Journal articles: 'Concrete water retaining structures'

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Kruglov, G. G., N. N. Linkevich, and O. V. Nemerovets. "Filtration Bypassing Retaining Hydraulic Structures." Science & Technique 19, no. 3 (June 5, 2020): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2020-19-3-252-257.

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Concrete dams that are part of river waterworks are integrated with earthworks or with banks using coastal abutments. If the soil of cost or earthen dam is permeable, then in the zone of contiguity water filtration occurs around the coastal abutment. Calculation of filtration bypassing the coastal abutment at specified water levels in the upper and lower pools is performed with the aim of constructing an encircling curve of depression and determining a gradient of filtration flow that controls the filtration strength of the soil beyond the abutment. This problem has no theoretical solutions – in view of its complexity, approximate calculation methods have been developed for individual calculation schemes. For the case when the soil behind the coastal abutment is homogeneous and isotropic, groundwater inflow from the coast is absent or insignificant and can be neglected, and the coastal abutment is located on a water bed and approximate methods by V. P. Nedrigi and R. R. Chugaeva are proposed in the paper. The experience of surveying a number of Belarusian hydropower stations has shown that the absence of a justified prediction pertaining to the position of groundwater levels beyond the estuary leads to a decrease in the strength and stability of the coastal abutment and its possible destruction. An experimental verification of the approximate method for calculation filtration bypassing the coastal abutment developed by R. R. Chugaev has been carried out in laboratory conditions. According to the obtained experience a depression curve encircling the abutment has been constructed which show good agreement between experimental and calculated data that allows to use this method for reasonable design of coastal abutment structures ensuring their reliable operation.

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Gao, Su Yang, Yan Chen, Yao Feng Xie, Wen Dong Lei, and Kai Yin. "Optimization of High Concrete Retaining Wall Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.597.

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The height of vertical pier retaining wall is relatively larger in regions with great height of water. As the retaining wall becomes higher, the cross-sectional area of ordinary gravity pier structure becomes larger and foundation strength needs to be larger, thus there are some restrictions for traditional structure form. This research focuses on new structure forms of high concrete retaining wall and its optimization design for piers in regions with great height of water. This study establishes a nonlinear constrained mathematical model of pier high retaining wall structures. The objective function is cross-sectional area of the pier retaining wall which is restricted by the stability, bearing capacity of foundation and strength of cross-section of retaining wall. This model is solved by fmincon function from Matlab and the results present an economically reasonable cross-section form. This new selection is greatly significant to improve the stability of high concrete retaining wall and reduce the project cost. The new structure is successfully used in a port of Huaihe River and it can be a solution to pier structure selection problem in regions with great height of water in the future.

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Mikhasek, Andrey, Maxim Rodionov, Margarita Litvinova, and Rinat Mingafin. "Overflowing phreatic dams built with the use of modern composite materials." MATEC Web of Conferences 196 (2018): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819604011.

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Costs and terms of hydroelectric complexes construction, of low pressure constructions in particular, can be significantly reduced by ensuring the safe passage of flood discharge through the crest of water-retaining structures. When water-retaining structures are made from soils, this condition can only be fulfilled by creating special fastenings of a crest and dam slopes from erosion. There is a large number of technical solutions for overflowing phreatic dams construction with the use of stone, concrete, reinforced concrete and metal. However, most of them have specific disadvantages. They are high materials consumption, labour input and expenses. These disadvantages, in our opinion, can be minimized by applying modern composite materials such as geosynthetic shells, concrete-filled textile floor-floor-mats and coarse-pored concrete. The paper describes structures of overflowing phreatic dams invented by the authors with the use of modern composite materials, as well as the results of model hydraulic studies of overflowing phreatic dams with a downstream slopes formed by geosynthetic shells.

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Qadir, Adnan, and Uneb Gazder. "Flexural and shear strengths of fiber modify lightweight aggregate concrete and its application in water-retaining structures." World Journal of Engineering 14, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-12-2016-0174.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the incorporation of lightweight aggregate concrete modify with fiber (LWACF) in water retaining structure. In developed countries LWACF is being successfully used as structural concrete; however, third-world countries such as Pakistan are still struggling to come up with the practical applications of lightweight concrete in the building and construction industry. One reason is because of the lack of reliable data regarding its performance as a structural member in the building and construction industry. Design/methodology/approach The present study inspected the flexural and shear tolerance of fiber-reinforced LWACF by testing six beam specimens’ cast, cured and tested after 28 days for the purpose. An overhead tank of 1,000-gallon capacity was also constructed to verify the application of LWACF by observing its water retention behavior. The experimental design included a mix design of concrete at a target strength of 21 MPa for control sample natural aggregate and for synthetic aggregate modified with polypropylene fibers. Compressive strengths of both categories of concrete were also determined by crushing the cylindrical samples at the age of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The cast beams were later subjected to the application of two-point loading test until failure. Findings It was found that the beams fabricated with LWACF possessed better resistance to cracks compared with those fabricated with normal weight concrete, both in terms of number and crack width. The study also concluded that the constructed water tank with LWACF was thermally efficient and structurally sound, as it showed no sign of seepage for the observed period. Originality/value On the basis of the results, it can be concluded that the LWACF used has revolutionized the concept of using lightweight aggregates in regular structures and that consequently it will help in a constructing a sustainable environment. One of the useful applications of such material is for water-retaining structures.

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Pontani, Nicola, Kateryna Oliynyk, and Claudio Tamagnini. "Fully-coupled analysis for the behaviour of flexible retaining structures under seismic conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019501024.

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The study concerns the analysis of the behaviour of two propped reinforced-concrete diaphragm walls in coarse sand under seismic conditions. Fully-coupled dynamic equilibrium and pore water flow under unsaturated conditions for the soil have been taken into account, in order to assess the effects that the development of excess pore water pressures can have on the performance of such structures when dynamic conditions occur. The von Wolffersdorff hypoplastic model and the van Genuchten soil-water retention model have been used to describe the mechanical and retention behaviour of the sand. The Finite Element predictions of the soil and retaining structure behaviour show a significant dependence of the seismic performance of the structure – evaluated in terms of permanent displacements and structural loads, in view of the modern performance-based design criteria – on the excess pore pressures developed in the soil during the seismic shaking, even when dynamic liquefaction does not occur.

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Angelucci, Matteo. "Concrete hydration temperatures for the design of crack-width reinforcement in concrete water-retaining structures – design values versus in-situ values." MATEC Web of Conferences 199 (2018): 11014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819911014.

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Cracking in concrete can occur due to temperature changes at early ages and exposure to ambient temperature changes in the long term. Design codes and standards allow engineers to design for cracking by quantifying the effects of thermal variations into outputs such as limiting crack widths and reinforcement configurations. Design values given in these codes are however not fully understood by many users, may not be representative of recent developments in concrete materials technology and can potentially result in over-conservative designs. In this paper, concrete hydration temperatures were measured on site using a Thermocouple Data Logger and compared to values used in the project-specific design with the intention of providing a basis on which a database of temperatures representative of mixes commonly used in the South African industry may be compiled. Findings revealed that measured temperature values were around 30 – 50% lower than those given in design codes. Among the reasons identified for this is the fact that readily used design codes for crack-width design of water-retaining concrete structures in South Africa were compiled with data obtained from the use of 42.5 N cements, which may well have been quite different from the now more modern and readily available 52.5 N cements. Furthermore, design codes focus extensively on factors like binder content, binder type and formwork type, while the effects of other factors such as coarse aggregate type, coarse aggregate nominal size and construction sequence (which also play a significant role) are not quantified in the selection process of temperature values. Recommendations for further studies are made which aim to incorporate a wider variety of factors that affect development of thermal properties of concrete. This can allow members of the project team (engineer, contractor) to act during the relevant stages of design/construction of a project to mitigate thermal effects that can incur unwanted cracking.

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Alsahaf, Nibras Ali, Asaad Mohammed Al Gharaawyi, Layth Abdul Rasool Al Asadi, Qusay A. Jabal, and Mohammed Abbas Al-Jumaili. "Improvement of Quality of Concrete and Reducing Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement by Using Polypropylene Fibers, Styrene-Butadiene Rubber, and Integral Waterproofing Admixture." Key Engineering Materials 895 (August 3, 2021): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.895.68.

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Reinforced concrete foundation, rigid pavements, and other structural members with attachment with ground or salty water like piers or retaining walls and others, subjected to chloride and sulfate salts attacks and that leads to damaging the structures or at least reduce durability, some concrete admixtures like waterproofing admixtures or polymers reduce permeability and increase mechanical properties and also durability. This research aims to improve the quality of concrete and reducing corrosion of steel reinforcement by using integral waterproofing admixture, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and polypropylene fibers. mechanical properties such as compressive, flexural strength highly improved in this study. The reduction of weight of steel reinforcement by subjecting reinforced concrete specimens to chloride water (6% concentration) was 2.61 % for ordinary reinforced concrete and by using waterproof –polymer concrete with poly fibers, the reduction was less and its value was 0.93% and that was for 6 months’ exposure, and for 1-year exposure, the reduction in steel reinforcement weight was 4.72% for ordinary concrete and 1.4% for waterproof concrete.

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Aniskin, Nikolai A., and Alexey M. Shaytanov. "Low-cement concrete dams: construction, structures and innovations." Vestnik MGSU, no. 7 (July 2020): 1018–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2020.7.1018-1029.

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Introduction. Low-cement concrete dams are water-retaining structures frequently used in modern hydraulic engineering. The number of facilities of this type goes up every year due to their simple design, speedy construction and high economic efficiency. However, a number of problems may arise in the construction and operation of such facilities. In particular, reduced strength and water permeability of interlayer joints may constitute a problem. Temperature effects arising in the course of construction and operation may cause additional deformation of their structure, changes in their stress-strain state, opening of existing cracks and further cracking. The study of the design experience, building and operation of dams made of low-cement concrete will lay the groundwork for the development of similar structures and defect elimination methods. It will also provide an opportunity to learn more about thebehaviour of structures exposed to various conditions, including climatic ones. Materials and methods. Data on existing dams made of low-cement concrete, research articles, technical reports and conference proceedings, including those issued by the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD), have been collected and analyzed. Results. The comparative analysis of designs of dams in operation and future-oriented solutions is performed. The co-authors have demonstrated the need for an integrated approach to solving temperature cracking problems by using filtration through the dam body. Conclusions. The results can be used as the basis for further detailed studies. The comparative analysis of traditional and innovative waterproofing liners will help to effectively choose the protection solution for an upstream face of a facility. New forecasting methods and recommendations aimed at the reduction of negative temperature effects on the operation of facilities can solve the temperature cracking problem.

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Levkevich, Viktor, Aleksandr Buzuk, Ivan Kirvel, and Sergey Parfomuk. "Deformations of upper soil slopes of retaining structures and shores with violated reinforced concrete fastening in riverbed reservoirs in Belarus." Limnological Review 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2021-0003.

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Abstract The conditions of wind waves influence on the ground upper soil slopes of retaining structures and natural shores that are fixed in the form of reinforced concrete fastening with deformations are considered. The results of modeling the regime of intra-water currents and field surveys of artificial water bodies are shown. A criterion for assessing the stability of ground slopes and coastal slopes with reinforced concrete fastening with a broken structure is proposed and the conditions for its applicability are determined. Measures for engineering protection of the reservoir shores are proposed via using a criterion for the stability of fixed slopes Пк. It is assumed that at Пк ≥ 1 the slope profile with fastening plates deformed during operation acquires the contour of the dynamic equilibrium profile adopted for the calculated type of soil as a result of the destruction of the slope by waves.

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Golgota, Alma, and Boriana Vrusho. "Aggregate Impact of the Country in Concrete Durability, that Works in Normal Environmental Conditions." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i1.p315-325.

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Production and use of durable concrete in reinforced concrete structures is a necessity in our country. In this article it was treated as affecting the characteristics of aggregates in durable concrete production, when they work in normal environmental conditions . To achieve this goal have produced concrete of class C35 / 45 with aggregate taken in careers mountain and river. The other components are the same in mix design concrete. Water-cement ratio is 0.5 and 0:35 realized. Comparisons are made of the resistance to compression and water penetration. Cubes of concrete had been produced and treated in terms shipyard. There have been comparisons of results and following. Today in Durres, even wider, buildings constructed with durable concrete are very few in now days. Geological studies show that the soil in foundation has low retaining capacity for this city due to high friction angle. This is also one of the other factors that Seismicity of the area is very high, up to level 9 ball of Rihter. The purpose of this article is the production of durable concrete with low permeability of water. The project is constructed in our country and in particular in Durres where groundwater level is higher and the use of space efficiently needs to build parking with underground floor.

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Lee, Sang Ho, Hee Bum Pyun, Chae Sung Gee, and Jong Bin Park. "Development of Environmental-Friendly Water-Retentive Asphalt and its Characteristics." Materials Science Forum 620-622 (April 2009): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.201.

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Urban area may be warmer than surrounding regions due to asphalt and concrete for roads, buildings, and other artificial structures. Especially, pavements have become an important contributor to this effect by altering land-cover over significant portions of an urban area. Therefore, researchers have studied ways to reduce the heat island effect such as cooling pavement, porous pavements such as water-retentive or water absorbing pavements. Accordingly, this study aims at the development of water-retention asphalt pavement for urban areas in order to solve problems related to the distortion of water cycle and the heat island phenomena. Experimental results indicated that asphalt pavement using developed water retaining material was effective to decrease its surface temperature compare to other pavements. A correlation between air temperature and surface temperature of the pavement was obtained to estimate the efficiency of the developed pavement materials.

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Pyun, Hee Bum, Ree Ho Kim, Sang Ho Lee, and Jong Bin Park. "Study on Thermal Environmental Characteristics of Water-Retentive Asphalt Pavement." Materials Science Forum 658 (July 2010): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.658.264.

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Urban area may be warmer than surrounding regions due to asphalt and concrete for roads, buildings, and other artificial structures. Especially, pavements have become an important contributor to this effect by altering land-cover over significant portions of an urban area. Therefore, researchers have studied ways to reduce the heat island effect such as cooling pavement, porous pavements such as water-retentive or water absorbing pavements. Accordingly, this study aims at the development of water-retention asphalt pavement for urban areas in order to solve problems related to the distortion of water cycle and the heat island phenomena. Experimental results indicated that asphalt pavement using developed water retaining material was effective to decrease its surface temperature compare to other pavements. A correlation between air temperature and surface temperature of the pavement was obtained to estimate the efficiency of the developed pavement materials.

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Whiting, Nancy M., and Mark B. Snyder. "Effectiveness of Portland Cement Concrete Curing Compounds." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1834, no. 1 (January 2003): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1834-08.

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Many different spray-on compounds are available for curing concrete, including newer products that are intended to address the environmental concerns associated with high volatile organic compound (VOC) contents. A laboratory study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of different types of curing compounds in retaining water for hydration, promoting concrete strength, and reducing permeability, relative to classic curing techniques such as plastic sheeting and ponding and relative to the use of no curing treatment. Comparisons of moisture loss, compressive strength, permeability, and capillary porosity were made for samples representing three high-VOC curing compounds, three low-VOC curing compounds, water curing, and plastic-sheet curing, and for samples with no curing treatment after 3 days and 28 days of curing. The performance of the six compounds tested varied greatly, but none of the compounds performed as well as the samples cured with water or plastic sheeting. All compounds performed better than samples with no curing treatment.

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Levkevich, V. E. "Slope Protection Structures at Water Reservoirs in Belarus and Causes of their Deformations." Science & Technique 17, no. 6 (December 13, 2018): 478–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2018-17-6-478-488.

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Assessment of the current state in respect of various bank stabilization with identification of causes of their destruction and deformation scale has been carried out on the basis of the survey pertaining to coastal protection structures in more than 100 reservoirs of the country. The paper presents results of field observations on bank slope protection structures which are used at water reservoirs in Belarus. It has been established that the most common protection of banks and slopes is strengthening in the form of reinforced concrete monolithic or prefabricated slabs. It has been determined that deformations of slope protection are represented by opening of tile-to-tile construction, temperature and settlement joints (it has been recorded opening width of 0.35 m) which develop under a complex impact of wind waves, fluctuations in levels and other factors. Subsequently deformations of exposed joints lead to destruction of the protection. Value of slope deformations reaches in some cases rather significant extent: linear processing (destruction) of slopes – up to 24.20 m; volume of erosion – up to 4.25 m3/m running. Physical modeling of slope deformations carried out at a hydro-technical laboratory of the Belarusian National Technical University while using models of ground retaining structures protected by reinforced concrete strengthening with various opening width of joints has allowed to determine dynamics and scope of slope deformations due to the influence of wave and level regimes having various parameters. Data of on-site investigations on protection have made it possible to assess the state of slope paving for various operational periods of retaining structures. The paper presents reasons and factors that affect the protection stability. The results of on-site and laboratory investigations on protection stability have permitted to determine that the following reasons influence on the development of deformations: presence of objective inaccuracies and assumptions in the accepted calculated design schemes and dependencies for determination of protection parameters; lack of completeness in registration of conditions for wave formation and level regime of reservoirs; initial data and survey materials do not always provide true information about ground conditions for construction of bank protection facility; technological deviations while constructing structures and their protection. It has been ascertained that one of the characteristics determining a dynamic stability of banks and slopes in structures under conditions of the reservoirs in Belarus along with the above reasons is a composition of the eroded soil characterized, in particular, by a inhomogeneity coefficient of loose soil. A self-pavement effect identified during the study of protection stability and formed during destruction of a bank composed of loose soils with increased heterogeneity has made it possible to propose a method for protecting slopes and banks. On-site investigations and laboratory experiments have permitted to obtain empirical relationships for calculation of dynamic equilibrium profile with self-pavement of two types. The paper provides a calculation for combined slope protection consisting of rockfill and synthetic filter materials of increased strength.

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Snoeck, Didier. "Superabsorbent polymers to seal and heal cracks in cementitious materials." RILEM Technical Letters 3 (November 15, 2018): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2018.64.

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Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are promising admixtures to improve properties in cementitious materials. Not only useful to mitigate autogenous shrinkage and to increase the freeze-thaw resistance, SAP particles may enhance self-sealing and self-healing in cementitious materials. The self-sealing leads to a regain in water tightness and promoted autogenous healing may prove to be useful to limit repair works caused by concrete cracking. By providing sufficient building blocks for healing, limiting the crack width by means of synthetic microfibers and inducing water by means of SAPs, a smart cementitious material is obtained. This material can be an excellent material to use in future building applications such as tunnel works and ground-retaining structures. This paper gives an overview of the current status of the research on SAPs in cementitious materials to obtain sealing and healing.

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Arun Kumar, H. R., and B. Shivakumaraswamy. "Experimental Investigation of Flow and Mechanical Properties of Fibrofor Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 8, no. 2 (May 5, 2019): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2019.8.2.1146.

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Self Compacting Concrete is a material used in the construction that has excellent deformability in the fresh state and high resistance of segregation, and can be replaced and compacted under its self-weight without applying vibration which leads to substantial advantages related to better homogeneity, enhancement of working environment and improvement in the productivity by increasing the speed of construction. Concrete can be formulated with high compressive strength but always has lower tensile strength. Tensile strength and other properties of concrete can be enhanced by adding fibers due to which the workability of concrete mix reduces and in order to achieve the desired Workability super-plasticizers is added. In the present work the use of fibrofor fiber in the production of self-compacting concrete (SCC) has been studied to identify how fresh and hardened properties of SCC are affected by the addition of fibers. The fibrofor fiber of 19mm standard length is incorporated into the SCC mixtures as 0.5kg/m3, 1.0kg/m3, 1.5kg/m3of concrete. Test on fresh SCC like slump Flow test, T50, V-Funnel test, J-Ring slump test and L-Box test were performed for an understanding of flow of SCC and tests on hardened properties like flexural strength, compressive strength and split tensile strength have been conducted to identify the hardened properties of SCC produced with fibrofor fiber. A comparative study between plain concrete, SCC without fiber and SCC with fiber has been done. Mix design for M40 grade concrete has been done according to EFNARC guidelines. The results reveal that the use of fibro for fiber decreases the workability but increases the mechanical properties of SCC. The optimum volume fraction of fibrofor fiber is determined as 1kg/m3 considering the optimized flexural strength and split tensile strength based properties of SCC. Due to increase in strength properties of fiber reinforced SCC that can be used for pavement construction and various other structures such as buildings, water retaining structures, reservoir structures and tunnel etc.

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Karvekar, Asst Prof A. V. "Comparative Analysis & Design of Elevated Storage Reservoir (ESR) By Manually & Software." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 1006–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38108.

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Abstract: Water tanks are important public utility and industrial structure. The design and construction method used in reinforced concrete are influenced by the prevailing construction practices ,the physical property of the material and the climatic conditions water tanks are classified on the basis of their shape and position of structure storage reservoirs and overhead tank are used to store water all tanks are designed as crack free structure to eliminate any leakage . The principle objective of this project is to plan, analysis and design a circular overhead tank of 750lakh litters capacity. In this project all structural elements of circular water tank are analysed and design by using manually and ETAB software . this project giuesin brief ,The theory behind the design of liquid retaining structures (Elevated circular water tank ) using limit state method with reference to IS: 3370 (2009)and IS456:2000 The behaviour of structure for the parameters like story drift ,displacement stiffness ,deflection ,storey shear ,base shear , area of steel ,for circular water tank are studied on ETAB software and then comparison of the results is made between manually design By this study we say that the circular water tank analysis and design on ETAB software is more economical and safe than manually design of water tank. Keywords: Circular water tank , Seismic pressure, Population Forcasting, Limit state method ,working stress method , ETAB .

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Ito, Yoko, Yuya Sakai, Rie Makiura, Seunghyun Na, and Taro Toyota. "Direct causality between film formation and water-retaining effect of surfactant-based film-forming curing compound for concrete." Journal of Building Engineering 43 (November 2021): 102930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102930.

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Yao, Jia-Liang, Zhen-Quan Wang, and Dong-Han Tang. "Development and Application of Water-Saving and Moisture-Retaining Membrane Made from Controllable High Polymer Materials for Concrete Curing." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 33, no. 1 (February 2019): 04018104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001261.

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Dozzi, P., J. Warwaruk, and B. Laviolette. "Thin unreinforced concrete house foundation walls." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 3 (June 1, 1992): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-047.

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The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of building residential basement foundation walls of unreinforced concrete thinner than the conventional 200 mm thick wall. The thin-wall foundation should require no special engineering attention, and should be acceptable as a standard to the industry.The study comprised a literature search, building code review, and a feasibility analysis which included technical and cost considerations. Additionally, an industry perspective was obtained through interviews with house builders and contractors specializing in residential basement work.Key issues were determined to be strength, quality control, construction methods and tolerances, cost savings, and market acceptance. As thickness decreases, strength is sacrificed, and the negative effect of axial eccentricity increases, particularly for foundation walls supporting brick veneer. Quality control, particularly in respect of concrete strength and water-to-cement ratios, is important from the perspective of maintaining bending capacities. Some construction methods, for example, cast-in-place joist or the use of nailing ladders, make pouring concrete more difficult in thinner walls. Cost savings and market acceptance are linked, and though costs can be reduced, it may be difficult to influence buyers to break from the traditional 200 mm wall in favour of a thinner one.Consideration of the issues led to the determination of 150 mm as the optimum reduced thickness for an unreinforced 2400 mm high foundation wall. A basement wall of 150 mm thickness and 20 MPa concrete strength supporting a house with brick veneer would be capable of retaining 1500 mm of backfill material. The same wall supporting a house without brick veneer would be capable of retaining 1800 mm of backfill. The cost of the 150 mm thick wall would be in the order of $600 less than that of the conventional 200 mm wall, and those savings could be passed on to the consumer.Technical analysis was based on equivalent fluid pressures and indicated that the 150 mm foundation wall would be suitable for use with clean sand and gravel backfill material. For walls backfilled with soils other than clean sand and gravel, it was found that the theoretical maximum backfill heights for both 150 and 200 mm walls are substantially less than those presently specified in Table 9.15.4.A of the National Building Code. The practice of backfilling with stable native soils (which are characterized by significantly higher equivalent fluid pressures) is common and house foundations have performed well under those conditions. The study therefore concluded that either the accepted values for equivalent fluid pressures or the assumed triangular distribution of lateral soil pressures are in question. Key words: foundations, concrete, residential buildings, houses, soil pressures, lateral pressures, unreinforced concrete walls.

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Hatami, Kianoosh, Jaime E. Granados, Danial Esmaili, and Gerald A. Miller. "Reinforcement Pullout Capacity in Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls with Marginal-Quality Soils." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2363, no. 1 (January 2013): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2363-08.

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Pullout capacity of geotextile reinforcement is an important consideration in the analysis of internal stability of reinforced soil structures, especially those constructed with marginal soils. Precipitation, ground water infiltration, and seasonal variations of water content during the construction process or service life of the structure could result in significant reductions in the matric suction and lead to a reduction in the strength of the soil–geotextile interface. Consequently, the reinforced soil structure may experience unacceptable deformations or even failure during its construction or postconstruction periods. The loss of matric suction in the soil influences both the shear strength of the soil and the soil–reinforcement interface. However, the focus of this study was merely on the latter. Nine pullout tests and 18 interface shear tests were performed to measure the pullout resistance of a reinforcement geotextile in a marginal soil that was compacted at different gravimetric water contents (GWCs). The marginal soil was selected to meet the limiting requirements of the National Concrete Masonry Association guidelines for segmental retaining walls with respect to fines content, gradation, and plasticity. The range of GWC values investigated varied from the dry to the wet side of the optimum moisture content of the soil. The matric suction in the soil was measured to evaluate its influence on the soil–reinforcement interface shear strength. A moisture reduction factor is proposed to account for the reduction in the soil–geotextile interface strength as a result of the loss in matric suction.

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Jowitt, Simon. "Renovation techniques — water-retaining structures." Construction and Building Materials 7, no. 3 (September 1993): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(93)90055-h.

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Navrátil, Jaroslav, and Radim Čajka. "Crack Control in Reinforced Concrete Liquid Retaining Structures." Materials Science Forum 893 (March 2017): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.893.410.

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The paper deals with the calculation and assessment of the crack width and crack resistance of reinforced concrete tanks for liquids and containers according to Eurocode. Detailed analysis of the provisions of EN 1992-3 related to the calculation of cracks is made. The interpretation of code provisions used in IDEA StatiCa software is explained. Comparative calculations are executed for standard reinforced concrete and fiber concrete cross-sections.

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Rubin, Oleg D., Sergey E. Lisichkin, and Fedor A. Pashchenko. "Results of experimental researches of reinforced concrete retaining walls." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 16, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2020-16-2-152-160.

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Relevance. Hydroelectric facilities include reinforced concrete retaining walls. They are intended to protect the main structures from the collapse and sliding of soil massifs. Retaining walls are characterized by significant size, relatively low content of reinforcement, the presence of horizontal interblock seams, which considerably affects the features of the work and the state of retaining walls. The normative documents that were in force during the design and construction of most retaining walls (the second half of the last century) did not fully take into account the features of the retaining walls, as a result of which long-term operation revealed deviations from the design premises, including excessive displacement of the top of the walls, the disclosure of horizontal interblock joints, which exceeded the design values. In a number of cases, reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls were reinforced in areas of interblock joints. The aim of the work is to conduct experimental studies of reinforced concrete retaining walls, including taking into account their reinforcement by inclined reinforcing bars. Methods. The technique of experimental studies of hydraulic engineering reinforced concrete structures was applied in accordance with regulatory documents and the developed program of experimental studies of reinforced concrete retaining walls. The results obtained showed the opening of horizontal interblock joints, the formation of inclined cracks emerging from the joints. An increase in the strength of reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls and a decrease in their deformability due to reinforcement by inclined rods in the area of the interblock weld were recorded.

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Konstandakopoulou, Foteini, Maria Tsimirika, Nikos Pnevmatikos, and George D. Hatzigeorgiou. "Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls Designed According to European Provisions." Infrastructures 5, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5060046.

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Reinforced concrete retaining walls are concrete structures that are built to retain natural soil or fill earth. This study examines the lower cost-optimized design of retaining walls. Recently, a large number of modern optimization techniques were published, but a small number of them were proposed for reinforced concrete retaining walls. The proposed method develops a heuristic optimization approach to achieve the optimal design of these structures. This method simultaneously satisfies all structural, geotechnical, and European Code design restraints while decreasing the total cost of these structures. In order to confirm the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method, characteristic retaining wall examples are demonstrated. Furthermore, the parametric investigation is examined to study the result of pertinent parameters on the minimum-cost static and seismic design of retaining structures.

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Saliba, Nicolas, and Ladislav Bartuška. "Possible repair methods of concrete retaining wall." Transport and Communications 1, no. 1 (2013): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/tac.c.2013.1.6.

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This document gives instruction and information about remediation of transport retaining walls. Concrete and reinforced concrete retaining walls in terms of proposal and workmanship in comparison with many other structures can be considered less demanding. Unfortunately, this fact does not apply every time and we have to solve compromise proposals for remediation. Calculation of load would also not be problematic even for a less ambitious structural engineer. Also, design principles, and most simple form should not bother anyone. The ways of remediation described in this article can be applied to other concrete structures, whether they are retaining walls and noise barriers along roads or railways.

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Tadanier, Roman, and Owen G. Ingles. "Soil Security Test for Water Retaining Structures." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 111, no. 3 (March 1985): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1985)111:3(289).

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Rubin, Oleg D., Sergey E. Lisichkin, and Fedor A. Pashenko. "Development of a method for calculating the stress state in horizontal sections of hydraulic engineering angular-type retaining walls." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 15, no. 5 (December 15, 2019): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2019-15-5-339-344.

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Angular retaining walls are widespread in hydraulic engineering. They are characterized by large dimensions, small percentages of reinforcement, block cutting along the height of the structure. The bulk of the existing retaining walls were built in the 1960s-1980s. The regulatory documents that were in force during this period had certain shortcomings that caused the non-design behavior of a number of retaining walls. Improvement of calculation methods for reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls is required, within the framework of which a more complete account of the characteristic features of their behavior is needed. The aim of the work is to improve methods for calculating reinforced concrete retaining walls of a corner type. Methods of research carried out to improve the calculation of reinforced concrete retaining walls of the corner type included, among others, the classical methods of resistance of materials, the theory of elasticity, and structural mechanics. To determine the actual stress-strain state of the natural structures of retaining walls, visual and instrumental methods for examining retaining walls were used, including the method of unloading reinforcement. Results. To determine the stress state in the elements of the reinforced concrete structure of the retaining wall (in concrete and in reinforcement), a methodology was developed for calculating the stress state of retaining walls, which allows to determine the components of the stress state (stress in concrete in the compressed zone, as well as stress in stretched and compressed reinforcement) in horizontal sections of the vertical cantilever part of the retaining walls.

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LISICHKIN, S. E., O. D. RUBIN, F. A. PASHCHENKO, and N. S. KHARKOV. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHOD OF CALCULATING THE STRESS-STATE AND STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES OF HYDRAULIC CORNER RETAINING WALLS WITH INTER-BLOCK JOINTS TAKING." Prirodoobustrojstvo, no. 3 (2021): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2021-3-62-69.

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Corner retaining walls are one of the most common structures of waterworks. Most of them were designed and built several decades ago and have been in operation for a long time. In some cases, there is a deviation from the design prerequisites and the strengthening of reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls is required. The main reason for these deviations is incomplete consideration of the characteristic features of retaining wall structures (including horizontal inter-block joints and secondary inclined cracks), as well as the nature of the loads acting on them. As a result, design horizontal transverse reinforcement is practically not installed in retaining walls that is not required by calculation based on traditional calculation methods.Traditional reinforcement schemes for retaining walls do not provide for the presence of horizontal inter-block joints and horizontal transverse reinforcement. As a result of the research carried out,the method for calculating the stress-strain state and strength of reinforced concrete structures of corner retaining walls with inter-block joints has been improved taking into account secondary stresses. Reinforcement schemes for retaining walls have also been improved.

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Ahmed, Ashraf A., Salissou Moutari, and Lukumon Oyedele. "Stochastic analysis of seepage under water-retaining structures." Dams and Reservoirs 26, no. 3 (December 2016): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jdare.15.00020.

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Calle, E. O. F., H. Best, J. B. Sellmeijer, and J. Weijers. "Probabilistic analysis of piping underneath water retaining structures." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 28, no. 6 (November 1991): A385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(91)91563-7.

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Pashchenko, Fedor A. "Experimental-theoretical studies of hydrotechnical angular-type retaining walls." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 17, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2021-17-1-82-91.

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Relevance. Retaining walls are common structures that are part of waterworks. They have the characteristic features of hydraulic structures, such as large dimensions, low percentages of reinforcement (up to 1.0%), horizontal interblock joints. The listed features determine the nature of the work and the stress-strain state of the retaining walls. The main loads on the rear faces of the retaining walls are loads from the action of the backfill soil. The incomplete consideration of the design features and the nature of the loads action in the design of a number of retaining walls that are in the stage of long-term operation has caused the need to strengthen them. One of the reinforcement methods was to install reinforcement rods in drilled inclined holes in the zones of horizontal interblock joints. It was necessary to conduct experimental studies of reinforced concrete retaining walls under the action of various loads, in particular conside- ring the reinforcement by inclined rods. The aim of the experimental research was to study the effect of variable load on the stress-strain state of these structures, among others with due regard to inclined reinforcement installed in the zones of horizontal interblock joints. When solving the set tasks, proven experimental methods of researching reinforced concrete structures of hydrotechnical structures were used. Results. Experimental data from the study of models of retaining walls, including those with reinforcement by inclined reinforcement, at different locations of the resultant load on rear faces of models were obtained. An experimental substantiation of the reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls with an inclined reinforcement crossing horizontal construction joints has been carried out.

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Fishman, Yu A. "Stability of concrete retaining structures and their interface with rock foundations." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 46, no. 6 (September 2009): 957–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.05.006.

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Nikolaev, V. B., S. Ya Gun, S. E. Lisichkin, and O. B. Lyapin. "Strength of reinforced-concrete retaining walls." Hydrotechnical Construction 22, no. 10 (October 1988): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01429034.

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Zyuzina, Oksana V. "Experimental studies of reinforced concrete structures of hydraulic structures strengthened with prestressed transverse reinforcement." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 16, no. 6 (December 15, 2020): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2020-16-6-504-512.

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Relevance. When repairing hydraulic structures, it is often necessary to face the task of strengthening them. Among the methods of strengthening retaining structures, the most interesting are those that allow to immediately include reinforcement elements in joint work with the structure and carry out work without removing the backfill soil from the rear edge. When choosing repair materials, attention should be paid to corrosion-resistant composite materials, the use of which in hydraulic engineering is not yet standardized, but the scope of their application is expanding every year. The main aim of experimental research is to strengthen the reinforced concrete structures of hydraulic structures, including those with interblock construction joints and transverse cracks, using prestressed transverse reinforcement. Methods. The investigations were carried out on a reinforced concrete model of a beam type reinforced with prestressed transverse reinforcement in the zone of inclined cracks formation. The model was made taking into account the typical tasks encountered during the repair of long-term operating retaining hydraulic structures with open seams and cracks, insufficient transverse reinforcement, low reinforcement coefficient, and initial deflection. Results. The task of strengthening a special reinforced concrete model using prestressed transverse reinforcement was realized. Experimental data were obtained on the nature of deformation and destruction, the opening of interblock construction joints and cracks, and the stresses in the reinforcement. Recommendations are given for strengthening the operated low-reinforced concrete structures of hydraulic structures with interblock construction joints with prestressed reinforcement.

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Yang, Taeseon, Jongki Jeong, Junhee Seo, and Seungcheol Baek. "The Evaluation Applying Limit State Method for the Concrete Retaining Wall Structures." Journal of the Korean Geoenvironmental Society 15, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14481/jkges.2014.15.7.59.

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Kayabekir, Aylin Ece, Zülal Akbay Arama, Gebrail Bekdaş, and İlknur Dalyan. "L-shaped reinforced concrete retaining wall design: cost and sizing optimization." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 6, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2020.03.005.

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In the context of this study, the design of L-shaped reinforced concrete retaining walls have been scrutinized parametrically depending on the simultaneous analysis of cost and sizing with the use of a recent optimization algorithm. The differences and restrictions of L-shaped reinforced concrete retaining wall design than classical T-shaped walls have been also discussed. The foundation width and the thickness of the wall required for a safe design has been also investigated according to the change of excavation depth, the type of soil dominating field and the external loading conditions. The observed results from optimization analyses shows that the variation of the shear strength angle is the most significant soil geotechnical parameter for supplying an envisaged safe design against sliding, overturning and adequate bearing capacity. Concurrently, the excavation depth is the most important factor that is forming the necessity of the construction of the retaining structure and optimal dimension evaluation. It is also proved that the wall foundation width is the most effected dimension of the retaining structures by the change of design parameters and the cost difference is directly influenced by the change of sizing. A cost-effective wall design can be performed with the use of proposed optimization analysis is capable in a shorter time than the traditional methods. Eventually, it has shown that such optimization methods may be useful to find the optimal design requirements for geotechnical engineering structures.

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Griffiths, D. V., and Gordon A. Fenton. "Seepage beneath water retaining structures founded on spatially random soil." Géotechnique 43, no. 4 (December 1993): 577–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.1993.43.4.577.

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Chau, K. W., and F. Albermani. "Expert system application on preliminary design of water retaining structures." Expert Systems with Applications 22, no. 2 (February 2002): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0957-4174(01)00053-7.

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Rubin, O. D., O. B. Lyapin, and V. E. Ni. "Reinforcement of in-service retaining structures." Hydrotechnical Construction 23, no. 12 (December 1989): 720–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01440340.

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Zakrzewska, Aleksandra, and Jacek Korentz. "Numerical Analysis of Structural and Material Solutions for Selected Retaining Walls." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2020-0012.

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AbstractDesigning retaining structures depends on many factors, primarily the function of the retaining structure and soil conditions. It is not easy to choose the right retaining structure due to the great variety of their structural and material solutions. Preliminary numerical analyses in this case can be very useful. This article presents the results of numerical analyses of the behaviour of retaining structures and soil for various structural and material solutions as well as defined soil and water conditions. Six variants of retaining structures were analysed, in which the type of retaining walls, the materials used and the height of the walls were varied. The assessment was done basing on maps of stress and displacement of the retaining structure and soil. An additional factor in the selection of retaining structures are costs, durability and lead time. The finite element method allows the analysis of the behaviour of the structure - soil system. It enables comparison of various construction variants at the design stage and selection of the best solution in given soil and water conditions for the set selection criteria.

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Grube, H., and W. Rechenberg. "Durability of concrete structures in acidic water." Cement and Concrete Research 19, no. 5 (September 1989): 783–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(89)90049-5.

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Seo, Hyungjoon. "Tilt mapping for zigzag-shaped concrete panel in retaining structure using terrestrial laser scanning." Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring 11, no. 4 (May 5, 2021): 851–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13349-021-00484-x.

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AbstractTraditional monitoring systems are not able to monitor the global behavior of large retaining structures, and terrestrial laser scanning was performed for monitoring a retaining structure for this paper. The three-dimensional point cloud was obtained by scanning at seven locations with seven reference targets to cover the retaining structure having 180 m length and 25 m high. To evaluate the long-term behavior of the retaining structure, point clouds obtained by performing eight laser scanning at the same locations over 4 years were compared with each other. In this paper, the tilt mapping method was applied to define the global behavior of the entire retaining structure. The P2P-TA (Plane-to-Plane-Tilt Angle) comparison method was used to calculate the tilt angle by comparing the normal vectors of the planes created by the point clouds, because simple comparison methods are not able to be applied to compare points clouds of zigzag-shaped concrete panels. A laboratory test was conducted to determine the applicability of laser scanning and P2P-TA analysis, and the error range was conservatively set to 0.15°. The results of laser scanning and P2P-TA analysis applied to 231 concrete panels are shown in the tilt mapping of the retaining structure. The differential tilt angle was significantly increased every year at the bottom of the concrete panel adjacent to the tunnel. It can be seen that the concrete panel having a large differential tilt angle affects the differential tilt angles of others, because it is linked to other concrete panels.

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Wang, Qin, Chong Zhi Li, Jun Chao Liu, and Mo Yi Xu. "Study and Application of a Modified Agent GHPC-1 for Green High-Performance Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1955–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1955.

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A modified agent GHPC-1 for green high-performance concrete was composed of the strength-increasing groups of organic alcohol amine, the slump-retaining groups of carboxylate polymer and the workability-stabilizing groups of amide. It could be used through substituting some of polycarboxylate water-reducers or combining with polycarboxylate water-reducers to modify the workability of fresh concrete and to increase the strength of hardened concrete. The adaptability tests of cementing materials with admixtures show that the dispersing ability was almost not influenced but the retaining ability of paste flowing was evidently enhanced if the substitution of polycarboxylate water-reducers have been to 20 %. The comparative tests of concrete indicated that as 20 % content of GHPC-1 was added in polycarboxylate water-reducers, it could modify the concrete workability. If adding 0.6 % with polycarboxylate water-reducers it could save water by 5 % and cement 10 % and simultaneously modify the workability and to enhance the strength, or to reduce water by 2.5 % and increase the strength of 28 d by 5~8 MPa.

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Bezerra, João Vitor de Almeida, Tiago Gripp Mota, Horasa Maria Lima da Silva Andrade, Luciano Pires de Andrade, and Ricardo Brauer Vigoderis. "Comparative study of retaining walls aiming to optimize carbon footprint." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2020.001.0040.

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Urban areas are commonly developed with inadequate planning, which can lead to communities settling in unstable locations, creating a need to either relocate these settlements to more appropriate places, or to stabilize the terrain. These actions must be combined with practices focused on reduction of environmental impacts, such as CO2 emissions. Therefore, this research aimed to compare the carbon footprint of reinforced soil structures to a conventional method. Two types of retaining wall using geogrid reinforcements were designed as an alternative to a cantilever wall made of reinforced concrete. After the design process, the volume of necessary material was estimated for each structure as well as the amount of CO2 emissions related to their production. The designed reinforced soil structures obtained a much smaller carbon footprint when compared to the reinforced concrete structure. Due to the increasing demand for terrain stabilization in urban areas, structures that are less impactful to the environment should be prioritized especially when they can also be used to promote vegetation growth. Thus, reinforced soil structures are a great alternative to common methods because of their smaller carbon footprint and they can also bring several benefits to the landscape, such as an increase in vegetated area.

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Pustka, David. "Probabilistic Approach to Stability Analysis of a Reinforced Concrete Retaining Wall." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.248.

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Rapid development of computer technologies brings possibility to exploitpowerful computers for reliability analysis of (civil) engineering structuresunder consideration of random properties of various quantities influencingtheir resulting reliabilities. Aim of this paper is to outline possibility ofutilization of computer simulation Monte Carlo to predict reliability of areinforced concrete retaining wall from the viewpoint of possible loss ofstability. One of advantages of this approach is possibility to quantifyprobability of failure allowing structural optimization leading to design ofmore effective structures.

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Kim, Seungho, Dong-Eun Lee, Yonggu Kim, and Sangyong Kim. "Development and Application of Precast Concrete Double Wall System to Improve Productivity of Retaining Wall Construction." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 23, 2020): 3454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083454.

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The construction of most apartment underground parking lots utilizes reinforced concrete (RC) structures composed mainly of rebar work and formwork. RC structures lower construction efficiency and significantly delay the construction because they require a large number of temporary materials and wooden formwork. In this study, a precast concrete double wall (PCDW) system was developed to address the existing problems of RC structures and to improve the productivity of retaining wall construction. PCDW is a precast concrete (PC) wall in which two thin concrete panels are connected parallel to each other with truss-shaped reinforcement between them. PCDW can contribute to securing integrity, reducing the delay in construction, and improving quality. An overall process for the member design and construction stage of the PCDW system was proposed, and its improvement effects were examined regarding various aspects in comparison to the RC method.

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Liu, Henry Kwok-chuen. "The Influence of Hydration Temperature in Highways and Water Retaining Structures." HKIE Transactions 6, no. 1 (January 1999): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023697x.1999.10667787.

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Hewlett, Henry. "Proceedings of IWEM Training Day on Developments in Water Retaining Structures." Water and Environment Journal 5, no. 6 (December 1991): 707–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1991.tb00689.x.

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Li, Chong Zhi, Nai Qian Feng, Xian Fu Han, and Lai-Jun Lu. "Synthesis and Properties of Polycarboxylate-Type High Range Water-Reducer." Key Engineering Materials 302-303 (January 2006): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.302-303.218.

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A series of polycarboxylate-type water-reducers (MPCs) had been developed and tested. Through molecular design, macromers of polyethylene glycol unsaturated carboxylic esters, and other derivative of unsaturated vinyl monomer containing the carboxylic groups，sulphonic groups， graft groups of alkyleneglycol was introduced as the chemical structure unit of MPCs. The copolymers MPC-2 contained long and short PEO chains and ionic groups, possessed a high dispersing and good slump retaining behavior. Therefore, MPCs can be used as high range water-reducers to prepare high-flowing concrete, high-strength high performance concrete and high-durability concrete.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Concrete water retaining structures'

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