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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Concreto permeable'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Ore, Andrade Harold Oscar Rosil, and Diaz Miguel Angel Portillo. "Propuesta de diseño de mezcla para un concreto permeable de FC=175kg/cm² en veredas." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/635423.

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El Perú presenta diversas eventualidades como las lluvias, que retrasan distintas actividades que promueven el crecimiento económico del país. Las zonas urbanas necesitan una mejora continua del entorno con mejores infraestructuras para promover el crecimiento y reducir los accidentes. En la actualidad, se necesita fomentar por el medio local soluciones innovadoras para la evacuación de altas precipitaciones. El concreto permeable es un tipo de concreto cuya tecnología permite que el agua discurra a través de su estructura por la alta porosidad que posee a diferencia del concreto tradicional. Es fabricado de agregado grueso y material cementante, con un bajo porcentaje de finos de hasta el 10%. Esta investigación consiste en proponer un diseño de mezcla de concreto permeable de f’c=175kg/cm² aplicado en veredas que satisfaga distintos requerimientos establecidos por las normas CE010 de Pavimentos Urbanos, ACI 211.3R, ACI 522R-10 y los propios de la zona de aplicación. Para ello se realizó una batería de 12 diseños de mezcla con relaciones a/c 0.30, 0.35 y 0.38; agregados de HUSO 7 y 67; cementos portland tipo 1 Sol y Quisqueya; y aditivo Z fluidizante SR. Se realizaron ensayos en estado fresco: Slump, peso volumétrico y contenido de vacíos; y en estado endurecido: Resistencia a la compresión y flexión, y permeabilidad. Finalmente se realizó un prototipo con el diseño que presentó mejores características con el propósito de validar la investigación y se realizo un comparativo entre las veredas de concreto permeable y tradicional.
Peru presents various eventualities such as rainfall, which delay different activities that promote the country's economic growth. Urban areas need continuous improvement of the environment with better infrastructure to promote growth and reduce accidents. At present, innovative solutions for the evacuation of high rainfall need to be promoted through the local environment. Permeable concrete is a type of concrete whose technology allows water to flow through its structure due to the high porosity it possesses, unlike traditional concrete. It is made of coarse aggregate and cementitious material, with a low percentage of fines of up to 10%. This research consists in proposing a permeable concrete mix design of f'c = 175kg / cm² applied in sidewalks that satisfies different requirements established by the CE010 standards of Urban Pavements, ACI 211.3R, ACI 522R-10 and those of the area of application. For this, a battery of 12 mixing designs with a / c ratios of 0.30, 0.35 and 0.38; aggregates of HUSO 7 and 67; portland cements type 1 Sol and Quisqueya; and fluidizing Z additive SR. Fresh tests were performed: Slump, volumetric weight and void content; and in a hardened state: resistance to compression and flexion, and permeability. Finally, a prototype was made with the design that presented better characteristics with the purpose of validating the research and a comparison was made between the permeable and traditional concrete sidewalks.
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2

Mariano, Humberto Rodrigues. "Influência do teor de argamassa e da granulometria da brita na permeabilidade e nas resistências à compressão e à abrasão de concretos permeáveis." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4071.

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Rapid urbanization in Brazil produces significant impacts on the quality of life. Rains have been one of the main problems faced by managers of the environment due to the sealing of large areas in cities. This work aims to develop of permeable interlocki ng flooring that can be used in many types of flooring, such as in outdoor areas of homes, plazas, parking lots, roads and pedestrian routes traffic light vehicle traffic. The study examined the permeability of concrete made from gneiss rock with grain size rema ins in diameters (4.75, 6.3 and 9.5) mm and (4.75 and 6.3) mm and uniform particle size of 6.3 mm and 9.5 mm mortar with varying content of 30%, 33%, 35%, 40%, 42% a nd 44%. Compressive strength mortar with content of 30%, 33%, 35%, 40%, 42%, 44% and 55% and abrasion resistance with mortar content of 40%, 42%, 44% and 55%. After analyzing the results of the tests, the concrete produced with mortar content of 42% and continuous particle size of (4.75, 6.3 and 9.5) mm which was attended abrasion resistance based on NBR 12041, the compressive strength based on NBR 9781 and permeability according to standard ACI 522 to R 06 interlocked with permeable concrete floor.
A urbanização acelerada no Brasil produz impactos significativos quanto à qualidade de vida. As chuvas têm sido um dos principais problemas enfrentados pelos gestores do meio ambiente devido à impermeabilização de grandes áreas nas cidades. Este trabalho tem como finalidade o desenvolvimento de um piso intertravado permeável que possa ser utilizado em diversos tipos de pavimentações, tais como em áreas externas de residências, praças, estacionamentos, vias de tráfego de pedestres e vias de tráfego de veículos leves. O estudo analisou a permeabilidade em concretos produzidos com rocha gnaisse com granulometria continua nos diâmetros de (4,75; 6,3 e 9,5) mm e (4,75 e 6,3) mm e com granulometria uniforme de 6,3 mm e 9,5 mm com teor de argamassa variando em 30%, 33%, 35%, 40%, 42% e 44%. Resistência à compressão com teor de argamassa de 30%, 33%, 35%, 40%, 42%, 44% e 55% e resistência à abrasão com teor de argamassa de 40%, 42%, 44% e 55%. Após análise dos resultados dos ensaios, o concreto produzido com teor de argamassa de 42% e granulometria contínua de (4,75; 6,3 e 9,5) mm foi o que atendeu à resistência à abrasão baseado na norma NBR 12041, à resistência à compressão baseada na norma NBR 9781 e a permeabilidade de acordo com a norma ACI 522 R- 06 para piso intertravado com concreto permeável.
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Ravello, Bolo Mirella Rosa Linda, and Condori Andrea Stefany Baldeón. "Propuesta de concretos permeables para la captación de agua de lluvia en pavimentos de estacionamientos de hospitales en Arequipa." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652418.

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La presente tesis consiste en presentar una propuesta sostenible que ayude en el control y almacenamiento del agua de lluvia para evitar inundaciones y daños producidos en los estacionamientos de los hospitales en la ciudad de Arequipa. Se evaluaron dieciocho diseños de mezclas, nueve realizados con agregado grueso Huso 7 y los otros nueve con Huso 67. Para los diferentes diseños se cambió el porcentaje de agregado fino, la relación agua/cemento y la dosis de los aditivos. Por cada diseño de mezcla se elaboraron nueve probetas destinadas al ensayo de resistencia a la compresión, tres por cada edad, ensayadas a los 7, 14 y 28 días; se utilizaron 2 vigas de 6”x6”x20” para determinar el Módulo de Rotura y 2 probetas de 4”x8” para hallar la tasa de permeabilidad, para lo cual se necesitó realizar una réplica del permeabilímetro expuesto en el ACI 522. Los resultados de todos los ensayos serán presentados y comparados entre sí para determinar el grado de influencia de los mismos. Además, también se realizará un análisis costo beneficio por metro cuadrado para determinar qué tanto varía el costo del concreto permeable en comparación con el concreto convencional. Finalmente, se realizará un análisis cuantitativo entre los dieciocho diseños de mezcla y el concreto convencional. Para así determinar cuál es la mezcla óptima que cumpla con los requisitos necesarios para ser implementado en los estacionamientos de los hospitales en Arequipa y pueda competir en el mercado con el concreto convencional.
The present thesis consists of presenting a sustainable proposal that helps in the control and storage of rainwater to avoid floods and damages produced in the parking lots of hospitals in the city of Arequipa. Eighteen mix designs were evaluated, nine made with coarse aggregate Spindle 7 and the other nine with Spindle 67. For the different designs, the percentage of fine aggregate, the water / cement ratio and the dose of the additives were changed. For each mix design, nine specimens were prepared for the compression resistance test, three for each age, tested at 7, 14 and 28 days; 2 beams of 6 ”x6” x20 ”were used to determine the Modulus of Break and 2 specimens of 4” x8 ”to find the permeability rate, for which it was necessary to make a replica of the permeabilimeter exposed in the ACI 522. The results of all the tests will be presented and compared with each other to determine the degree of influence between them. In addition, a cost benefit analysis per square meter will also be performed to determine how much the cost of pervious concrete varies compared to conventional concrete. Finally, a quantitative analysis will be performed between the eighteen mix designs and conventional concrete. In order to determine which is the optimal mix that meets the necessary requirements to be implemented in hospital´s parking lots in Arequipa and can compete in the market with conventional concrete.
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4

Höltz, Fabiano da Costa. "Uso de concreto permeável na drenagem urbana : análise da viabilidade técnica e do impacto ambiental." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/35615.

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Nos dias atuais todas as grandes metrópoles enfrentam inúmeros problemas devidos, muitas vezes, a um deficiente planejamento urbano onde se inclui certo descaso com a proteção do meio ambiente. Um aspecto importante é a desordenada expansão urbana, que têm crescido com o passar dos anos. Este fator poderá comprometer a saúde do meio ambiente. Mencionase também o descaso da população com os recursos hídricos, o solo e a vegetação. Dentro deste enfoque, o tradicional sistema de drenagem, baseado em um rápido afastamento do excesso pluvial, contribui para um aumento nos volumes escoados e vazões de pico e uma redução no tempo do escoamento, fazendo com que os hidrogramas de cheia sejam mais críticos, aumentando-se, assim, a freqüência e a gravidade das inundações. Pesquisas apontam uma grande relação entre os índices de permeabilidade com a densidade habitacional. Essencialmente, o concreto permeável é um pavimento de concreto estrutural, com um grande volume de vazios interconectados (15 a 35%). Como o concreto convencional, é feito de uma mistura de cimento, agregados graúdos e água. Contendo pouca ou nenhuma areia, resulta em uma estrutura celular porosa que permite que a água passe facilmente. Em países desenvolvidos houve um aumento de interesse na sua utilização, para um controle mais efetivo das águas do escoamento superficial. Dependendo das normas locais e das características do meio, o pavimento e sua sub-base podem ter capacidade suficiente de infiltração para eliminar a necessidade de outras obras de drenagem. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu no desenvolvimento de um concreto permeável para utilização em grandes áreas. Pretendeu-se englobar um entendimento de suas propriedades e um desenvolvimento de diversos traços. Para tanto se formularam e caracterizaram diferentes traços de concreto permeável, estudando as dificuldades para fabricação em campo e analisando as possibilidades de aplicação e as possíveis repercussões na drenagem. Os resultados de resistência à compressão foram, em média, de 8 MPa e os de permeabilidade, mais variados, ficaram numa faixa de 100 a 1000l/min./m2. Para um uso eficaz desse concreto, deve-se avaliar a capacidade de percolação do solo abaixo do pavimento.
Nowadays, all major cities often face many problems due to a poor town planning, which also includes certain disregard towards protecting the environment. Another important aspect is the disorderly urban expansion, which has grown over the years. This factor may compromise the health of the environment. It can also be mentioned the population’s neglect with water, soil and vegetation. Within this approach, the traditional drainage system, based on a rapid removal of excess rain, contributes to an increase in drained volume and peak flow and a reduction in the time of the flow, causing the flood hydrographs to be more critical, increasing, thus, the frequency and severity of floods. Research indicates a strong relationship between rates of permeability with the density of housing. Essentially, the concrete is a permeable structural concrete pavement with a large volume of interconnected voids (15 to 35%). As conventional concrete, it is made from a mixture of cement, coarse aggregates and water. Containing little or no sand, it results in a sporous cell structure that allows water to pass easily. In developed countries there has been an increased interest in its use, in order to obtain a more effective control of the runoffs. Depending on local rules and characteristics of the environment, pavement and its sub-base may have enough capacity to eliminate infiltration which excludes the need for other drainage works. The aim of this paper is the development of a permeable concrete to be used in large areas. It aims to encompass an understanding of its properties and development of its various traits. Hence, have been formulated and characterized different traces of permeable concrete, studying the difficulties of manufacturing it in the field and analyzing its possible applications and its possible impact on drainage. The results of compressive strength were on average of 8 MPa and the permeability, more varied, were in the range of 100 to 1000l/min./m2. For an efficient use of this concrete, we should evaluate the ability of soil percolation below the pavement.
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Guizado, Barrios Agneth Xiomy, and Grados Elvis Ricardo Piero Curi. "Evaluación del concreto permeable como una alternativa para el control de las aguas pluviales en vías locales y pavimentos especiales de la costa noroeste del Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/9831.

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La tesis trata de encontrar una alternativa de solución que ayude al control de las aguas pluviales provenientes de precipitaciones anormales debido a una alteración del clima por la ocurrencia de El Niño - Oscilación Sur en la costa noroeste del Perú. Para ello se evalúa implementar el concreto permeable en vías locales y pavimentos especiales de dicha región. Se combinan aspectos tanto hidráulicos como estructurales, así el pavimento debe ser capaz de drenar cierto volumen de agua y proporcionar resistencia estructural adecuada para el tipo de vía a evaluar. Se analiza la capacidad estructural del concreto permeable, midiendo su resistencia a la compresión y a tracción por flexión. Luego, se comparan los resultados con los requerimientos para la capa de rodadura en vías locales y pavimentos especiales de acuerdo a la CE. 010 Pavimentos Urbanos y a las normas ACI. Para que pueda ser utilizado en sistemas de drenaje pluvial, se identificaron las precipitaciones ocurridas durante El Niño - Oscilación Sur durante los años de 1997-1998 en la costa noroeste del Perú. De esta base de datos, se estudiaron las máximas precipitaciones registradas y se establecieron requisitos de permeabilidad. El desempeño estructural e hidráulico del concreto permeable es cuantificado a través de sus propiedades de resistencia y permeabilidad, respectivamente, de acuerdo al ACI 522R-10 y a las pruebas de ensayo de ASTM. Parar ello, se evaluaron quince mezclas de concreto permeable. De cada mezcla se elaboraron ocho probetas de 6” x 12” para el ensayo de resistencia a la compresión (ASTM C39 y ACI 522R-10); tres probetas de 4” x 8” para el ensayo de permeabilidad (ACI 522R-10), y dos vigas para el ensayo de resistencia a la tracción por flexión (ASTM C 78). En el diseño de mezclas se han tomado como variables el porcentaje de vacíos, la relación arena/grava y el tipo de agregado grueso (forma y tamaño máximo). El ensayo de permeabilidad se realizó de acuerdo a lo sugerido por el ACI 522R-10 para lo cual se realizó la construcción de un permeámetro de carga variable y se obtuvo el coeficiente de permeabilidad por la Ley de Darcy.
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Jacinto, Aquino Jorge Ernesto. "Diseño de mezcla de concreto permeable utilizando diferentes porcentajes de agregado fino y aditivos en la ciudad de Chiclayo." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12423/3189.

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La investigación se centra en la incorporación de agregado fino en cantidades de 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% y 20% y la adición de aditivo SikaCem Plastificante en volúmenes de 250 mL y 500 mL por bolsa de cemento, en el concreto permeable para obtener una resistencia adecuada sin perjudicar la permeabilidad que lo caracteriza. Las variables independientes son el agregado fino y el aditivo SikaCem Plastificante. Por otra parte, las variables dependientes son las propiedades mecánicas e hidráulicas del concreto permeable; medidas a través de sus indicadores como son: el asentamiento, temperatura, densidad, contenido de vacíos, resistencia a la compresión, resistencia a la flexión, resistencia a la abrasión y permeabilidad. Por ello, la investigación es experimental y tiene una muestra de 90 probetas para el ensayo a compresión, 30 probetas para el ensayo de permeabilidad, 60 probetas para el ensayo de abrasión y 60 vigas para el ensayo de flexión. Se concluyó que utilizando 20% de agregado fino, agregado de 3/4” y una relación agua/cemento de 0.30 se obtienen las propiedades necesarias en el concreto permeable para ser empleado en veredas o ciclovías con una capacidad de drenaje de 22.4 Lt/m2/s, resistencia a la compresión de 189.2 kg/cm2 y pérdida de masa por abrasión de 32.7%. Adicionando 500 mL de aditivo SikaCem Plastificante por bolsa de cemento al diseño anterior se mejoran las propiedades del concreto permeable obteniendo una capacidad de drenaje de 19.9 Lt/m2/s, resistencia a la compresión de 213.7 kg/cm2 y pérdida de masa por abrasión 28.8%.
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Challco, Estrada Bianca Francesca, and Gonzales Zúñiga Lea Rebeca Tuesta. "Propuesta de diseño de concreto permeable reforzado con fibras de basalto (18mm, l7 µm) para mejorar su desempeño aplicado en pavimentos urbanos." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/654957.

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El crecimiento acelerado de las urbes y el uso de materiales impermeables han impactado negativamente en el ciclo hidrológico. Las fuertes precipitaciones durante la época de lluvias generan el colapso de redes de alcantarillado en ciudades con la infraestructura inadecuada. Dicha escorrentía acelera el deterioro de los pavimentos, además de la incomodidad y peligro debido al hidroplaneo que impacta en los peatones. El concreto permeable es un material adecuado para mitigar estos problemas debido a su propiedad de discurrir el agua entre sus poros, además de ser ecológico y sostenible. Ya que su resistencia es menor a la del concreto convencional, su uso es limitado en pavimentos rígidos, por ello la incorporación de fibras le proporcionaría un mejor desempeño mecánico. Mediante un análisis cualitativo de diversos factores, se determinó que las fibras de basalto optimizarían el comportamiento del concreto permeable para su aplicación en pavimentos urbanos. Además, se tomó en consideración que el suelo del área de estudio es de grava y la infiltración requerida es de 192.22mm/h. El diseño de mezcla de referencia corresponde a similares características con el área de estudio y finalmente las cantidades requeridas en el diseño de esta investigación son 443.12 kg/m3 de cemento, 130.43 l/m3 de agua, 135.16 kg/m3 de agregado fino, 1312.04 kg/m3 de agregado grueso, 3.99 kg/m3 de aditivo superplastificante; añadido a fibras de basalto en porcentajes de 0%, 0.1%, 0.2% y 0.3% respecto del diseño de mezcla.
The accelerated growth of cities and the use of waterproof materials have negatively impacted the hydrological cycle. Heavy rainfall during the rainy season leads to the collapse of sewerage networks in cities with inadequate infrastructure. Such runoff accelerates the deterioration of pavements, in addition to the discomfort and danger due to hydroplaning that impacts pedestrians. Pervious concrete is a suitable material to mitigate these problems due to its property of running water through its pores, in addition to being ecological and sustainable. Since its resistance is less than that of conventional concrete, its use is limited in rigid pavements, therefore the incorporation of fibers would provide better mechanical performance. Through a qualitative analysis of various factors, it was determined that basalt fibers would optimize the behavior of pervious concrete for application in urban pavements. In addition, it was taken into consideration that the soil of the study area is gravel and the required infiltration is 192.22 mm/h. The reference mix design corresponds to similar characteristics with the study area and finally the quantities required in the design of this research are 443.12 kg/m3 of cement, 130.43 l / m3 of water, 135.16 kg/m3 of fine aggregate, 1312.04 kg/m3 of coarse aggregate, 3.99 kg/m3 of superplasticizer additive; added to basalt fibers in percentages of 0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% with respect to the mix design.
Trabajo de investigación
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Amorós, Morote Carlos Enrique, and Ulloa José Carlos Bendezú. "Diseño de mezcla de concreto permeable para la construcción de la superficie de rodadura de un pavimento de resistencia de 210 kg/cm2." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626313.

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El concreto permeable es un concreto especial, el cual permite el paso del agua a través de su estructura gracias al alto porcentaje de vacíos que posee a diferencia del concreto tradicional. Esta cualidad del concreto permeable permite acabar con la falta de permeabilidad en las estructuras tradicionales de concreto evitando las fallas estructurales debido al encharcamiento y escurrimiento del agua. En esta investigación se realizó el diseño de mezcla del concreto permeable con una resistencia de 210 kg/cm2, aplicando el método ACI 522.R para poder aplicarlo como una alternativa de carpeta de rodadura en pavimentos. Para ello se realizaron diferentes diseños de mezcla en laboratorio hasta encontrar el diseño óptimo para obtener una resistencia a la compresión de 210 kg/cm2, el diseño de mezcla elegido contaba con las siguientes características: relación agua/cemento de 0.38, porcentaje de vacíos de 13%, 1.5% de aditivo Superplastificante y 7% de arena. Para validar la investigación se realizó la construcción de un prototipo con el diseño elaborado en laboratorio con un área de 2.00 m2 (1.00m x 2.00m). Al concreto en estado fresco se le analizaron sus características de consistencia, densidad y contenido de vacíos; en el estado endurecido se realizaron los ensayos de compresión, permeabilidad y flexión, además de aplicarle una prueba de carga. Los resultados indicaron que el diseño de mezcla usado en el prototipo con resistencia a la compresión de 261.58 kg/cm2 y permeabilidad de 0.01744 m/s puede usarse como alternativa de superficie de rodadura para un pavimento.
Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete which allows the passage of water through its structure due to its high percentage of voids unlike traditional concrete. This quality of pervious concrete allows to end the lack of permeability in traditional concrete structures thus preventing structural failures due to flooding and water runoff. This research will seek to find a mix design for pervious concrete to apply it as an alternative road surface for pavements. To verify the above, different mix designs were performed in laboratory to find the design that give us a compressive strength of 210 kg/cm2, the chosen design had the following features: water - cement ratio of 0.38, 13% air content, 1.5% additive superplasticizer and 7% of sand. To validate the research, a prototype was built with the chosen mix design, this prototype had an area of 2 m2 (1m x 2m). The fresh concrete was analyzed for its consistency, density, and void percentage; the hardened concrete was analyzed for its compressive strength, permeability and flexural strength, finally the prototype was load tested. The results indicated that the mix design used in the prototype with compressive strength of 261.58 kg/cm2 and a permeability of 0.01744 m/s can be used as an alternative rolling surface for pavements.
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Aguirre, Herrera Boris Augusto, and Giraldo Melanny Leonor Anchiraico. "Propuesta de utilización de pavimento de concreto permeable para reducir el efecto de precipitaciones intensas en las calles de Alfonso Ugarte y Miguel Grau, ubicadas en el departamento de Tumbes." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655019.

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El fenómeno El Niño provoca intensas precipitaciones pluviales que se acumulan y discurren por la superficie, transportando importantes caudales de agua que se incrementan con el desplazamiento debido a la carencia de un pavimento permeable como sucede en la ciudad de Tumbes. Esta deficiencia produce daños en los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua, alcantarillado y aguas pluviales que, debido a la cantidad de basura y lodo que transportan los azolvamientos severos, afectan a las infraestructuras hidráulicas, medio ambiente y calidad de vida de la población. Una propuesta de solución es utilizar un sistema de drenaje urbano sostenible que permita complementar el sistema único de saneamiento diseñado para las aguas servidas, residuales y pluviales, existente en la gran mayoría de ciudades. Esta solución consiste en el diseño de un pavimento permeable porque permite alcanzar un volumen de captación de agua de 81-730 l/min/m2 debido al contenido de vacíos de 13 a 25%. Esta característica física es importante para garantizar la infiltración de grandes volúmenes de agua mediante sus poros para luego transmitir a estratos subyacentes; reducir el flujo del calor al conductor; y mitigar la isla de calor urbano en las ciudades. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el desempeño del concreto permeable mediante 5 diseños de mezcla para estudiar la resistencia a la compresión, a la flexión y permeabilidad; la comparación de la escorrentía superficial pluvial de un pavimento de concreto permeable con un pavimento de concreto convencional mediante el software SWMM 5.1; y la comparación respecto al costo.
The El Niño phenomenon causes intense rainfall that accumulates and runs over the surface, transporting significant volumes of water that increase with displacement due to the lack of a permeable pavement, as happens in the city of Tumbes. This deficiency causes damage to the water supply, sewerage, and rainwater systems that, due to the amount of garbage and mud transported by severe silts, affect the hydraulic infrastructures, environment, and quality of life of the population. A proposed solution is to use a sustainable urban drainage system that allows complementing the unique sanitation system designed for sewage, waste, and storm water, existing in most cities. This solution consists of the design of a permeable pavement because it allows reaching a water collection volume of 81-730 l/min/m2 due to the void content of 13 to 25%. This physical characteristic is important to guarantee the infiltration of large volumes of water through its pores and then transmit to underlying strata; reduce heat flow to the conductor; and mitigate the urban heat island in cities. The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of permeable concrete through 5 mix designs to study the resistance to compression, bending and permeability; the comparison of the surface rain runoff of a permeable concrete pavement with a conventional concrete pavement using SWMM 5.1 software; and the cost comparison.
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10

Delgado, Torres Arian. "Análisis del comportamiento del concreto permeable preparado con agregados de la cantera Tres Tomas para pavimentos rígidos en el departamento de Lambayeque 2019." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12423/3649.

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La presente investigación tiene por finalidad realizar un diseño de mezcla de concreto permeable usando los agregados de la cantera Tres Tomas que logre desarrollar un módulo de rotura de 3.4 Mpa como mínimo para su posterior empleo en un pavimento rígido. Los resultados se obtendrán mediante pruebas estandarizadas los cuales provienen de las normas técnicas peruanas y la norma americana ACI-522R10, con el fin de obtener el diseño de mezcla deseado se elaborarán varios diseños de mezcla en los que variara la relación agua/cemento y el porcentaje de aditivos empleado. Todos los diseños serán realizados utilizando la curva granulométrica N°8. El diseño de mezcla elegido tiene las siguientes características: relación agua/cemento de 0.30, una cantidad de vacíos de 13%,1.2% de aditivo superplastificante. Las características del concreto que se han analizado en fresco han sido consistencia, densidad y contenido de vacíos, mientras que las características analizadas en estado en endurecido han sido resistencia a la compresión, módulo de rotura, coeficiente de permeabilidad, resistencia al desgaste y abrasión. Para validar la investigación en donde se ha elaborado un prototipo de losa de 1 m^2 cuyas dimensiones han sido de 1m x 1m, se ha medido la tasa de infiltración, obteniéndose una permeabilidad de 0.00159 m/s.
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11

Santos, Cristiano de Assumpção. "Impacto da Utilização de Pavimentação Permeável em Áreas Urbanas na Recuperação de Bacias Hidrográficas." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/805.

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Urbanization and the disorderly occupation of cities have created many environmental problems, ranging from floods to climate change in large urban centers. Among the causes of these occurrences is mainly soil sealing in cities, that occurs by interference and man's need to use more space. The more waterproofed the surface of urban areas, higher runoff, and this, in turn, due to the adopted public politics and the lack of planning, are transferred to adjacent watersheds, causing, these problems such as floods and silting of rivers. The impermeabilized surfaces end up affording a smaller charge of watersheds, transferring to other river basins the amount of water that it should be restored in the region, that way impair the recovery of the basins where the percolations occur. This study is a comparison between two existing technologies in commercially known market as "paver" and "draining floor", and point which of these can help in the recovery of watersheds and, consequently, reduce the problems caused by surface runoff in urban areas. To reach the result precipitations were simulated using a sprinkler infiltrometer in intensities corresponding to 45mm.h-1, 60mm.h-1 and 90mm.h-1, and occurred in lysimeters where the coverages match the public walks characteristics using the technologies to be analyzed as ground cover. This experiment showed that the permeable concrete parts (draining floor) and concrete parts gaskets extended (paver) has percolation rate likened to grass cover and thus can be used as technologies for water infiltration into the soil aiding in the recovery of watersheds in urban areas
A urbanização e a ocupação desordenada das cidades criaram diversos problemas ambientais, que vão desde enchentes até alterações climáticas nos grandes centros urbanos. Entre as causas destas ocorrências está, principalmente, a impermeabilização dos solos nas cidades, que ocorre pela interferência e necessidade do homem em utilizar mais espaço. Quanto mais impermeabilizada a superfície das regiões urbanas, maior o escoamento superficial, e este, por sua vez, devido às políticas públicas adotadas e à falta de planejamento, são transferidos para bacias adjacentes, trazendo problemas a estas, como enchentes e assoreamentos dos rios. As superfícies impermeabilizadas acabam proporcionando uma menor recarga das bacias hidrográficas, transferindo para outras bacias a quantidade de água que deveria ser reposta naquela região, desta forma prejudicam a recuperação das bacias onde ocorrem as percolações. O presente estudo faz um comparativo entre duas tecnologias existentes no mercado comercialmente conhecidos como paver e o piso drenante , e apontará qual destas pode auxiliar na recuperação das bacias hidrográficas e, consequentemente, reduzir os problemas causados pelo escoamento superficial nas regiões urbanas. Para chegar ao resultado foram simuladas precipitações utilizando um infiltrômetro de aspersão em intensidades correspondentes à 45 mm.h-1, 60 mm.h-1 e 90 mm.h-1, e ocorreram em lisímetros onde as coberturas correspondem as características de passeios públicos utilizando as tecnologias a serem analisadas como cobertura de solo. Este experimento apontou que as peças de concreto permeável (piso drenante) e as peças de concreto com juntas alargadas (paver) têm taxa de percolação assemelhada a cobertura de grama e desta forma podem ser utilizadas como tecnologias para infiltração de água no solo auxiliando na recuperação das bacias hidrográficas das zonas urbanas.
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12

ANTUNES, PATRICIA TAINA DA SILVA C. "THE USE OF PERMEABLE CONCRETE PAVEMENT FOR THE ATTENUATION OF URBAN FLOODS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=33013@1.

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A pesquisa analisou o material concreto permeável visando a sua aplicação como revestimento de pavimentos permeáveis para atenuação de cheias urbanas. Desta maneira, diversas misturas foram estudadas experimentalmente, objetivando determinar suas características hidráulicas e mecânicas. Com base nos resultados experimentais e no uso pretendido em calçadas, foi definida a mistura mais adequada. A fim de analisar o impacto desta solução no escoamento superficial, foi escolhida a bacia hidrográfica do Rio dos Macacos localizada no Bairro Jardim Botânico no Rio de Janeiro a qual apresenta problemas recorrentes de inundação. Em função das características da bacia e em critérios mecânicos e hidráulicos do pavimento permeável de concreto, foram escolhidas as áreas para a sua aplicação e opavimento foi dimensionado. A bacia estudada foi modelada com auxílio dosoftware Storm Water Management Model para os cenários antes e após a aplicação dos pavimentos permeáveis de concreto em calçadas. Por fim, foi estimado o custo direto da solução proposta. Os resultados do estudo experimental do concreto permeável demonstraram que o material possui permeabilidade e resistências mecânicas adequadas para aplicação em calçadas. Os resultados do modelo computacional, obtidos através da comparação de hidrogramas de cheia, evidenciaram satisfatório amortecimento. A análise de custo demonstrou que a solução é economicamente viável.
New techniques of urban drainage have emerged in order to mitigate the negative effects of urbanization. Initially, in the United States in 1970 denominated Best Management Practices (BMPs) and then in United Kingdom in 1980 as Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). The goal of these techniques is to reproduce the natural hydrological cycle, mitigating flood peaks and reducing diffuse pollution through infiltration, retention and transport devices such as green roofs, percolation trenches and pervious pavements. (Canholi, 2014). Unlike traditional pavements, pervious pavements allow the infiltration of rainwater on the surface. The infiltrated water is stored temporarily before use, infiltration into the soil, or downstream controlled discharge. According to Field et al (1982) and Mullaney and Lucke (2013), all types of pervious pavement share the same objectives, which are: to allow the infiltration of water on its surface; reduce the increase in the rate and volume of runoff; and improve degradation of water quality resulting from urbanization and land use change. Depending on the soil permeability, they still have the advantage of allowing the recharge of the aquifers.
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13

Liu, Kimberly. "The link between Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement (PICP) design and nutrient removal." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32780.

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Urbanisation, associated with the construction of ‘hard' impermeable surfaces such as roofs and roads, results in increased stormwater runoff peak flows and volumes and their associated pollutants into downstream receiving waters compared with the pre-development state unless mitigated through Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS). Permeable Pavement Systems (PPS), one of the source control options in SuDS suite, are able to control stormwater runoff and reduce the discharge of pollutants (Armitage et al., 2013). Urban runoff typically includes sediment, trash, heavy metals, organic matter, hydrocarbons and nutrients. PPS are able to remove a sizeable proportion of these through sedimentation, filtration, adsorption and biodegradation. The most commonly used PPS in South Africa are Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements (PICP) which comprise concrete pavers laid on selected stone layer works with surface infiltration enabled by the presence of carefully designed openings between the pavers filled with fine stone. The treatment performance of PICP systems appear to depend on various factors such as: the layout of the pavers; the size and condition of the stone aggregates; the presence and location of any geotextiles; the type of outlet; and the time period between rain events. While some research on the treatment of stormwater by PICP has been published, not enough is known about the relative performance of different PICP designs. This dissertation describes an investigation on the performance of 10 different PICP systems constructed in the civil engineering laboratory at the University of Cape Town (UCT) for the treatment of various nutrients (ammonia-nitrogen, orthophosphate-phosphorus and nitrate-nitrogen) commonly found in stormwater runoff. Ten experimental cells each housing a different permeable pavement design were constructed in the NEB laboratory at the UCT. Infiltration tests (ASTM C1781) were first conducted to test the hydrological performance of each of the PICP cell. This was followed by ‘clean water' tests to establish the ‘base-line' pollutant values prior to the additional of any pollutants. Finally, typical Cape Town rainfall events were simulated using a synthetic stormwater mixture containing representative nutrients concentrations to test the treatment efficacy for each of the permeable pavement systems over the period of two years with intermittent dry and wet periods. The influent and effluent from all ten experimental cells were periodically collected and analyzed for pH, temperature, electrical conductivity and the effluent concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen, orthophosphate-phosphorus, nitrite-nitrogen and nitratenitrogen. It was found that there is a reduction of ammonia-nitrogen for all experimental cells ranged from 27.5% to 78.7% compared with the average of 63.7% removal rate from other studies. However, the reduction in the ammonia-nitrogen effluent concentrations may not be true removal as the ammonia-nitrogen may have been converted into nitrite-nitrogen or nitrate-nitrogen through the nitrification process. It was also found that: the cells with geotextiles had higher ammonia-nitrogen reduction than those cells without; the cells with washed aggregates had higher ammonia-nitrogen reduction than those cells with unwashed aggregates; and the cell with a raised outlet (creating a ‘sump' in the underlying stone aggregate) had the highest ammonia- nitrogen reduction of all. The orthophosphate-phosphorus effluent concentrations ranged from 37% orthophosphate-phosphorus addition to 11% orthophosphate-phosphorus reduction compared with the average of 47.7% removal rate of orthophosphate-phosphorusin other studies. The presence of geotextile resulted in higher orthophosphate-phosphorus removal efficiencies than those cells without; the cells with washed aggregates had higher orthophosphate-phosphorus removal efficiency than those cells with unwashed aggregates. The cell with an elevated outlet (sump) had the least orthophosphate-phosphorus removal efficiency. In addition, it was found that all the experimental cells added significant quantities of nitrates having nitrate-nitrogen addition ranging from 160% to 2580% which may be due to the nitrification process of ammonianitrogen (NH3) to nitrate-nitrogen (NO3 - ). The cell with the raised outlet had the highest nitratenitrogen addition which can be explained by its highest ammonia-nitrogen removal efficiency through the nitrification process. It was also found that the presence of geotextile has a negative impact on the nitrate-nitrogen removal efficiencies, possibly because geotextiles provide a habitat for the microbes that encourage nitrification. The nitrification process, promoting the reduction in ammonia-nitrogen effluent concentrations and the increase in nitrate-nitrogen effluent concentrations occurs when the pH is within the optimum range of 7.6-8.8 for growth of nitrifying bacteria, Lower pH results in higher nitrate-nitrogen concentrations. It was also found that the electrical conductivity – a measure of ionic strength – strongly depends on the length of the periods between rainfall ‘seasons'; it decreases rapidly during wet periods and increases during dry periods. A field testing was also carried out on the New Engineering Building (NEB) parking lot at the UCT to confirm the true treatment performance of PPS. The results show the PICP are efficiently removing TSS, ammonia-nitrogen and orthophosphate-phosphorus. The PICP with geotextile was found to have positive impact on TSS, ammonia-nitrogen and orthophosphatephosphorus removal than the one without. It was also found the presence of geotextile has negative impact on nitrate-nitrogen removal, with lower pH resulting in higher nitrate-nitrogen concentrations which aggress the previous laboratory findings.
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14

Poole, Keith I. "Investigation of storm water management professionals' perceptions of permeable interlocking concrete pavers as a stormwater management option." Connect to this title online, 2009.

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15

Hatton, Drew C. "Evaluation of PCC Pavements with Cement-treated Permeable Bases and Dense-graded Aggregate Bases." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1307112876.

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16

Foster, Shiloh. "Porous Concrete: Proposal of UA Study and Best Practices." The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608602.

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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone Project
Porous concrete pavements have been used in the eastern United States to effectively manage storm water when used as an alternative to impervious surfaces. This paper reviewed a wide body of available literature and research to examine their potential to reduce runoff at the University of Arizona. This study found that their unique structural properties enable them to infiltrate and detain large volumes of water in a stone sub-base below the slab, filtering out many street related contaminants without the need to install additional infrastructure. Porous concrete surfaces may support green development in the southwest where water is both a sensitive and valuable resource. However, long-term structural durability, clogging potential due to dust, and maintenance requirements have yet to be fully understood in this region. This paper then summarizes critical factors that affect the performance of porous concrete and proposes a framework for future study to be conducted by the University of Arizona in a way that would reduce runoff to major campus roads, contribute to a better understanding of sustainable storm water management in the southwest, and demonstrate leadership in environmental stewardship.
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17

Morgenroth, Justin. "The Effect of Porous Concrete Paving on Underlying Soil Conditions and Growth of Platanus orientalis." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Forestry, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5112.

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Urbanisation is characterised by mass migration of people to urban areas and conversion of land from rural to urban land uses. Changes in population dynamics have led to half the world’s population living in urban areas; in developed countries, urban dwellers account for three-quarters of the total population. Though populations have shifted from rural to urban areas, people continue to rely on their environment, and trees in particular, for tangible and intangible benefits alike. A great deal of factual and anecdotal knowledge supports the role of trees for ecological, social, and economic well-being. In spite of this, during urbanisation, previously vegetated land is converted to housing, roads, or utility corridors, all of which are necessary to support growing populations. This thesis investigates tree growth in these modified urban landscapes, in particular, the effects of pavements on urban trees. Pavements are truly pervasive, covering more than half of all land in highly developed urban areas. Their durability and strength are of great importance to transportation, but large-scale soil sealing is not without consequence. Pavements affect the hydrologic cycle, soil and air temperature, and nutrient cycling. Because of their effect on the surrounding environment, pavements inherently affect remnant or planted trees. They are believed to negatively affect tree growth and survival, thereby compromising the ecological, social, and economic benefits otherwise derived from the urban forest. In recent times, porous pavements have been increasingly installed in favour of impervious pavements. Porous pavements are perceived to be an environmentally-sound alternative to standard impervious pavements. This thesis begins by reviewing the literature concerning porous pavement’s effect on underlying soil and urban vegetation, thus illustrating the scarcity of empirical data describing the effect of porous pavement on tree growth. A greater understanding of porous pavement’s impact on the surrounding environment is needed, if its installation is to continue. With this aim in mind, this thesis describes an experiment in Christchurch, New Zealand, which monitored the impacts of porous and impervious pavement on underlying soil conditions, and subsequent tree growth. The experiment comprised 50 Platanus orientalis trees planted in an augmented factorial design, which consisted of controls and four treatments. Trees were split evenly amongst plots, such that ten replicates existed per treatment. The pavement treatments measured 2.3m by 2.3m, and were based on the combination of pavement type (2 levels: porous, impervious) and pavement profile design (2 levels: +/- subbase compaction and gravel base). The resulting four treatments were impervious concrete pavement (IP), impervious concrete pavement with compacted subbase and gravel base (IP+), porous concrete pavement (PP), and porous concrete pavement with compacted subbase and gravel base (PP+). From December 2007 to March 2009, data were collected to determine the effect of these treatments on soil moisture, aeration, pH, and nutrient concentration. Final tree height, stem diameter, shoot and root biomass, and root distribution were also measured at the conclusion of the experiment. Results of this experiment indicated that the effects of pavement porosity on soil moisture and aeration were dynamic, varying with season and soil depth. Increased soil moisture beneath porous pavements resulted from rapid infiltration following precipitation. This decreased the duration of plant stress resulting from drought. Relative to bare soil, paved plots had consistently greater soil moisture, likely because pavements reduced evaporation. The inclusion of a gravel base in the profile design limited capillary upflow, which resulted in lower soil moisture under pavements designed with a gravel base. Soil aeration was significantly lower beneath pavements relative to unpaved plots. This is likely related to greater soil moisture beneath pavements. Finally, soil pH increased beneath pavements, in particular beneath porous pavements. Though all growth parameters increased for trees surrounded by porous, rather than impervious pavement, this occurred only in the absence of a compacted subgrade and gravel base. Evidently, the impact of the compacted subgrade superseded the impact of pavement porosity. Furthermore, root growth was relatively shallow beneath pavements, likely due to favourable soil moisture directly beneath pavements. This research highlights (i) the dramatic effect of pavements on underlying soil conditions; (ii) that pavements do not inherently limit tree growth; (iii) that porous pavements can conditionally improve tree growth; and (iv) that soil compaction limits potential benefits resulting from porous pavements.
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Cortier, Olivier. "Quantification des bénéfices des revêtements perméables. Modélisation à l'échelle de la structure et du bassin versant." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC247/document.

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Les revêtements perméables se développent en France et à l’étranger comme une technique d’avenir en réponse aux enjeux de la protection des sols et de l’amélioration du cycle de l’eau en milieu urbain. Le développement de pavés drainants au sein du laboratoire de l’ESITC Caen a mis en évidence le besoin de quantifier les apports des revêtements perméables pour répondre aux attentes des acteurs locaux et favoriser l’utilisation de ces techniques par les aménageurs. Dans ce but, ce travail de thèse porte sur la description des processus hydrologiques au sein des revêtements perméables et la quantification de leurs bénéfices sur le ruissellement urbain. Deux modèles ont été développés pour répondre à ces objectifs.Le premier permet de modéliser les processus hydrologiques au sein des structures perméables avec une approche physique basée sur la résolution de l’équation de RICHARDS par la méthode des éléments finis. Cette modélisation apporte des éléments de compréhension sur l’influence des propriétés de la structure et de son environnement sur ses performances. Elle a abouti à la proposition d’une représentation conceptuelle du comportement hydrologique des structures perméables. Le second modèle permet de modéliser le comportement hydrologique d’un bassin versant avec une approche par systèmes multi-agents. Différents scénarios d’implantation de revêtements perméables ont été simulés sur un site d’étude réel situé à Ouistreham en Normandie. L’exploration de ce modèle apporte des éléments de quantification des bénéfices de l’implantation des revêtements perméables sur le ruissellement de surface. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence le lien entre le ratio de surface perméable sur la surface imperméable et la réduction du ruissellement. Ils soulignent l’importance de la dispersion des zones de revêtements perméables pour optimiser leurs bénéfices
Permeable pavements are developing in France and abroad as a promising response to the growing issues of ground protection and the improvement of the water cycle in urban areas. The development of pervious concrete within the laboratory of ESITC Caen had highlighted the need to quantify the contributions of the permeable pavement, and thus meeting the expectations of local authorities and encouraging the use of these techniques by urban planners. In this purpose, this Phd aims at describing the hydrological mechanisms of the permeable pavements and quantifying their benefits on surface runoff. Two models were developed to respond to these objectives. The first one allows modeling the hydrological processes inside permeable pavement structures with a physically-based approach, which solves RICHARD’s law with a finite element method. This modeling enables the understanding of the influence of the properties of the structure and its environment on its performances. Results have led to the proposal of a conceptual representation of permeable structures. The second model allows modeling the hydrological behavior of an urban catchment with an agent-based approach. Various scenarios of permeable pavement implemantations were simulated on a real study site located at Ouistreham in Normandy. The analysis of this model enables the quantifying of the benefits of the implementation of permeable pavements on surface runoff. Results highlight the link between the permeable surface on the impermeable surface ratio and the reduction of runoff. They emphasize the importance of dispersing permeable pavement areas to maximize their benefits
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19

Yeh, Tsunghsin, and 葉宗鑫. "Engineering Characteristics of Permeable Polymer Concrete." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14891536041847451971.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
100
Steel and FRP gratings have widely used as sewer trench covers. However, the openings of those gratings are also the entrances for mosquito and mice to sewer system. Those grating openings also could struck heels and let important items drop through. These all will impact public health and social safety. The objective of this research is to develop a permeable polymer concrete mixture design and be able to fill the openings of FRP grating for urban drainage trench covers. This application will eliminate the possibility of burglary of steel gratings, the prevention of mosquito and mice go through gratings, and important items drop through gratings, etc. Three permeable polymer concrete mixture designs were studied for urban drainage trench covers. The existing filter analyses for preventing clogging were reviewed. The soil particle distribution containing within sewage for the major urban drainage systems in Taiwan was also investigated and analyzed. Polymer concrete samples and mud fluids were used for laboratory filtration tests to evaluate the clogging resistance of the proposed polymer concrete mixtures. Permeability of the proposed polymer concrete mixtures before and after clogging resistance tests were also evaluated. Proto-type FRP/polymer concrete trench covers were made for preliminary try-out field tests. The results of this study indicated that the permeability of proposed polymer concrete mixtures exceeded 3 cm/s. The compression strength could exceed 192 kg/ cm2. Simple cleaning procedure could ensure 90% of its original permeability of the clogged permeable polymer concrete mixture samples. The developed product would improve the public health in Taiwan. In addition, the developed polymer concrete mixture also can be used for many civil work applications required filtration function.
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LO, CHIEN-YUNG, and 羅健勇. "Research on Reinforced Concrete Permeable Paving Bricks." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3rz88x.

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碩士
大漢技術學院
土木工程與環境資源管理研究所
106
ABSTRACT Although commercially available permeable concrete paving blocks comply with the related requirements of CNS14995 in terms of their compressive strength, flexural strength, and permeability coefficients, cracks often appear in these blocks after an extensive period of use. This study was conducted to improve the low flexural strength of permeable concrete paving blocks by placing 5mm steel wires inside these blocks. Reinforcing the flexural strength of permeable blocks enables sustaining the water retention ability of the floor while reducing the frequent needs for repairing the concrete blocks used in pavements and footpaths. The study results were as follows: 1. Inserting 9-φ5mm steel wires into a 30cm×30cm×8cm permeable concrete paving block reinforced the flexural strength of the blocks, which were capable of sustaining the wheel weight stipulated in the HS20 highway bridge regulations. 2. The flexural strength of the specimens in this study was affected by their porosity; low porosity led to high flexural strength, and vice versa. The highest flexural strength was achieved when the porosity was lower than 13%. 3. The flexural strength of permeable concrete paving blocks was highly correlated with their porosity. The manufacturing of such blocks should adopt a direct approach in controlling the weight of each block in order to achieve a greater control of the flexural strength. 4. Increasing the amount of fine aggregate in permeable concrete paving blocks enhanced the flexural strength but reduced the permeability coefficient. Therefore, the fine aggregate content should be adequately controlled to meet the flexural strength and permeability requirements.
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21

Lu, Chin-Sheng, and 呂志升. "Water permeable crystalline coating to enhance strength of concrete curriculum." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68671219365996509974.

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碩士
朝陽科技大學
應用化學系生化科技碩博士班
102
ABSTRACT The main purpose of the study aimed at investigating the effects of waterproof and eliminating the holes of concrete after using the water-based crystalline material. The Taguchi Method was adopted to reduce the number of experimental group and plan parameters to carry out the simulation and analysis. The cylinder grouting was used as the analysis model. Being painted with the water-based crystalline material, maintained and placed after the impact test, the change of compression strength was observed to investigate the compression strength of concrete and the effects of eliminating the holes of concrete. After the compression test, the table of optimization factors reveals the conclusions as follows: 1.After the compression tests, the strength of the concrete using the water- based crystalline material was 7% enhanced and 19% higher than the strength of the concrete which was accepted impact test twice but without using the water-based crystalline material. The water-based crystalline material was able to fill the holes of the model constantly and then fix the small holes and cracks, which enhanced the strength of compression. 2.The best effect was shown if the maintenance started on the first day of removing the shoring. The best effect was shown as being painted with the crystalline material once. After being impacted twice, the crystalline material did enhance the compressive strength. The best maintenance length was two days. It is inferred that the crystalline material can be led into the model by water. The water-based crystalline material was able to fill the holes of the model constantly and then fix the small holes and cracks, which enhanced the strength of compression. There will be a better effect if the maintenance is carried out earlier. Keywords: Water-based Crystalline Material, Compression strength, eliminating the holes of concrete
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22

Lu, Hui-Fang, and 呂慧芳. "Research porous asphalt concrete permeable characteristics of the aggregate grading." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/aajthj.

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碩士
東南科技大學
營建與空間設計系營建科技與防災碩士班
106
In recent years, due to the global warming in Taiwan, extreme weather conditions have emerged and rainfall patterns have changed. As a result, the frequency of heavy rainfalls has increased. To address the frequent waterlogging and reduce the load on the drainage system, Taiwan has actively introduced porous materials into the pavement in recent years. We hope to improve traffic safety and water conservation by using porous materials. The gradations used in this study refer to FHWA and NCAT in Europe, the specifications of drainage pavement design in Japan and the grading rules of each state in North America. Using high-strength modified asphalt, the porous asphalt concrete specimens were prepared, and the water permeability test, porosity test And other tests, analysis of various gradation physical parameter correlation value chart and characteristics of the relationship between the map to assess the different levels of different countries with water-permeable asphalt concrete pervious to water. After gradation adjustment, the values of four parameters of porous asphalt concrete gradation, such as volume porosity, interconnected porosity, effective porosity ratio and permeability coefficient, have been significantly improved, which effectively improves the drainage effect and helps to understand the material properties and help the materials Design choice.
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23

Kao, Chaung-Kai, and 高傳楷. "The Study of Taguchi Method in Permeable Concrete Mix Design." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/d93m64.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
95
In recent years the government vigorously carried out green construction and green building conforms to the ecology and the environmental protection demand, like soil water content, water resources , thus impetus permeable pavement. At present Engineering or academia mostly take the unit brick as the discussion objects, but the permeable concrete also has discussion and application, but often has permeability and strength both proper attention to both is not easy, therefore the discussion mixture design method gives dual attention to both by the time, for industry''s reference. incinerator bottom ash has increases day by day the tendency, expected can unify resources of the incinerator bottom ash to recycling, achieved disaster prevention, water cycle and the resource reuse forever the goal. This research first receive the permeable concrete mixture design by Taguchi Method, in view of it slump, unit weight, porosity, percolation rate and the compressive strength carries on the experiment, and by the statistical analysis permeable concrete each test result, and by this result underlie, incinerator bottom ash substitution permeable graded the increase different proportion obtains the best substitution mix proportion, on the one hand expects conforms to the environment ecology; On the other hand may reduce demand of the natural aggregate, solve the situation of construction resources. The result of study shows, under considering the permeable concrete quality multi-objective situation of permeability and adding the proportion of d Incinerator Bottom Ash can have enough permeability and compression strength, conforms to standard of the permeable pavement, also accord with the green building materials and applies regarding the permeable pavement material diversification in the traffic pavement provides the engineering more choice, then to the resource reuse, zero-waste and the metropolis water cycle also has quite the environment benefit.
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24

Zeng, Shih-Lun, and 曾士倫. "The study of liquid resin polymer application in permeable concrete." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8v2p73.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
97
Due to development of present society, economic activity driven by human over-concentration to the urban, between urban and rural broken the balance of ecological environment have long been. Urbanize original、the excessive concentration of population and impermeable area increase in solar radiation energy and rainfall have not enough vegetation, rainwater permeate chance reduce by a wide margin. To cause of the city center of high temperature, dry and rainfall increase, that namely “heat island effect”. In this study, the rule of “The Public Engineering Construction Project Rule, NO. 02794 ,Permeable Pavement”, and consider the manufacture cement permeable concrete durability poor and working difficultly, reference domestic and foreign-related literature and the study results, select the appropriate aggregation of cement materials as an alternative binder materials for permeable concrete. Through the experiment to fined the optimal ratio, in view of it slump, unit weight, porosity, percolation rate and the compressive strength carries on the experiment, and by the statistical analysis permeable concrete each test result, understanding of polymer applications in the case, on the one hand reduce to the heat island effect; On the other hand may improve permeable concrete quality of the works. The result of study showed, D grain composition (mix design(%)=1.0cm:0.5cm= 20%:80%) is the optimal of permeable concrete. Both of the body have good properties, epoxy resin and gum emulsion permeable concrete have great percolation rate and the compressive strength. It can applies in the low traffic and the standard of the permeable pavement, also accord with the green building materials. The engineering property of permeable concrete to facilitate the usage of the construction business provides more choice.
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25

Liu, Ju-Ju, and 劉茹如. "Comparative analysis on the measuring permeable methods of pervious concrete pavements." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12740533599459133061.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
102
Pervious pavements have the porous property, which enables the rain to flow directly into the sub-base and avoids catching water on the road surface. It has been increasingly adopted for roads of low occupancy traffic, footways, bike ways, parking lots and park pavements receutly. The infiltration is an important indication to evaluate infiltration capacity of the material ,both costant and falling head test will use to evaluate infiltration rate of soil in soil test. The former test is suitable for hight pervious soil(infiltration rate greater than 10 - 4 cm/sec),and the latter test is suitable for low pervious soil. Generaly, infiltration rate of concrete is required greater than 10 - 4 cm/sec. So far ,the evaluations of the filtration capacity of pervious concrete were not only used the constant head test internationally. For example , Japan Road Association examine field water infiltrometer method by falling head test. On the other hand, United States adopted ASTM-C1701 Single-ring infiltrometer method by constant head-like,moreover, infiltration rate are evaluate by Darcy’s low or according to energy (mass) law of conservation of volume calculation. This research focuses on various feasible constant head and falling head tests for the infiltration capacity of pervious pavements, and examines the reliability of each test. First, we concocted three barrels of concrete porous pavement material for simulation(40#westeur024#40#westeur024#69cm3). After 28 days of maintenance, we tested their infiltration capacity by situ infiltrometer,Mass balance method, Single-ring infiltrometer and Double-ring infiltrometer with both constant and falling head tests. We chose the access road to College center of the Environemetal NPUST as the experiment field of existing pervious pavement, and performed the identical tests on that site. Finally, we compared the infiltration capacity of the two based on the data collected from the tests. The results show that for both simulation pavement tested with Situ permeability instrument test method and cored and cylindrical samples tested with Lab Testing, the infiltration rates from falling head tests are 2-2.3 times higher than from constant head tests. On the other hand, the infiltration rates of simulation pervious pavement (numbered A-B-2) evaluated by Mass balance method, Situ infiltrometer and 30cm single-ring infiltrometer (ASTM-C1701) are very close. This means that for both Japan Road Association’s field water infiltrometer method and ASTM-C1701 single-ring infiltrometer (30 cm inner ring) method, the evaluations are reliable. However, when testing the infiltration capacity of existing pervious pavement, single-ring infiltrometer is a better choice. Using Single-ring and Double-ring infiltrometers to evaluate the infiltration capacity of existing pervious pavement and simulation pervious pavement, we found that the height of the head has notable impact on the infiltration rate. That is, the infiltration rate changes with respect to the water head. The ``Size effect’’ is also prominent in the size of the ring adopted for conducting the tests. Moreover, the data from Double-ring infiltrometer revealed that outer ring has the effect of preventing the leaking at the bottom of the inner ring. In this thesis, we did a systematic analysis and discuss the infiltration capacity of pervious pavements and various contributing effects involved in the experiments. The results could serve as a reference for the quality control uphile costructing a pervious pavement, when inspecting the infiltration capacity of the new pervious pavements. Thus, we think that this work has practical values in application area.
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26

Ho, Yi-Kun, and 何逸琨. "Automatic Porosity Detection for Permeable Concrete using X-ray CT Images." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zb8g29.

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碩士
國立中央大學
營建管理研究所
105
Permeable Concrete has been widely used as the main road surface material due to its sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly. The porosity of concrete has been used for the prediction of the properties of concrete. Traditional method of measuring the porosity of concrete is accurate, however it takes a lot of time to measure; but with X-ray computerized tomography (CT scan), measuring porosity would become much faster. In this study, we used CT to scan a concrete cylinder for measuring the its porosity. After the scanning, the results are a series of pictures; therefore, how we process the series of pictures is also an important part to automation. The study aims to create an automatic way to detect the internal structure of the pavement material instead of using the traditional way, and at the same time helping the pavement management to be quicker and more efficient. In this research, we used Somatom Emotion CT scanner to scan the pervious concretes. After obtaining the images from CT scanning, the image processing method is applied in order to get the properties of the concrete through the images from CT scan. The final results after the image processing method are pretty accurate, and the whole process is very efficient. The model created in the study will assist traditional method ways for examining porosity by providing visualized images for decision makers to make correct decisions for future problems. Also, the visualized images will provide a better understanding for the inner structure of the pervious concrete to study the correlations between the properties of the concrete cylinders.
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27

LAI, YI-ZHEN, and 賴宜貞. "Feasible Assessment of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Applied to Permeable Asphalt Concrete." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a7dgec.

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碩士
國立高雄科技大學
土木工程系
107
In this study, two kinds of different asphalt cements (AC-20, modified type III) were mixed with the water-permeable asphalt concrete pavement designed by the original medium-weight traffic volume, and the natural pellets in the original ratio were replaced. %, 30%, 40%, 50% Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), designed by Marshall, and passed the experimental results of stability value, fluidity, retention strength, water permeability and burger wheel related effectiveness analysis. The research results show that the application of RAP in permeable asphalt concrete pavement can indeed achieve the effect of resource recycling, and the amount of addition must be paid attention to. The results of the retention strength test of the modified type III showed that when the RAP substitution amount was 30%, the retention strength result was 90.12% when the percentage of the control group was 0%, and the retention strength was 30% when the RAP substitution amount was 30%. It is 90.59%. When the RAP substitution amount reached 50%, the retention strength was 93.73%, which was about 3.61% higher than that of the control group. The reason was estimated that the asphalt content of the ratio was 5.24%, and the asphalt of the control group. The content is 0.27% higher, so its ability to invade water will have better results than other substitutions and control groups. The water permeability of the modified type III was better than that of the AC-20, and the result of the modified type III RAP substitution of 20% was the best, followed by 50%, 30%, and 40%. The best RAP substitution for the AC-20 water permeability test was 50%, followed by 20%, 40% and 30%. As the amount of RAP substitution increases, the burger wheel test value will increase, indicating that its ability to resist rutting and underwater damage is superior. The physical properties of different asphalt cements will also have an impact on the amount of RAP added. It is recommended that in addition to the relative requirements for the addition amount, the relevant standard values or asphalt cement should be established and used as the basis for future implementation.
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28

Huang, Zhen-yang, and 黃振揚. "An experimental study on making permeable concrete brick by natural aggregates." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47680472842677673251.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
102
In recent years, the research on permeable pavement material is a hot topic in the production and academic circles in domestic and abroad. because the permeable pavement material has multi-porous characteristics which can enable the rainwater on the pavement directly penetrate into subgrade and thus keep water under the ground so that it can delay peak discharge, mitigate the heat island effect and achieve the ecological benefits. The building material of pervious pavement includes permeable bituminous concrete, permeable cement concrete, water permeable brick, perforated brick, ecological brick, etc. The main purpose of this study is to use the natural aggregates, concrete, slag and other materials to cast concrete water permeable brick by using preferential material ratio that is summarized by the orthogonal test analytical approach, pave the finished product of water permeable brick inside the plastic bucket, analyze the permeability performance of water permeable brick by using simulated rainfall as well as its water purifying capacity after the water flow goes through. The test results show that the compressive strength of water permeable brick produced according to the preferential material ratio that is summarized by the orthogonal test analytical approach is 309.2kgf/cm2, its bending strength is 60.2kgf/cm2, its permeation coefficient is 0.0326cm/sec, and its porosity is 13.22%. When simulating rainfall on the rainfall platform, the runoff critical point of water permeable brick pavement is flow 400cm3/sec, its permeable rate is approximately 5442.1mm/hr, and the accumulated rainfall per hour is amount to 119mm. When the muddy water of different degrees gets through the water permeable brick and its pavement, it shows that the two can effectively lower the turbidity and have the water quality purifying capacity. The test results of each mechanical test and water quality test in this research can use as a reference for the pavement of water permeable brick project and have certain reference values in the practical application.
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29

Zaal, Steven Michael. "Passive treatment of acid mine drainage through permeable concrete and organic filtration." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20998.

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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering, 2016
The aim of this research was to reduce heavy metal and sulfate content of acid mine drainage (AMD) through the methods of passive filtration by combining permeable concrete and organic materials. This was to achieve a low cost, yet effective temporary treatment method for rural/poor communities who are affected by AMD. The acids are filtered through layers of alternating pervious concrete and biological composting layers. The concrete layers target removal of heavy metals such as iron, manganese, potassium, and magnesium, etc. through precipitation as well as reduce sulfate content to a small degree along with total dissolved solids. The concrete layers also aid in raising the pH of the AMD to more acceptable levels. The biological layers achieve sulfate remediation through the metabolism of sulfatereducing- bacteria (SRB). This process however required time and the organic layers were thus thicker and less permeable than the concrete layers in order to allow seepage to take place at a reduced rate. A wide variation of composting layers were tested, including cow manure, chicken manure, sawdust, straw, zoo manure, and leaf compost to find an optimum mix of materials which allows for the greatest sulfate reduction through sulfate reducing bacteria in the shortest possible time. Short as well as Long-term testing of rigs was undertaken to establish effectiveness, limitations and lifespan of the filtration systems. AMD from a mine in the Mpumalanga coal fields with exceptionally high sulfate content was used to test effectiveness of the organic materials over a short period of time. With long term testing conducted with a synthetic AMD, due to limited supply from the mine. The short term testing yielded removal of sulfates in the order of 56% when using kraal manure as the biological reagent mixed with sawdust for added organic carbon. The mix percentages by volume were 80%Sawdust to 20%manure and this setup was able to achieve the 56% removal of sulfates within 14 days. The filter also successfully raised the pH to 8 while removing a significant portion of heavy metals. The long term tests showed complete (100%) remediation of sulfates after a period of approximately sixty days. The tests are continuing to determine their finite lifespan and limitations. The results show promise for using the technology as a low cost, temporary measure to protect locally impacted groundwater, especially for isolated and/or rural communities while a permanent long term solution is sought.
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30

Chuang, Ming-Sheng, and 莊明昇. "Study on Mixture and Engineering Properties of Cold-melt Plastic Permeable Concrete." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71724252629403116591.

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碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
營建工程所
96
The aim of this study is to make cold-melt plastic permeable concrete by using adhesive made of recycled polystyrene and benzene solvent and filling in nature reforcement made of different diameter aggregate gradation. In this study orthogonal experimental method L9(34) is adopted and material factors are chemistry solvent/polystyrene ratio,adhesive/solid ratio and maximum diameter of aggregate. It is intended to respectively test the porosity,water permeability, compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of plastic permeable concrete by means of permeable testing apparatus, liquid head infusion apparatus and computer controlled universal tester. In order to explore the relationship between parameter levels of each material factor and the most proper mixture of plastic permeable concrete, the result of the tests are processed by both range analysis and analysis of variance. According to the important impact of each material factor on different engineering, the result of orthogonal array statistical analysis suggests that the proportion of the most proper mixture is listed below in a sequent order. Porosity：maximum diameter of aggregate 3/8”；adhesive/solid ratio 20% and chemistry solvent/solid ratio 1.30.Permeable coefficient：maximum diameter of aggregate 3/4”；adhesive/solid ratio 20% and chemistry solvent/solid ratio 1.45.Compressive strength：adhesive/solid ratio 30%；maximum diameter of aggregate 3/4”+3/8” and chemistry solvent/solid ratio 1.30.Splitting tensile strength：adhesive/solid ratio 30%；chemistry solvent/solid ratio 1.80 and maximum diameter of aggregate 3/8”. In this study the porosity of cold-melt plastic permeable concrete is 38~44%, the water permeability is 50~59 mm/sec; the compressive strength is 24~56kgf/cm2 and the splitting tensile strength is 12~27kgf/cm2 that all confirm the requirement of permeable concrete engineering. To sum up, it reveals one thing that the new model of plastic permeable concrete made of adhesive not only fulfills the goals designed for ecologically decreasing litter and recycling, but also can be applied appropriately for permeable concrete pavements of various utilization.
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31

Liou, Ren-Chi, and 劉人慈. "The Study of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash Reused in Permeable Concrete." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51247003175847097617.

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碩士
國立中央大學
土木工程學系
101
Corresponding with referenced price in the Public Construction Commission in order to conduct economic feasibility test, this studies focuses on the analysis of basic properties of incinerator bottom ash. We firstly conducted dynamic leaching test to assess the environmental impact, and this is followed by permeable concrete analysis of bottom ash, exploring its uniformity and stability. The results revealed that the permeable concrete made with incinerator bottom ash demonstrated compressive strength of 2.3 ~ 4.67Mpa, meeting the standard specified in the “Chapter Outline Section 02794 Permeable Concrete”. Furthermore, there were little or no heavy metals found in the dynamic leaching test. The studies also manifested, by the process of washing and screening, incinerator bottom ash showed a vast amount of homogeneity and stability after properly reprocessed. In terms of higher wear rate of incinerator bottom ash, it is suggested to adopt blending methodology for the purpose of reuse. According to the current market price, the cost of processing incinerator bottom ash into permeable concrete is NTD 633.5 ~ 763.6, compared to non-processed aggregate with a price approximately NTD 1,247.1. These analyses indicated incinerator bottom ash is a safe and cost-effective material in engineer applications. Finally, this studies aims to provide constructive recommendation to “Chapter Outline Section 03341”, assisting incinerator bottom ash in having a more extensive adoption in practice.
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32

CHEN, WEI-LIN, and 陳威霖. "Relationship Between the Ratio of Permeable Concrete Material and Compressive Strength and Water Permeability." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p27rps.

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碩士
南華大學
科技學院永續綠色科技碩士學位學程
107
Permeable concrete passes through the porosity to discharge the surface water and reduce the road area water. This study analyzed the compressive strength and water permeability of different concrete ratios. First, concrete with various cement and gravel proportion were designed, followed by plasticizer to increase concrete cementing strength. After standard maintenance procedures, water permeability and compressive strength were examined. Outcomes shows that a high cement content will reduce the water permeability and increase the compressive strength.
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33

Drake, Jennifer Anne Pauline. "Performance and Operation of Partial Infiltration Permeable Pavement Systems in the Ontario Climate." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/7277.

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Partial-infiltration permeable pavement (PP) systems provide environmental benefits by increasing infiltration, attenuating storm flows and improving stormwater quality. This thesis focuses on the performance and operation of partial-infiltration PP systems over low permeability soil in Ontario. Three PP, AquaPave®, Eco-Optiloc® and Hydromedia® Pervious Concrete were monitored over two years and their performance was evaluated relative to an impermeable Asphalt control. Field data was collected from the Kortright PP pilot parking lot in Vaughan, Ontario. Through the use of restrictor valves on underdrains the PP systems were shown to provide substantial hydrologic benefits by eliminating stormwater outflow for rain events less than 7mm, reducing peak flows by 91% and reducing total stormwater volume by 43%. Stormwater quality was analyzed for winter and non-winter seasons. The PP were shown to greatly reduce the concentration and total loading of suspended solids, nutrients, hydrocarbons and most heavy metals. Some water quality data, such as pH, K, or Sr levels, indicate that the quality of PP effluent will change as the system ages. Study of PP sample boxes at the University of Guelph highlighted the role that construction materials have on effluent quality and showed that pollutants introduced by the pavement and aggregate are almost entirely in a dissolved form and decline very rapidly after a season of exposure to rainfall. Benefits to water quality were sustained during winter months. The partial-infiltration PP systems were shown to provide buffering of Na and Cl concentrations. Small and large-scale maintenance practices for PP systems were investigated. Small-sized equipment testing found that vacuum cleaning and pressure-washing have good potential to improve infiltration capacity. Testing of full-sized streetsweeping trucks demonstrated that permeability can be partially restored on PICP by suction-based sweeping. Vacuum-sweeping was beneficial on a PC pavement which had experienced large permeability losses. Results of this study indicate that partial-infiltration PP systems can be effective measures for maintaining or restoring infiltration functions on parking lots and other low volume traffic areas, even in areas with low permeability soils.
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34

Hsu, Bo-Chien, and 許柏謙. "The study in applicability of concrete recycled aggregate used in the base course for permeable pavement." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62345302025330852017.

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碩士
國立中央大學
土木工程學系
101
In response to global climate change,to address the burden of the drainage system caused by heavy rains,permeable pavement do for a Soothing Solutions,but related research proposed permeable pavement used in multi-light traffic areas,not yet widely used in general traffic of urban roads;and is currently base course of permeable pavement material for yet one full of normative guidelines. Therefore, the study first discusses recycled concrete aggregate used in permeable pavement characteristics;Recycled materials were used followed by graded gravel and permeable concrete to assess its effectiveness in two forms,recycled materials used to explore the suitability of the base course in permeable pavement,this study is to provide a better proportionality of the proposal,to meet the demand of bearing capacity in road works and achieve the effectiveness of water contained and permeability in permeable pavement. The results showed that use of recycled aggregate concrete at C-40 graded gravel CBR value range can meet its current construction specification for 02726(graded aggregates graded gravel base)the general base course the recommended 80 or more,while permeability coefficient and also meet Japanese permeable paving the recommended 10-3 cm/sec or more,by selector drawings can be find the designed dry unit weight to meet the demand of the base course of permeable pavement.The study of the production of recycled uniaxial compressive strength of porous concrete is 7.4 kgf/cm2 (105.7 psi) ~ 82.1 kgf/cm2 (1172.8 psi),but the proportion of cement aggregates 1:12's group has been unable to meet the construction specification chapter 02794 (permeable pavement) permeable concrete requirements,they can not meet the Ministry of Transportation road construction specifications for cement treated granular soil condition,the lower the proportion of cement aggregates should pay particular attention in the selection. Finally,according to the study of the process and test results,explore and recommend changes for construction specifications chapter 02794,to make specification more perfect, easy to use engineering reference.
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