Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Condensers (Steam) Heat'

Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Computing and Engineering and Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2005.
"A dissertation in engineering and mathematics." Advisor: Bryan R. Becker. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed March 12, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 216-220). Online version of the print edition.

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Measurements on air-cooled reflux steam condensers or dephlegmators at different power plants have shown that sections of these units do not transfer heat effectively over a range of operating conditions. The ineffective sections may be due to flooding in the finned tubes although entrainment of condensate in certain steam inlet manifolds is usually the main reason for the poor performance. In this dissertation factors that limit effective dephlegmator operation are discussed and the influence of two inlet manifold designs on dephlegmator operation is investigated. Laboratory experiments are conducted to show under which conditions liquid entrainment occurs and to visualize the flow distribution within the respective manifolds. An alternative, essentially horizontal arrangement of the dephlegmator is proposed. In order to evaluate the performance of such a system, the heat transfer and pressure drop on the steam-side is determined experimentally in an air-cooled finned tube. No flooding was observed during tests conducted at zero and negative tube angles to the horizontal.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toetse op lugverkoelde stoom terugvloeikondensors, of deflegmators, by verskeie kragstasies het getoon dat sekere dele van hierdie eenhede onder verskeie werkstoestande nie warmte effektief oordra nie. Hierdie oneffektiewe dele kan deur vloeding van die vinbuise veroorsaak word alhoewel die meesleur van kondensaat in sekere stoom inlaatspruitstukke gewoonlik die hoof oorsaak is. In hierdie dissertasie word faktore wat effektiewe deflegmator werksverrigting beinvloed bespreek en die invloed van twee inlaatspruitstukontwerpe op deflegmator werksverrigting ondersoek. Eksperimente is in 'n laboratorium uitgevoer om aan te toon onder watter werkstoestande vloeistof samesleping voorkom en om vloeiverdeling binne die onderskeie inlaatspruitstukke te visualiseer. 'n Altematiewe, wesenlike horisontale deflegmator opstelling word voorgestel. Die werksverrigting van hierdie voorstelling is ondersoek deur die warmteoordrag en stoorn-kant drukval eksperimenteel te bepaal in 'n lugverkoelde vinbuis. Geen vloeding is opgemerk vir toetsgevalle waar klein negatiewe of zero hoeke tot die horisontaal ondersoek is nie.

Thesis (MScIng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Forced draft air-cooled steam condensers (ACSCs) consisting of multiple fan units are used in direct cooled power plants to condense steam in a closed steam cycle. Axial flow fans located below an A-frame configuration of finned tube heat exchanger bundles, force ambient air through the system. In so doing, heat from the condensing steam is rejected to the environment via the finned tubes. The performance of an air-cooled system is proportional to the air mass flow rate and the temperature difference between the finned tubes and the ambient air. A variation in either will directly affect the efficiency of the steam turbines. Air flow distortions at the fan inlet caused by structures, wind and other fans may result in a significant reduction in flow rate as well as fan blade vibration. This phenomenon has an adverse affect on the cooling capacity of an ACSC, and consequently turbine performance, due to a decrease in air mass flow rate. In this study the effect of inlet flow distortions on fan performance (i.e. flow rate and fan shaft power) in an ACSC is numerically investigated by modelling a section (or sector) of such a system using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, FLUENT. Fan performance at different platform heights, and corresponding different degrees of inlet flow distortions, is investigated. The performance of two types of axial flow fans are also compared. The two fans have the same diameter, number of blades and rotational speed, but feature different blade designs, and hub-tip-ratios of respectively 0.153 and 0.4. A fan model based on blade element theory, better known as an actuator disc model, is used to numerically model the fans. Previous experimental studies have shown that a solid walkway installed along the edge or periphery of an ACSC platform can significantly increase the flow rate through the fans situated along the platform edge. The effects of such a walkway, and other windscreens on fan performance, are numerically investigated. Numerical predictions correlate with earlier experimental results: the flow rate and fan shaft power are decreased by inlet flow distortions. It was found that the fan with a hub-tip-ratio of 0.4 was less affected by these flow distortions. The addition of a walkway increased the flow rate through the edge fan by up to 48 %. It is furthermore shown that wind effects can only be accurately modelled if the entire ACSC is considered.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geforseerde-trek lugverkoelde kondensators wat bestaan uit ʼn aantal waaier-eenhede, word in direk-verkoelde kragstasies gebruik om stoom in ʼn geslote stoomkringloop te kondenseer. Aksiaalvloei-waaiers wat onder ʼn A-raam-konfigurasie van vinbuisbundels geïnstalleer is, forseer omgewingslug deur die stelsel. Sodoende word die hitte van die kondenserende stoom aan die omgewing oorgedra deur middel van die vinbuise. Die warmteoordragkapasiteit van ʼn lugverkoelde kondensator is eweredig aan die massavloei-tempo van die lug, asook die temperatuurverskil tussen die vinbuise en die lug. ʼn Verandering in enige van dié faktore sal die benuttingsgraad van die stoomturbines direk beïnvloed. Lugvloeiversteurings by die waaier-inlate wat veroorsaak word deur geboue, wind en ander waaiers kan lei tot aansienlike verlagings in vloeitempo deur die waaiers. Sekondêre effekte soos waaierlemvibrasie kan ook veroorsaak word. In hierdie studie word die effek van inlaatvloeiversteurings op waaierwerkverrigting (dws vloeitempo en waaierdrywing) ondersoek deur ʼn seksie (of sektor) van ʼn lugverkoelde kondensator te modelleer deur gebruik te maak van die kommersiële numeriese vloeidinamika-pakket, FLUENT. Waaierwerkverrigting word by verkillende platformhoogtes, en gevolglik verskillende grade van inlaatvloeiversteurings, ondersoek. Twee verskillende waaiers word ook vergelyk. Die waaiers het dieselfde diameter, aantal lemme en rotasiespoed, maar het verkillende lem ontwerpe, en naaf-lempunt-verhoudings van onderskeidelik 0.153 en 0.4. ʼn Waaiermodel wat gebaseer is op lem-element-teorie, beter bekend as ʼn aksie-skyf-model, word gebruik om die waaiers numeries te modelleer. Vorige eksperimentele studies het bewys dat ʼn loopvlak om die rand van lugverkoelde kondensators die vloeitempo deur waaiers aansienlik kan verhoog. Die effek van so ʼn loopvlak, en ander windskerms word numeries ondersoek. Numeriese voorspellings stem ooreen met eksperimentele resultate: die vloeitempo en waaierdrywing word verlaag deur inlaat-vloeiversteurings. Dit is bevind dat die waaier met ʼn naaf-lempunt-verhouding van 0.4, minder beïnvloed word deur vloeiversteurings. ʼn Loopvlak het die vloeitempo deur die randwaaier met tot 48 % verhoog. Dit is ook bewys dat windeffekte alleenlik gemodelleer kan word deur die hele lugverkoelde kondensator in ag te neem.

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study, one and two-dimensional models are developed for the evaluation of the thermal performance of a delugeable flat tube bundle to be incorporated in the second stage of an induced draft hybrid (dry/wet) dephlegmator (HDWD) of a direct air-cooled steam condenser (ACSC). Both models are presented by a set of differential equations. The one-dimensional model is analysed analytically by using three methods of analysis which are: Poppe, Merkel, and heat and mass transfer analogy. The two-dimensional model is analysed numerically by means of heat and mass transfer analogy method of analysis whereby, the governing differential equations are discretised into algebraic equations using linear upwind differencing scheme. The two-dimensional model’s accuracy is verified through a comparison of the two dimensional solutions to one dimensional solutions. Satisfactory correlation between the one and two-dimensional results is reached. However, there is a slight discrepancy in the solutions, which is mainly due to the assumptions made in one-dimensional model. The effect of tube height, tube pitch, tube width, deluge water mass flow rate, frontal air velocity, steam, and air operating conditions on the heat transfer rate and air-side pressure drop for both wet and dry operating modes are investigated. The long tube height, large tube width, small tube pitch, and high frontal air velocity are found to increase the tube bundle’s performance. However, this performance is associated with a high airside pressure drop. The performance of the deluged flat tube bundle is found to be less sensitive to the changes in the deluge water mass flow rate and air operating conditions. Furthermore, the best configuration of a delugeable flat tube bundle is identified through a comparison to round tube bundle presented by Anderson (2014). The performance of the round tube bundle is found to be around 2 times, and 1.5 times of that of flat tube bundle, when both bundles operate as an evaporative and dry air-cooled condenser respectively.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is een en twee-dimensionele modelle ontwikkel vir die evaluering van die termiese prestasie van 'n benatbare plat buis bundel in die tweede stadium van 'n geïnduseerde ontwerp hibriede (droë / nat ) deflegmator van 'n direkte lugverkoelde stoom kondensator. Beide modelle is aangebied deur 'n stel van differensiaalvergelykings. Die een-dimensionele model is analities ontleed deur die gebruik van drie metodes van analise wat: Poppe, Merkel, en die hitte en massa-oordrag analogie. Die twee-dimensionele model is numeries ontleed deur middel van hitte en massa-oordrag analogie metode van analise waardeur , die regerende differensiaalvergelykings gediskretiseer in algebraïese vergelykings met behulp van lineêre windop differensievorming skema. Die tweedimensionele model se akkuraatheid is geverifieer deur 'n vergelyking van die twee dimensionele oplossings te een dimensionele oplossings. Bevredigende korrelasie tussen die een en twee-dimensionele resultate bereik word. Maar daar is 'n effense verskil in die oplossings, wat is hoofsaaklik te wyte aan die aannames wat gemaak in een-dimensional model. Die effek van buis hoogte, buis toonhoogte, buis breedte, vloed water massa-vloeitempo, frontale lug snelheid, stoom, en in die lug werktoestande op die hitte oordrag snelheid en lug - kant drukval vir beide nat en droë maatskappy modi word ondersoek. Die lang buis hoogte, groot buis breedte, klein buisie toonhoogte, en 'n hoë frontale lug snelheid gevind die buis bundel se prestasie te verhoog. Tog is hierdie prestasie wat verband hou met 'n hoë lug - kant drukval. Die prestasie van die oorstroom plat buis bundel gevind word minder sensitief vir die veranderinge in die vloed water massa-vloeitempo en lug werktoestande. Verder is die beste opset van 'n benatbare plat buis bundel geïdentifiseer deur 'n vergelyking met ronde buis bundel aangebied deur Anderson (2014). Die prestasie van die ronde buis bundel gevind word om 2 keer, en 1.5 keer van daardie plat buis bundel , wanneer beide bundels funksioneer as 'n damp en droë lugverkoelde kondensor onderskeidelik.

The aim of this thesis is to design a surface condenser with lateral exhaust. A research in the field of surface condensers with lateral exhaust takes place before the design. Core of the thesis is a thermodynamic design of the heat exchanger, calculation of pressure losses on the side of coolant water, check of the tube bundles from standpoint of oscillation and a design of air removal pipeline. Finally a design of the condenser is supported with a drawing attached in the supplement.

Superhydrophobic (SHS) and lubricant-infused surfaces (LIS) exhibit exceptional non-wetting characteristics that make them attractive for energy production applications including steam condensation and fouling mitigation. The dissertation work focuses on application of non-wetting surfaces to energy production using a systematic approach examining each component of surface fabrication in three functional areas. First, SHS and LIS are fabricated using robust, scalable methods and tested for durability in heated, wet conditions and under high-energy water jet impingement. Clear performance differences are shown based on surface texturing, functionalizing agent, and infused lubricant. Second, SHS and LIS are applied to tube exteriors and evaluated for their ability to produce sustained dropwise condensation in a typical power plant condenser environment. The surfaces are shown to produce heat transfer coefficients up to 7-10 times that of film-wise condensation, with condenser effectiveness of 0.92 or better compared to effectiveness of about 0.6 in conventional condensers. Third, LIS on the interior of tubes are assessed in accelerated mineral fouling conditions. LIS are shown to mitigate calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate fouling under laminar conditions. The results of the study bear profound benefits to reducing the levelized cost of condensers and water uptake in thermoelectric power plants, that currently consume about 50% of the total water use in the U.S.
Doctor of Philosophy
Creating durable, hybrid surfaces for improved steam condensation and fouling mitigation would provide substantial impact to power generation worldwide. Bioinspired, non-wetting surfaces, such as superhydrophobic (SHS) and lubricant-infused surfaces (LIS) exhibit exceptional non-wetting characteristics that make them attractive for energy applications. Each of these non-wetting technologies, however, faces durability and scalability challenges that make them unfeasible for widespread, practical adoption. As a result, decades of materials science research have stagnated in the research laboratories with limited demonstrations of dropwise condensation and fouling mitigation in static situations. The dissertation work focuses on application of SHS and LIS to energy production using a systematic approach examining each component of surface fabrication in three functional areas. First, SHS and LIS are fabricated using robust, scalable methods and tested for durability using ASTM standard static and dynamic evaluation methods. Clear performance differences are shown based on surface texturing, functionalizing agent, and infused lubricant. Second, dropwise steam condensation on the surfaces are shown to exhibit heat transfer performance an order of magnitude greater than film-wise condensation in a typical power plant condenser environment. The surfaces are shown to produce heat transfer coefficients up to 7-10 times that of film-wise condensation, with condenser effectiveness of 0.92 or better compared to effectiveness of about 0.6 in conventional condensers. This work presents for the first time, a non-dimensional correlation for a priori prediction of LIS heat transfer performance given known qualities of the LIS. Third, challenges of fouling mitigation in power plants have been studied for over a decade. This work demonstrates for the first time that LIS applied to the interior of tubes mitigate calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate fouling in both static and laminar flow conditions.

Modeling of heat transfer using Dymola. In this report a evaporator, economizer and superheater where modeled. The report describes how the models where modeled and what input was most suitable for a accurate model.

This thesis deals with the calculation procedures for determining the heat transfer coefficient for steam condensers. The first section provides a basic overview for industrial steam condensers and possible procedure for selecting the appropriate type of tube condenser. The next section describes the types of condensation and equations for determining the heat transfer coefficient for various geometries of tubular condensers. In the final section there is performed practical calculation of condenser in Maple software using the above relations. The results obtained in this calculation are compared with the results obtained by professional computational software Chemcad and HTRI.

This diploma thesis deals with design of surface condensers with axial steam inlet which are widely used in the energy industry. In the practical part, hydraulic and heat calculation, dump-tube design and calculation of by-pass were made to design surface condenser with axial steam inlet. Two types of surface condenser were designed in order to compare impact of two different heat transfer tube materials. Stainless steel and copper-nickel alloy were used for condenser calculation. Stainless steel and copper-nickel alloy condensers were compared in order to weight calculation and condenser price estimation.

The Master´s thesis is dealing with water-cooled condensers and is splitted into three main parts. The first section provides general knowledge about condensers and heat exchangers, including the basic information of hydrophobic surfaces. These surfaces were used during verifying the impact of hydrophobicity on the heat exchange in water steam. The second section describes an experimental testing. It shows the difference between hydrophobic and nonhydrophobic surfaces and their impact on the heat exchange. The third and the last part of this thesis is design and calculation of water-cooled condenser. The design of the condenser is supported by drawings placed in attachement.

The master thesis deals with the design, tracing and dimensioning of condensate pipeline. In the beginning, a preliminary calculation of heat balance is done. It is followed by a description of the main condensate system supplemented by the computational design of pipeline and the calculation of pressure losses in this pipeline. The crucial part of the thesis is the calculation of pressure losses, which is done in two ways. The first approach to calculation of pressure losses in the pipeline is calculated using values of representative resistance coefficient for pipe ele-ments using Idelchik literature and for individual types of valves using values from datasheets of Siemens Energy suppliers. In the second approach to calculation representative resistance coefficients for pipe elements and individual types of valves CRANE literature are used. Then both approaches of choosing representative resistance coefficients are compared and evaluated. Based on the calculated values, a suitable pump is selected at the end of the master thesis.

e master's thesis clarifies the concept of trigeneration and the principle of absorbing cooling. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of this method of manufacture cool with compressor cooling. It presents an overview of the implementation of a developing cold absorption and performance. Acquainted with the types of absorption chillers of the two leading suppliers, their characteristics and existing applications of these refrigeration units in operation in the Czech Republic and abroad. It also assesses the possibility of using these units in conjunction with a cogeneration unit powered by internal combustion engine. It follows from the economic assessment of costs and income of the absorption chillers and compressor chillers and on concrete examples and an assessment of the effectiveness of the various options.

M.Tech. (Mechanical Engineering)
Eskom fossil fuel power stations operate under various conditions and the ageing fleet of fossil fuel power stations are under strain due to the rising demand in electricity. The quest for cheaper electricity in growing businesses and bringing foreign investment into South Africa is significant for economic growth. Therefore, minimizing operation costs and improving availability, reliability and thermal heat rate are key objectives for the operation of the business. Thermal heat rate calculation is a method used to assess the performance of fossil fuel power stations. It provides an indication of the thermal performance which reflects the condition and operation of the plant. This dissertation refers to the tools used to measure the condenser performance and to identify the reason for unhealthy condenser performance and an increase in thermal heat rate. Problem: Poor condenser performance causes significant losses in generation and thermal heat rate in fossil fuel plants. Loss in generation and thermal heat rate is caused by condenser backpressure. This has an adverse effect on turbine thermal heat rate and henceturbine efficiency. The performance of the condenser affects the turbine performance to a large extent. Decreased condenser performance will increase the turbine thermal heat rate, i.e. kJ/kWh, because of the increased steam consumption per kWh of energy generated and therefore lowering the overall turbine efficiency. This will result in poor thermal heat rate efficiency resulting in an increased coal burn rate, i.e. kg/kWh, and an increased fuel bill and carbon foot print for the fossil fuel power station. The aim of this dissertation is to determine the effects of condenser performance on thermal heat rate and to provide the engineering and operating personnel with a guide for monitoring condenser back pressure in order to improve turbine thermal heat rate and turbine efficiency. Method and Procedure: Chapter 4 describes the method and procedure used for the pre and post outage evaluation to cost-effectively determine the current condition of the condenser and to quantify the increase in thermal heat rate due to condenser degradation. The pre and post outage evaluation offered an opportunity to evaluate and quantify the effectiveness of the maintenance program and the value of the capital layout undertaken during the scheduled Unit outage. Findings: Chapter 5 discusses the findings of the pre and post outage data analysis of the condenser using the EtaPRO system as the tool. Re-tubing 50% of the condenser inner loop tubes and cleaning the other 50% of the outer loop tubes demonstrated a decrease in condenser backpressure and therefore an improvement in thermal heat rate. This will also result in an improvement in turbine cycle efficiency and reduce coal cost.

碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系專班
91
This paper analyzed thermal-hydraulic performances of the circular finned-tube heat recovery steam generator(HRSG) and surface condensers of power plant. Compare actual operating data of HSIN-TA power station with theory. Then, LMTD（Log-Mean Temperature Difference） and ε-NTU（Effectiveness -Number of Transfer Unit）methods is used, to develop a set of interactive computer-aided design software, written in Microsoft Visual Basic Language. This software allow the operating and maintenance personnel to acquire data promptly and accurately, grip the HRSG’s and condenser’s while operation situation by which accurate judgment can be made.. 　The software applies to： (1)Rating problem : Predict the performance when the dimensions are given. (2)Sizing problem : Determine the necessary size when given the required performance. (3)Cleanliness factor calculation : Find the Cleanliness factor when inlet and outlet data are given. (4)Operating pressure calculation : Predict the Operating pressure when the dimensions and inlet data are given.（only for condenser） (5)Plug rate calculation : Find the plug rate of condenser when the dimensions and operation conditions are given. (only for condenser)