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1
Chen, H. L., S. D. Wilson, and T. G. Monger-McClure. "Determination of Relative Permeability and Recovery for North Sea Gas-Condensate Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 2, no. 04 (August 1, 1999): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/57596-pa.
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Summary Coreflood experiments on gas condensate flow behavior were conducted for two North Sea gas condensate reservoirs. The objectives were to investigate the effects of rock and fluid characteristics on critical condensate saturation (CCS), gas and condensate relative permeabilities, hydrocarbon recovery and trapping by water injection, and incremental recovery by subsequent blowdown. Both CCS and relative permeability were sensitive to flow rate and interfacial tension. The results on gas relative permeability rate sensitivity suggest that gas productivity curtailed by condensate dropout can be somewhat restored by increasing production rate. High interfacial tension ultimately caused condensate relative permeability to decrease with increasing condensate saturation. Condensate immobile under gas injection could be recovered by water injection, but more immediate and efficient condensate recovery was observed when the condensate saturation prior to water injection exceeded the CCS. Subsequent blowdown recovered additional gas, but incremental condensate recovery was insignificant. Introduction Reservoirs bearing gas condensates are becoming more commonplace as developments are encountering greater depths, higher pressures, and higher temperatures. In the North Sea, gas condensate reservoirs comprise a significant portion of the total hydrocarbon reserves. Accuracy in engineering computations for gas condensate systems (e.g., estimating reserves, sizing surface facilities, and predicting productivity trends) depends upon a basic understanding of phase and flow behavior interrelationships. For example, gas productivity may be curtailed as condensate accumulates by pressure depletion below the dew point pressure (Pd). Conceptual modeling on gas condensate systems suggests that relative permeability (kr) curves govern the magnitude of gas productivity loss.1,2 Unfortunately, available gas and condensate relative permeability (krg and krc) results for gas condensates are primarily limited to synthetic systems. Such results show that higher CCS and less krg reduction were observed for a conventional gas/oil system compared to a gas condensate system.3,4 If condensate accumulates as a continuous film due to low interfacial tension (IFT), then high IFT gas/oil and water/oil kr data may not be applicable to gas condensates.5 Water invasion of gas condensate reservoirs may enhance hydrocarbon recovery or trap potential reserves. Laboratory results suggest water invasion of low IFT gas condensates may not be represented using high IFT water/oil and water/gas displacements.6 Subsequent blowdown may remobilize hydrocarbons trapped by water invasion. The presence of condensate may hinder gas remobilization, thus conventional gas/water blowdown experiments may not be appropriate in evaluating the feasibility of depressurization for gas condensates.7,8 Other laboratory evaluations of gas condensate flow behavior indicate measured results depend upon experimental procedures, fluid properties, and rock properties.3,9–20 Factors to consider include the history of condensate formation (i.e., imbibition or drainage), how condensate was introduced (i.e., in-situ dropout versus external injection or inflowing gas), flow rate, differential pressure, system pressure, IFT, connate water saturation, core permeability, and core orientation. Experiments performed to evaluate the consequences of water invasion suggest optimum conditions depend upon IFT, initial gas saturation, and core permeability.7,21,22 Reported blowdown experiments imply gas recovery depends upon the degree of gas expansion.7,8 The kr results obtained in this study represent gas condensate flow between the far-field and the near-wellbore region. The results are useful input for numerical simulation, especially to test rate- or IFT-sensitive relative permeability functions. Results on hydrocarbon recovery and trapping from water injection and blowdown are beneficial in evaluating improved recovery options for gas condensates. Experimental Procedures Coreflooding experiments were performed under reservoir conditions using rock and fluid samples from two distinct North Sea gas condensate reservoirs. A detailed description of the experimental methods is provided in the Appendix. Briefly, the experiments were conducted in a horizontal coreflood apparatus equipped with in-line PVT and viscosity measuring devices. The entire system experienced in-situ condensate drop out by constant volume depletion (CVD) from above Pd to either the pressure corresponding to CCS, or to the pressure of maximum condensate saturation Scmax Steady-state krg was measured by injecting equilibrated gas (before CCS). Steady-state krg and krc were measured by injecting gas condensate repressurized to above Pd (after CCS). The gas/oil fractional flow rate was defined by the pressure level in the core which was controlled by the core outlet back-pressure regulator. During krg measurements, the injection rate was varied to access rate effects. After the krg or krg and krc measurements to Scmax were completed, water injection was performed to quantify hydrocarbon trapping and recovery. Blowdown followed to evaluate additional hydrocarbon recovery. Recombined Reservoir Fluid Properties. Two North Sea gas condensate reservoir fluids were recombined using separator oil and synthetic gas. Tables 1 and 2 list compositions and PVT properties for the reconstituted fluids. The Pd was 7,070 psig at 250°F for Reservoir A, and 6,074 psig at 259°F for Reservoir B (Table 2). The maximum liquid dropout under constant composition expansion (CCE) was 31.7% for Reservoir A, and 42.5% for Reservoir B (Fig. 1). Reservoir B is a richer gas condensate and exhibits more near-critical phase behavior than Reservoir A.
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Wang, Xinguang, Jing Guan, and Richard M. Stuetz. "Catalytic ozonation for odour removal of high temperature alumina refinery condensate." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 8 (October 1, 2012): 1781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.391.
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Odour emissions from aluminium processing can cause an impact on local communities surrounding such facilities. Of particular concern is fugitive odours emitted from the handling and use of refinery condensate streams, particularly the digestion condensate. This study evaluated the application of using catalytic ozonation to treat alumina refinery condensate in order to remove the potential emission of odourous compounds from the industrial wastewater. The technical challenges in treating the alumina refinery condensate are the high pH and temperatures of the wastewater effluent (over 80 °C and pH above 10) due the industrial process. The odour removal efficiencies for different catalysts (FeCl3, MnO, and MnSO4) under experimental conditions in terms of controlled pH, temperature and ozone dosage were determined before and after ozone treatment using dynamic olfactometry. The result demonstrated that the addition of both FeCl3 and MnO catalysts improved odour removal efficiencies during the ozonation of alumina condensates at similar pH and temperature conditions. FeCl3 and MnO had similar enhancement for odour removal, however MnO was determined to be more appropriate than MnSO4 for odour removal due to the colouration of the treated condensate.
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Valentin, A. C. "Industrial water reuse opportunities and high temperature compatible membranes." Water Supply 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.083.
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Process condensates represent a real value to the industry as it usually contains several items of potential savings, including but not limited to heat energy and water. In most cases the condensate has become contaminated with unwanted particles or with product carryover making it unfit for direct reuse in the process or as boiler makeup water. Conventional methods use heat exchangers for partial recovery of the heat content to be followed by ion exchange or reverse osmosis limited to 30–40°C feed temperature. By using the Duratherm® High Temperature compatible membranes in RO and NF, it is now possible to process the condensate at temperatures up to 80°C thereby maintaining the calorific value of the stream. Many plants also produce a product using evaporation. The overheads from the evaporators usually contain a small amount of their product that must either be recovered by an additional evaporation step or disposed of in a waste treatment plant. These reverse osmosis or nanofiltration systems allow concentration of the product, produce high quality water suitable for reuse, and reduce the load on the waste treatment plant. The treated condensate can then be used for various utility operations including boiler & process makeup.
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Huang, Quan Hua, and Xing Yu Lin. "Prediction of water breakthrough time in horizontal Wells in edge water condensate gas reservoirs." E3S Web of Conferences 213 (2020): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021302009.
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Horizontal Wells are often used to develop condensate gas reservoirs. When there is edge water in the gas reservoir, it will have a negative impact on the production of natural gas. Therefore, reasonable prediction of its water breakthrough time is of great significance for the efficient development of condensate gas reservoirs.At present, the prediction model of water breakthrough time in horizontal Wells of condensate gas reservoir is not perfect, and there are mainly problems such as incomplete consideration of retrograde condensate pollution and inaccurate determination of horizontal well seepage model. Based on the ellipsoidal horizontal well seepage model, considering the advance of edge water to the bottom of the well and condensate oil to formation, the advance of edge water is divided into two processes. The time when the first water molecule reaches the bottom of the well when the edge water tongue enters is deduced, that is, the time of edge water breakthrough in condensate gas reservoir.The calculation results show that the relative error of water breakthrough time considering retrograde condensate pollution is less than that without consideration, with a higher accuracy. The example error is less than 2%, which can be effectively applied to the development of edge water gas reservoir.
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Li, Zong Yu, Ai Zhang, Shi Sheng Xu, and Yun Feng He. "Water Production Performance and its Control of the Ya-Da Condensate Gas Reservoir." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 870–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.870.
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This paper takes Yakela-dalaoba edge water and the Luntai basal water condensate gas reservoir for example, analyzes the condensate gas reservoir of edge-water or basal-water production characteristics, water production law in development process, and summarizes the three kinds of type water production of condensate gas reservoir, and put forward water control countermeasures specific to different water production type. Set up four edge-water or basal-water breakthrough models of gas condensate wells and the corresponding control measures, and being applied to the water control of Ya-Da gas condensate wells water gradually and the control effect is remarkable. Through the research of water production law and control countermeasures in Ya-Da condensate gas reservoir, provide significant development guidance for the other condensate gas reservoir which contains water.
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Andrade, Barbara G., Vívian T. Andrade, Byron R. S. Costa, Juacyara C. Campos, and Márcia Dezotti. "Distillation of oil field produced water for reuse on irrigation water: evaluation of pollutants removal and ecotoxicity." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 1, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.044.
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Desalination is one of the earliest forms of saline water treatment and it is still used throughout the world. In this work, a single-effect mechanical vapor compression (MVC) process was investigated to produce water for irrigation of non-edible cultures from oil-field produced water. Distillation was able to produce a condensate presenting very low amounts of 84 analyzed pollutants. Ecotoxicological assays with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata algae, Danio rerio fish, lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and earthworm (Eisenia fetida) were performed in condensate. The condensate was non-toxic for all tested organisms, except for P. subcapitata algae that showed some level of chronic toxicity caused by ammonium nitrogen. This toxic effect was confirmed by conducting a series of ecotoxicological assays with condensate samples after ammonia removal (stripping). The condensate presented quality acceptable for irrigation of non-edible crops.
7
Barton, D. A., and E. P. Drake. "Biotreatability of Blow Heat Condensates with and without Hydrogen Peroxide Pretreatment." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1994): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0717.
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Pulp mill modifications implemented by kraft mills for the purposes of controlling air emissions, such as the installation of indirect secondary condensers installed in blow heat handling systems, may result in altered characteristics of wastewater treatment plant influents. This study examines the impacts on biological treatment processes associated with the presence of blow heat condensates in the influent stream. In addition, the effectiveness of pretreatment of the condensate stream with hydrogen peroxide, in the presence of the ferric ion, is examined under controlled conditions through the use of bench-scale bioreactors. The study results indicate that the presence of blow heat condensates may adversely impact the mixed liquor settleability properties in the activated sludge process, although subsequent trials conducted to re-create this condition were not successful. Effluent soluble BOD5 was not affected by the presence of the condensates. Ferric/peroxide pretreatment was found not to be effective at destroying either the methanol or the turpentine present in the condensate stream. However, a significant improvement in Microtox biological response was observed, presumably due to a reaction between the ferric ion and reduced sulfur compounds. Furthermore, no adverse impacts on settleability were observed in a bio-reactor receiving condensates which were pretreated with ferric/ieroxide.
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Bonmatí, A., E. Campos, and X. Flotats. "Concentration of pig slurry by evaporation: anaerobic digestion as the key process." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0252.
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Nutrient redistribution between areas with a structural pig slurry surplus and those with a shortage, is limited by the high cost of transportation and spreading, due to the high water content in slurry (more than 90%) and its relative low nutrient concentration. Water can be removed from slurry by evaporation, through the application of waste heat from a power plant or from other processes. Apart from obtaining a concentrate with an obviously higher nutrient concentration than the original slurry, another objective is to obtain clean water as condensate. The objective of this work was to study the batch vacuum evaporation of pig slurry liquid fraction, to evaluate the economic feasibility and to evaluate condensate quality as a function of both pH (4, 5 and 6) and pig slurry type (fresh slurry and anaerobically digested slurry). Results showed that condensate characteristics (ammonia nitrogen, VFA, COD) were strongly dependent on these variables. Previous anaerobic digestion presented clear advantages: it provided a fraction of the required energy and it removed organic matter, preventing its volatilisation in the evaporation process and providing higher quality condensates. These advantages make the combined treatment strategy economically more feasible than the evaporation process alone.
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Lefebvre, Olivier, Jiangyong Hu, Say Leong Ong, and How Yong Ng. "Optimization of resource and water recovery from urine." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 6, no. 2 (October 21, 2015): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.081.
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This study deals with the feasibility and practicality to recover water and nutrients from fresh urine by means of evaporation/condensation. The evaporation process generated two distinct fractions: a condensate and a concentrate. The optimal percentage of evaporation (in volume) was found to be 80%, resulting in optimal condensate quality. Higher percentages of evaporation resulted in a deterioration of water quality, as urea decomposed into ammonia, followed by volatilization of the ammonia which ended up in the condensate. Following evaporation, struvite was recovered from the concentrate at an optimal Mg/N ratio of 1/1. The condensate was purified by filtration into two layers of soil and sand, followed by zeolites. Complete removal of N-NH3 and 91% removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) could be achieved throughout this process. Finally, the condensate was disinfected by sodium hypochlorite, achieving over 6-log inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage at a dose of 1,200 mg min/L. In conclusion, this study shows that there exist some potential benefits to the production of high-quality water and fertilizer from urine. The value of struvite recovered from the concentrate was found to be equivalent to that of the water from the condensate, showing that both streams deserve equal attention.
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Hou, Dali, Pingya Luo, Lei Sun, Yong Tang, and Yi Pan. "Study on Nonequilibrium Effect of Condensate Gas Reservoir with Gaseous Water under HT and HP Condition." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/295149.
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When a condensate gas reservoir with gaseous water under high temperature and high pressure condition is producing, the gaseous water and nonequilibrium effect will have great influences on the phase behavior of condensate oil and gas system and the accumulation of condensate liquid near the wellbore area. Therefore, a series of experiments were performed to investigate phase behavior of the condensate gas reservoirs with gaseous water using a PVT cell, in which the constant volume depletion process of nonequilibrium pressure drop and equilibrium pressure drop within near wellbore zone was simulated. And using the modified PR EOS, PR EOS, and nonequilibrium effect theory, the authors calculated the content of condensate oil and condensate liquid of the nonequilibrium pressure drop and equilibrium pressure drop and compared the calculated results with the experimental data. The results show that the modified PR EOS combined with nonequilibrium effect theory is more suitable for representing phase behavior characteristics of the development process of condensate gas reservoir containing gaseous water, with the average relative error of 4.49%. Furthermore, choosing the appropriate exploiting opportunity and properly increasing the nonequilibrium effect are helpful to increase condensate oil and water recovery.
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Lavirko, Juriy, Eduard Akhmetov, Rimma Akhmetova, and Natalia Bikeeva. "Development of water saving technology for water supply system of industrial enterprises." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 08004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127408004.
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The object of the study is the water supply and sanitation system of an industrial enterprise. Currently, many enterprises do not use the treated industrial waste water in the water supply cycle. Therefore, the use of treated wastewater is of practical importance. The scheme of thermal treatment of waste water for obtaining pure condensate by evaporation is proposed. The main results of the study are the technical solution for the development of the enterprise's wastewater treatment complex. Pure condensate is obtained in an instant boiling evaporator. The research method is based on the calculation of energy costs in wastewater treatment for different types of waste water. The results of the study allow us to determine the optimal set of energy equipment for obtaining pure condensate and its further use. The specific practical significance lies in the development of a technical solution that helps the treatment of wastewater and the reduction of emissions into the water basin.
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Samosir, Rahmad. "SOLAR WATER SEA DISTILLATION USING CONDENSER." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 11 (March 23, 2020): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i11.2018.315.
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Water is one of the main needs of living things, especially humans who need clean water for drinking, bathing, washing and other purposes. However, many regions have difficulties to get clean water, especially people who live on the beach, thus many experts try to process seawater into clean water which is worth drinking. One of the ways to process salt water into fresh water is by distillation. In this research, the author tries to distill water with the help of condenser. In this research, the author made an evaporation chamber of 80 cm x 100 cm x 30 cm. Through the use of solar-powered blower, vapor is inhaled from the evaporation chamber, therefore the pressure on the evaporation chamber will fall, so that the evaporation will occur much faster and the resulting vapor can be supplied to the condenser for cooling. From the test result using variation of blower rotation of 2800 rpm, 2200 rpm, and 1200 rpm, each condensate water produced from the distillation process are 215 ml/h, 410 ml/h, and 250 ml/hr. The condensate resulted from the highest rotation (2800 rpm) produces less condensate, thus based on our observation, we temporarily conclude that it occurs because there is water vapor coming out from the condensate, but more accurate research is needed to confirm it. Condensate of 410 ml/hour is still not as expected, thus this research will be continued in order to reach the expected result.
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Gamelas, José A. F., Sofia M. Rebola, Margarita G. Evtyugina, Valdemar I. Esteves, and Dmitry V. Evtuguin. "Purification of pulp mill condensates by an adsorptive process on activated carbon." Holzforschung 73, no. 6 (June 26, 2019): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0125.
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Abstract In order to close the water cycle in pulp mills with condensates instead of fresh water, the malodorous/hazardous volatile compounds and colored substances have to be removed by appropriate efficient methods. In the present work, the condensate from the evaporation of black liquor (BL) from a kraft mill was purified by a batch adsorptive process by means of commercial activated carbon (AC). The effluent was found to contain a wide range of aromatic and organosulfur volatile compounds, including toluene, ethylguaicol, syringaldehyde, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), 2,3-dimethylthiophene, benzothiol and benzothiophene derivatives. Methanol was the major volatile organic component in the condensate (201 mg l−1), which was, however, poorly adsorbed on the AC surface. Aromatics and organosulfur contaminants were adsorbed almost completely in 2–5 min at 23°C under the optimized AC load (900 mg l−1). The treatment allowed the elimination of up to 99% of the obnoxious odor, color and turbidity of the condensate. The adsorption equilibrium followed the Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The new process could be incorporated in the pulp mill with relatively low additional reagent costs.
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Kondrat, O. R., and D. O. Shyshkina. "ENHANCEMENT OF CONDENSATE RECOVERY FACTOR FROM DEPLETED GAS CONDENSATE FIELDS." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 4(69) (December 3, 2018): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2018-4(69)-23-36.
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The efficiency of gas condensate fields additional development at the final stage was investigated. The feature of condensed hydrocarbon production at low reservoir pressures is analyzed and the effectiveness of methods for increasing condensate recovery from depleted gas condensate fields is considered.
The theoretical model of the simplified depleted gas condensate field with homogeneous volume and reservoir properties is developed. The study involves processes of the gas condensate recovery from depleted gas condensate fields enhancement through the injection of dry hydrocarbon gas, nitrogen, carbon dioxide gas into a bed, fringe of the propane-butane fraction with its transfer along the bed through nitrogen and by flooding are investigated using the hydrodynamic simulator Eclipse 300. The effectiveness of various placements of injection wells and the active reservoir water effect on the gas condensate field exploitation are outlined.
The research proved that the placement of injection wells in the contour zone is the most effective when reservoir water active contour is available.
In general, the introduction of methods for condensate recovery enhancement in gas condensate fields with high level of condensate should be carried out from the beginning of the field exploitation to prevent the loss of hydrocarbons because of retrograde condensation. The effect of introducing methods for the condensate recovery enhancement is relatively inconsiderable in the depleted gas condensate fields.
Carbon dioxide turned out to be displacing agent. Its injection in the contour part of the field is recommended, in particular, this value will be even higher if the active water bed is not available.
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Ganjdanesh, Reza, Mohsen Rezaveisi, Gary A. Pope, and Kamy Sepehrnoori. "Treatment of Condensate and Water Blocks in Hydraulic-Fractured Shale-Gas/Condensate Reservoirs." SPE Journal 21, no. 02 (April 14, 2016): 665–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/175145-pa.
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Summary The accumulation of condensate in fractures is one of the challenges of producing gas from gas/condensate reservoirs. When the bottomhole pressure drops to less than the dewpoint, condensate forms in and around fractures and causes a significant drop in the gas relative permeability, which leads to a decline in the gas-production rate. This reduction of gas productivity is in addition to the reduction because of water blocking by the fracturing water. Solvents can be used to remove liquid blocks and increase gas- and condensate-production rates. In this paper, dimethyl ether (DME) is introduced as a novel solvent for this purpose. In addition to good partitioning into condensate/gas/aqueous phases, DME has a high vapor pressure, which improves the flowback after the treatment. We compare its behavior with both methanol (MeOH) and ethanol (EtOH) solvents.
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Evsina, E. M. E., N. M. Alykov, T. V. Alykova, A. E. Kudryashova, and N. V. Utyubayeva. "Water Treatment of Fish Farms’ Water Sources Using a New Sorbent." Ecology and Industry of Russia 21, no. 3 (March 22, 2017): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2017-3-21-25.
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Deterioration of water sources is due to the state of search, extraction, transportation of gas condensate and processing of hydrocarbon materials, including containing substantial amount of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans. Primary preparation of such condensate is to separate water from it (so called condensate water), which is pumped back into the well. Water of the main water sources – Astrakhan Oblast is characterized mainly by containing different toxins at the level of, or slightly above the MAC level, However, for fish farms content of main pollutants in water should be at a level of about 0.1 MAC for water potable purposes. This means that the water for fish farms must be treat. At the same time, economically and environmentally acceptable methods of water purification media for fish farms may be the only ones that use natural sorbents that do not contain any toxic substances. In this case you can use gazes of the Astrakhan Oblast, It should be noted that the sorbents which are milled gazes, with prolonged use, do not emit any water in the components, these are sabsorbed by the sorbent, or those which are part of a sorbent.
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Wang, Yong, Fen Wang, and Min Ji. "Characteristics of Emitted Odor and Discharged Condensate Water of Sludge Thermal Drying Project in Shenzhen Nanshan Thermal Power Plant." Advanced Materials Research 777 (September 2013): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.777.127.
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During thermal drying of dewatered sludge, odor will be produced, and also plenty of condensate water. Currently, there is little research about odor gas and condensate water produced during thermal drying of dewatered sludge. To supply engineering design basis for treatment scheme of odor and condensate water produced during thermal drying of dewatered sludge, it analyzes pollutants concentration of odor and condensate water produced in Sludge Drying Project in Shenzhen Nanshan Thermal Power Plant, and it verifies removal performance of chemical odor removal system of the Project. It is concluded that during thermal drying of dewatered sludge, odor will be produced, which components are mainly ammonia gas, H2S, CS2, CH3SH and dimethylsulfide, etc.. It is found that organic components in condensate water is high, BOD/COD is about 0.2, NH3-N and TN is high, C/N is about 8, and TP is low.
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Siam, Lubna, Issam A. Al-Khatib, Fathi Anayah, Shehdeh Jodeh, Ghadir Hanbali, Bayan Khalaf, and Abdalhadi Deghles. "Developing a Strategy to Recover Condensate Water from Air Conditioners in Palestine." Water 11, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081696.
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As the need for water is increasing in Palestine, and the available water resources are barely sufficient to meet the demands of the current quality of life and the economy, air conditioner condensate water could be explored as an alternative water source. The objective of this study is to better understand the potential for recovery of condensate water from air conditioning systems in two Palestinian cities. In addition, this study aims to evaluate this water source in terms of quality and quantity. Generally, it was found that the condensate water has good quality, which conforms to the Palestinian standards for reused water for irrigation, except for turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements. Reflecting the heavy metal occurrence in the collected condensate water, no particular risk was recognized for drinking water or reused irrigation standards, except for manganese occurrence of 0.19 mg/L in one sample. From a single unit capacity, high quantities of water were observed of approximately 259 L and 453 L per month in Ramallah and Jericho cities, respectively. These figures should draw the attention of decision and policy makers to put in place strict technical guidelines to be followed for potential reuse of condensate water at the local level.
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Ma, Li, and Dai Xiao Wei. "The Development and Summer Test of a New Ceiling Radiant Cooling Panel." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.273.
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The main application problems of radiant panel in summer include lower cooling capacity owing to high temperature of water supply and condensation. A new radiant panel was developed. Water duct and panel are straight forming which eliminates the thermal contact resistance .The panel are installed in an angle in order to discharge condensate water. The guiding gutter in the face of panel and condensate pipe are to collect and outlet condensate water. The summer test was done. The results show that the new radiant panel has higher cooling efficiency compare with conventional panel .The cooling efficiency is above 1000w/m2, and condensate water can be discharged quickly. Although new Ceiling Radiant Cooling Panel is still not perfect, but it is provides us with more choice.
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Milet, G. M. D., and S. J. B. Duff. "Treatment of kraft condensates in a feedback-controlled sequencing batch reactor." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1998): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0642.
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A feedback-controlled sequencing batch reactor was used to treat kraft accumulator and evaporator condensates. The control strategy used the level of dissolved oxygen to terminate the oxidation phase and commence the settling phase of each cycle. The duration of the oxidation phase was automatically adjusted to achieve 100% removal of methanol, the major carbon source in the condensates. While the treatment rate varied substantially in response to influent variability, the overall level of treatment remained constant, averaging 88±5% and 64±2% COD removal for the accumulator and evaporator condensates, respectively. Generally over 90% of the reduced sulfur compounds were removed, apparently almost completely by stripping. Metal ion addition was found to be necessary to support biological growth in accumulator condensate.
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Klimentos, Theodoros. "Attenuation of P‐ and S‐waves as a method of distinguishing gas and condensate from oil and water." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 2 (March 1995): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443782.
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Compressional‐ and shear‐wave attenuation data were calculated from sonic waveforms in three wells. The results show that at similar porosities and at in‐situ conditions, gas and condensate sandstone reservoirs exhibit higher P‐wave attenuation (lower P‐wave quality factor, [Formula: see text]) than either fully‐water or partially “oil + water” saturated sandstones. However, S‐wave attenuation and quality factor [Formula: see text] do not show such a strong dependence on pore fluids. Furthermore, [Formula: see text] indicates presence of gas or condensate, while [Formula: see text] indicates “full water” or “oil + water” saturation. These field data are consistent with laboratory data and theoretical predictions by various researchers. The crossovers of P-S‐wave attenuation and [Formula: see text] quality factors proved useful for distinguishing gas and condensate from oil and water reservoirs. They may be used in conjunction with [Formula: see text] and other logs as an aid in formation evaluation for the detection of gas, condensate, and oil. Several case studies in the literature report high P‐wave energy absorption at seismic frequencies below gas and condensate pools. This suggests that it is not unreasonable to assume that this method could also be used in seismic exploration as an aid for distinguishing gas and condensate from oil and water formations.
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Ikpeka, Princewill. "Compositional Simulation of the Effect of Water Injection on Gas Condensate Reservoir Performance." Journal of Advanced Research in Petroleum Technology & Management 5, no. 1 (May 10, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.9180.201901.
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Sergeevich, Ezhov, Semicheva Evgenievna, Ezhova Vladimirovna, and Brezhnev Viktorovich. "Energy efficient water desalination technology." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 18, no. 4 (2020): 614–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-28676.
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The work relates to the technique of desalination of sea and saline waters and can be used to obtain desalinated water with generation of electrical energy. The proposed technology of water desalination is implemented by an autonomous solar desalination-electric generator, containing a rectangular body, the roof of which is covered from above with photocells with a storage unit, an inclined evaporating tray is placed inside the body, dividing the body cavity into evaporation and condensation chambers, communicating with each other at the sides of the body through vertical slots at the ends of the body and the tray are an inlet manifold connected to a submersible feed pump, and a horizontal outlet slot. The bottom of the body is connected to a condensate collection tank, in which a condensate pump is placed, a condensation chamber, immersed in a reservoir, the inner surface of the ends, sides and bottom of the condensation the chamber is made with vertical and horizontal corrugations, into the grooves of which thermoelectric converters are inserted. The first and last of which with photocells are connected to the output collectors, a storage unit, feed and condensate pumps and other them as consumers of electricity.
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Nordin, Isdiriayani, Ismail Marzuki, Larisa Deviyani, and M. Irfan S. "Inhibisi korosi baja dalam air kondensat terkontaminasi CuCl2 menggunakan natrium fosfat." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 6, no. 1 (October 2, 2018): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2007.6.1.7.
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Steel corrosion inhibition in CuCl2-contaminated condensate water using natrium fosfatCorrosion in condenser system, boiler or condensate line caused by reaction between inside surface of pipe and tube with condensate water contamined by copper ion (Cu2+) as corrosion product of heat exchanger. Additon of sodium phospate in Trisodium Phosphate (TSP) and Disodium Phosphate (DSP) form as corrosion inhibitor for controlling this corrosion. This research is aim to find out the influence of CuCl2 contaminant to steel corrosion rate in condensate water, and the efectiveness of TSP and DSP as corrosion inhibitor in such system. In this research, the corrosion rate measurement in artificial condensate water with tafel method, The corrosion inhibitions mechanism was studied using cyclic voltametry method. The experimental result shows that corrosion rate is increases in artificial condensate water had contaminated by CuCl2. DSP-TSP combination is effective as a steel corrosion inhibitor in condensate water contaminated by CuCl2. The highest effectiveness achieved in ratio DSP:TSP 35:65. Corrosion reaction of steel in artificial condensate water contaminated by CuCl2 with inhibitor addition is an irreversible reaction and occurs in one-step reaction.Keywords: Condensate Water, CuCl2, Sodium Phosphates, Steels Corrosion AbstrakKorosi pada sistem kondensor dan boiler atau jalur kondensat diakibatkan oleh reaksi antara permukaan dalam pipa dan tube dengan air boiler atau air kondensat yang terkontaminasi ion tembaga (Cu2+), yang berasal dari produk korosi alat-alat penukar panas. Untuk mengendalikan korosi tersebut ditambahkan natrium fosfat dalam bentuk Trisodium Phosphate (TSP) dan Disodium Phosphate (DSP) sebagai inhibitor korosi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kontaminan CuCl2 terhadap korosi baja dalam air kondensat, dan efektivitas inhibisi korosi DSP dan TSP Pada penelitian ini, pengukuran laju korosi baja dalam air kondensat buatan yang ditambah dengan CuCl2 dan variasi konsentrasi inhibitor dilakukan dengan metode Tafel. Mekanisme inhibisi diprediksi berdasarkan metoda voltametri siklik. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa laju korosi baja dalam air kondensat tiruan meningkat dengan kehadiran kontaminan CuCl2. Kombinasi DSP TSP efektif sebagai inhibitor korosi baja dalam air kondensat terkontaminasi CuCl2, dengan keefektifan inhibisi korosi tertinggi didapat pada nisbah DSP:TSP 35:65. Reaksi korosi baja dalam air kondensat tiruan terkontaminasi CuCl2 dengan penambahan inhibitor adalah oksidasi besi (Fe) menjadi besi(II) yang irreversibel dan berlangsung dalam satu tahap.Kata kunci: Air Kondensat, CuCl2, Korosi Baja, Natrium Fosfat
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Sonawan, Hery, Dendi Nurhidayat, and Haris Saefudin. "Influence of wall atomizer to condensation rate in flashing purification." Water Practice and Technology 14, no. 4 (October 14, 2019): 872–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2019.070.
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Abstract This paper presents an experimental study of wall atomizer usage in flashing purification. The water jet bursts out of the nozzle and hit the wall atomizer, splits into particles and evaporates until it finally condenses. The effectiveness of water particle evaporation influences the condensate volume. In this paper, improvements were more focused on how to generate water particles by applying a wall atomizer in a flashing chamber. The more water particles were created, the better the evaporation and condensation rate. Flashing purification experiments were conducted by following the factorial design method. From the first experiment design, an optimum condensate volume was obtained at a specified folding width of wall atomizer and feedwater pressure; meanwhile, vacuum pressure and feedwater temperature were kept constant. Three different folding widths of 5mm, 8mm and 12mm were tested in this experiment. The second experiments were continued by varying feedwater temperature at an optimum atomizer folding width to obtain more condensate volume. Wall atomizer usage in flashing purification has been proved to increase condensation rate or condensate volume. The highest condensate volume of 150.2ml was obtained from 8mm atomizer folding width with a variable combination of 2.0 bar-g feedwater pressure, a vacuum pressure of −53 cmHg and feedwater temperature of 70 °C. This result was in line with the theory that states that the presence of a wall atomizer increases water particles. There was even an atomizer folding width that provided an optimum condensate volume. The use of an atomizer folding width of less and more than 8mm produced lower condensate volume. At 5mm atomizer folding width, condensate volumes were 24.6ml and 22.0ml, whereas 12mm atomizer folding width produced 48.9ml and 50.3ml.
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Riaz, Muhammad, Georgios M. Kontogeorgis, Erling H. Stenby, Wei Yan, Toril Haugum, Kjersti O. Christensen, Torbjørn V. Løkken, and Even Solbraa. "Measurement of Liquid–Liquid Equilibria for Condensate + Glycol and Condensate + Glycol + Water Systems." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 56, no. 12 (December 8, 2011): 4342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je200158c.
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Suyitno, Budhi M., Erlanda Augupta Pane, Wina Libyawati, Chatrine Jelita, Hendri Sukma, and Ismail Ismail. "An effect analysis of cooling water direction towards condensate oil from scrap tires." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, no. 6 (110) (April 12, 2021): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.209900.
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The application of pyrolysis for the thermal decomposition of tire waste can be taken as the ideal concept to reduce and recycle tire waste. The product of the process can produce condensate oil, a typical oil that is close to crude oil properties. The critical aspect of the pyrolysis process is the design of the reactor, particularly for the condenser where the rate of heat transfer contributes to the overall quality and quantity of the produced condensate oil. This study focused on the effect of water flow direction on the condensation process of pyrolysis gas. The quantity and quality of the produced oil are examined to observe the effect of the condensation process. Two different water flow directions are tested in the process, namely, counter flow and parallel flow direction. The effect of water flow direction in the condenser clearly affects the pyrolysis process to produce the condensate oil. Based on the production quantity, the counter flow condenser is able to produce 355 ml of condensate oil while the parallel flow one merely 290 ml. Based on the quality of the produced condensate oil, the counter flow condenser is generally better than the parallel flow one where the density, flash point and viscosity are close to crude oil properties. The rate of heat transfer from the condenser to the pyrolysis gas is the main factor that contributes to the quality and quantity of the condensate oil. The average heat transfer for the counter and parallel flow is 2,728 W and 1,865 W, respectively. It can be said that using the counter flow condenser for the pyrolysis reactor can improve the quality and quantity of the condensate oil
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Zine-Dine, Kaoutar, Hammami El, Rachid Mir, Touria Mediouni, and Sara Armou. "Effect of the non condensable gas type during condensation of water vapor." Thermal Science 21, no. 6 Part A (2017): 2457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160612294z.
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In this paper, a numerical study is performed to investigate the influence of the non?condensable gas type in a vapor mixture of water gas (water vapor?krypton, water vapor?argon, water vapor?air, and water vapor?neon) during the condensation along a vertical pipe with a wall cooled by air-flow. The applied numerical method solves the coupled parabolic governing equations in both gas and liquid phases with the appropriate boundary and interfacial conditions. The equations systems, obtained by using an implicit finite difference method are solved by Thomas algorithm. The numerical results obtained show that the heat and mass transfer is influenced by increasing the molar mass of non?condensable gases. The comparisons of air mass fraction, bulk temperature, local condensate heat transfer coefficient, and average Nusselt number of sensible heat with the literature results and the available experimental data are in good agreement.
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Fan, Peipei, Lin Zhang, Zongjian Liu, Weidong Zhang, Qun Cui, and Haiyan Wang. "Analysis of trace organics and its correlation with COD in condensate from natural gas to hydrogen production." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 5 (August 11, 2020): 843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.378.
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Abstract Qualitative and quantitative analysis of trace organics in the condensate and its correlation with chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the key to the research on the reuse technology of condensate (condensate) from natural gas to hydrogen production process. The contents of anions, COD, total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were measured by ion chromatography and the TOC analyzer. Trace organics in the condensate and its correlation with COD was investigated in this paper. Results show that the contents of COD and TOC is 74.1 and 17.81 mg/L, respectively, and the anions in the condensate are mainly Cl−, I−, and , etc. The condensate mainly contains small molecule organics including methanol, ethanol and formic acid with the content of 41.4, 2.1 and 3.2 mg/L, respectively. The spiked recovery of methanol, ethanol and formic acid is 96.1%, 100.2% and 103.9% by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC), respectively. Methanol is the main source of COD in the condensate, and the contribution rate reaches up to 83.8%. The removal of trace methanol can significantly reduce the COD of the condensate. This work might provide basic data for reasonable recovery and utilization of condensate in the hydrogen production process.
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Mezhov-Deglin, Leonid P., and Andrey M. Kokotin. "Water–helium condensate (watergel) in liquid helium." Physica B: Condensed Matter 329-333 (May 2003): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(02)02074-4.
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Zhu, Fangqi, Wen-Zhen Fang, Hui Zhang, Zhibing Zhu, Tze How New, Yugang Zhao, and Chun Yang. "Water condensate morphologies on a cantilevered microfiber." Journal of Applied Physics 127, no. 24 (June 28, 2020): 244902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0007474.
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Doroshenko, Volodymyr, Oleksandr Titlov, and Ivan Kuper. "Development of technology of gas condensate extraction from the formation in the conditions of retrograde condensation." Technology audit and production reserves 1, no. 3(57) (February 27, 2021): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.225212.
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The object of research is gas condensate fields at a late stage of their development under conditions of a decrease in reservoir pressure below the pressure of condensate separation from a gaseous state. Reservoir losses of condensate during the development of deposits in depletion mode can reach 78 %, which entails the need to use various methods of stimulating the reservoir system to remove it. The most acceptable method is the use of a cycling process by re-injection (recirculation) of the produced and separated gas into the formation. A significant disadvantage of the cycling process is the long-term conservation of gas reserves as a result of its re-injection into the reservoir and significant capital and operating costs for dry gas injection. From a technological point of view, the use of the cycling process is constrained by the low value of the sweep efficiency. Dry gas that is injected has a lower viscosity in terms of the gas-condensate mixture is withdrawn from the reservoir, and under the conditions of the heterogeneous structure of the reservoir, its rapid breakthrough from injection to production wells takes place and, as a result, a decrease in the efficiency of condensate recovery. As an alternative to the cycling process for extracting retrograde condensate from the reservoir, it has been proposed to squeeze it out with water. The paper proposes a unified waterflooding system, actually displacing condensate with water or a gas-water mixture. This is achieved by controlled operation of injection and production wells. First, gas is taken from the wells, and with the appearance of water in the product, methods of intensifying the transfer to the surface are used. If necessary, the wells are switched to forced production mode. The results of laboratory studies carried out on real samples of core material from the Andriyashivske gas condensate field (Ukraine) are presented. The directions of the implementation of gas-water repression in gas condensate fields with the parallel use of restrained reservoir gas available in the reservoir are substantiated. The technology allows to extract up to 50 % of the condensate dropped out in the reservoir.
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Loveless, Kolin J., Aamir Farooq, and Noreddine Ghaffour. "Collection of Condensate Water: Global Potential and Water Quality Impacts." Water Resources Management 27, no. 5 (December 28, 2012): 1351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0241-8.
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Li, Xiaodan, Shikun Wu, Chunlei Kan, Ye Zhang, Yingbin Liang, Guangzhi Cui, Jiandong Li, and Songlin Yang. "Application of Ion Exchange Resin in the Advanced Treatment of Condensate Water." E3S Web of Conferences 272 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127201005.
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The advanced treatment of condensate water is important for efficient reuse of water resources, especially in confined space. In this work, a novel integrated process of ion exchange resins and activated carbon is proposed to remove various pollutants in condensate water. A fixed bed column of pre-treated basic anion exchange resin, acidic cation exchange resin, mixed ion exchange resins and modified activated carbon was applied to remove ionic pollutants, organic pollutants and adjust the pH value of output water. The effects of the types, amount ratios and the sequence of ion exchange resins were investigated using two types of condensate water. The results showed that the output water of the fixed bed column had an average TOC of 30~70 ppm, conductivity under 5 μS/cm, pH value of 5~8, which could meet the requirements of sanitary water. The saturated adsorption capacities of the basic anion exchange resin and the acidic cation exchange resin were calculated to be 0.87 mol/L and 1.82 mol/L, respectively. Under the actual operating conditions, continuous dynamic test was carried out over a condensate water treatment module consisting of two adsorption columns and four exchange columns to evaluate its real service life.
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Lombard, J. M., D. G. Longeron, and F. J. M. Kalaydjian. "Influence of Connate Water and Condensate Saturation on Inertial Effects in Gas/Condensate Reservoirs." SPE Journal 5, no. 03 (September 1, 2000): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/65430-pa.
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Regueiro, José, and Andrés Peña. "AVO in North of Paria, Venezuela: Gas methane versus condensate reservoirs." GEOPHYSICS 61, no. 4 (July 1996): 937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444043.
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The gas fields of North of Paria, offshore eastern Venezuela, present a unique opportunity for amplitude variations with offset (AVO) characterization of reservoirs containing different fluids: gas‐condensate, gas (methane) and water (brine). AVO studies for two of the wells in the area, one with gas‐condensate and the other with gas (methane) saturated reservoirs, show interesting results. Water sands and a fluid contact (condensate‐water) are present in one of these wells, thus providing a control point on brine‐saturated properties. The reservoirs in the second well consist of sands highly saturated with mathane. Clear differences in AVO response exist between hydrocarbon‐saturated reservoirs and those containing brine. However, it is also interesting that “subtle” but noticeable differences can be interpreted between condensate‐and methane‐saturated sands. These differences are attributed to differences in both in‐situ fluid density and compressibility, and rock frame properties.
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Bérubé, P. R., and E. R. Hall. "Effects of Kraft Evaporator Condensate Matrix on Methanol Removal in a High Temperature Membrane Bioreactor." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1999): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0729.
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This study investigated the removal of methanol from kraft pulp mill condensate using a high temperature membrane bioreactor (MBR). The effects of the complex matrix associated with real condensate, on methanol metabolism and removal kinetics, were examined. The measured specific methanol utilization rate observed during the treatment of real condensate was lower than that previously observed with synthetic condensate. The difference could not be attributed to inhibitory effects of the real condensate matrix. Instead, the reduction was attributed to a shift in the composition of the microbial community present in the MBR. The shift resulted from competition between non-methylotrophic and methylotrophic microorganisms for the available methanol. The non-methylotrophic microorganisms exhibited a lower specific methanol utilization rate (0.45/day) than the methylotrophic microorganisms (0.81/day), resulting in a lower overall specific methanol utilization rate of 0.55/day. Nonetheless, the specific methanol utilization rate observed in the present study at 60 °C was still more than 20 % higher than previously reported values from other studies of biological treatment of condensate at much lower temperatures.
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Zhang, Hongqiang, Guanlei Zhao, Shuwang Wu, Yousif Alsaid, Wenzheng Zhao, Xiao Yan, Lei Liu, et al. "Solar anti-icing surface with enhanced condensate self-removing at extreme environmental conditions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 18 (April 26, 2021): e2100978118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100978118.
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The inhibition of condensation freezing under extreme conditions (i.e., ultra-low temperature and high humidity) remains a daunting challenge in the field of anti-icing. As water vapor easily condensates or desublimates and melted water refreezes instantly, these cause significant performance decrease of most anti-icing surfaces at such extreme conditions. Herein, inspired by wheat leaves, an effective condensate self-removing solar anti-icing/frosting surface (CR-SAS) is fabricated using ultrafast pulsed laser deposition technology, which exhibits synergistic effects of enhanced condensate self-removal and efficient solar anti-icing. The superblack CR-SAS displays superior anti-reflection and photothermal conversion performance, benefiting from the light trapping effect in the micro/nano hierarchical structures and the thermoplasmonic effect of the iron oxide nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the CR-SAS displays superhydrophobicity to condensed water, which can be instantly shed off from the surface before freezing through self-propelled droplet jumping, thus leading to a continuously refreshed dry area available for sunlight absorption and photothermal conversion. Under one-sun illumination, the CR-SAS can be maintained ice free even under an ambient environment of −50 °C ultra-low temperature and extremely high humidity (ice supersaturation degree of ∼260). The excellent environmental versatility, mechanical durability, and material adaptability make CR-SAS a promising anti-icing candidate for broad practical applications even in harsh environments.
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Du, Rong Hua, Li Hong Wang, Guo Bin Zhang, Peng Tao Zhang, and Jian Hua Yin. "The Study and Analysis of Condensate System of Control Strategy Based on Automatic Startup and Shutdown Control System in Supercritical Unit." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 1223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.1223.
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Through the introduction of the condensate system in 350 MW supercritical unit,we analysis and study the whole control strategy of condensate water based on automatic startup and shutdown control system.We realize condensate system of automatic startup and shutdown control and can automatically adjust deaerator level and pressure of condensation water pipe. The results is that the whole control strategy of condensate water based on automatic startup and shutdown control system is very good in controlling quality and has a good application value. 0 Preface APS is a control center of startup and shutdown automatically according to the set procedures ,which is to control each equipment/system cooperated with Data Acquisition System (DAS), Boiler Turbine Sequence Control System (SCS), Modulating control system (MCS) and Furnace Safeguard Supervisory System (FSSS), steam turbine digital electro-hydraulic control system (DEH), Coordinated Control system (CCS), Electric Control System (ECS), Automatic Voltage Regulation system (AVR) and so on. [1]
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Ayrilmis, Nadir, Tolga Kaptı, Ali Gürel, and Martin Ohlmeyer. "Reducing formaldehyde emission from wood-based panels by modification of UF and MUF resins with condensates obtained from kiln-drying of wood." Holzforschung 72, no. 9 (September 25, 2018): 753–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0194.
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Abstract Liquid condensates collected during drying of lumber, sawdust or wood powder are usually discarded. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential utilization of such condensates from oak, beech and walnut, focusing on those obtained in a 7.8 MHz vacuum dryer. The condensate was replaced with the deionized water (5%) in the production of urea-formaldehyde (UF) and melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resins in the reactor. The technical properties of the resins and chemical properties of the liquid condensates were determined. Particleboards (PB) and middle density fiberboards (MDF) were produced from the control and modified resins. The technical properties of both modified resins were between the limit values of commercial UF and MUF resins used in the wood-based panel industry. The formaldehyde (F) emission from PB and MDF decreased significantly by incorporation of the condensates into the UF and MUF resins.
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Kokal, Sunil, Mohammad Al-Dokhi, and Selim Sayegh. "Phase Behavior of a Gas-Condensate/Water System." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 6, no. 06 (December 1, 2003): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/87307-pa.
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Lin, Wei Ting, Meng Hsiu Hsieh, Yuan Chieh Wu, and Chin Cheng Huang. "Response Spectrum Analysis of the Condensate Storage Tank in a Nuclear Power Plant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1421.
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Following the nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima Japan, seismic capacity evaluation has become a crucial issue in combination building safety. Condensate storage tanks are designed to supplies water to the condensate transfer pumps, the control rod drive hydraulic system pumps, and the condenser makeup. A separate connection to the condensate storage tank is used to supply water for the high pressure coolant injection system, reactor core isolation cooling system, and core spray system pumps. A condensate storage tank is defined as a seismic class I structure, playing the important role of providing flow to the operational system and the required static head for the suction of the condensate transfer pumps and the normal supply pump. According to the latest nuclear safety requirements, soil structure interaction must be considered in all seismic analyses. This study aims to rebuild the computer model of condensate storage tanks in Taiwan using the SAP 2000 program in conjunction with the lumped mass stick model and to evaluate the soil structure interaction by employing the SASSI 2000 program. The differences between the results with the soil structure interaction and spring model are compared via natural frequency and response spectrum curves. This computer model enables engineers to rapidly evaluate the safety margin of condensate storage tank following the occurrence of earthquakes or tsunamis.
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Zhang, Guilong, Ziqiang Ma, Heng Li, and Jinshi Wang. "Surface Temperature Distribution Characteristics of Marangoni Condensation for Ethanol–Water Mixture Vapor Based on Thermal Infrared Images." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 6057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226057.
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Marangoni condensation is formed due to the surface tension gradient caused by the local temperature or concentration gradient on the condensate surface; thus, the investigation of the surface temperature distribution characteristics is crucial to reveal the condensation mechanism and heat transfer characteristics. Few studies have been conducted on the temperature distribution of the condensate surface. In this study, thermal infrared images were used to measure the temperature distributions of the condensate surface during Marangoni condensation for ethanol–water mixture vapor. The results showed that the surface temperature distribution of the single droplet was uneven, and a large temperature gradient, approximately 15.6 °C/mm, existed at the edge of the condensate droplets. The maximum temperature difference on the droplet surface reached up to 8 °C. During the condensation process, the average surface temperature of a single droplet firstly increased rapidly and then slowly until it approached a certain temperature, whereas that of the condensate surface increased rapidly at the beginning and then changed periodically in a cosine-like curve. The present results will be used to obtain local heat flux and heat transfer coefficients on the condensing surface, and to further establish the relationship between heat transfer and temperature distribution characteristics.
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Dmytrenko, Viktoriia, Ivan Zezekalо, Yuriy Vynnykov, Nikolay Hristov, and Gergana Meracheva. "Increasing the production of gas condensate by using ammonium carbonate salts." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128007011.
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The work is devoted to the problem of increasing gas condensate production in gas condensate fields. It was found that ammonium carbonate salts, in the absence of calcium chloride type waters, interact with carbonate rocks, increase the permeability of reservoirs. Solutions of ammonium carbonate salts when interacting with formation water of the calcium chloride type form chemically precipitated chalk in the pore space, while the permeability of carbonate rocks decreases. A set of experimental studies was carried out to study the displacing and washing properties of ammonium carbonate salts. It was found that ammonium carbonate salts have high displacing properties, the displacement ratio of kerosene by NH4HCO3 solution is 0.75-0.80, while reservoir water – 0.55-0.58. According to the results of laboratory studies of the displacing and washing characteristics of ammonium carbonate salts, conclusions were made about the effect of bicarbonate solution (ammonium carbonate salts) on the production characteristics of a well in reservoir conditions at temperatures of 80-100 °C and above. Industrial tests of ammonium carbonate salts showed an increase in gas flow by 30-50% at wells № 23 of Opishnia, № 115 of Mashivka, № 3 of Tymofiivka gas condensate fields. The effect of formation treatment with ammonium carbonate salts is achieved due to clearing of well bottom zone and increasing the formation permeability. At wells № 56, 108 of Yablunivka and № 58 of Tymofiivka gas condensate fields, an increase in the condensate ratio was observed by 22-35%. The effectiveness of this treatment is associated with the simultaneous bottomhole zone cleaning from asphalt-resinous contaminants and permeability increase, as well as with the hydrophilization of the pore space and mobility increase of condensate precipitated as a result of carbon dioxide effect, which was rejected as a result of decomposition of ammonium carbonate. Thus, experimental and industrial tests in Opishnia, Mashivka, Tymofiivka, Yablunivka gas condensate fields of Poltava region confirmed the effectiveness of using ammonium carbonate to increase hydrocarbon production. The prospect of further research is aimed at developing a technology for increasing the production of liquid hydrocarbons by using ammonium carbonate salts.
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Orlov, M. E., M. M. Zamaleev, A. V. Kuz’min, and V. I. Sharapov. "On the feasibility and possibility of heating water for district heating systems through the use of heat of the main condensate after cogeneration turbines." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 11, no. 2 (July 23, 2018): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2018-11-2-117-125.
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The possibilities of increasing the efficiency of cogeneration turbines of CHP plants through the use of low-potential heat carriers for water heating in district heat supply systems and increasing the generation of CHP electricity are considered. The existing technologies of heating the makeup water of the district heating system upstream water treatment apparatuses do not always provide the required heating temperature and do not have the sufficient energy efficiency. The technologies of using the main condensate of the exhaust steam in the turbine to heat the feed water in additional heaters included in the system of regeneration of cogeneration turbines are developed. The use of these technologies contributes to increasing the flow rate and reducing the enthalpy of the steam of regenerative outlets of the turbine used to heat this condensate, and, therefore, increases the combined heat and power generation. In order to determine the industrial applicability of the proposed solutions, experimental studies of the regeneration systems of turbo-units under the conditions of Ulyanovsk СHPPs-1 have been carried out. Multiparameter data arrays on operation of turbine condensate-feed path have been collected, and regression equations have been obtained to calculate the main condensate flow temperatures depending on various factors. On the basis of experimental data there have been calculated the minimum and maximum flow rates of feed water that can be heated to the desired temperature in the surface heaters included in the regeneration system of the turbines, the flow graphs of the heated feed water are constructed depending on the temperature of the main condensate after the turbines. The fields of application of the proposed technological solutions in operating heat supply systems are defined. The evaluation of energy efficiency is carried out using the method of specific generation of CHP electricity and conventional fuel economy at the implementation of the proposed solutions is calculated.
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QUAN, YUN-YUN, PEI-GUO JIANG, and LI-ZHI ZHANG. "DEVELOPMENT OF FRACTAL ULTRA-HYDROPHOBIC COATING FILMS TO PREVENT WATER VAPOR DEWING AND TO DELAY FROSTING." Fractals 22, no. 03 (September 2014): 1440002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x14400027.
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Superhydrophobic films fabricated on copper and aluminum surfaces have potential applications to solve water condensation and frosting problems on chilled ceiling system. The rough surfaces of copper foils obtained by solution immersion method exhibit the existence of fractal structures. The hydrophobicity of copper surfaces is enhanced with fractal structures. The relationship between contact angles (CAs) and the fractal dimensions (FDs) for surface roughness of Cu samples with different etching time is investigated. Moisture condensation and frosting experiments on the two kinds of surfaces are conducted in natural environment under different chilling temperatures. During condensation, micro water condensate droplets drift down the surface like dust floating in the air. Several larger condensate droplets about 1–2 mm appear on the substrates after 3 h condensation. This continuous jumping motion of the condensate will be beneficial in delaying frosting. The results demonstrate that dense nanostructures on copper surfaces are superior to loose lattice-like microstructures on aluminum surfaces for preventing the formation of large droplets condensate and in delaying the icing. The large water droplets of 2–3 mm in diameter that would form on a common metal foil are sharply decreased to dozens of microns and small droplets are formed on a modified surface, which will then drift down like a fog.
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Tkachenko, Stanislav, and Nataliya Stepanova. "PREPARATION OF A PAIR WITH CERTAIN THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS IN THE HEAT TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM." ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, no. 3(106) (November 29, 2019): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2019-3-14.
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Known methods for preparing saturated steam for use in a heat engineering system are analyzed. It was established that the flow rate of cooling water was overestimated in them, since part of this water is drained into the drainage system of the power plant and contributes part of the heat of the primary superheated steam there. In the proposed method for removing steam overheating before it is fed to a specific heat exchanger, it is proposed to use condensate from the same heat exchanger, moreover, due to evaporation of a part of the condensate (estimated 10 ... 20%), the metal consumption of the condensate drainage system decreases. The heat and mass transfer processes in the closed loop “heat exchanger – condensate line – desuperheater and separation device –– steam of saturated saturated steam – heat exchanger” are analyzed, the balance equations are compiled, the degree of uncertainty of the heat transfer and hydrodynamic processes in two-phase media is analyzed. A steam preparation system has been developed for a heat-technological consumer, in which by using all the condensate obtained in the steam heat exchanger as a cooler and observing a certain distance between the lower tube sheet of the heat exchanger and the central axis of the desuperheater, the problems of condensate drainage, its efficient use and removal of steam overheating are achieved.
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Liu, Xiuli, Hua Chen, Xiaolin Wang, and Gholamreza Kefayati. "Study on Surface Condensate Water Removal and Heat Transfer Performance of a Minichannel Heat Exchanger." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 1, 2020): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051065.
Full textAbstract:
The condensate on the surface of the minichannel heat exchanger generated during air cooling substantially reduces the heat transfer performance as it works as an evaporator in the air-conditioning system. This has received much attention in scientific communities. In this paper, the effect of operating parameters on the heat transfer performance of a minichannel heat exchanger (MHE) is investigated under an evaporator working condition. An experimental MHE test system is developed for this purpose, and extensive experimental studies are conducted under a wide range of working conditions using the water-cooling method. The inlet air temperature shows a large effect on the overall heat transfer coefficient, while the inlet air relative humidity shows a large effect on the condensate aggregation rate. The airside heat transfer coefficient increases from 66 to 81 W/(m2·K) when the inlet air temperature increases from 30 to 35 °C. While the condensate aggregation rate on the MHE surface increases by up to 1.8 times when the relative humidity increases from 50% to 70%. The optimal air velocity, 2.5 m/s, is identified in terms of the heat transfer rate and airside heat transfer coefficient of the MHE. It is also found that the heat transfer rate and overall heat transfer coefficient increase as the air velocity increases from 1.5 to 2.5 m/s and decreases above 2.5 m/s. Furthermore, a large amount of condensate accumulates on the MHE surface lowering the MHE heat transfer. The inclined installation angle of the MHE in the wind tunnel effectively enhances heat transfer performance on the MHE surface. The experimental results provide useful information for reducing condensate accumulation and enhancing microchannel heat transfer.
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Barochkin, Yu E., A. Ya Kopsov, G. V. Leduhovsky, and S. I. Shuvalov. "Evaluation of the efficiency of cavitation-jet deaerator in condensate return systems of remote external consumers of thermal power plants." Vestnik IGEU, no. 6 (2019): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2019.6.005-013.
Full textAbstract:
Thermal power plants (TPPs) operate technological systems for the steam condensate return from remote external consumers. In such systems, it is necessary to protect the metal from corrosion. This will allow ful-filling the regulatory requirements for the concentration of iron compounds in the condensate entering the power plant. Such systems do not use thermal deaerators operated by using heating steam. The aim of the undertaken study is to assess the efficiency of superheated water deaerator use in such conditions, in par-ticular cavitation-jet deaerators. It means determining the effect of a new element of the system – the de-aerator – on the normalized chemical parameters of the returned condensate. A mathematical model of superheated water deaerators is used. The employed model is based on the theory of similarity of heat and mass transfer processes. The methodology for calculating the corrosion rate of return condensate pipelines was used, as well as experimental data on medium pressure TPPs. The efficiency of cavitation-jet deaerators in condensate return systems of external consumers has been estimated. A mathematical description of the system has been developed, which allows determining the required performance of deaerators and the required ratio of water recirculation through them in each mode. Recommendations for effective practical applications of the proposed technical solution have been developed considering the actual conditions at thermal power plants. It is advisable to install a deaerator according to the recirculation scheme through the condensate collection tank. This scheme, compared to a sequential scheme, enables to reduce capital costs and ensure that the deaerator operates in the highest efficiency mode. The choice of the nominal capacity of deaerators should be carried out taking into account the graphs of the change in the flow rate of incoming condensate and the concentration of dissolved oxygen in it during the day. In most operating modes of the system, it is possible to ensure compliance with the regulatory requirements for the mass concentration of corrosion products in the condensate returned to the TPP. The obtained results can be used in the design of new and improving the efficiency of existing TPPs that supply steam to external consumers.
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Bortnikova, Svetlana, Nataliya Yurkevich, Anna Devyatova, Natalya Abrosimova, Olga Saeva, Nikolay Cherny, Nadezhda Palchik, Irina Danilenko, Olga Shuvaeva, and Dmitry Troitskii. "Transfer of chemical elements in vapor-gas streams at the dehydration of secondary sulfates." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199805004.
Full textAbstract:
The elemental composition of vapor-gas streams obtained during heating of secondary hydrous sulfates are presented. Samples of abundant sulfate intergrowth were collected at the Belovo waste heaps and heated at 60ºC in experiments to collect condensates of the releasing vapor-gas streams. A wide spectrum of major and trace elements was determined in the condensate. Chemical elements can be absorbed by the water vapor and migrate with this phase during the dehydration of hydrous sulfates. To determine the mechanisms of migration and the sources of elements in vapor-gas streams, a study of the features of certain hydrous sulphates (antlerite, goslarite, starkeyite, gunningite, siderotile, sideronatrite) by stepwise heating up to 60ºC was conducted. Alteration in the phase composition is controlled by powder X-ray diffractometry. It was determined, that antlerite and starkeite remain stable throughout the temperature range. The beginning of the separation of structural water in goslarite and siderotile occurs at 40°C. Goslarite and sideronatrite at 40°C lost water molecules and transformed to gunningite and Na-jarosite, correspondingly. Structure of siderotile was loosened. The modes of occurrence of the chemical elements in sulfates and pore solution determine the concentrations of elements in the condensates.