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Dr., K. Ivin Jabakumar. "EFFECT OF CONCURRENT STRENGTH AEROBIC ENDURANCE TRAINING ON STRENGTH AMONG HOCKEY PLAYERS." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Arts and Humanities (IJIRAH) 7, no. 1 (2022): 52–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7496195.
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The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of concurrent strength aerobic endurance training on the development of maximum strength among hockey players. The study was formulated as a pre and post test random group design, in which forty five men students were randomly assigned into threeequal groups and each group consisting of 15 subjects. Group I acted as aerobic endurance training group (AETG, n = 15), Group II acted as concurrent strength aerobic endurance training group (CSAETG, n = 15) and Group III acted as control group (CG, n = 15). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was computed and whenever the adjusted post-test means were found significant, the Scheffe’s post-hoc test was administer to find out the paired means difference. The concurrent strength aerobic endurance training improved strength better than aerobic endurance training and control groups on maximum strength among hockey players.
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Bernedo, Gabriel O., Luke J. Haseler, Kevin J. Netto, and Dale W. Chapman. "An Exploratory Study on Whether the Interference Effect Occurs When High-Intensity Strength Training Is Performed Prior to High-Intensity Interval Aerobic Training." Applied Sciences 14, no. 18 (2024): 8447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14188447.
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There is conflicting evidence on whether concurrent aerobic endurance and resistance training (RT) leads to synergistic enhancements in aerobic capacity and muscular strength or causes interference, limiting performance gains. We developed a concurrent training (CT) intervention, including full-body dynamic RT combined with high-intensity interval training (HIIT), on a cycle ergometer to determine whether a brief CT intervention is beneficial to both muscular strength and aerobic capacity. In an exploratory pilot study, participants (n = 10; male = 4) undertook a four-week CT intervention consisting of RT, including six compound movements (bench press, squat, deadlift, Pendley row, squat jumps, and rack pulls), plus cycle HIIT. The pre-/post-intervention improvements were assessed via bench press and leg press 3RM testing, an isometric mid-thigh pull, a countermovement jump, and the change in the relative V˙O2max. We observed significant (p < 0.1) increases in the bench press (6.4%), leg press (6.7%), IMTP (11.1%), and relative V˙O2max (7%) results. Interestingly, the participants with the highest pre-intervention relative V˙O2max demonstrated no performance improvements. These pilot test results suggest that CT is an effective strategy that enables synergistic enhancements that can be observed with very low training volumes. This suggests that CT is an effective strategy for improving muscular strength and aerobic endurance in non-elite physically active individuals.
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Akalu Wondem, Demeku, and Zelalem Melkamu Tegegne. "Effect of Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training on Distance Running Performances in Well-Trained Athletes." Sport Mont 21, no. 3 (2023): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/smj.231016.
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Athletes competing in distance competitions have used a combination of aerobic and anaerobic training approaches to train and enhance the performance-determining elements. Nevertheless, few studies have reported data related to the effect of concurrent training on well-trained distance (3,000 m – 10,000 m) runners. Because of limited evidence available for this population, this study aimed to investigate the effect of concurrent strength and endurance training on distance running performance. A randomized study was conducted. Thirty-nine distance runners (16.62±0.71 years) were randomly assigned into the endurance training group (ETG; n=13), strength training group (STG; n=13), and concurrent training group (CTG; n=13). The 12 weeks of training in which each group trained 3 times a week. The participants were tested on 1RM squat test, push-up test, VO2 max, and 5-km time trial. Findings showed that STG significantly higher than ETG enhancements on 1RMsquat (p<0.001) and push-up (p<0.001) and STG significantly higher than CTG enhancements on 1RM squat (p<0.001), push up (p=0.045). ETG results were significantly better than those obtained by STG on VO2 max (p=0.002) and 5-km time trial (p=0.004). Finally, the improvements obtained by CTG were significantly higher than those attained by ETG on 1RM squat (p<0.001), push-up (p<0.001); VO2 max (p<0.001) and 5-km time trial (p=0.002). In conclusion, performing 12-week concurrent training program improves performance variables that can be obtained with strength and endurance training in long-distance running. Athletes can acquire strength and endurance adaptations by engaging in concurrent training regimens.
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Cantrell, Gregory S., Brian K. Schilling, Max R. Paquette, and Zsolt Murlasits. "Maximal strength, power, and aerobic endurance adaptations to concurrent strength and sprint interval training." European Journal of Applied Physiology 114, no. 4 (2014): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2811-8.
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Santos, Albano, Daniel Marinho, Aldo Costa, Mikel Izquierdo, and Mário Marques. "The Effects of Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Training Follow a Specific Detraining Cycle in Young School Girls." Journal of Human Kinetics 29A, Special-Issue (2011): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-011-0064-3.
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The Effects of Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Training Follow a Specific Detraining Cycle in Young School GirlsThe purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an 8-week training period of strength training alone (GR), or combined strength and endurance training (GCOM), followed by 12-weeks of de-training (DT) on body composition, power strength and VO2max adaptations in a schooled group of adolescent girls. Methods: Sixty-seven healthy girls recruited from a Portuguese public high school (age: 13.5±1.03 years, from 7thand 9thgrade) were divided into three experimental groups to train twice a week for 8 wks: GR (n=21), GCOM (n=25) and a control group (GC: n=21; no training program). Anthropometric parameters variables as well as performance variables (strength and aerobic fitness) were assessed. Results: No significant training-induced differences were observed in 1kg and 3kg medicine ball throw gains (2.7 to 10.8%) between GR and GCOM groups, whereas no significant changes were observed after a DT period in any of the experimental groups. Significant training-induced gains in CMVJ (8 to 12%) and CMSLJ (0.8 to 5.4%) were observed in the experimental groups. Time of 20m significantly decreased (GR: -11.5% and GCOM: -10%) after both treatment periods, whereas only the GR group kept the running speed after a DT period of 12 weeks. After training VO2max increased only slightly for GCOM (4.0%). No significant changes were observed after the DT period in all groups, except to GCOM in CMVJ and CMSLJ. Conclusion: Performing simultaneous strength and endurance training in the same workout does not appear to negatively influence power strength and aerobic fitness development in adolescent girls. Indeed, concurrent strength and endurance training seems to be an effective, well-rounded exercise program that can be prescribed as a means to improve initial or general strength in healthy school girls. De-training period was not sufficient to reduce the overall training effects.
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K Carroll, Christopher. "Beyond localized muscular endurance: Strength and Power Training as a means to improve the Aerobic Runner." MOJ Sports Medicine 3, no. 3 (2019): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojsm.2019.03.00082.
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Objectives: The purpose of the paper is to highlight and demonstrate how to apply strength and power training to the endurance runner. This paper will discuss physiological adaptations beyond simply localized muscular endurance. Focused literature highlighting effects on oxygen consumption, lactate threshold, running economy and neuromuscular benefits will be further discussed. Search methods: A search was conducted on the wide-body of research that exists in and around the skeletal muscle and sports performance and aligns the research in a clear manner, specifically describing the physiological response of various training to the endurance athlete. Literature gathered involved trails of comparative analysis with control groups in various exercise settings. Main results: In an attempt to clarify the physiological adaptations specific to the endurance runner, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate and describe how strength and power training can be used with aerobic athletes beyond just localized muscle endurance. The present paper identifies each adaptation specific to the training modality to clarify the scientific evidence for the sport practitioner. Conclusions: Historically, runners have eliminated strength exercises form their training programs due to theorized decreases in VO2max and Lactate Threshold. However, the majority of research analyzing those two variables has been conducted with stand-alone methodology. Concurrent strength and endurance training research has not displayed negative effects on in VO2max and Lactate Threshold and furthermore has produced favorable adaptions to both running economy and neuromuscular coordination delaying fatigue. It is therefore suggested endurance based runners perform strength and or power training to maximize running economy and delay fatigue.
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Derakhshan Nejad, Mehri, Masoud Nikbakht, Mohsen Ghanbarzadeh, and Rouhollah Ranjbar. "Effect of Concurrent Training Order With Electromyostimulation on Physical Performance in Young Elderly Women." Journal of Rehabilitation 21, no. 4 (2021): 508–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/rj.21.4.3147.1.
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Objective: Aging is one of the stages of life that needs special attention due to the special conditions of this period of life. Inactivity and myasthenia due to aging are important factors in reducing the physical and functional activities in the elderly, which can affect their quality of life. On the other hand, electromyostimulation (EMS) is one of the modern training methods that can be suitable for disabilities in the elderly. Also, the training sequence in concurrent training is one of the variables of training that can affect its adaptations. This study aimed to compare the effect of exercise sequence in concurrent training with EMS on the motor performance of elderly women. Materials & Methods: In this semi-experimental single-blinded study, 50 healthy elderly female volunteers, age range of 60-70 years, were selected by random sampling divided randomly into the following groups (each group of 10 people): Aerobic-resistance training with EMS, resistance-aerobic exercise with EMS, rotational exercise (change of priority periodically in training sessions) with EMS, and rotational and control (without training) groups. The training protocol consisted of twelve weeks of exercise, three sessions per week, and each session three stages of warm-up (10-15 minutes), main exercises (20 minutes) and cooling (10 minutes). The main training program consisted of 20 minutes of parallel combination exercises, which were two 10-minute steps with a 3-5 minute intervals. Aerobic exercises were performed with the intensity of 70%-50% of maximum oxygen consumption and resistance exercises using body weight and elastic bands for different muscle groups. The training schedule was the same for all groups in terms of volume and intensity, with the only difference being in the exercise sequence and EMS presentation. Strength of the upper and lower torso muscles were measured with chest press and seated leg extension, respectively, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) with a one-mile Rockport walking test, muscular endurance with a 2-minute marching on a spot-test and lower torso strength with a walking test on the slope in two stages before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis was performed using dependent t-tests and Covariance Analysis (ANCOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test using SPSS software V. 22 and P≥0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Significant increase was observed in all measured dependent variables relative to the baseline values (P<0.001). In the study of intergroup changes, a significant increase was observed in VO2 max level, upper and lower torso strength, and muscular endurance in all of the intervention groups compared to the control group (P<0.001), but lower torso strength was significant only in the intervention groups with EMS compared to the control group (P<0.001). VO2 max changes and the lower torso strength in training groups with EMS were significantly higher than the groups without EMS (P<0.01). Also, the upper torso strength and the endurance of the lower torso muscles in the group with the priority of resistance training with EMS were higher than the combination group without EMS (P<0.01). Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be said that combined concurrent exercises are a useful method in promoting physical fitness and physical performance of elderly women, and the use of EMS can increase the effectiveness of adaptations resulting from exercise, especially lower torso strength in the elderly and can prevent complications associated with myasthenia. On the other hand, the training sequence with the priority of resistance training can be effective in increasing the effect of exercise on the variables of upper torso muscle strength and muscular endurance, but it does not have a significant effect on lower torso strength, cardiorespiratory endurance and lower torso strength.
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Dolezal, Brett A., and Jeffrey A. Potteiger. "Concurrent resistance and endurance training influence basal metabolic rate in nondieting individuals." Journal of Applied Physiology 85, no. 2 (1998): 695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.2.695.
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Thirty physically active healthy men (20.1 ± 1.6 yr) were randomly assigned to participate for 10 wk in one of the following training groups: endurance trained (ET; 3 days/wk jogging and/or running), resistance trained (RT; 3 days/wk resistance training), or combined endurance and resistance trained (CT). Before and after training, basal metabolic rate (BMR), percent body fat (BF), maximal aerobic power, and one-repetition maximum for bench press and parallel squat were determined for each subject. Urinary urea nitrogen was determined pre-, mid-, and posttraining. BMR increased significantly from pre- to posttraining for RT (7,613 ± 968 to 8,090 ± 951 kJ/day) and CT (7,455 ± 964 to 7,802 ± 981 kJ/day) but not for ET (7,231 ± 554 to 7,029 ± 666 kJ/day). BF for CT (12.2 ± 3.5 to 8.7 ± 1.7%) was significantly reduced compared with RT (15.4 ± 2.7 to 14.0 ± 2.7%) and ET (11.8 ± 2.9 to 9.5 ± 1.7%). Maximal aerobic power increased significantly for ET (13%) but not RT (−0.2%) or CT (7%), whereas the improvements in one-repetition maximum bench press and parallel squat were greater in RT (24 and 23%, respectively) compared with CT (19 and 12%, respectively). Urinary urea nitrogen loss was greater in ET (14.6 ± 0.9 g/24 h) than in RT (11.7 ± 1.0 g/24 h) and CT (11.5 ± 1.0 g/24 h) at the end of 10 wk of training. These data indicate that, although RT alone will increase BMR and muscular strength, and ET alone will increase aerobic power and decrease BF, CT will provide all of these benefits but to a lesser magnitude than RT and ET after 10 wk of training.
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Taghibeikzadehbadr, Pejman, P. Farzanegi, H. Beykzade, et al. "Monitoring of the pre-season preparatory training by the mood profile and physical performance in the male soccer players." PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT SCIENCE QUARTERLY (PESSQ) 2, no. 2 (2022): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6987350.
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The aim of the present study was to monitor the pre-season preparatory training effectiveness by both the mood profile and physical performance.15 male soccer players mean age 25±2.21 yr, height 180.27±2.58 cm, weight 81.13±5.49 kg and 5 years playing experience voluntary participated in this study. The program combined strength and endurance training, 4 weeks progressive training and the 5th week declining activity (taper period). Assessments of mood and physical performances at first week, end of 4th and 5th weeks were performed.Variance of analysis with repeated measurements showed that the aerobic and anaerobic capacity did not change significantly after progressive training. But after taper period (the decline of training load) both indices increased significantly (p<0.05). However, the maximum strength, had significant increase during both the progressive training load and taper periods (p<0.05and p=0.05 respectively). Four weeks progressive training load period; had insignificant effect on mood profile except for fatigue.After the taper period, fatigue and mood depression showed significant reduction compared to the beginning of the training period (p<0.05, p<0.05 respectively). The overall results show that aerobic and anaerobic capacity compared to the reduction of training load is more sensitive than the time of progressive training load (p<0.05 for taper period and p>0.05 for time of progressive training load). Among the 6 mood factors, only fatigue and depression have been shown to be more sensitive to the change of training load.
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Berryman, Nicolas, Iñigo Mujika, and Laurent Bosquet. "Effects of Short-Term Concurrent Training Cessation on the Energy Cost of Running and Neuromuscular Performances in Middle-Distance Runners." Sports 9, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9010001.
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Evidence supports the implementation of concurrent strength and running training, within the same mesocycle, to improve performances in middle- and long-distance events. However, very little is known about the effects of concurrent training cessation. The purpose of this investigation was to describe the effects of 4 weeks of explosive strength training cessation after an 8-week concurrent training protocol. Eight runners completed this study, which first included either plyometric (n = 4) or dynamic weight training (n = 4) in addition to the usual running regimen. Explosive strength training was thereafter interrupted for 4 weeks, during which running sessions were maintained. Participants were tested at baseline, after concurrent training and after concurrent training cessation. The results suggest that the energy cost of running improvements observed after the intervention (−5.75%; 95% CI = −8.47 to −3.03) were maintained once explosive strength training was interrupted (−6.31%; 95% CI = −10.30 to −2.32). The results also suggest that neuromuscular performances were maintained after 4 weeks of concurrent training cessation, especially when tests were specific to the training intervention. Furthermore, a 3000m time trial revealed a similar pattern, with improvements after the concurrent mesocycle (−2.40%; 95% CI = −4.65 to −0.16) and after concurrent training cessation (−4.43%; 95% CI = −6.83 to −2.03). Overall, only trivial changes were observed for aerobic endurance and V˙O2peak. Together, these results suggest that short-term explosive strength training cessation might be beneficial and could be considered as a taper strategy for middle-distance runners. However, coaches and athletes must interpret these results cautiously considering the study’s low sample size and the very limited available literature in this domain.
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Dudley, G. A., and R. Djamil. "Incompatibility of endurance- and strength-training modes of exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 5 (1985): 1446–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.5.1446.
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Twenty-two male and female subjects trained for 7 wk for endurance (group E), for strength (group IS), or for both strength and endurance (group C) to evaluate the effect of concurrent performance of both modes of training on the in vivo force-velocity relationship of human muscle and on aerobic power. Endurance training consisted of five 5-min sessions three times a week on cycle ergometer with a work load that approached the subject's peak cycle-ergometer O2 uptake (peak CE VO2). Strength training consisted of two 30-s sets of maximal knee extensions per day performed on an isokinetic dynamometer three times a week at a velocity of 4.19 rad X s-1. Group C performed the same training as groups IS and E, alternating days of strength and endurance training. Subjects (groups C and IS) were tested pre- and posttraining for maximal knee-extension torque at a specific joint angle (0.52 rad below horizontal) for seven specific angular velocities (0, 0.84, 1.68, 2.81, 3.35, 4.19, and 5.03 rad X s-1). Groups C and E were tested for peak CE VO2 pretraining, at 14-day intervals, and posttraining. Group IS showed significant increases in angle-specific maximal torque at velocities up to and including the training speed (4.19 rad X s-1). Group C showed increases (P less than 0.05) at velocities of 0, 0.84, and 1.68 rad X s-1 only. Peak CE VO2, when expressed in relative or absolute terms, increased (P less than 0.05) approximately 18% for both groups E and C.
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Arend, Eduardo, Gustavo Silva, and Joana Carvalho. "Concurrent Aerobic and Resistance Training Improves Lower Limbs Strength and Muscular Endurance in Older Adults." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000485375.03058.5c.
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Chtara, M. "Effects of intra-session concurrent endurance and strength training sequence on aerobic performance and capacity." British Journal of Sports Medicine 39, no. 8 (2005): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.015248.
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Volterrani, Maurizio, Giuseppe Caminiti, Marco Alfonso Perrone, et al. "Effects of Concurrent, Within-Session, Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training on Functional Capacity and Muscle Performance in Elderly Male Patients with Chronic Heart Failure." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 3 (2023): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12030750.
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Background. The best format of exercise training (ET) in the setting of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is still to be defined. Current guidelines recommend aerobic exercises, such as running and cycling, including some sessions per week of resistance exercise. Aim. The aim of this study was to address the effectiveness of a concurrent exercise training program utilizing a circuit of sequential endurance and resistance exercises on functional capacity and muscular strength in patients with CHF. Methods. Ninety-five consecutive male patients (age 63.1 ± 6 years) with CHF (EF < 40%) in NYHA functional class II/III, were randomly assigned on 1:1 basis to a 12-week aerobic continuous training (AT) or concurrent CT), aerobic + resistance, training (CT), three times a week, with each session lasting 80 min. We used high quality, specifically designed ergometers, connected with each other and governed by a central console, and managed by a single physiotherapist. Before and after training all patients performed a symptoms-limited exercise test on a treadmill and a 6-min walking test (6MWT). Patients in the CT group also performed resistance exercises of upper and lower body. Results. The 6MWT and exercise duration at ergometric test increased significantly in both AT and CT groups, with the increase being greater in CT group (p < 0.001; ES = 0.13; p < 0.01; ES = 0.07). Muscular strength increased significantly in the CT group, particularly in the lower body muscular districts (p < 0.001). Quality of life improved in both groups, with a significantly greater improvement in the CT group (p < 0.05). No side effects leading to discontinuation of training were observed. Conclusions. These findings indicate that concurrent, within-session training results in larger improvements in functional capacity, in addition to muscle performance, in patients with CHF, in comparison to single-mode aerobic training.
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Nájera-Ferrer, Pablo, Carlos Pérez-Caballero, Juan José González-Badillo, and Fernando Pareja-Blanco. "Effects of Exercise Sequence and Velocity Loss Threshold During Resistance Training on Following Endurance and Strength Performance During Concurrent Training." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 6 (2021): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0483.
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Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the response to 4 concurrent training interventions differing in the training sequence and in the velocity loss (VL) threshold during strength training (20% vs 40%) on following endurance and strength performance. Methods: A randomized crossover research design was used. Sixteen trained men performed 4 training interventions consisting of endurance training (ET) followed by resistance training (RT), with 20% and 40% VL, respectively (ET + RT20 and ET + RT40), and RT with 20% and 40% VL, respectively, followed by ET (RT20 + ET and RT40 + ET). The ET consisted of running for 10 minutes at 90% of maximal aerobic velocity. The RT consisted of 3 squat sets with 60% of 1-repetition maximum. A 5-minute rest was given between exercises. The oxygen uptake throughout the ET and repetition velocity during RT were recorded. The blood lactate concentration, vertical jump, and squat velocity were measured at preexercise and after the endurance and strength exercises. Results: The RT40 + ET protocol showed an impaired running time along with higher ventilatory equivalents compared with those protocols that performed the ET without previous fatigue. No significant differences were observed in the repetitions per set performed for a given VL threshold, regardless of the exercise sequence. The protocols consisting of 40%VL induced greater reductions in jump height and squat velocity, along with elevated blood lactate concentration. Conclusions: A high VL magnitude (40%VL) induced higher metabolic and mechanical stress, as well as greater residual fatigue, on the following ET performance.
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Botonis, Petros G., Argyris G. Toubekis, Gerasimos D. Terzis, Nickos D. Geladas, and Theodoros I. Platanou. "Effects of Concurrent Strength and High-Intensity Interval Training on Fitness and Match Performance in Water-Polo Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 67, no. 1 (2019): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0001.
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AbstractThe purpose of the study was to examine changes in performance and match-induced fatigue over a 27-week training period. Eight national-level water-polo players performed a 5 x 200 m swimming test to calculate velocities corresponding to blood lactate concentration of 4.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mmol.l-1 at three testing periods: i) baseline, ii) end of the pre-season (8 weeks of 4 x 4 min swimming bouts), iii) end of the in-season (8 weeks of 8 x 20 m swimming sprints). During each testing period, four competitive matches were played and repeated sprints (8 x 20 m), 400 m swimming, and shooting accuracy were evaluated at the pre- and post-match. Repeated sprint tests were also conducted at mid-game. Analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to detect changes among training periods and within games. Swimming velocities corresponding to 4.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mmol.l-1 were increased after the pre-season by 9%, 7.7%, and 6.7% (p < 0.01) and decreased following the in-season compared to the pre-season by 8.9%, 7.0% and 3.3% (p < 0.01), respectively. Pre-match repeated sprints and 400 m performance were improved after the pre-season by 4.3% and 3.8% (p < 0.01) and decreased by ~3% after the in-season compared to the pre-season (p < 0.01). Mid- and post-match repeated sprint performance was improved after the pre-season by 4.8 ± 1.4% and 4.4 ± 1.1% and remained unchanged after the in-season compared to the pre-season. Post-match 400 m speed was improved by 3.2% after the pre-season (p < 0.01) and decreased by 2.8% after the in-season (p = 0.04).Pre-season training improved players’ aerobic endurance and performance. Intensified in-season training decreased aerobic power, endurance, and pre-match performance while maintaining match repeated sprint performance.
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Aguiar, Renata Emilia Marques, Cauê Vazquez La Scala Teixeira, Heverton Paulino, et al. "EFFECTS OF CONCURRENT TRAINING ON MORPHOFUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN HYPERTENSIVE WOMEN." Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento 25, no. 3 (2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31501/rbcm.v25i3.7372.
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Aerobic and resistance exercise have been prescript to prevention and non pharmacological treatment of hypertension. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the effects of concurrent training in hypertensive women. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of concurrent training program on rest blood pressure, biochemical variables (blood glucose and total cholesterol) , anthropometric (body mass index and waist circumference) and functional fitness in hypertensive women. Eighteen hypertensive postmenopausal and untrained women (59±12 years old) started in the intervention, but only ten subjects finished. The voluntaries were enrolled in concurrent training, 60 min/day, 3 times a week, during 6 months. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol, body mass index, waist circumference and functional fitness (AAPHERD) were measured pre and post experimental period. Data were analyzed using the Student’s t test with significance level set at 5% (P?0.05) and Cohen's Effect Size (ES). The results showed significant improvement in systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest. The other variables did not show significantly changes, but the ES was medium and large for several variables (body mass index, blood glucose, total cholesterol, agility, coordination, aerobic fitness, strength endurance and general functional fitness index). In conclusion, this study confirms that 6 month of concurrent training program improved systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive women. In addition, the protocol suggests an improvement in anthropometric, biochemical and functional variables related to health.
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Cadore, Eduardo L., Ronei S. Pinto, Stephanie S. Pinto, et al. "Effects of Strength, Endurance, and Concurrent Training on Aerobic Power and Dynamic Neuromuscular Economy in Elderly Men." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 25, no. 3 (2011): 758–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e318207ed66.
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Chapman, Shaun, Henry C. Chung, Alex J. Rawcliffe, Rachel Izard, Lee Smith, and Justin D. Roberts. "Does Protein Supplementation Support Adaptations to Arduous Concurrent Exercise Training? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Military Based Applications." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (2021): 1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051416.
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We evaluated the impact of protein supplementation on adaptations to arduous concurrent training in healthy adults with potential applications to individuals undergoing military training. Peer-reviewed papers published in English meeting the population, intervention, comparison and outcome criteria were included. Database searches were completed in PubMed, Web of science and SPORTDiscus. Study quality was evaluated using the COnsensus based standards for the selection of health status measurement instruments checklist. Of 11 studies included, nine focused on performance, six on body composition and four on muscle recovery. Cohen’s d effect sizes showed that protein supplementation improved performance outcomes in response to concurrent training (ES = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.08–1.70). When analysed separately, improvements in muscle strength (SMD = +4.92 kg, 95% CI = −2.70–12.54 kg) were found, but not in aerobic endurance. Gains in fat-free mass (SMD = +0.75 kg, 95% CI = 0.44–1.06 kg) and reductions in fat-mass (SMD = −0.99, 95% CI = −1.43–0.23 kg) were greater with protein supplementation. Most studies did not report protein turnover, nitrogen balance and/or total daily protein intake. Therefore, further research is warranted. However, our findings infer that protein supplementation may support lean-mass accretion and strength gains during arduous concurrent training in physical active populations, including military recruits.
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Domínguez, Raúl, José Maté-Muñoz, Noemí Serra-Paya, and Manuel Garnacho-Castaño. "Lactate Threshold as a Measure of Aerobic Metabolism in Resistance Exercise." International Journal of Sports Medicine 39, no. 03 (2017): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-122740.
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AbstractIn resistance training, load intensity is usually calculated as the percentage of a maximum repetition (1RM) or maximum number of possible repetitions (% of 1RM). Some studies have proposed a lactate threshold (LT) intensity as an optimal approach for concurrent training of cardiorespiratory endurance and muscle strength, as well as an alternative in resistance training. The objective of the present study was to analyze the results obtained in research evaluating the use of LT in resistance training. A keyword and search tree strategy identified 14 relevant articles in the Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Based on the studies analyzed, the conclusion was that the LT in resistance exercises can be determined either by mathematical methods or by visual inspection of graphical plots. Another possibility is to measure the intensity at which LT might coincide with the first ventilatory threshold (VT1). Since performing an exercise session at one’s LT intensity has been shown to accelerate the cardiorespiratory response and induce neuromuscular fatigue, this intensity could be used to set the training load in a resistance training program.
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Skovgaard, Casper, Peter M. Christensen, Sonni Larsen, Thomas Rostgaard Andersen, Martin Thomassen, and Jens Bangsbo. "Concurrent speed endurance and resistance training improves performance, running economy, and muscle NHE1 in moderately trained runners." Journal of Applied Physiology 117, no. 10 (2014): 1097–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01226.2013.
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The purpose of this study was to examine whether speed endurance training (SET, repeated 30-s sprints) and heavy resistance training (HRT, 80–90% of 1 repetition maximum) performed in succession are compatible and lead to performance improvements in moderately trained endurance runners. For an 8-wk intervention period (INT) 23 male runners [maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) 59 ± 1 ml·min−1·kg−1; values are means ± SE] either maintained their training (CON, n = 11) or performed high-intensity concurrent training (HICT, n = 12) consisting of two weekly sessions of SET followed by HRT and two weekly sessions of aerobic training with an average reduction in running distance of 42%. After 4 wk of HICT, performance was improved ( P < 0.05) in a 10-km run (42:30 ± 1:07 vs. 44:11 ± 1:08 min:s) with no further improvement during the last 4 wk. Performance in a 1,500-m run (5:10 ± 0:05 vs. 5:27 ± 0:08 min:s) and in the Yo-Yo IR2 test (706 ± 97 vs. 491 ± 65 m) improved ( P < 0.001) only following 8 wk of INT. In HICT, running economy (189 ± 4 vs. 195 ± 4 ml·kg−1·km−1), muscle content of NHE1 (35%) and dynamic muscle strength was augmented ( P < 0.01) after compared with before INT, whereas V̇o2max, muscle morphology, capillarization, content of muscle Na+/K+ pump subunits, and MCT4 were unaltered. No changes were observed in CON. The present study demonstrates that SET and HRT, when performed in succession, lead to improvements in both short- and long-term running performance together with improved running economy as well as increased dynamic muscle strength and capacity for muscular H+ transport in moderately trained endurance runners.
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Nevin, Jonpaul, Ingrid Kouwijzer, Ben Stone, et al. "The Science of Handcycling: A Narrative Review." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 17, no. 3 (2022): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0458.
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The aim of this narrative review is to provide insight as to the history, biomechanics, and physiological characteristics of competitive handcycling. Furthermore, based upon the limited evidence available, this paper aims to provide practical training suggestions by which to develop competitive handcycling performance. Handbike configuration, individual physiological characteristics, and training history all play a significant role in determining competitive handcycling performance. Optimal handcycling technique is highly dependent upon handbike configuration. As such, seat positioning, crank height, crank fore-aft position, crank length, and handgrip position must all be individually configured. In regard to physiological determinants, power output at a fixed blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·L−1, relative oxygen consumption, peak aerobic power output, relative upper body strength, and maximal anaerobic power output have all been demonstrated to impact upon handcycling performance capabilities. Therefore, it is suggested that that an emphasis be placed upon the development and frequent monitoring of these parameters. Finally, linked to handcycling training, it is suggested that handcyclists should consider adopting a concurrent strength and endurance training approach, based upon a block periodization model that employs a mixture of endurance, threshold, interval, and strength training sessions. Despite our findings, it is clear that several gaps in our scientific knowledge of handcycling remain and that further research is necessary in order to improve our understanding of factors that determine optimal performance of competitive handcyclists. Finally, further longitudinal research is required across all classifications to study the effects of different training programs upon handcycling performance.
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Ribeiro, Jorge, José Afonso, Miguel Camões, et al. "Methodological Characteristics, Physiological and Physical Effects, and Future Directions for Combined Training in Soccer: A Systematic Review." Healthcare 9, no. 8 (2021): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9081075.
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Combined training (CT) may combine strength and endurance training within a given time period, but it can also encompass additional protocols consisting of velocity, balance, or mobility as part of the same intervention. These combined approaches have become more common in soccer. This systematic review was conducted to (1) characterize the training protocols used in CT studies in soccer, (2) summarize the main physiological and physical effects of CT on soccer players, and (3) provide future directions for research. Methods: A systematic review of Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The PICOS were defined as follows: P (soccer players of any age or sex); I (CT combining strength and endurance or sprinting or balance or mobility training); C (the control group (whenever applicable), with or without comparative interventions in addition to usual soccer training); O (acute and/or chronic responses: biochemical, physiological and physical); S (must have at least two groups, either randomized or non-randomized). The database search initially identified 79 titles. From those, eight articles were deemed eligible for the systematic review. Three studies analyzed acute responses to concurrent training, while the remaining five analyzed adaptations to CT. In those tested for acute responses, physiological (hormonal) and physical (strength and power external load, internal load) parameters were observed. Adaptations were mainly focused on physical parameters (strength and power, sprints, jumps, repeated sprint ability, aerobic, change-of-direction), with relatively little focus on physiological parameters (muscle architecture). Short-term responses to CT can affect hormonal responses of testosterone after resistance training with internal and external load. In turn, these responses’ effects on strength and power have produced mixed results, as have adaptations. Specifically, strength and hypertrophy are affected to a lesser extent than speed/power movements. Nevertheless, it is preferable to perform CT before endurance exercises since it is a limiting factor for interference. Volume, intensity, rest between sessions, and athletes’ fitness levels and nutrition dictate the degree of interference.
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Vahtra, Eno, Rasmus Pind, Evelin Mäestu, Priit Purge, Priit Kaasik, and Jarek Mäestu. "The Effect of Different Periodization and Modes of Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training on Double Poling Performance and Body Composition in Adolescent Cross-Country Skiers." Sports 10, no. 2 (2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10020015.
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The aim of the study was to compare the effects of different types and periodization of strength training on body composition and maximal aerobic performance in 10-week training period in adolescent XC skiers. Twenty-eight adolescent competitive cross-country skiers, including 10 females (age 17.9 ± 1.8 years; body mass 69.6 ± 9.7 kg; height 1.77 ± 0.1 m; training experience 8.6 ± 3.2 years) took part in this study. Pre-and post-intervention performance was measured with the incremental exercise test (Pmax) on a double poling ski ergometer. Changes in body composition were measured with DXA. In addition to regular endurance training, experimental group one (EXP1) performed maximal and explosive strength training two times per week, experimental group two (EXP2) performed maximal and explosive strength training 1–3 times per week, and the traditional (TRAD) group performed low intensity–high volume strength training 2 times per week. Increases in arm, trunk, and overall lean mass were found in TRAD (p < 0.05). Increases in arm lean-mass was found in EXP1 (p < 0.05), while no changes in body composition occurred in EXP2 (p ≥ 0.05). Pmax improved significantly in all groups (p < 0.05). Changes in body mass, overall and arm lean mass was related to changes in absolute performance (W; p < 0.05), while no relationships were found between changes in body composition parameters and relative performance (W/kg; p ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, different periodization of strength training led to similar improvements in double poling ergometer performance, but resulted in different changes in body composition (lean mass) in adolescent cross-country skiers.
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Pazzianotto-Forti, Eli Maria, Marlene Aparecida Moreno, Emma Plater, Silvia Beatriz Serra Baruki, Irineu Rasera-Junior, and W. Darlene Reid. "Impact of Physical Training Programs on Physical Fitness in People With Class II and III Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Physical Therapy 100, no. 6 (2020): 963–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzaa045.
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Abstract Background Physical training, regardless of the presence of concurrent weight loss, provides numerous health benefits for individuals who are overweight and obese and have or are at risk for cardiovascular disease. Purpose The purpose of this review was to identify different types of physical training programs (aerobic, resistance, or combined), with or without counseling/diet modifications, and their impact on physical fitness in individuals who have class II and III obesity. Data Sources Medline and Medline In-Process, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and PubMed were searched up to June 2017. Study Selection This review had the following inclusion criteria: body mass index of ≥35 kg/m2 and age 18 years or older; supervised physical training program; randomized controlled trial; physical fitness outcome (muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and/or flexibility); in English or Portuguese; and available full-text article. Data Extraction Three reviewers independently extracted data, assessed study risk of bias using the Cochrane tool, and discussed disagreements until consensus was reached. Data Synthesis Of the 9460 identified articles, 26 were included and 8 were used in a meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed improvements in walking speed and maximal oxygen uptake but not knee extension strength in the intervention groups. The Cochrane risk-of-bias score indicated that the majority of the data were from randomized controlled trials with a low or unclear risk of bias. Limitations The large variability of outcomes and interventions made comparisons difficult. Conclusions A combination of aerobic exercise and resistance exercise, in addition to diet modifications, may improve cardiovascular and muscular endurance in individuals with class II and III obesity. However, conclusions must be interpreted with caution because of the heterogeneity in interventions and outcome measures among the studies and an unclear risk of bias in several studies.
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de Lemos Muller, Carlos Henrique, Juliano B. Farinha, Rodrigo Leal-Menezes, and Thiago R. Ramis. "Aerobic Training With Blood Flow Restriction on Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis." Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 38, no. 7 (2024): 1341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004800.
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Abstract de Lemos Muller, CH, Farinha, JB, Leal-Menezes, R, and Ramis, TR. Aerobic training with blood flow restriction on muscle hypertrophy and strength: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1341–1349, 2024—Integrating strength and endurance training in a single exercise session, even on separate days, can be physically demanding and time-consuming. Therefore, there is a growing interest in identifying efficient training methods that can concurrently enhance cardiovascular and neuromuscular performance through a singular training modality. This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the effects of aerobic training with blood flow restriction (AT + BFR) on muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in healthy individuals. Our study was registered at PROSPERO and used multiple databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science), seeking clinical trials that examined AT + BFR influence on muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in individuals aged 18–60 years and comparing with aerobic training without BFR. The risk of bias and method quality were assessed using the ROB2.0 tool and PEDro scale, respectively, and the quality of evidence was evaluated with the GRADE method. A random-effects model was used for meta-analysis, and standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated for each outcome. Of 4,462 records, 29 full texts were assessed for eligibility, with 7 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that AT + BFR was more beneficial for inducing muscle hypertrophy than aerobic training without BFR (SMD [95% CI] = 0.86 [0.37–1.35]; I2 = 42%). Furthermore, AT + BFR was associated with greater improvements in muscle strength (SMD [95% CI] = 0.41 [0.10–0.72]; I2 = 0%). Despite the generally high risk of bias for both outcomes, these encouraging findings underscore the clinical significance of AT + BFR as a compelling tool for enhancing neuromuscular parameters.
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Hadjispyrou, Spyridon, Antonios Giannopoulos, Anastassios Philippou, and Apostolos Theos. "Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Sarcopenic Obesity: The Role of Exercise." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 17 (2023): 5628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175628.
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Sarcopenic obesity (SO) constitutes the coexistence of skeletal muscle mass loss (sarcopenia) and excess adiposity (obesity). It is mainly considered as a condition in the elderly with health-threatening impacts ranging from frailty to mortality. Mitochondrial dysfunction consists one of the basic pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the development of SO and its consequences. Indirect indicators of mitochondrial function, such as VO2max and exercise capacity, have been demonstrated to be negatively affected in individuals with SO, while the positive effect of exercise on mitochondrial function has been widely proved; thus, in this review, we aimed at investigating the effects of endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise training on indexes of mitochondrial dysfunction in SO patients. The results of the clinical trials evaluated reveal positive effects of chronic exercise on VO2max and physical capacity, as well as mitochondrial biogenesis and activity. It has been concluded that utilizing a systematic exercise training program that includes both aerobic and strength exercises can be an effective strategy for managing SO and promoting overall health in these patients.
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Gergley, Jeffrey C. "Comparison Of Upper And Lower-body Strength Development While Concurrently Training For Aerobic Endurance Utilizing Recumbent Cycle Ergometry." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000487117.00376.73.
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Lobo, Alexandrina, Joana Carvalho, and Paula Santos. "Effects of Training and Detraining on Physical Fitness, Physical Activity Patterns, Cardiovascular Variables, and HRQoL after 3 Health-Promotion Interventions in Institutionalized Elders." International Journal of Family Medicine 2010 (February 15, 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/486097.
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The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of different strategies of health on the levels of physical activity (PA), physical fitness (PF), cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and quality of life (QoL) of the institutionalized elderly. Concurrently studies were made of the effect of detraining on these same variables. In this investigation we carried out a prospective longitudinal study with an experimental design, with 1 year plus 3 months of a detraining period. Methodology. (a) A questionnaire with socio-demographic characteristics and a QoL scale (MOS SF-36); (b) Functional Fitness Test to assess PF; (c) An MTI Actigraph to evaluate the PA; (d) Biochemical analysis of blood, blood pressure and bio-impedance. The Main Results Indicated That: (i) ST significantly improved strength and body flexibility and AT the aerobic endurance, agility/dynamic balance and lower strength and flexibility; (ii) Implications of detraining were more evident on the PA groups in the lower body flexibility, which is associated with agility/dynamic balance and lower strength in the AT group; (iii) Cardiovascular variables improved significantly especially blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose in the ST and HDL in the AT group; not having undergone significant changes with the detraining. The results of this thesis contribute positively to highlight the importance of PA in the promotion of health, prevention and reduction of CVD risk factors and the improvement of the PF and QoL.
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Leveritt, Michael, Peter J. Abernethy, Benjamin K. Barry, and Peter A. Logan. "Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training." Sports Medicine 28, no. 6 (1999): 413–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199928060-00004.
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Nader, Gustavo A. "Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, no. 11 (2006): 1965–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000233795.39282.33.
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LEVERITT, MICHAEL, PETER J. ABERNETHY, BEN BARRY, and PETER A. LOGAN. "Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 17, no. 3 (2003): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200308000-00013.
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Recham, Djamel Eddine, and Khaled Baouche. "Benefits of concurrent endurance-strength training to increase the efficiency of fat loss: what do studies say?" International journal of health sciences 8, S1 (2024): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v8ns1.14781.
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According to many studies, concurrent training has many benefits for the general fitness of the body, especially fat Loss. In fact, this article include a set of elements that explain the benefits of concurrent endurance-strength training in improving the efficiency of fat Loss, Starting with clarifying the effects of concurrent training on physical fitness, then understanding the balance between Intensity and volume in fat-reducing training, understanding the mechanism of fat metabolism in Concurrent training, as well as the benefits of endurance and strength training, and finally dealing with the benefits of improving Concurrent endurance-strength training by using the Periodization.
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Prieto-González, Pablo, and Jaromir Sedlacek. "Effects of Running-Specific Strength Training, Endurance Training, and Concurrent Training on Recreational Endurance Athletes’ Performance and Selected Anthropometric Parameters." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (2022): 10773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710773.
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Objective: The present study aimed to verify the effects of running-specific strength training alone, endurance training alone, and concurrent training on recreational endurance athletes’ performance and selected anthropometric parameters. Method: Thirty male recreational endurance runners were randomly assigned using a blocking technique to either a running-specific strength training group (RSSTG), an endurance training group (ETG), or a concurrent training group (CTG). RSSTG performed three strength-training sessions per week orientated to running, ETG underwent three endurance sessions per week, and CTG underwent a 3-day-per-week concurrent training program performed on non-consecutive days, alternating the strength and endurance training sessions applied to RSSTG and ETG. The training protocol lasted 12 weeks and was designed using the ATR (Accumulation, Transmutation, Realization) block periodization system. The following assessments were conducted before and after the training protocol: body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), lean mass (LM), countermovement jump (CMJ), 1RM (one-repetition maximum) squat, running economy at 12 and 14 km/h (RE12 and RE14), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), and anaerobic threshold (AnT). Results: RSSTG significantly improved the results in CMJ, 1RM squat, RE12, and RE14. ETG significantly improved in RE12, RE14, VO2max, and AnT. Finally, CTG, obtained significant improvements in BFP, LM, CMJ, 1RM squat, RE12, RE14, VO2max, and AnT. RSSTG obtained improvements significantly higher than ETG in CMJ, 1RM squat, and RE14. ETG results were significantly better than those attained by RSSTG in AnT. Moreover, CTG marks were significantly higher than those obtained by ETG in CMJ and RE14. Conclusion: Performing a 12-week concurrent training program integrated into the ATR periodization system effectively improves body composition and performance variables that can be obtained with exclusive running-specific strength and endurance training in recreational runners aged 30 to 40. Running-specific strength training enhances maximum and explosive strength and RE, whereas exclusive endurance training improves VO2max, AnT, and RE. Performing concurrent training on non-consecutive days effectively prevents the strength and endurance adaptations attained with single-mode exercise from being attenuated. The ATR periodization system is useful in improving recreational endurance athletes’ performance parameters, especially when performing concurrent training programs.
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Bell, G. J., D. G. Syrotuik, K. Attwood, and H. A. Quinney. "Maintenance of Strength Gains While Performing Endurance Training in Oarswomen." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 18, no. 1 (1993): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h93-010.
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This study investigated the retention of strength gained after resistance training, while performing aerobic endurance training. Following a 10-week resistance training program (three times a week) that included maintenance aerobic endurance training (twice a week), 18 varsity oarswomen were matched on strength and randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1 performed maintenance resistance training once a week and Group 2 performed resistance training twice a week. Both groups performed endurance training four times a week during the 6-week maintenance resistance training program. There was a significant increase in strength (multiple-RM test) for three upper and three lower body exercises after the initial 10-week resistance training program. A further significant increase in two exercises (inclined leg press and knee flexion) were observed after 6 weeks of maintenance resistance training and endurance training in both groups. No further significant increases were observed in the four other exercises during maintenance strength training. These latter findings occurred at the same time that VO2max and ventilation threshold increased. These results suggest that strength gains can be maintained with resistance training once or twice a week while focusing on improving aerobic endurance performance without compromising the latter. Key words: repetition maximum, ventilation threshold, endurance performance
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Hoff, J., A. Gran, and J. Helgerud. "Maximal strength training improves aerobic endurance performance." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 12, no. 5 (2002): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.01140.x.
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Schjerve, Inga E., Gjertrud A. Tyldum, Arnt E. Tjønna, et al. "Both aerobic endurance and strength training programmes improve cardiovascular health in obese adults." Clinical Science 115, no. 9 (2008): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20070332.
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Regular exercise training is recognized as a powerful tool to improve work capacity, endothelial function and the cardiovascular risk profile in obesity, but it is unknown which of high-intensity aerobic exercise, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or strength training is the optimal mode of exercise. In the present study, a total of 40 subjects were randomized to high-intensity interval aerobic training, continuous moderate-intensity aerobic training or maximal strength training programmes for 12 weeks, three times/week. The high-intensity group performed aerobic interval walking/running at 85–95% of maximal heart rate, whereas the moderate-intensity group exercised continuously at 60–70% of maximal heart rate; protocols were isocaloric. The strength training group performed ‘high-intensity’ leg press, abdominal and back strength training. Maximal oxygen uptake and endothelial function improved in all groups; the greatest improvement was observed after high-intensity training, and an equal improvement was observed after moderate-intensity aerobic training and strength training. High-intensity aerobic training and strength training were associated with increased PGC-1α (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α) levels and improved Ca2+ transport in the skeletal muscle, whereas only strength training improved antioxidant status. Both strength training and moderate-intensity aerobic training decreased oxidized LDL (low-density lipoprotein) levels. Only aerobic training decreased body weight and diastolic blood pressure. In conclusion, high-intensity aerobic interval training was better than moderate-intensity aerobic training in improving aerobic work capacity and endothelial function. An important contribution towards improved aerobic work capacity, endothelial function and cardiovascular health originates from strength training, which may serve as a substitute when whole-body aerobic exercise is contra-indicated or difficult to perform.
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Schumann, Moritz, Joshua F. Feuerbacher, Marvin Sünkeler, et al. "Compatibility of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training for Skeletal Muscle Size and Function: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Sports Medicine 52, no. 3 (2021): 601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01587-7.
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Abstract Background Both athletes and recreational exercisers often perform relatively high volumes of aerobic and strength training simultaneously. However, the compatibility of these two distinct training modes remains unclear. Objective This systematic review assessed the compatibility of concurrent aerobic and strength training compared with strength training alone, in terms of adaptations in muscle function (maximal and explosive strength) and muscle mass. Subgroup analyses were conducted to examine the influence of training modality, training type, exercise order, training frequency, age, and training status. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus were systematically searched (12 August 2020, updated on 15 March 2021). Eligibility criteria were as follows. Population: healthy adults of any sex and age; Intervention: supervised concurrent aerobic and strength training for at least 4 weeks; Comparison: identical strength training prescription, with no aerobic training; Outcome: maximal strength, explosive strength, and muscle hypertrophy. Results A total of 43 studies were included. The estimated standardised mean differences (SMD) based on the random-effects model were − 0.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] − 0.20 to 0.09; p = 0.446), − 0.28 (95% CI − 0.48 to − 0.08; p = 0.007), and − 0.01 (95% CI − 0.16 to 0.18; p = 0.919) for maximal strength, explosive strength, and muscle hypertrophy, respectively. Attenuation of explosive strength was more pronounced when concurrent training was performed within the same session (p = 0.043) than when sessions were separated by at least 3 h (p > 0.05). No significant effects were found for the other moderators, i.e. type of aerobic training (cycling vs. running), frequency of concurrent training (> 5 vs. < 5 weekly sessions), training status (untrained vs. active), and mean age (< 40 vs. > 40 years). Conclusion Concurrent aerobic and strength training does not compromise muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength development. However, explosive strength gains may be attenuated, especially when aerobic and strength training are performed in the same session. These results appeared to be independent of the type of aerobic training, frequency of concurrent training, training status, and age. PROSPERO: CRD42020203777.
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Delvecchio, Luke, Peter Reaburn, Jarrod Meerkin, et al. "Concurrent strength and sprint training increases resting metabolic rate in masters road cyclists." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 109 (2020): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2020007.
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High-intensity concurrent sprint and strength training has been shown to provide a strong physiological training stimulus in young adult endurance athletes. However, the effect in veteran endurance athletes remains unknown. This study examined if replacing a portion of endurance training with concurrent sprint and strength training influenced resting metabolic rate (RMR) and lean mass (LM) in veteran endurance cyclists. Eighteen well-trained male veteran road cyclists (55.2 ± 8.4 years; 7.9 ± 1.1 training hrs/wk; 323 ± 53 Wpeak) were allocated to a concurrent strength and sprint training group (CT, n = 9) or control group (CON, n = 9). The CT group completed a 12-weeks of sprint and strength training while the CON group maintained their normal endurance training. RMR and LM were measured before and after the 12-week training intervention. CT training significantly (p < 0.05) increased both RMR (+14.2%, 1600 ± 244 to 1828 ± 207 kcal/day) and LM (+2.0%, 61.8 ± 5.5 to 63.1 ± 5.4 kg) pre to post-intervention. No significant changes from pre- to post-training were observed in the CON group. These findings suggest replacing a portion of endurance training with sprint and strength training may preserve, and even increase, LM and RMR in veteran road cyclists.
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Sale, D. G., J. D. MacDougall, I. Jacobs, and S. Garner. "Interaction between concurrent strength and endurance training." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 1 (1990): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.1.260.
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To assess the effects of concurrent strength (S) and endurance (E) training on S and E development, one group (4 young men and 4 young women) trained one leg for S and the other leg for S and E (S+E). A second group (4 men, 4 women) trained one leg for E and the other leg for E and S (E+S). E training consisted of five 3-min bouts on a cycle ergometer at a power output corresponding to that requiring 90-100% of oxygen uptake during maximal exercise (VO2 max). S training consisted of six sets of 15-20 repetitions with the heaviest possible weight on a leg press (combined hip and knee extension) weight machine. Training was done 3 days/wk for 22 wk. Needle biopsy samples from vastus lateralis were taken before and after training and were examined for histochemical, biochemical, and ultrastructural adaptations. The nominal S and E training programs were “hybrids”, having more similarities as training stimuli than differences; thus S made increases (P less than 0.05) similar to those of S+E in E-related measures of VO2max (S, S+E: 8%, 8%), repetitions with the pretraining maximal single leg press lift [1 repetition maximum (RM)] (27%, 24%), and percent of slow-twitch fibers (15%, 8%); and S made significant, although smaller, increases in repetitions with 80% 1 RM (81%, 152%) and citrate synthase (CS) activity (22%, 51%). Similarly, E increased knee extensor area [computed tomography (CT) scans] as much as E+S (14%, 21%) and made significant, although smaller, increases in leg press 1 RM (20%, 34%) and thigh girth (3.4%, 4.8%). When a presumably stronger stimulus for an adaptation was added to a weaker one, some additive effects occurred (i.e., increases in 1 RM and thigh girth that were greater in E+S than E; increases in CS activity and repetitions with 80% 1 RM that were greater in S+E than S). When a weaker, although effective, stimulus was added to a stronger one, addition generally did not occur. Concurrent S and E training did not interfere with S or E development in comparison to S or E training alone.
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Häkkinen, K., M. Alen, W. J. Kraemer, et al. "Neuromuscular adaptations during concurrent strength and endurance training versus strength training." European Journal of Applied Physiology 89, no. 1 (2003): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-002-0751-9.
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Hawley, John A. "Molecular responses to strength and endurance training: Are they incompatible?This paper article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 14th International Biochemistry of Exercise Conference – Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 34, no. 3 (2009): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h09-023.
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Simultaneously training for both strength and endurance results in a compromised adaptation, compared with training for either exercise mode alone. This has been variously described as the concurrent training effect or the interference effect. It now appears that the genetic and molecular mechanisms of adaptation induced by resistance- and endurance-based training are distinct, with each mode of exercise activating and (or) repressing specific subsets of genes and cellular signalling pathways. This brief review will summarize our current understanding of the molecular responses to strength and endurance training, and will examine the molecular evidence for an interference effect when concurrent training is undertaken. A better understanding of the activation and interaction of the molecular pathways in response to these different modes of exercise will permit sport scientists to develop improved training programs capable of maximizing both strength and endurance.
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Izquierdo, M., K. H??kkinen, J. lb????ez, W. J. Kraemer, and E. M. Gorostiaga. "CONCURRENT STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE TRAINING IN OLDER MEN." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34, no. 5 (2002): S250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200205001-01398.
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McCARTHY, JOHN P., MYRON A. POZNIAK, and JAMES C. AGRE. "Neuromuscular adaptations to concurrent strength and endurance training." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34, no. 3 (2002): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200203000-00019.
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Xiong, Hui, and Yada Thadanatthaphak. "An Empirical Study on the Effect of Functional Physical Training on College Basketball Players: Based on Tests and Analysis of Body Fat, Heart Rate, and Endurance." International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies 13, no. 2 (2025): 658–65. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.13n.2p.658.
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Functional physical training (FPT) has gained attention as a potential alternative to traditional physical training (TPT) for enhancing athletic performance, particularly in sports like basketball that require a combination of strength, endurance, and cardiovascular efficiency. This study aimed to explore the effects of FPT on body fat, heart rate, and endurance (strength endurance, anaerobic endurance, and aerobic endurance) among college basketball players. A pre/training/posttest design was employed, involving 24 college basketball players (ages 19–25) from two universities, divided into an experimental group (EG) receiving FPT and a control group (CG) receiving TPT. Both groups trained for 90 minutes three times a week over 10 weeks. Body fat, heart rate, and endurance metrics were measured before and after the training period, with data analyzed using SPSS 27.0 software for T-tests. Within-group comparisons revealed significant improvements in body fat, heart rate, and endurance for the EG (all p 0.01), while the CG showed significant improvements except in anaerobic endurance (p = 0.074). Between-group comparisons demonstrated that FPT was superior to TPT in enhancing recovery period heart rate, strength endurance, and anaerobic endurance (all p 0.05), though no significant difference was observed in aerobic endurance (p = 0.114). The findings suggest that FPT is more effective than TPT in improving recovery period heart rate, anaerobic endurance, and strength endurance, highlighting its potential as a preferred training method for optimizing the performance of college basketball players.
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Prieto-González, Pablo, Fatma H. Yagin, Jorge Sánchez-Infante, and Luca Paolo Ardigò. "Effectiveness of maximum, explosive and combined strength training on endurance runners performance indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Retos 58 (August 5, 2024): 1030–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.106992.
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Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of practicing maximum strength (MAX), explosive strength (EXP), or both combined (COMB) on seven runners’ performance indicators: vertical jump (VJ), one-repetition maximum squat (1RM), peak velocity/peak running speed (PV), lactate threshold (LT), middle-distance time trial (TT), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), and running economy (RE). Methods: A systematic review (Scopus, Web of Science, Sports Discuss, PubMed) with meta-analysis was conducted following PRISMA standards. Inclusion criteria (PICOS) were: Recreational or well-trained athletes aged 18-45 performing concurrent training for at least five weeks. The search terms used were related to different types of strength/endurance and participants’ age and sports modality. Twenty manuscripts were selected, and quality assessed with PEDro. Results: MAX training is more effective than EXP and COMB in improving VJ, 1RM, and PV, while COMB is more effective than MAX and EXP to enhance TT. MAX is more effective than EXP in improving LT. Concurrent workouts do not provide additional benefits to VO2max. It is unknown which strength modality (MAX, EXP, or COMB) is more effective in improving RE. Conclusion: Concurrent training is more effective than single-mode endurance training for enhancing specific performance variables in adult endurance runners. Middle- and long-distance runners may consider incorporating MAX training to target specific goals (i.e., improving VJ, 1RM, LT, PV) while utilizing COMB training to enhance TT. Certain variables may benefit from EXP. New randomized controlled trials are required to confirm these findings. Keywords: endurance, running, concurrent training, maximum strength, explosive strength
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Gaspari, Vasiliki, Gregory C. Bogdanis, Ioli Panidi, et al. "The Importance of Physical Fitness Parameters in Rhythmic Gymnastics: A Scoping Review." Sports 12, no. 9 (2024): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports12090248.
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This scoping review presents an overview of physical fitness parameters in rhythmic gymnastics as well as the association of fitness with gymnasts’ performance, competitive level, and age. PubMed, Scopus, and Sport Discus databases were searched. Of the 586 records retrieved, 41 studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 1915 participants). The included studies examined flexibility, aerobic capacity, muscle power, muscle endurance, muscle strength, sprint speed, agility, balance, and coordination. Performance was associated with flexibility, aerobic capacity, lower-limb muscle power, agility, muscular endurance, balance, and coordination from a young age. Flexibility, aerobic capacity, and muscle power were, in general, higher in high-level gymnasts than in low-level gymnasts or controls. Older rhythmic gymnasts demonstrated higher scores than the younger ones in flexibility, aerobic capacity, balance, and sport-specific coordination but not in muscle endurance, while some studies reported a decline in muscle power with age. Supplementary physical fitness training improved all physical abilities irrespective of the gymnasts’ level. Rhythmic gymnastics training alone improved muscle power, agility, speed, muscular endurance, and balance to a lesser extent than targeted fitness training. Muscular strength, speed, and agility are largely under-researched in rhythmic gymnastics. Emphasis should be given to targeted strength and power training due to the high mechanical loads placed on skeletally immature athletes.
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Mohammadkhani, Reihaneh, Kamal Ranjbar, Iraj Salehi, Alireza Komaki, Ebrahim Zarrinkalam, and Parsa Amiri. "Comparison of the preconditioning effect of different exercise training modalities on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury." PLOS ONE 18, no. 12 (2023): e0295169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295169.
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The study of exercise preconditioning can develop strategies to prevent cardiovascular diseases and outline the efficient exercise model. However, the exercise type with the most protective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of three kinds of exercise preconditioning on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in adult rats and explored the possible underlying mechanisms. Male Wistar rats subjected to ten weeks of endurance, resistance, and concurrent training underwent ischemia (30 min) and reperfusion (120 min) induction. Then, infarction size, serum levels of the CK-MB, the redox status, and angiogenesis proteins (VEGF, ANGP-1, and ANGP-2) were measured in the cardiac tissue. Results showed that different exercise training modes have the same reduction effects on infarction size, but ischemia-reperfusion-induced CK-MB was lower in response to endurance training and concurrent training. Furthermore, cardiac VEGF levels increased in all three kinds of exercise preconditioning but ischemia-reperfusion-induced ANGP-1 elevated more in endurance training. The cardiac GPX activity was improved significantly through the resistance and concurrent exercise compared to the endurance exercise. In addition, all three exercise preconditioning models decreased MPO levels, and ischemia reperfusion-induced MDA was lower in endurance and resistance training. Overall, these results indicated that cardioprotection of exercise training against ischemia-reperfusion injury depends on the exercise modality. Cardioprotective effects of aerobic, resistance, and concurrent exercises are due to different mechanisms. The preconditioning effects of endurance training are mediated mainly by pervasive angiogenic responses and resistance training through oxidative stress amelioration. The preconditioning effects of concurrent training rely on both angiogenesis and oxidative stress amelioration.
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Noh, Ki-Woong, Eui-Kyoung Seo, and Sok Park. "Effects of Exercise Type on Muscle Strength and Body Composition in Men and Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Medicina 60, no. 7 (2024): 1186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071186.
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Background and Objectives: There are typical differences in body composition and distribution of muscle fiber types between women and men. However, research investigating the effects of exercise based on sex differences is limited, and studies examining sex differences in physiological adaptations according to exercise type are scarce. We aimed to compare the effects of exercise types on muscle strength and body composition in men and women through a meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL, and EBSCO databases. Keywords included “endurance training”, “resistance training”, “concurrent training”, “muscle strength”, “body composition”, “sex characteristics”, and “men and women”. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was presented separately for men and women based on the pre- and post-intervention values for each exercise type. Results: Concurrent training showed the greatest effect on the increase in leg press muscle strength in men, and resistance training showed the greatest effect in women. Concurrent training showed the greatest effect size in both men and women in increasing bench press muscle strength. Resistance training and concurrent training showed a small effect size on lean mass reduction in both men and women. Endurance training and concurrent training significantly reduced fat mass in men. However, no significant changes in fat mass were observed in any exercise type among women. Conclusions: Concurrent training is the most efficient type of exercise for men, as it is effective in increasing upper- and lower-body muscle strength, increasing lean mass, and reducing fat mass. Resistance training is most effective in increasing muscle strength in females, whereas endurance training is most effective in reducing fat mass. However, it is difficult to corroborate these results because of the lack of study samples included in the analysis and the differences in exercise methods, participant age, and exercise duration.
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Petré, Henrik, Erik Hemmingsson, Hans Rosdahl, and Niklas Psilander. "Development of Maximal Dynamic Strength During Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Training in Untrained, Moderately Trained, and Trained Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis." Sports Medicine 51, no. 5 (2021): 991–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01426-9.
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Abstract Background The effect of concurrent training on the development of maximal strength is unclear, especially in individuals with different training statuses. Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis study was to compare the effect of concurrent resistance and endurance training with that of resistance training only on the development of maximal dynamic strength in untrained, moderately trained, and trained individuals. Methods On the basis of the predetermined criteria, 27 studies that compared effects between concurrent and resistance training only on lower-body 1-repetition maximum (1RM) strength were included. The effect size (ES), calculated as the standardised difference in mean, was extracted from each study, pooled, and analysed with a random-effects model. Results The 1RM for leg press and squat exercises was negatively affected by concurrent training in trained individuals (ES = – 0.35, p < 0.01), but not in moderately trained ( – 0.20, p = 0.08) or untrained individuals (ES = 0.03, p = 0.87) as compared to resistance training only. A subgroup analysis revealed that the negative effect observed in trained individuals occurred only when resistance and endurance training were conducted within the same training session (ES same session = – 0.66, p < 0.01 vs. ES different sessions = – 0.10, p = 0.55). Conclusion This study demonstrated the novel and quantifiable effects of training status on lower-body strength development and shows that the addition of endurance training to a resistance training programme may have a negative impact on lower-body strength development in trained, but not in moderately trained or untrained individuals. This impairment seems to be more pronounced when training is performed within the same session than in different sessions. Trained individuals should therefore consider separating endurance from resistance training during periods where the development of dynamic maximal strength is prioritised.