type and size) of the revetments built sofar is only based on experience and on personal points of view, sometimes supported by small-scale model investigations. In the light of new (stricter) rules regarding the safety of the Dutch dikes, as they have been drawn up by the Delta-Commission, the need for proper design-criteria for the revetments of dikes has evidently grown. Because of the complexity of the problem no simply, generally valid mathematical model for the stability of the revetment are available yet. For restricted areas of application however, fairly reliable criteria (often supported by large-scale tests) have been developed in the Netherlands not only for the kind of revetment, but also for conditions of loads. This new approach is discussed in (Klein Breteler, 1988). This paper presents a short state-of-the-art review of existing knowledge on the designing of different types of revetments and, where ever possible, the available stability criteria are mentioned. There is also given some comparison of the different types of revetments with their advantages and disadvantages and suggestions regarding their practical application.

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Awoyera, Paul O., Oladimeji B. Olalusi, Samuel Ibia, and Krishna Prakash A. "Water absorption, strength and microscale properties of interlocking concrete blocks made with plastic fibre and ceramic aggregates." Case Studies in Construction Materials 15 (December 2021): e00677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00677.

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Bredenoord, Jan, Wutinai Kokkamhaeng, Pichit Janbunjong, et al. "Interlocking Block Masonry (ISSB) for Sustainable Housing Purposes in Thailand, With Additional Examples From Cambodia and Nepal." Engineering Management Research 8, no. 2 (2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/emr.v8n2p42.

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This paper is about Interlocking Stabilized Soil Blocks (ISSB) as developed in Thailand. ISSB are seen as an eco-friendly building material for home building and structures such as water tanks and sanitation facilities. For several decades the Thai R&D Institute TISTR has worked on developing and testing ISSB, which in other countries are called compressed stabilized earth blocks or CSEB. The composition of building blocks and the quality of building structures determine together the structural quality of the house or building. If there is a need for earthquake- and storm resistance, the building blocks and the structures must have specific features. Building stacked houses is an important issue given the growing scarcity of land for housing and the increasing land prices. ISSB is not only applied in Thailand, but also in Cambodia for low-cost housing and in Nepal for home reconstruction after the 2015 earthquake. ISSB or CSEB is also applied in other countries as an alternative building material and technology to replace the use of fired bricks and concrete building blocks for housing. Reducing the use of cement in the materials and structures is important for environmental reasons, but in ISSB/CSEB the use of cement as a stabilizer cannot always be avoided. This is surely the case in areas where earthquakes, heavy storms and floods can occur. Although this paper focuses mainly on technical aspects of sustainable housing and construction, there is also a focus on social sustainability, meaning a strong involvement of local communities in the production of sustainable building materials for walls, newly developed construction technologies, and mutual house and facility construction.

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Han, Lim Chung, Abdul Karim Bin Mirasa, Ismail Saad, et al. "Use of Compressed Earth Bricks/Blocks in Load-Bearing Masonry Structural Systems: A Review." Materials Science Forum 997 (June 2020): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.997.9.

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Clay fired bricks are commonly encountered in the construction sector as infill between structural frames. This system has been favoured by builders due to familiarity, ease of manufacture, and they also do not require skilled labourers to erect. Produced from moulded clay and hardened by firing in a kiln, brick production is both energy intensive and high in CO2 emission. Fired bricks are typically held together by cement mortar at the bed and perpend joints which provide very minimal resistance against shearing or flexure. This meant brick walls often require additional wind posts or stiffeners to provide stability. Compressed earth masonry offers an alternative to the conventional brick walling system in that, besides having the advantages of conventional bricks, they also confer higher compressive strengths due to the high-pressure compaction manufacturing process. The high strength allows the system to be adapted into load-bearing masonry system for use in low-rise buildings as an alternative to the more expensive reinforced concrete or steel framing system. The high-pressure compaction process along with high quality moulds also give fair-faced finished to the bricks, allowing them to be used as facing bricks and eliminating the need for surface finishing such as plastering. Additionally, compressed bricks featuring interlocking key holes along the bed joints allows for simplified and faster wall erection process. This review paper aims to document the research progress thus far in adopting the compressed interlocking bricks as a sustainable alternative to current building materials.

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Olotuah, Albert Abiodun, Ayobami Margaret Olotuah, and Abiodun Olukayode Olotuah. "Use of innovative low carbon materials for sustainable energy-efficient housing in Nigeria." WEENTECH Proceedings in Energy 4, no. 2 (2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32438/wpe.10718.

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Sustainable energy-efficient housing is environmentally-conscious housing. Energy efficient houses consume less energy while maintaining or improving the comfort conditions of occupants. This paper examines low carbon initiatives in housing construction in Nigeria based on the use of stabilized soil blocks, solid interlocking blocks, and supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash, rice husk ash, palm oil fuel ash, and their various combinations in concrete production as low carbon materials. These are materials readily available in Nigeria and can be useful for sustainable housing construction. Their use is for the purpose of reducing embodied energy in construction of houses and reduction of operational energy in housing use. Owing to the poor state of energy generation and transmission in Nigeria energy efficiency measures are imperative to reduce the energy required in houses. The paper thus affirms the need to adopt energy efficiency strategies in housing in order to achieve eco-friendly and sustainable environment in Nigeria.

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Olofinnade, Oluwarotimi, Ayoyinka Morawo, Oluwatomisin Okedairo, and Boksun Kim. "Solid waste management in developing countries: Reusing of steel slag aggregate in eco-friendly interlocking concrete paving blocks production." Case Studies in Construction Materials 14 (June 2021): e00532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00532.

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Wekesa Nabangala, Andrew, Benson Githua Kimani, and Benard Isaac Nyakundi. "Innovative Farming and Building Materials from Recycled Plastics." Multidisciplinary Journal of Technical University of Mombasa 1, no. 2 (2021): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.48039/mjtum.v1i2.33.

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Despite the ban on use of plastic paper bags, large amounts of plastic litter still exist in our environment. Plastic bottles form a greater percentage of the litter. The growth of the consumer market for cosmetics and soft drinks which are usually packaged in plastic containers continues to give rise to plastic pollution. To maintain the quality of the environment while achieving sustainable development plastic litter could be viewed as raw and innovative materials for making new items. Plastics can be recycled and made into furniture, ornamental products, and building blocks among others. This paper describes how recycling plastic waste into products of plastic sheets and blocks is conducted for multi-purpose use. The resultant sheets and blocks can be designed to have slots and extensions on the edges such that they allow interlocking the same way concrete interlock blocks work. The sheets and blocks can be used to make furniture, office partitions, and interior design. The sheets for furniture making can be craftily decorated with beads while they are still in molten state to produce ornamental furniture. This can be achieved through arranging beads in molds before introducing the molten polymers into them. The plastic blocks and sheets can also be used to make swimming pools and fish ponds. Heating temperature and oxidation should however be monitored to prevent degradation of the polymers. The resultant products are durable, attractive and affordable.

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Kuckian, Sachin, and Aaqib Dalvi. "Strength Possibilities on Fly ash Based Interlock Pavers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 897 (April 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.897.12.

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Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement (ICBP) poses as the most suitable alternative to traditional pavement construction techniques. This is because of the increased advantages in countries wherein durability, and operational or environmental constraints limit the efficiency of the conventional process. The construction industry everywhere faces problems and significant challenges including manpower, quality of productivity, preservation of the environment, mass transportation, water management, raw materials, durability and design life of construction products, chemical resistance, etc. The increased expense on the raw materials for construction is the primary focus of the study. The study aims to search for suitable alternatives that would allow sustainable development. The study emphasizes on the rising costs of construction materials and the necessity to work towards sustainability, alternative construction techniques and materials. Indigenous production of interlocks with mineral admixtures raises the potential applicability of the interlock pavers. To enhance the strength property and keeping sustainability in point of view, fly ash is used as a mineral admixture and partially replaced with cement in various proportions like 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35%. Fourty eight interlock concrete paver blocks were cast and compressive strength for all specimens was calculated and later compared. A notable rise in the strength of the interlock pavers was observed at 15% and 20% replacement levels with fly ash. The optimum level for replacement was determined as 20% of the fly ash.

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Uygunoğlu, Tayfun, Ilker Bekir Topcu, Osman Gencel, and Witold Brostow. "The effect of fly ash content and types of aggregates on the properties of pre-fabricated concrete interlocking blocks (PCIBs)." Construction and Building Materials 30 (May 2012): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.020.

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Wang, Guojue, Yingmin Li, Nina Zheng, and Jason M. Ingham. "Testing and modelling the in-plane seismic response of clay brick masonry walls with boundary columns made of precast concrete interlocking blocks." Engineering Structures 131 (January 2017): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.10.035.

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Dedek, Kazawadi Papias, Mutuyimana Alphonse Marie Claude, and G. Senthil Kumaran. "Feasibility Study of Low Cost Concrete Products as an Appropriate Alternative Construction Material in the Rwandan Construction Industry." Advanced Materials Research 367 (October 2011): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.55.

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This study was carried out as an investigation into concrete products as an appropriate alternative for plastic, rubble stone and steel in the construction of domestic water tanks, door and window frames in the Rwandan construction industry. This project is an innovation aimed at adding value to the available resources of materials and personnel to expose untapped opportunities that are beneficial to the Rwandan community and the world in general through conservation of the environment and creation of employment. In a similar sense, this effort responds to the result of too much consumption of wood products in this rapidly growing infrastructure sector and calls for alternatives such as concrete in construction of door and window frames .In order to answer the research objectives, the researchers opted to observe, carry out demonstrations/ modeling, views of the end users of the product especially for water tanks. Data gathered from this research instrument were then computed and interpreted. Along with primary data, the researchers also made use of secondary resources in the form of published articles and literatures to support the survey results. Curved interlocking concrete blocks are affordable, environment friendly, labour intensive and use locally available materials, adoptable by both the rural and urban settings, uses local materials and uses local labour hence providing employment. At the end, these products were compared with conventional materials for their costs and maintenance. The results show promise as new construction material suitable for use in Rwanda. However, use of concrete for door and window frames is new to Rwanda and should further be investigated for adoptability.

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Hassani, Abolfazl, and S. Mohammad. "Seepage Analysis of Interlocking Concrete Block Pavements." Road Materials and Pavement Design 9, no. 2 (2008): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2008.9690119.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Concrete interlocking blocks'

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