Relevant bibliographies by topics / Condensate water

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Condensate water'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Condensate water"

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Chen, H. L., S. D. Wilson, and T. G. Monger-McClure. "Determination of Relative Permeability and Recovery for North Sea Gas-Condensate Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 2, no. 04 (August 1, 1999): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/57596-pa.

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Summary Coreflood experiments on gas condensate flow behavior were conducted for two North Sea gas condensate reservoirs. The objectives were to investigate the effects of rock and fluid characteristics on critical condensate saturation (CCS), gas and condensate relative permeabilities, hydrocarbon recovery and trapping by water injection, and incremental recovery by subsequent blowdown. Both CCS and relative permeability were sensitive to flow rate and interfacial tension. The results on gas relative permeability rate sensitivity suggest that gas productivity curtailed by condensate dropout can be somewhat restored by increasing production rate. High interfacial tension ultimately caused condensate relative permeability to decrease with increasing condensate saturation. Condensate immobile under gas injection could be recovered by water injection, but more immediate and efficient condensate recovery was observed when the condensate saturation prior to water injection exceeded the CCS. Subsequent blowdown recovered additional gas, but incremental condensate recovery was insignificant. Introduction Reservoirs bearing gas condensates are becoming more commonplace as developments are encountering greater depths, higher pressures, and higher temperatures. In the North Sea, gas condensate reservoirs comprise a significant portion of the total hydrocarbon reserves. Accuracy in engineering computations for gas condensate systems (e.g., estimating reserves, sizing surface facilities, and predicting productivity trends) depends upon a basic understanding of phase and flow behavior interrelationships. For example, gas productivity may be curtailed as condensate accumulates by pressure depletion below the dew point pressure (Pd). Conceptual modeling on gas condensate systems suggests that relative permeability (kr) curves govern the magnitude of gas productivity loss.1,2 Unfortunately, available gas and condensate relative permeability (krg and krc) results for gas condensates are primarily limited to synthetic systems. Such results show that higher CCS and less krg reduction were observed for a conventional gas/oil system compared to a gas condensate system.3,4 If condensate accumulates as a continuous film due to low interfacial tension (IFT), then high IFT gas/oil and water/oil kr data may not be applicable to gas condensates.5 Water invasion of gas condensate reservoirs may enhance hydrocarbon recovery or trap potential reserves. Laboratory results suggest water invasion of low IFT gas condensates may not be represented using high IFT water/oil and water/gas displacements.6 Subsequent blowdown may remobilize hydrocarbons trapped by water invasion. The presence of condensate may hinder gas remobilization, thus conventional gas/water blowdown experiments may not be appropriate in evaluating the feasibility of depressurization for gas condensates.7,8 Other laboratory evaluations of gas condensate flow behavior indicate measured results depend upon experimental procedures, fluid properties, and rock properties.3,9–20 Factors to consider include the history of condensate formation (i.e., imbibition or drainage), how condensate was introduced (i.e., in-situ dropout versus external injection or inflowing gas), flow rate, differential pressure, system pressure, IFT, connate water saturation, core permeability, and core orientation. Experiments performed to evaluate the consequences of water invasion suggest optimum conditions depend upon IFT, initial gas saturation, and core permeability.7,21,22 Reported blowdown experiments imply gas recovery depends upon the degree of gas expansion.7,8 The kr results obtained in this study represent gas condensate flow between the far-field and the near-wellbore region. The results are useful input for numerical simulation, especially to test rate- or IFT-sensitive relative permeability functions. Results on hydrocarbon recovery and trapping from water injection and blowdown are beneficial in evaluating improved recovery options for gas condensates. Experimental Procedures Coreflooding experiments were performed under reservoir conditions using rock and fluid samples from two distinct North Sea gas condensate reservoirs. A detailed description of the experimental methods is provided in the Appendix. Briefly, the experiments were conducted in a horizontal coreflood apparatus equipped with in-line PVT and viscosity measuring devices. The entire system experienced in-situ condensate drop out by constant volume depletion (CVD) from above Pd to either the pressure corresponding to CCS, or to the pressure of maximum condensate saturation Scmax Steady-state krg was measured by injecting equilibrated gas (before CCS). Steady-state krg and krc were measured by injecting gas condensate repressurized to above Pd (after CCS). The gas/oil fractional flow rate was defined by the pressure level in the core which was controlled by the core outlet back-pressure regulator. During krg measurements, the injection rate was varied to access rate effects. After the krg or krg and krc measurements to Scmax were completed, water injection was performed to quantify hydrocarbon trapping and recovery. Blowdown followed to evaluate additional hydrocarbon recovery. Recombined Reservoir Fluid Properties. Two North Sea gas condensate reservoir fluids were recombined using separator oil and synthetic gas. Tables 1 and 2 list compositions and PVT properties for the reconstituted fluids. The Pd was 7,070 psig at 250°F for Reservoir A, and 6,074 psig at 259°F for Reservoir B (Table 2). The maximum liquid dropout under constant composition expansion (CCE) was 31.7% for Reservoir A, and 42.5% for Reservoir B (Fig. 1). Reservoir B is a richer gas condensate and exhibits more near-critical phase behavior than Reservoir A.
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Wang, Xinguang, Jing Guan, and Richard M. Stuetz. "Catalytic ozonation for odour removal of high temperature alumina refinery condensate." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 8 (October 1, 2012): 1781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.391.

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Odour emissions from aluminium processing can cause an impact on local communities surrounding such facilities. Of particular concern is fugitive odours emitted from the handling and use of refinery condensate streams, particularly the digestion condensate. This study evaluated the application of using catalytic ozonation to treat alumina refinery condensate in order to remove the potential emission of odourous compounds from the industrial wastewater. The technical challenges in treating the alumina refinery condensate are the high pH and temperatures of the wastewater effluent (over 80 °C and pH above 10) due the industrial process. The odour removal efficiencies for different catalysts (FeCl3, MnO, and MnSO4) under experimental conditions in terms of controlled pH, temperature and ozone dosage were determined before and after ozone treatment using dynamic olfactometry. The result demonstrated that the addition of both FeCl3 and MnO catalysts improved odour removal efficiencies during the ozonation of alumina condensates at similar pH and temperature conditions. FeCl3 and MnO had similar enhancement for odour removal, however MnO was determined to be more appropriate than MnSO4 for odour removal due to the colouration of the treated condensate.
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Valentin, A. C. "Industrial water reuse opportunities and high temperature compatible membranes." Water Supply 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.083.

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Process condensates represent a real value to the industry as it usually contains several items of potential savings, including but not limited to heat energy and water. In most cases the condensate has become contaminated with unwanted particles or with product carryover making it unfit for direct reuse in the process or as boiler makeup water. Conventional methods use heat exchangers for partial recovery of the heat content to be followed by ion exchange or reverse osmosis limited to 30–40°C feed temperature. By using the Duratherm® High Temperature compatible membranes in RO and NF, it is now possible to process the condensate at temperatures up to 80°C thereby maintaining the calorific value of the stream. Many plants also produce a product using evaporation. The overheads from the evaporators usually contain a small amount of their product that must either be recovered by an additional evaporation step or disposed of in a waste treatment plant. These reverse osmosis or nanofiltration systems allow concentration of the product, produce high quality water suitable for reuse, and reduce the load on the waste treatment plant. The treated condensate can then be used for various utility operations including boiler & process makeup.
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Huang, Quan Hua, and Xing Yu Lin. "Prediction of water breakthrough time in horizontal Wells in edge water condensate gas reservoirs." E3S Web of Conferences 213 (2020): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021302009.

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Horizontal Wells are often used to develop condensate gas reservoirs. When there is edge water in the gas reservoir, it will have a negative impact on the production of natural gas. Therefore, reasonable prediction of its water breakthrough time is of great significance for the efficient development of condensate gas reservoirs.At present, the prediction model of water breakthrough time in horizontal Wells of condensate gas reservoir is not perfect, and there are mainly problems such as incomplete consideration of retrograde condensate pollution and inaccurate determination of horizontal well seepage model. Based on the ellipsoidal horizontal well seepage model, considering the advance of edge water to the bottom of the well and condensate oil to formation, the advance of edge water is divided into two processes. The time when the first water molecule reaches the bottom of the well when the edge water tongue enters is deduced, that is, the time of edge water breakthrough in condensate gas reservoir.The calculation results show that the relative error of water breakthrough time considering retrograde condensate pollution is less than that without consideration, with a higher accuracy. The example error is less than 2%, which can be effectively applied to the development of edge water gas reservoir.
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Li, Zong Yu, Ai Zhang, Shi Sheng Xu, and Yun Feng He. "Water Production Performance and its Control of the Ya-Da Condensate Gas Reservoir." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 870–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.870.

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This paper takes Yakela-dalaoba edge water and the Luntai basal water condensate gas reservoir for example, analyzes the condensate gas reservoir of edge-water or basal-water production characteristics, water production law in development process, and summarizes the three kinds of type water production of condensate gas reservoir, and put forward water control countermeasures specific to different water production type. Set up four edge-water or basal-water breakthrough models of gas condensate wells and the corresponding control measures, and being applied to the water control of Ya-Da gas condensate wells water gradually and the control effect is remarkable. Through the research of water production law and control countermeasures in Ya-Da condensate gas reservoir, provide significant development guidance for the other condensate gas reservoir which contains water.
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Andrade, Barbara G., Vívian T. Andrade, Byron R. S. Costa, Juacyara C. Campos, and Márcia Dezotti. "Distillation of oil field produced water for reuse on irrigation water: evaluation of pollutants removal and ecotoxicity." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 1, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.044.

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Desalination is one of the earliest forms of saline water treatment and it is still used throughout the world. In this work, a single-effect mechanical vapor compression (MVC) process was investigated to produce water for irrigation of non-edible cultures from oil-field produced water. Distillation was able to produce a condensate presenting very low amounts of 84 analyzed pollutants. Ecotoxicological assays with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata algae, Danio rerio fish, lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and earthworm (Eisenia fetida) were performed in condensate. The condensate was non-toxic for all tested organisms, except for P. subcapitata algae that showed some level of chronic toxicity caused by ammonium nitrogen. This toxic effect was confirmed by conducting a series of ecotoxicological assays with condensate samples after ammonia removal (stripping). The condensate presented quality acceptable for irrigation of non-edible crops.
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Barton, D. A., and E. P. Drake. "Biotreatability of Blow Heat Condensates with and without Hydrogen Peroxide Pretreatment." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1994): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0717.

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Pulp mill modifications implemented by kraft mills for the purposes of controlling air emissions, such as the installation of indirect secondary condensers installed in blow heat handling systems, may result in altered characteristics of wastewater treatment plant influents. This study examines the impacts on biological treatment processes associated with the presence of blow heat condensates in the influent stream. In addition, the effectiveness of pretreatment of the condensate stream with hydrogen peroxide, in the presence of the ferric ion, is examined under controlled conditions through the use of bench-scale bioreactors. The study results indicate that the presence of blow heat condensates may adversely impact the mixed liquor settleability properties in the activated sludge process, although subsequent trials conducted to re-create this condition were not successful. Effluent soluble BOD5 was not affected by the presence of the condensates. Ferric/peroxide pretreatment was found not to be effective at destroying either the methanol or the turpentine present in the condensate stream. However, a significant improvement in Microtox biological response was observed, presumably due to a reaction between the ferric ion and reduced sulfur compounds. Furthermore, no adverse impacts on settleability were observed in a bio-reactor receiving condensates which were pretreated with ferric/ieroxide.
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Bonmatí, A., E. Campos, and X. Flotats. "Concentration of pig slurry by evaporation: anaerobic digestion as the key process." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0252.

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Nutrient redistribution between areas with a structural pig slurry surplus and those with a shortage, is limited by the high cost of transportation and spreading, due to the high water content in slurry (more than 90%) and its relative low nutrient concentration. Water can be removed from slurry by evaporation, through the application of waste heat from a power plant or from other processes. Apart from obtaining a concentrate with an obviously higher nutrient concentration than the original slurry, another objective is to obtain clean water as condensate. The objective of this work was to study the batch vacuum evaporation of pig slurry liquid fraction, to evaluate the economic feasibility and to evaluate condensate quality as a function of both pH (4, 5 and 6) and pig slurry type (fresh slurry and anaerobically digested slurry). Results showed that condensate characteristics (ammonia nitrogen, VFA, COD) were strongly dependent on these variables. Previous anaerobic digestion presented clear advantages: it provided a fraction of the required energy and it removed organic matter, preventing its volatilisation in the evaporation process and providing higher quality condensates. These advantages make the combined treatment strategy economically more feasible than the evaporation process alone.
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Lefebvre, Olivier, Jiangyong Hu, Say Leong Ong, and How Yong Ng. "Optimization of resource and water recovery from urine." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 6, no. 2 (October 21, 2015): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.081.

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This study deals with the feasibility and practicality to recover water and nutrients from fresh urine by means of evaporation/condensation. The evaporation process generated two distinct fractions: a condensate and a concentrate. The optimal percentage of evaporation (in volume) was found to be 80%, resulting in optimal condensate quality. Higher percentages of evaporation resulted in a deterioration of water quality, as urea decomposed into ammonia, followed by volatilization of the ammonia which ended up in the condensate. Following evaporation, struvite was recovered from the concentrate at an optimal Mg/N ratio of 1/1. The condensate was purified by filtration into two layers of soil and sand, followed by zeolites. Complete removal of N-NH3 and 91% removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) could be achieved throughout this process. Finally, the condensate was disinfected by sodium hypochlorite, achieving over 6-log inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage at a dose of 1,200 mg min/L. In conclusion, this study shows that there exist some potential benefits to the production of high-quality water and fertilizer from urine. The value of struvite recovered from the concentrate was found to be equivalent to that of the water from the condensate, showing that both streams deserve equal attention.
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Hou, Dali, Pingya Luo, Lei Sun, Yong Tang, and Yi Pan. "Study on Nonequilibrium Effect of Condensate Gas Reservoir with Gaseous Water under HT and HP Condition." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/295149.

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When a condensate gas reservoir with gaseous water under high temperature and high pressure condition is producing, the gaseous water and nonequilibrium effect will have great influences on the phase behavior of condensate oil and gas system and the accumulation of condensate liquid near the wellbore area. Therefore, a series of experiments were performed to investigate phase behavior of the condensate gas reservoirs with gaseous water using a PVT cell, in which the constant volume depletion process of nonequilibrium pressure drop and equilibrium pressure drop within near wellbore zone was simulated. And using the modified PR EOS, PR EOS, and nonequilibrium effect theory, the authors calculated the content of condensate oil and condensate liquid of the nonequilibrium pressure drop and equilibrium pressure drop and compared the calculated results with the experimental data. The results show that the modified PR EOS combined with nonequilibrium effect theory is more suitable for representing phase behavior characteristics of the development process of condensate gas reservoir containing gaseous water, with the average relative error of 4.49%. Furthermore, choosing the appropriate exploiting opportunity and properly increasing the nonequilibrium effect are helpful to increase condensate oil and water recovery.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Condensate water"

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Al-Kharusi, Badr Soud. "Relative permeability of gas-condensate near wellbore, and gas-condensate-water in bulk of reservoir." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1098.

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Kieffer, Daniel W. "Feasibility of recycling air conditioner condensate for use as process water for a manufacturing facility." Oklahoma City : [s.n.], 2008.

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Dahl, O. (Olli). "Evaporation of acidic effluent from kraft pulp bleaching, reuse of the condensate and further processing of the concentrate." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 1999. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514252098.

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Abstract Environmental concern and tighter public regulations have created new pressures to reduce effluent loading from kraft pulp bleaching during the past decades. This trend has forced both pulp mills and the related engineering industries to develop and optimise equipment for the pulping processes which fulfils these demands. New pulp washers and washing systems connected with the introduction of new oxygen-based reagents have in particular provided considerably improved tools for reusing process water and thereby essentially reducing effluent discharge or even allowing the implementation of a totally closed water circulation system in kraft pulp bleaching. This study was performed mainly on a laboratory scale at the University of Oulu, but some pilot-scale tests were also performed to confirm the findings of the laboratory-scale evaporation test. Another aim of the pilot-scale tests was to produce enough concentrate for further processing. Conditions were strictly controlled in all the experiments in order to ensure that conclusions could be reached regarding the phenomena examined. The results reported here indicate that the amounts of transition metal ions such as iron, copper or manganese in the process water or water to be recirculated should be kept as low as possible during chlorine dioxide or peracetic acid bleaching, as even a small amount (<<5 ppm) markedly reduced pulp quality and increased reagent consumption. The results also show that evaporation can be used as a method for purifying acidic effluent from both chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid bleaching, and that the resulting condensates were free of transition metals and clean enough for reuse in both bleaching processes. The purity of the condensates was further improved by neutralising the feed pH of the acidic effluents from the bleach plant before evaporation. The results also indicate that the chloride ions in the concentrate arising from evaporation of the acidic effluent from chlorine dioxide bleaching can be removed by a combined acidification/re-evaporation system.
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Calisgan, Huseyin. "Comprehensive Modelling Of Gas Condensate Relative Permeability And Its Influence On Field Performance." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606667/index.pdf.

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The productivity of most gas condensate wells is reduced significantly due to condensate banking when the bottom hole pressure falls below the dew point. The liquid drop-out in these very high rate gas wells may lead to low recovery problems. The most important parameter for determining condensate well productivity is the effective gas permeability in the near wellbore region, where very high velocities can occur. An understanding of the characteristics of the high-velocity gas-condensate flow and relative permeability data is necessary for accurate forecast of well productivity. In order to tackle this goal, a series of two-phase drainage relative permeability measurements on a moderate permeability North Marmara &ndash
1 gas well carbonate core plug sample, using a simple synthetic binary retrograde condensate fluid sample were conducted under reservoir conditions which corresponded to near miscible conditions. As a fluid system, the model of methanol/n-hexane system was used as a binary model that exhibits a critical point at ambient conditions. The interfacial tension by means of temperature and the flow rate were varied in the laboratory measurements. The laboratory experiments were repeated for the same conditions of interfacial tension and flow rate at immobile water saturation to observe the influence of brine saturation in gas condensate systems. The laboratory experiment results show a clear trend from the immiscible relative permeability to miscible relative permeability lines with decreasing interfacial tension and increasing velocity. So that, if the interfacial tension is high and the flow velocity is low, the relative permeability functions clearly curved, whereas the relative permeability curves straighten as a linear at lower values of the interfacial tension and higher values of the flow velocity. The presence of the immobile brine saturation in the porous medium shows the same shape of behavior for relative permeability curves with a small difference that is the initial wetting phase saturations in the relative permeability curve shifts to the left in the presence of immobile water saturation. A simple new mathematical model is developed to compute the gas and condensate relative permeabilities as a function of the three-parameter. It is called as condensate number
NK so that the new model is more sensitivity to temperature that represents implicitly the effect of interfacial tension. The new model generated the results were in good agreement with the literature data and the laboratory test results. Additionally, the end point relative permeability data and residual saturations satisfactorily correlate with literature data. The proposed model has fairly good fitness results for the condensate relative permeability curves compared to that of gas case. This model, with typical parameters for gas condensates, can be used to describe the relative permeability behavior and to run a compositional simulation study of a single well to better understand the productivity of the field.
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Kristiono, Arie. "Wood Drying Condensate Treatment Using a Bio – Trickling Filter with Bark Chips as a Support Medium." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemical and Process Engineering, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3555.

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The kiln drying of wood produces huge amounts of vapour. The vapour is released to the environment when the process purges some of the saturated hot air. The main environmental issue regarding the use of kiln drying process are the release of the water vapour which contains organic contaminants. Some of them are hazardous to human health. In addition, there are some wood particles which may released with the water vapour purging process. In this research, the vapour is condensed and analysed for its organic contaminants and their biodegradability. The result showed that the dominant contaminants present in the condensate were ethanol and methanol with the concentration of approximately 65 mg/L and 25 mg/L respectively. The average COD concentration of the condensate was 159 ± 40 mg/L. The analysis also showed that the contaminants were biodegradable. In order to treat the wastewater, a trickling filter process using bark chips as a support medium was used to treat an artificial wastewater. The artificial wastewater contained the dominant contaminant present in the wood drying condensate. In the experiment, different sizes of bark chips were used. In addition, the loading rate of the treatment system was varied by changing the flow rate and contaminant concentration. The 30 cm long trickling filter using bark chips varying between of 2.8 – 4 mm diameter as the support medium gave a maximum removal of 36.4 % with removal capacity of 8.34 kg COD/m³bed•day at a flow rate of 2.8 cm/min and average inlet COD load of 20.4 kg COD/m3bed•day. The trickling filter with bark chips varying between 5.6 – 8 mm diameter as the support medium was operated using variations in contaminant concentration and flow rate. The operation using different inlet concentration gave the highest removal rate of 13.5 kg COD/m3bed•day at average initial load of 84.9 kg COD/m³bed•day, flow rate of 2.8 cm/min and theoretical initial concentration of 680 mg/L. The trickling filter operated with flow rate variation showed the highest removal rate of 10 kg COD/m³bed•day at an average inlet load of 53.3 kg COD/m³bed•day and flow rate of 7.1 cm/min. The removal rate of the contaminants in treatment was limited. There is a number of possible explanations. First is the active surface area, which indicating the area where the contact between the biofilm surface and feed happened. The active surface area increased as the flow rate increased. Second is the residence time of the feed in the bed. The residence time of the feed varied with the flow rate. It decreased as the flow rate increased. Third is the influence of the contaminants in the feed. The presence of methanol and methanol in the feed inhibited each other’s degradation. The dimention of a full-scale biotrickling filter to be used in actual kiln was also estimated. The estimation was made based on the maximum removal rate and optimum flow rate obtained in the experiments. The result of the estimation showed to obtain significant removal, the required bed would have to be 2.35 m in diameter and 160 in height.
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Stephan, Christopher C. "Investigation of Air Moisture Quality in the Ohio River Valley." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1416906418.

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Almeida, Sheyla dos Santos. "Termodinâmica do equilíbrio de fases no sistema condensado de gás natural (c5+) - água produzida." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2010. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5061.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Produced water is one of the main wastes generated in oil exploration and its treatment is a challenge due to its complex composition and the great amount generated. Regarding to the environmental legislation concerning to disposal, it is important to create alternatives of reuse or treatment, in order to reduce its contaminant content and decrease the hazardous effects to the environment. In spite of the fact that some techniques to treat this wastewater are already in use, other actions can be done to improve the quality of separation processes, decrease oil losses and protect the environment. Extraction is a physical separation method in which a solvent is added to perform the separation of residual oil that is the objective of this study. Due to the high availability of natural gas condensate (C5+) in gas processing plants, this product was chosen to be used as the solvent in the extraction of residual oil from produced water, emulsified or not, once there is a good chemical affinity between the oil fractions and the added solvent. At first, a bibliographic survey was carried out to find a predictive model for electrolytes without the need of experimental data. A computational program was developed in FORTRAN, taking in account the group-contribution method in the presence of electrolytes, besides isothermal flash. Some adaptations were implemented at Kikic et al. (1991) model to get a good agreement with the system studied. This system took in account light hydrocarbons present in oil (pentane, hexane, heptane and octane) and strong electrolytes, which is mainly represented by NaCl. The validation of thermodynamics model showed satisfactory medium quadratic deviations when compared to real experimental systems. A pseudo-experimental planning was carried out to simulate the process and verify the influence of the studied variables on the proposed system, such as solvent and salt contents, temperature and BSW (Basic Sediment and Water). Through the obtained empirical model it was possible to check the influence of the factors on residual hydrocarbons contents, represented by TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon). Temperature and solvent content were the variables that more contributed to increase TPH, while salinity contributed to the decrease TPH in the aqueous phase. The simulations performed showed that the use of C5+ is a feasible alternative to recover residual oil fractions from produced water and oily sludges. The contributions of this work motivate future studies, mainly those that involve experiments related to this theme, regarding to evaluate the quality of the adapted model, decreasing significantly oil losses during the steps of oil production and primary processing, providing information to reduce environmental impacts of these activities.
A água produzida é um dos principais resíduos gerados na exploração petrolífera e seu tratamento é um desafio devido à sua composição complexa e à grande quantidade gerada. Diante das restrições impostas pela legislação ambiental quanto ao descarte, faz-se necessário criar alternativas de reuso ou tratamento com a finalidade de reduzir o teor de contaminantes e diminuir os efeitos nocivos ao meio ambiente. Apesar de já existirem algumas técnicas de tratamento desse efluente em uso, ainda há muito que se fazer para melhorar a qualidade dos processos de separação, reduzir as perdas de óleo e proteger o ambiente. A técnica de extração é um método físico de separação onde é adicionado um solvente que ajuda a promover a separação do óleo residual, que é objeto de estudo do presente trabalho. Devido à grande disponibilidade de condensado (C5+) no processamento de gás natural, optou-se por utilizá-lo como solvente para extração dos resíduos de óleos presentes na água produzida, emulsionados ou não, devido à grande afinidade química entre as frações oleosas e o solvente adicionando. Primeiramente, foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico, a fim de encontrar um modelo preditivo para eletrólitos que não necessitasse de dados experimentais. Um programa computacional foi desenvolvido em FORTRAN, contemplando o modelo de contribuição de grupos na presença de eletrólitos, juntamente com o algoritmo de flash isotérmico. Algumas adaptações foram realizadas no modelo de Kikic et al. (1991), para obter melhor representatividade do sistema estudado. O sistema estudado contemplou hidrocarbonetos leves presentes no petróleo (pentano, hexano, heptano e octano) e água produzida, que possui em sua composição predominantemente o NaCl. A validação do modelo termodinâmico apresentou desvios médios quadráticos satisfatórios quando comparados a sistemas experimentais reais. Foi realizado um planejamento pseudo-experimental como meio de simular o processo e verificar a influência das variáveis estudadas no sistema proposto, tais como teor de solvente, salinidade, temperatura e BSW (Basic Sediment and Water). Através do modelo empírico obtido foi possível verificar a influência dos fatores sobre o teor de hidrocarbonetos residuais, representado pelo TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon). A temperatura e o teor de solvente são as variáveis que mais influenciam para o aumento do TPH, enquanto que a salinidade contribui para a diminuição do TPH do sistema. As simulações do processo de extração com solvente realizadas no presente trabalho produziram evidências de que o uso do condensado de gás natural pode ser uma alternativa viável para a recuperação de frações de óleo residuais presentes na água produzida, bem como de sistemas aquosos salinos contendo óleos, a exemplo de borras oleosas. As contribuições desse estudo motivam estudos futuros, principalmente os de natureza experimental ligados ao tema, a fim de avaliar a qualidade do modelo adaptado e dos resultados encontrados, reduzindo significativamente as perdas de óleo nas etapas de produção e processamento primário e proporcionando informações para redução dos impactos ambientais da produção de petróleo.
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Gunnars, Hans, and Gustav Magnusson. "Återvinning av rökgaskondensat på Moskogen : Ett investeringsunderlag för minskad vattenkonsumtion på ett kraftvärmeverk." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan (SJÖ), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-95159.

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Det här projektet har varit på uppdrag av Kalmar Energi AB och har utförts på kraftvärmeanläggningen Moskogen. Projektet syftade till att undersöka om återvinning av rökgaskondensat till spädvatten var möjlig och ekonomiskt försvarbart. Denna åtgärd skulle potentiellt kunna minska anläggningens råvattenkonsumtion och det skulle leda till en ekonomisk besparing. Åtgärden skulle även bidra till att anläggningen blev mer självförsörjande och mindre känslig vid störningar på det lokala råvattennätet. Mätningar av flöden på rökgaskondensatsproduktionen, halter av föroreningar och råvattenkonsumtionen gav viktiga parametrar för kontakt med leverantör av reningssystem. Samarbete upprättades med Eurowater AB där två olika reningsanläggningar togs fram och delgavs Kalmar Energi AB. Kostnaden för de två olika förslagen och respektive råvattenbesparing gav två avskrivningstider för investeringarna. Slutsatsen som drogs av projektet var att en installation av en reningsanläggning för återvinning av rökgaskondensatet var möjlig.
This project has been commissioned by Kalmar Energi AB and has been carried out at the CHP plant Moskogen. The project aimed to investigate whether recycling of flue gas condensate was possible and economically justifiable. This measure could potentially reduce the plant´s raw water consumption and would result in economic savings. The measure would also help the plant become more self-sufficient and less sensitive to disturbances on the local raw water distribution net.  Measurements of the flow of flue gas condensate, levels of pollution and raw water consumption gave important parameters for contact with the purification supplier. We entered a collaboration with Eurowater AB where two different purification plants were presented to Kalmar Energi AB. The cost of the two different proposals and their respective raw water savings gave two different payback periods in which the initial investment would be recouped by the client. The conclusion drawn from the project is that the installation of a purification plant for recycling of flue gas condensate was possible.
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Rybka, Tomáš. "Náhrada základních výměníků v Teplárně Malešice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228705.

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The main goal of this master´s thesis is a proposal of double way heat exchanger with integrated air-vapor mixture cooler and compare of heat transfer surface´s materials. Second goals are solidity dimensioning of this heat exchanger and economic effectiveness of used heat transfer surface´s materials.
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Koopman, Andrew Ernest. "USING PATTERNED SURFACE WETTABILITY TO ENHANCE AIR-SIDE HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH FROZEN WATER DROPLET VORTEX GENERATORS." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1578672613073125.

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Books on the topic "Condensate water"

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D, Perrault Robert, and Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry. Water Removal Committee., eds. Paper machine steam and condensate systems: A project of the Water Removal Committee of the Engineering Division. 4th ed. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press, 1990.

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Winyard, Paul. Human kidney development. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0343.

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The kidneys perform diverse functions including excretion of nitrogenous waste products, homeostasis of water, electrolytes and acid–base balance, and hormone secretion. The simplest functional unit within the kidneys is the nephron, which consists of specialized segments from glomerulus, through proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Human nephrogenesis starts with two stages of transient kidneys, termed the pronephros and mesonephros, and ends with development of a permanent organ from the metanephros on each side. The latter consists of just a few hundred cells when it is formed in the fifth week of pregnancy but progresses to a nephron endowment of between 0.6 to 1.3 million by the time nephrogenesis is completed at 32–36 weeks of gestation. Key events during this process include outgrowth of the epithelial ureteric bud from the mesonephric duct, interactions between the bud and the metanephric blastema (a specific region of mesenchyme) that cause the bud to branch and mesenchyme to condense, epithelialization of the mesenchyme to form proximal parts of the nephron, and differentiation of segment specific cells. Molecular control of these events is being unpicked with data from human genetic syndromes and animal models, and this chapter highlights several of the most important factors/systems involved. Increased understanding of development is not just relevant to congenital kidney malformations, but may also be important in designing rational therapies for diseases of the mature kidney where recapitulation of developmental pathways is common.
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Book chapters on the topic "Condensate water"

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Foekema, E. M., H. P. M. Schobben, J. Marquenie, and M. C. Th Scholten. "A Comparison Between the Toxicity of Produced Oil and Gas Condensate Using a New Sediment Bioassay for Deposited Oil." In Produced Water 2, 61–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0379-4_7.

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Borole, Abhijeet P., Kerry L. Sublette, Kevin T. Raterman, Minoo Javanmardian, and J. Berton Fisher. "The Potential for Intrinsic Bioremediation of BTEX Hydrocarbons in Soil/Ground Water Contaminated with Gas Condensate." In Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, 719–30. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2312-2_64.

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Kralj, Anita Kovac, and Jernej Hosnar. "Water condensate collection system by using MINLP model." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 685–89. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-59507-2.50129-3.

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"Commissioning and Troubleshooting the Condensate and Feed Water System." In Process Steam Systems, 257–61. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119085454.ch18.

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Harries, R. R., and K. Tittle. "Paper 91. Deterioration of exchange kinetics in condensate purification plant." In WATER CHEMISTRY OF NUCLEAR REACTOR SYSTEMS 4, 309–17. Thomas Telford Publishing, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wconrs4v1.03705.0067.

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Sawa, T., M. Yamamoto, and H. Fujihara. "Paper 29. BW R CRU D simulation studies — condensate water CRUD simulation." In WATER CHEMISTRY OF NUCLEAR REACTOR SYSTEMS 4, 87–88. Thomas Telford Publishing, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wconrs4v1.03705.0018.

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Maeda, Katsuji, Kouichi Kinoshita, Tetsuo Adach, Wataru Akagawa, and Yoshihiro Shiozawa. "Applicability Study of Pleated Filter to the Condensate Purification System in BWR." In Water chemistry of nuclear reactor systems 8, 2: 482–484. Thomas Telford Publishing, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wconrs8v2.29583.0020.

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Kumbhar, A. G., S. Rangarajan, S. V. Narasimhan, P. K. Mathur, and K. S. Venkateswarlu. "Paper 100. Evaluation of condensate demineralisation using morpholine form of the cation exchanger." In WATER CHEMISTRY OF NUCLEAR REACTOR SYSTEMS 4, 363–67. Thomas Telford Publishing, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wconrs4v1.03705.0074.

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Maeda, Katsuji, Kouichi Kinoshita, Yasuhiro Goto, Kazunori Ogasawara, Kentarou Hirabayashi, and Yoshihiro Shiozawa. "Selection of the Cation Exchange Resin against Oxidized Degradation in BWR Condensate Demineralizer." In Water chemistry of nuclear reactor systems 8, 2: 471–475. Thomas Telford Publishing, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wconrs8v2.29583.0017.

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Avery, William H., and Chih Wu. "Open-Cycle OTEC." In Renewable Energy from the Ocean. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195071993.003.0012.

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The historical development leading to the proposal by Claude to generate power by producing steam in flash evaporation of warm seawater has been discussed in Chapter 2. In this chapter, the thermodynamic fundamentals of the open-cycle concepts are discussed, leading to a detailed review of state of the art and commercial prospects of the process. There are several variations on the standard OTEC open-cycle (OC) system. The three major variations are “hybrid cycle” (Bartone, 1978), “mist lift cycle” (Ridgway, 1977), and “foam lift cycle” (Beck, 1975; Zener et al., 1975). These are advanced concepts that offer certain attractive features and are being investigated. The three cycles will be discussed in Sections 5.3, 5.4, and 5.5, respectively. The standard OTEC open cycle is discussed in the following. The modest but nearly steady temperature difference that exists between the warm surface water and the much colder water at great depth in some tropical regions of the world has attracted the attention of many thermodynamicists from the time that these temperature differences were first observed. From the thermodynamicist’s view, any significant temperature difference can be used to produce power. The open or Claude cycle is the forerunner of various OTEC cycles. The open cycle refers to the use of seawater as the working fluid. A schematic diagram of the system, which comprises a flash evaporator, vapor expansion turbine and generator, steam condenser, noncondensables-removing equipment, and deaerator, is shown in Fig. 5-1 (Chen, 1979). The cycle is a basic Rankine cycle for converting thermal energy of the warm surface water into electrical energy. In the cycle, the warm seawater is deaerated and then passed into a flash evaporation chamber, where a fraction of the seawater is converted into low-pressure steam. The steam is passed through a turbine, which extracts energy from it, and then exits into a condenser. This cycle derives the name “open” from the fact that the condensate is not returned to the evaporator as in the “closed” cycle. Instead, the condensate can be used as desalinated water if a surface condenser is used, or the condensate is mixed with the cooling water and the mixture is discharged back into the ocean.
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Conference papers on the topic "Condensate water"

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Kokal, Sunil, Mohammad Al-Dokhi, and Sayegh Selim. "Phase Behavior of Gas Condensate/Water System." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/62931-ms.

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Grizzaffi, Lucia, Cesare Lobascio, Paola Parodi, Antonio Saverino, Ilaria Locantore, and D. Perrachon. "Columbus Condensate Water characterization and wastewater revitalization." In 40th International Conference on Environmental Systems. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-6297.

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Samothrakis, Periandros, Yifan Zheng, and Cagri Turan. "Hydraulic Transient Investigation of Power Plant Condensate Systems." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2018. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481424.002.

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Ganjdanesh, Reza, Mohsen Rezaveisi, Gary A. Pope, and Kamy Sepehrnoori. "Treatment of Condensate and Water Blocks in Hydraulic Fractured Shale Gas-Condensate Reservoirs." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/175145-ms.

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Lombard, J.-M., D. Longeron, and F. Kalaydjian. "Influence of Connate Water and Condensate Saturation on Inertial Effects in Gas-Condensate Fields." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/56485-ms.

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Yan, Si-wei, Chun-mei Li, Tie-bo Liang, Jing Zhao, Cheng-ming Hao, and Yu Wang. "The Simulation Research of Noncondensable Gas to Condensation in Secondary Side Condenser of Floating Nuclear Power Plant Based on RELAP5." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82222.

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Similar to conventional nuclear power plant, condensate water subcooling is a common problem in secondary coolant of floating nuclear power plant, which is caused by many reasons. In this article, RELAP5 is used to simulate the phenomenon of condensate water subcooling caused by noncondensable gas. The influence of noncondensable gas to condenser pressure, subcooling temperature, heat transfer rate, terminal temperature difference, cooling water temperature rise is presented. The results obtained through this study have shown that the model with non-condensable gas in steam can simulate condensate water subcooling, and reveal the discipline of condenser heat transfer characteristics as a function of noncondensable gas content.
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Jokhio, S. A., D. Tiab, and F. Escobar. "Forecasting Liquid Condensate and Water Production In Two-Phase And Three-Phase Gas Condensate Systems." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/77549-ms.

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Jacobs, R. P. W. M., and J. M. Marquenie. "Produced Water Discharges From Gas/Condensate Platforms: Environmental Considerations." In SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/23321-ms.

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Zhang, Chao A., Huey Hu, Anthony M. Jacobi, and James M. Kaiser. "Water Condensate Retention and “Wet” Fin Performance in Automotive Evaporators." In SAE 2001 World Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-1252.

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Kurniawan, Lilik Adib. "Recovery of condensate water quality in power generator’s surface condenser." In PROCEEDINGS FROM THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4978158.

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Reports on the topic "Condensate water"

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Robert A. Zoss. HEAT PUMP WATER HEATER CONDENSATE DISPOSAL SYSTEM. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/835068.

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MEACHAM, J. E. POTENTIAL DIMETHYLMERCURY CONCENTRATION IN WATER & ORGANIC CONDENSATE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836352.

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Ramanathan Sampath. Investigation of Phase and Emulsion Behavior, Surfactant Retention and Condensate Recovery for Condensate/Water/Ethanol Mixtures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/902815.

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Ramanathan Sampath. Investigation of Phase and Emulsion Behavior, Surfactant Retention and Condensate Recovery for Condensate/Water/Ethanol Mixtures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/902816.

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Ramanathan Sampath. Investigation of Phase and Emulsion Behavior, Surfactant Retention and Condensate Recovery for Condensate/Water/Ethanol Mixtures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/902818.

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Ramanathan Sampath. Investigation of Phase and Emulsion Behavior, Surfactant Retention and Condensate Recovery for Condensate/Water/Ethanol Mixtures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/902820.

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Ramanathan Sampath. INVESTIGATION OF PHASE AND EMULSION BEHAVIOR, SURFACTANT RETENTION, AND CONDENSATE RECOVERY FOR CONDENSATE/WATER/ETHANOL MIXTURES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/877363.

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Ramanathan Sampath. INVESTIGATION OF PHASE AND EMULSION BEHAVIOR, SURFACTANT RETENTION, AND CONDENSATE RECOVERY FOR CONDENSATE/WATER/ETHANOL MIXTURES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/823039.

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Ramanathan Sampath. Investigation of Phase and Emulsion Behavior, Surfactant Retention and Condensate Recovery for Condensate/Water/Ethanol Mixtures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/902814.

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Haggard, R. D. State waste discharge permit application for cooling water and condensate discharges. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/328640.

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