Journal articles on the topic 'Condition de parents – Aspect psychologique'

The birth of a child with a disability is often related to as a traumatic event experienced by the parents. It causes disorders in functioning of the family as a system, and also has influence on health of the parents. Chronic stress which is experienced by the parents leaves an imprint, especially on the health of the mother. The mother being overwhelmed by responsibilities resulting from care and rehabilitation of her disabled child, burdened by an unjustified feeling of guilt for the child’s condition, and living in a constant fear, exhibits symptoms which reveal the status of her health condition. In-validus of a child, in this case, emerges as a constant stressor which causes a high level of permanent and chronic stress experienced by the mother. In such situations, an adequate support offered to the mother of a child with disability, must not be limited only to medical and psychological care. If the problems also affect the spiritual sphere, an additional therapeutic aspect should be taken into account. This fact justifies applying logotherapy treatment, main aim of which is to help the mother to distance herself from the problems, make changes in value system, neutralize medication, control the stress, set new goals, and to find the sense of her own existence. In this meaning, logotherapy treatment as a complement of medical and psychological care, seems to be justified because it broadens the spectrum of support dedicated to the mother by taking care of a spiritual aspect of the treatment, which constitutes a foundation for an adequate and efficient therapy and its success.

Abstract Background: : Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a parameter that is examined in the area of clinical effectiveness. Like other chronic health conditions, paediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) impacts not only children but also their families. Aim: The present study investigates for the first time the HRQoL of children and parents in the Republic of North Macedonia. Materials and methods: The survey included 22 children (6 to 13 years of age) and their parents and 7 parents of children under 6 years of age by using the CFQ Revised and questions for current medical treatment. Results: Children (6-13 years) reported the highest score for the digestive condition (84.85), while the lowest score was given for social activity (59.74). The highest score for digestive condition was also obtained from the parents of children from 6-13 years and under age of 6. The parents of children (6-13 years) reported the lowest score (60.56) for treatment burden activity, while the lowest score (50.0) for eating condition was obtained from the parents of children under 6 years. Conclusion: Nationality and gender have no significant impact on the HRQoL parameters. The highest scores for the digestive condition, respiratory function and physical condition are in a positive correlation with the fact that enzyme, antibiotic and physical therapy are given as a standard medical care. The lowest scores of the social aspect of the CF patients indicate the need for including a psychological support and support of social workers as a part of the standard medical care of these patients.

Recently, our society is covered with the feeling of anxious and restless without the tip of the base. It is related to the next generation (their children) especially about the thing related to their characters. The developments of science and technology that run so fast and tend to be uncontrollable have accelerated the development of children’s cognitive aspect, too. It made the affective aspect has been far left behind. The fact that nowadays many mothers who are working outside the house minimizes the opportunity to communicate with their children. That makes their children lack of affection, lack of guidance, and the warmth of their existence. This kind of condition encourages the children to seek their inner fulfillment by using provided social media without any guidance from their parents. In essence, parents are the first and the primary educators for their own children. It is said that parents are the first educator for their children because the children come from families. From the beginning, parents should be responsible for fostering children’s character. If parents are rarely at home, it will never happen. The children will grow without the supervision and guidance from their parents. Furthermore, it is said that parents as the primary educators. It means that parents are the main painter of children’s character. Those two things I have mentioned above are the main characteristics of education in a family.

This research aimed to know the effect of social inclusion program education in improving Islamic positive behavior in ADHD children. The subjects were children with ADHD tendencies, in one of the inclusion Kindergarten School in Sidoarjo. The research was experimental study with single subject or known as Single Case Design or SGD, with plural baseline design between variables (multiple baseline cross variables). It aimed to see the differences in Islamic positive behavior shown by ADHD children in baseline conditions (A) with intervention condition (B). Positive Islamic behavior, including the aspects of aqeedah and moral, had three variables for each aspects; “salam”, “Bismillah” and “Alhamdulillah” for aspect of aqeedah. While “please”, “patience” and “love friends” for aspect of moral or noble character. The result showed that education and intervention provided to the subjects were quite able to increase the positive Islamic behavior of the subject in a positive direction. From the aspect of aqeedah the pronunciation of "salam" and "Bismillah" showed a significant change, for the pronunciation of "Alhamdulillah" showed a slight change, between the baseline and intervention condition. In the aspect of noble character, it was also sufficient to show significant changes to "please" and "be patient, while to" love friends "had not shown a significant change, between baseline conditions and intervention conditions. The influence of social inclusion program education had significant influence on increasing Islamic positive behavior in ADHD children, which indicated more by teacher and peer contributions, while parents did not show positive contributions due to lack of emotional attachment between subjects and parents, especially mothers.

The article reflects the results of implementing an empirical approach to the study of parenting motivation as a personal education, particularly its impact on parents' effective implementation of their main social role - raising a child. Based on the results of a theoretical analysis of research by scientists, both in the field of the motivational sphere of the individual and the aspect of responsible "parenting", considering parenting, on the one hand, as a complex, integrative education, which includes knowledge in the field of organizing an effective process of education and development children, value orientations, attitudes and expectations of parents in relation to their child, and, on the other hand, as a subsystem of the family, which implies not only the unity of the spouses' ideas about parenting but also the implementation of these ideas within the framework of the effective implementation of their social role as a "parent", we have designed and implemented a program for studying parenting motivation.

This study examines the parents’ anxiety in parenting children with HIV/AIDS at Yayasan Pelita Ilmu Jakarta. The purpose of this study to obtain an empirical description of the characteristics of respondents and the physical condition related anxiety. The method used in this research is quantitative approach. The sample size of this research is 30 people taken by cluster sampling technique. Data collection techniques used were questionnaires and documentation studies. The results show that parents who have children with HIV/AIDS experience anxiety in parenting. Respondents have severe anxiety on physical aspect equal to 53,33%, This anxiety is most dominantly triggered by fears of stigma and discrimination, as well as the health conditions of children with HIV / AIDS which are vulnerable. The results of the research problem analysis require problem-solving efforts so that researchers propose an anxiety program reduction for parents of children with HIV/AIDS. This program aims to improve the parents’ skills in dealing with situations that could be trigger their anxiety.

The use of internet technology allows parents and children activities to be higher and more diverse. From the family aspect, this condition allows changes in the parents’ roles in educating their children. Furthermore, when it is viewed from the children aspect, it is possible to change the meaning of social values ​​by the generation Z. Based on this phenomenon, there are two important issues that need to be studied. First, this research aims to reveal the parents’ roles in building characters of socio-cultural values ​​to Generation Z. Second, it aims to reveal the meaning of socio-cultural values ​​by Generation Z. The research used a qualitative approach with the Habitus theory initiated by Bourdieu as the data analysis technique. The research findings showed that the parents’ roles in building socio-cultural character can be divided into two categories. The first category is families that always provide parental accompaniment to their children and the second category is families that barely provide parental accompaniment to their children. Furthermore, based on the meaning of socio-cultural values, the social interaction value was interpreted as a communication with other people that does not have social implications. The other interpreted social interaction as a communication between two or more people with social implications. The value of solidarity was interpreted as a form of concern for others, while lifestyle was interpreted as a form of appearance that has no social implications and others considered it to have social implications. The value of tolerance was interpreted as the behavior of respecting differences.

46,XX testicular disorder of sexual development (DSD) is characterized by male phenotype with 46,XX karyotype. The incidence rate is 1:25,000 in male newborn. Infants with ambiguous external genitals will be confronted with issue of gender assigment and may result in a stressful condition in the parents. Since gender assignment is inevitable, several factors should be considered in DSD management. The management approach for children born with DSD is individualized and multidisciplinary. Gender assignment aims to facilitate the patient to obtain the best quality of life. Adaptation of children with 46,XX testicular DSD as a determinant of quality of life is also influenced by psychological and family conditions. The purpose of this report was to observe medical growth and development aspects of the child with 46,XX terticular DSD as indicated by the aspects of growth and development, and health related quality of life, as well as the influential aspects. PA, 18 months, was diagnosed with 46,XX testicular DSD. The patient routinely visited to endocrinology clinic, urologic surgery, and child psychiatry clinic from the age of 6 months. The parents decided to raise patient as male. The patient had undergone surgery for hypospadias correction, hormone injections, child growth monitoring, and psychological monitoring (medical records of Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya in 2015). Management should consider individual and multidiciplinary accompaniment of the patient and parents, the importance of group support, and follow-up to adulthood, as well as possible longterm outcomes that will occur in the future so that the patients and the parents need to be prepared.

Technological advances that are growing rapidly, require parents, especially mothers, to be technology literate. Gadgets are now a primary need, especially the condition of School from Home, everything has to be online. The purpose of this study to analyze the role of parents, especially mothers, in the use of gadgets in children in the province of DIY. The research method used is descriptive quantitative research with a survey. The data were analyzed statistically using percentages and presented descriptively to reveal the mothers' role in the use of gadgets by children. The results showed that in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, the mothers' role in the use of gadgets by children was in the medium category, reaching 44.8%. The roles, based on the parenting aspect, were divided into two: control and warmth. In the former dimension, 41.2% was in the medium category, and 24.8% was in the low category. Meanwhile, in the latter, 34% was medium, and 31% was high. The roles, especially those in the medium category, were influenced by several factors, such as education, parents' perceptions of using gadgets during the School from the Home period, and the children's entertainment media. The findings of this study have implications for parents, especially mothers, to increase assistance in the use of gadgets for children.

Technological advances that are growing rapidly, require parents, especially mothers, to be technology literate. Gadgets are now a primary need, especially the condition of School from Home, everything has to be online. The purpose of this study to analyze the role of parents, especially mothers, in the use of gadgets in children in the province of DIY. The research method used is descriptive quantitative research with a survey. The data were analyzed statistically using percentages and presented descriptively to reveal the mothers' role in the use of gadgets by children. The results showed that in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, the mothers' role in the use of gadgets by children was in the medium category, reaching 44.8%. The roles, based on the parenting aspect, were divided into two: control and warmth. In the former dimension, 41.2% was in the medium category, and 24.8% was in the low category. Meanwhile, in the latter, 34% was medium, and 31% was high. The roles, especially those in the medium category, were influenced by several factors, such as education, parents' perceptions of using gadgets during the School from the Home period, and the children's entertainment media. The findings of this study have implications for parents, especially mothers, to increase assistance in the use of gadgets for children.

Altered passive eruption is described as a condition in which the relationship between teeth, alveolar bone, and the soft tissues creates an excessive gingival display and, in turn, in some circumstances, it may reveal a clinical aspect also known as the “gummy smile.” The surgical management of such cases is well understood and has been widely described, with mucogingival and osseous resective procedures being predictable surgical means leading to more balanced aesthetics and proper display of the teeth anatomy. The possible familial trait in case of passive eruption and therefore the possibility of recurrence of the same condition in families of siblings or parents of affected patients have been investigated in this study. 20 patients have been selected and treated in both a private practice and university settings and their immediate family trees were evaluated in order to understand the incidence of the condition. 65% of the treated patients had one or more family members with the same condition leading to seeking further investigation on the possible genetic correlation.

The European report "Bulgaria - Health Profile for the Country 2017" reflects statistics on the obesity and immobilization of young people in the country. Although adult obesity levels are below the EU average, they have increased by 25% since 2008, with statistics showing that among young people they have risen by two-thirds in the 2005-2006 and 2013- 2014 and have reached 20%. Also, more than half of Bulgarian pupils in 1-12 grades (51%) are extremely immobilized, one of the reasons being rare visits to physical education classes and lack of interest in additional sport outside compulsory schooling. Separately, every third grader in Bulgaria has a problem with extra pounds, although in most cases it is the parents who refuse to accept that their child needs change and help, not to mention a strict diet and encouragement to exercise sports. More than 50% of the children who crossed the classrooms for the first time this year in Bulgaria are already having vertebral distortion. Only 3% of Bulgarian teenagers say they sometimes go to the gym because they want to look good and build up muscle mass.However, a positive aspect is that a higher percentage of girls and boys at 15 years of age in Bulgaria report regular physical activity than in other EU countries, although less than 25% report moderate exercise intensive physical activity on a daily basis.This study aims to analyze, on the basis of an authoritative survey, the opinions and the vision of active training parents as to whether their children should be attending fitness training. The survey was conducted within 2 months through an online survey of 21 questions, with a total of 187 active sporting parents. Questions concern both the sporting aspects, the healthy diet and the overall condition of the child, through the eyes of his/her parents.

The European report "Bulgaria - Health Profile for the Country 2017" reflects statistics on the obesity and immobilization of young people in the country. Although adult obesity levels are below the EU average, they have increased by 25% since 2008, with statistics showing that among young people they have risen by two-thirds in the 2005-2006 and 2013- 2014 and have reached 20%. Also, more than half of Bulgarian pupils in 1-12 grades (51%) are extremely immobilized, one of the reasons being rare visits to physical education classes and lack of interest in additional sport outside compulsory schooling. Separately, every third grader in Bulgaria has a problem with extra pounds, although in most cases it is the parents who refuse to accept that their child needs change and help, not to mention a strict diet and encouragement to exercise sports. More than 50% of the children who crossed the classrooms for the first time this year in Bulgaria are already having vertebral distortion. Only 3% of Bulgarian teenagers say they sometimes go to the gym because they want to look good and build up muscle mass.However, a positive aspect is that a higher percentage of girls and boys at 15 years of age in Bulgaria report regular physical activity than in other EU countries, although less than 25% report moderate exercise intensive physical activity on a daily basis.This study aims to analyze, on the basis of an authoritative survey, the opinions and the vision of active training parents as to whether their children should be attending fitness training. The survey was conducted within 2 months through an online survey of 21 questions, with a total of 187 active sporting parents. Questions concern both the sporting aspects, the healthy diet and the overall condition of the child, through the eyes of his/her parents.

The organization of the educational process in the second half of the 2019/2020 academic year in the condition of the declared coronavirus pandemic has become a difficult test not only for pupils, students and their parents, but also for the entire educational system of the Russian Federation. The regulation of this issue was formed in real time, and the rules were subject to immediate application to ensure not only the continuation of training, but also to ensure the epidemiological welfare of citizens. That is why the authors attempted to analyze in-depth the legal aspect of regulating the organization of distance education in the conditions of the spread of a new coronavirus infection.

Childhood is the phase of where the human beginning to learn<br />about its surrounding obviously. This phase needs more attention<br />from us as parent however, to make sure that our children keep in<br />the right path of their development. Therefore, the development of<br />ICT brings many consequences in every aspect of our life; and this<br />condition has infl uenced too toward children development anyway.<br />Based on this phenomenon, the writer would like to introduce some<br />problems relate with childhood and literacy. The literacy of using<br />the media education, therefore, teacher and parents should be con-<br />cerned about it to the children. Teacher and parents however, they<br />have to give better guidance to children relate with may informa-<br />tion and ICT which are used in the classroom or at home. Children<br />should be given better understanding by teacher and parents every-<br />time they need information. Some experts say that media can give<br />positive and negative effect obviously. Thus, the writer hopes that<br />may give any review by this article.

<p>This study is supposed to know the aspect of morality on the movie Alpha Dog by Nick Cassavetes, to know how the form and the function of language use for describing of moral and the use of language to present good and bad character using descriptive qualitative. Having been analyzed the writer comes to the conclusion that bad moral is dominant comparing to good moral. Final the main of character building is parent hands, that good character its part is frontal not to be given from generation but the parents companion is needed is every process of growth especially in the “labil”: condition of kids protected then from juvenile delinquencies. Juvenile delinquency look easy to spend out for the youth, and not to easy to care but it can be one of the danger of a nation, if it is not well cared by parent and society growth. <em></em></p><p> </p><p>Keyword : Juvenille delinquency, morality, alpha dog</p><p> </p>

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the severity/activity of dental caries as well as sense of coherence (SOC) and locus of control (LOC) on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among 5-year-old children. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 769 children at schools in a city in northeast Brazil. Parents/caregivers answered validated questionnaires addressing SOC and LOC. The children and parents/caregivers answered their respective modules of the Brazilian version of the Scale of Oral Health Outcomes for 5-year-old children (SOHO-5). Data were also collected on sociodemographic characteristics, visits to the dentist, and the occurrence of toothache. Clinical examinations were performed by 2 trained examiners. A directed acyclic graph was used to select covariates for statistical adjustment, and logistic regression for complex samples was used to test associations between the dependent and independent variables (α = 5%). For parents/caregivers, the variables associated with a negative impact on OHRQoL were the occurrence of toothache (odds ratio, OR: 10.53; 95% confidence interval, CI: 6.34–17.51; p < 0.001) and a low SOC (OR: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.37–3.43; p = 0.001). According to the children’s perceptions, the following variables were associated with a negative impact on OHRQoL: toothache (OR: 3.58; 95% CI: 2.30–5.55; p < 0.001), caries activity (OR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.07–3.62; p = 0.028), and traumatic dental injury (OR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.15–2.53; p = 0.007). Among parents/caregivers, a low SOC led to poorer OHRQoL. For the children, however, neither psychological aspect affected OHRQoL. In the perception of both the parents/caregivers and children, toothache was the oral condition that exerted a negative impact on OHRQoL.

IntroductionDischarge communication is an important aspect of patient care but frequently has shortcomings in emergency departments (EDs). In a paediatric context, youth or parents with young children often leave the ED with minimal opportunity to ask questions or to ensure comprehension of important information. Strategies for improving discharge communication have primarily targeted patients and/or parents, although neither group has been engaged in intervention design or implementation. Furthermore, ED healthcare providers (HCPs), important actors in discharge communication practice, are rarely consulted regarding intervention design decisions. We will generate evidence to enhance discharge communication by engaging youth, parents and HCPs in the codesign of ED discharge communication strategies (EDUCATE) for asthma and minor head injury.Methods and analysisThis mixed methods study will take place at two academic paediatric EDs in Canada. The study will occur in two phases: (A) codesign and refinement of the intervention prototypes; and (B) usability testing of the prototypes. During the first phase, two codesign teams (one for each condition) will follow a series of structured design meetings based on the Behavior Change Wheel to develop the EDUCATE interventions. Each codesign team (composed of youth, parents, HCPs and study researchers) will collaborate to identify priority target behaviours and acceptable components to include in the interventions. During the second phase, we will conduct usability testing in two EDs with a group of youth, parents and HCPs to refine the interventions. Two cycles of usability testing will be conducted with intervention refinement occurring at the end of each cycle.Ethics and disseminationInformed consent will be obtained from all participants. Ethics approval for this study has been obtained from the Research Ethics Board, IWK Health Centre. Results from this study will form the basis of a future effectiveness implementation trial. Key findings will be presented at national and international conferences and published within peer-reviewed journals.

This study aims to identify the background, expectations and perceptions of parents sending their children to SD Alam Muhammadiyah and students in attending education at the Nature School The method in this research is qualitative with a case study approach.. Data collection techniques in this study through interviews, observation, documentation and field notes. The results of this study found that the background that influenced parents decided to send their children to SD Alam can be concluded for several reasons, namely Distrust, Past Experience, Word of Mouth Communication, External Communications, Personal Need and Institutional. While the background of school students in SD Alam is due to the reasons for the Parent Need and School Environment. The expectations of parents is that children have a strong religious foundation. Children have social intelligence, children have good morals / characters, have abilities in sports, schools can direct children to have their own unique and creative talents, supply of available books and the construction of SMP and SMA Alam. Whereas students 'expectations, namely extracurricular programs, are reproduced and students' self-development programs are more often implemented. In the aspect of parental perception is the concept of nature-based schools that are fun and interesting for children, the portion of religious education is more, the rules are more flexible than state schools, prioritizing religious values, character and creativity and do not distinguish between social status and condition of children. While the perception of children is school, teachers and subjects are fun and many extracurricular.

Abstract Parenting a child on the autism spectrum can be rewarding and enriching, but it may also increase risk of parental fatigue, stress, anxiety, and depression. Parent-mediated interventions contribute to increase family satisfaction and child social communication while helping to decrease parental stress and fatigue. Parent coaching, the education of parents in evidence-based strategies, has become common in the autism field. However, parent coaching in music therapy has only recently emerged and has limited research with families with an autistic member. In this study, we attempted to improve a previously published model of parent coaching, adapting only one aspect of the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), the sensory social routine (SSR) to create a music intervention. Four parents participated in this 6-session parent coaching study. We compared the SSR-based intervention with and without music, in an alternating treatment design. Measures included parental responsiveness, child receptive and initiation joint attention, parent–child similar affect and synchronized gaze, and the Parent Coaching-ESDM (PC-ESDM) parent fidelity rating system. Results from these observational measures were mixed, with better parental responses in the no-music condition, but improved child responses and parent–child synchrony in the music condition for 3 out of the 4 participants. Parent learning increased for all participants, and 3 out of the 4 reached fidelity (a score of at least 80%), according to the PC-ESDM. Although mixed results were observed across participants, implications for practice are possible. Better outcome measures of this complex intervention are needed.

The article presents data of study of perception and awareness of disease in girls and boys. The children0specific characteristics of development of inner picture of disease are identified. The model of components of inner picture of disease of child is presented as system of factors of positive and negative impact. The structure of attitude to health is presented including cognitive, emotional and behavioral components. In ill children sexual and gender differences reaction to disease are established. These differences are manifested in that girls in a more adequate way perceive hospitalization, adapt faster to new life conditions and new life stereotype though they more often experience apprehension for future. The attributes of image of health and disease are described. In girls they are characterized by emotional attributes and in boys by instrumental activity and object-concrete attributes that condition their behavioral repertoire. In girls, the social aspect in damage of health is more significant than physiological one. In boys both aspects are of equal worth. The ideas of disease and their intellectual and emotional processing are more objective in girls. The particular issue of study became identification of intra0family relationships and relationship healthy/unhealthy children with parents and parents with children determined by specific of nosology of children. It is established that parental evaluation of attitudes to child depend on gender of parents and is related with sex of child that is related with social gender roles of males and females and not with their individual psychological characteristics. The reaction of parents to prognosis of disease passes several stages and at that behavior of mother and father differ. The mothers of ill children faster than fathers alter their attitude to developed situation and they play major role in maintaining hope for convalescence of children and assist them to adapt to new life conditions.

Abstract Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a progressive, life-threatening, genetic disease which mainly damages the lungs and the digestive system. It’s a complex medical condition, with several individual forms and variation in the symptoms severity. Few factors such as age of establishing the diagnosis, the number and the type of infections and their management, best treatment options, comorbid conditions etc. can influence the patient’s overall health, disease progression and quality of life. Many CF patients will reach adulthood, so coping with the chronic disease is very important for the overall health and everyday living. Aim of the study: To screen the quality of life in CF patients in the Republic of Macedonia, from the parent perspective. Subjects and methods: In the study we have included 55 parents of CF patients. We have created a questionnaire, specially designed for this survey, with questions related to their everyday coping with CF and quality of life. Results: The majority of the parents refer to the overall typical social and emotional life of their children, addressing some difficulties concerning the financial aspect of the disease and still significantly having fear from the stigma in the society. Conclusion: CF patients and their families in the Republic of Macedonia must overcome many obstacles on daily basis. Despite that, they can still have full and meaningful lives.

OBJECTIVEParent or guardian involvement is implicit in the care of pediatric patients with hydrocephalus. Some parents and guardians are more engaged than others. The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES), the level of parental concern about their child’s hydrocephalus management and future, and overall health status has not been clearly delineated. In this study, the authors sought to clarify this connection using hydrocephalus patient-reported health outcomes.METHODSThis cross-sectional study included children with surgically managed hydrocephalus whose parent or guardian completed the validated Hydrocephalus Outcome Questionnaire (HOQ) and Hydrocephalus Concern Questionnaire for parents (HCQ-P) on a return visit to the pediatric neurosurgery clinic at Vanderbilt University Medical Center between 2016 and 2018. Patients were excluded if the questionnaires were not completed in full. The calculated Overall Health Score (OHS) was used to represent the child’s global physical, emotional, cognitive, and social health. The HCQ-P was used to assess parental concern about their child. Type of insurance was a proxy for SES.RESULTSThe HOQ and HCQ-P were administered and completed in full by 170 patient families. In the cohort, 91% of patients (n = 155) had shunt-treated hydrocephalus, and the remaining patients had undergone endoscopic third ventriculostomy. The mean (± SD) patient age was 12 ± 4 years. Half of the patients were male (n = 90, 53%), and most were Caucasian (n = 134, 79%). One in four patients lived in single-parent homes or with a designated guardian (n = 45, 26%). Public insurance and self-pay accounted for 38% of patients (n = 64), while the remaining 62% had private or military insurance. In general, parents with higher concern about their child’s medical condition indicated that their son or daughter had a higher OHS (χ2 = 17.07, p < 0.001). Patients in families with a lower SES did not have different OHSs from those with a higher SES (χ2 = 3.53, p = 0.06). However, parents with a lower SES were more worried about management of their child’s hydrocephalus and their child’s future success (χ2 = 11.49, p < 0.001). In general, parents were not preoccupied with one particular aspect of their child’s hydrocephalus management.CONCLUSIONSMore engaged parents, regardless of their family’s SES, reported a better OHS for their child. Parents with public or self-paid insurance were more likely to report higher concern about their child’s hydrocephalus and future, but this was not associated with a difference in their child’s current health status.

Increasing demand, soil cultivation pressure and adverse climate change effects necessitated maize production in nitrogen stress soils. This study examined the general combining ability (GCA) of 12 maize inbreds and specific combining ability of their crosses for agronomic traits under varied nitrogen conditions. GCA accounted for 53% of the variation for grain yield (GY) under stress and 40% under optimal condition. GCA contributed over 59% for days to anthesis (DTA) and days to silking (DTS), anthesis-silking-interval (ASI) and ear aspect (EASP) under both conditions. BD74-165 and BD74-161 had positive significant GCA for GY under stress with TZEI12 under optimal and BD74-222 under both conditions. TZEI13 and TZEI16 had positive significant GCA for DTA and ASI under stress, and TZEI12, TZEI11 and BD74-161 under optimal. Additive genes control DTA, DTS and PH; non-additive genes were responsible for ASI, PASP and EASP while both additive and non-additive genes governed inheritance of GY, EH and leaf-senescence (SEN) under stress. Inheritance of GY, ASI, PH, PASP and EASP were due to non-additive genes; DTA and DTS to additive genes while additive and non-additive genes control EH and SEN under opti­mal condition. Inbreds with significant GCA can be parents for GY improvement under respective conditions. Keywords: Combining ability; diallel; low nitrogen; maize lines; stress tolerance

This study aims at finding the configuration pattern in education that exists among families, schools and social community and determining the quality of education which affects the high quality of education. This study implements phenomenological-qualitative approach carried out in three schools in Bantul regency. The respondents of the research were the principals, teachers, students, school committee, and parents. The data were obtained through in-depth interview, observation and documentation study which were analyzed qualitatively. The result of the research shows that the pattern of educational configuration is formed by the variations of school’s implementation of responsibilities carried out separately and consecutively in a family, schools and a social community. The quality of education at the level of school system is considered better compared to that of individuals and it also varies based on the school’s condition. The pattern of configuration of the educational responsibility aspect is related to the quality of education itself. The pattern does affect the level of the quality of the education if the family, schools and the social community do the responsibility separately, consecutively and consistently without being affected by any distractor.

The need to see ourselves as good or adequate represents our need to experience increased self-esteem. As we develop as children, we become more and more aware of the power of our choices, but also of the responsibility generated by the choices we make. On our education, it is also one of the sources of self-esteem creation through the experience of being treated with respect by parents and other family members. As far as our own actions are concerned, one of the origins of creating personal self-esteem is the s28atisfaction we feel with our own choices considered moral, which are a particular aspect of satisfaction with our mental processes. The second pillar, the conception of oneself, is based on the opinion we have of ourselves, representing an assessment of our qualities and defects, founded or not. And the conception of oneself, as well as self-love, is formed in our family environment, the conception of oneself being mainly due to the projects that parents make for us.To be aware of the reasons for attraction to a person of the opposite sex can lead to the permanence of the valuing attitudes invested in the person of the opposite sex, which fuels new needs for knowledge and communication, or to the reduction of emotional tension by decreasing the need for the other. When physical and mental attraction increases with the knowledge of the other, with the proximity and physical and mental intimacy, this leads to the stabilization of the relationship and the desire to resume and intensify it. Mutual satisfaction becomes a condition for both maintenance and improvement of the attraction between the two partners, which is created by symmetry and reciprocity

The application of inclusive education in Indonesia is a way for the government to continue to provide educational services to the community openly and non-discriminatively, both for typical children and children with special needs, one of which is mentally disabled children. This study aims to understand about 1) Characteristics of Tunagrahita Students in the Junrejo 01 SDN inclusion class and 2) Tunagrahita Student Management Strategies in the Junrejo 01 SDN inclusion class in Batu. This research method is a qualitative approach, the type of case study located at SDN Junrejo 01 Kota Batu for ABK students with mental disabilities class II inclusion in the 2019 school year. This study indicates that the mentally disabled students have IQ characteristics below between 70 -80, have the same physical condition as an average child, have high imagination despite weak language skills, and have low self-confidence. From the motor aspect, the mentally retired student can perform psychomotor activities like other students. The mental retardation student management strategies are 1) Applying cooperative learning models, 2) Learning with the Peer Teaching method, 3) Giving the same task in study groups, 4) Assigning homework specifically for mentally disabled people, 5) Using educational games in learning, 6) Giving Rewards for Group and Personal Achievement 7) Environmental Therapy to Train the Solidarity of Retarded Students, 8) Teachers Establish Cooperative Relations with Parents of Tunagrahita students.

One of the goals of rehabilitation of children with disabilities (HHS) is to improve their quality of life. For this purpose, various technical means, devices and adaptations which solve a number of problems in life of the child are developed. But there is another aspect that affects the quality of life of such children — is the attitude of people around them. The child is emotionally unstable individual, his psyche is very vulnerable to react to negative emotions. In this case the saying that ‘meet on clothes’ is very applicable. And if the child looks aesthetically pleasing, then others perceive him positively. But in some diseases (physical deviations from the norm) there is no ergonomic and aesthetic clothing. The paper considers the interaction of the systems Society — Textile means of rehabilitation — Child. It is revealed that textile means of rehabilitation, including inclusive clothing have an impact not only on the child’s condition, but also on the emotional state of the society in contact with him, especially his parents. Research on the systematization of information about violations of the structure and function of the body allowed to identify and group the possible causes of violations of the proportions of the child’s body. Some can be compensated by the use of fixing products, others through the use of illusions that contribute to the visual alignment of the proportions of the child. The article formulates the basic principles of designing textile means of rehabilitation and inclusive clothing for children with disabilities, aimed at harmonizing the perception of the external appearance of the child.

Moral values are characterized as meaning of human life and plenitude condition. The basis of moral values are always spiritual and ensuring human as individual united becoming. The influence of moral values to better pupil achievements and thinking are based on academic research. Attention is drawn, that values of educators are related not only with their own work but also with ability to create more humane relations and educational process – to work with all age group students and base communication in educational process on self-esteem and creativity. The values of educators have an influence on student maturity – education based on moral values determine positive social behavior, allows the better understanding of behaviour impact on yourself and others, develop his ethic vocabulary. The research discovers that in modern school moral values are not frequent – they formed a quarter of all identified values. Values can be considered as aspect of organization of educational process, school management and work with parents. However by this way the attitude is expressed to school management and education based on humane relations, establishment of conditions is emphasized to correspond not only the need of educator but also the needs of other schools community members. Discussing values, educators often express problems arising while organizing educational process. So it must be assumed that various pedagogical difficulties have influence on value education – giving a sense to student activities require considerable amount of effort. Therefore short-term goals are set and pupil moral position is understood in school. Little attention to spiritual learning perspectives.

The article considers Leo Tolstoy's views on marriage in the evolutionary aspect. For young Leo Tolstoy, marriage and family is one of the main values. He understands them as a sphere saving a person from disharmony, despondency, sin, helping to find the meaning of life. The family is interpreted by Leo Tolstoy as the main purpose of person's life. In his early works, he builds a family model. Marriage and family for young Leo Tolstoy are considered to be the main condition for happiness. Love for the spouse is understood as a sense of respect for parents of their children. Over the years, Leo Tolstoy’s views on marriage have changed significantly. This is due to the change in Leo Tolstoy's attitude to the Church and to Church religion (by his definition), the writer's complete denial of private property, the complication of relations with his wife and children. Leo Tolstoy explains his point of view on marriage by following the true Christian teaching. Leo Tolstoy motivates the denial of marriage in the Christian way by the fact that the main purpose of a Christian is to serve God; marriage makes people serve themselves. Leo Tolstoy identifies justification by the church of the marriage with the excuse of "physical love". Leo Tolstoy considers marriage as a veiled form of fornication. However, he denied divorce because he believed that a woman left without a husband or a man without a wife would be exposed to moral decline. The author finds contradictory Leo Tolstoy's assessments of the marriage in the later work.

The social crisis of the end of XX century in Russia negatively impacted psycho-emotional condition of society and provoked increasing of drug addiction and alcoholism among population. The article applies inter-disciplinary position analyzing relationship between severe social psychological atmosphere of those years and mental, behavioral disorders in generation of children caused by alcohol abuse in generation of parents, especially mothers. The dynamics is presented concerning social mood of society, level of female alcoholism, nervous diseases morbidity of children. The mental and neurological disorders are discussed in the aspect of patterns of brain development during prenatal period. The biological sociological evaluation is given concerning impact of crisis of 1990s as a macro-social factor of mental and behavioral health of age group of persons born in 1990-2000s. The burden of crisis and negative emotional atmosphere in society, especially in the middle of 1990s, increasing of alcohol consumption and also dynamics of alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis morbidity of women during the same years, dynamics of nervous diseases morbidity of children aged 0-1 year in the Russian Federation with its surges, especially in 1994-1995, 1998 and 2009, permit to consider focused effect of social crisis on physical and mental health of newborns. During relative stabilization of 2010s, there is no such a concentration of negative factors. Also, certain positive circumstances are manifesting: learning of legal standards according which person is primarily responsible for one's own health, measures of struggle with alcoholism, development of perinatal medicine, etc.

AbstractThis paper summarizes the trends in research about student experiences in out-of-school time (OST) in countries of Europe. The analysis is based on a review of the content of research papers published between 1999 and 2019 in about 36 European countries. OST is recognized as an important aspect of students’ educational experiences that deserves increased research attention. A significant portion of students in all countries participate in OST activities either to improve their school performance or to engage in social activities. Under conditions where parents and students believe that the formal school system is weak, the OST educational experiences may be considered to be necessary to make a significant or necessary contribution to a student’s success compared with formal school itself. Because OST activities are undertaken in a free market their form and structure vary because of differences in the countries’ historical development, condition of public education, and the social, economic, cultural, and political factors that influence the educational systems. The analysis presents examples of how in some European countries conceptual models of OST have been expanded, adapted OST practices for regular school systems, and evaluated the outcomes. This review of the definitions of OST, of evaluations of its impact, and of the evidence for its effect on equality of educational opportunity throughout 36 European countries concludes that the studies provide contradictory messages. Greater consistency in conceptual development could be increased over time as researchers across countries review each other’s strategies and share methods and results.

Introduction. The problems of scientific analysis, where the subject of study is the financial independence of undergraduates, mainly focuses on two directories: the study of the academic performance of undergraduate and the factors affecting it; financial condition of undergraduate depending on tuition fees. In modern studies, the issues of financial independence of students, their budget are not given due attention. The employment of students is often seen as one of the factors that negatively affect their academic performance, or in the context of forced work caused by high tuition fees. In today's pandemic realities, the aspect of the financial independence of students is actualized, while the problem of students' labor activity during training is of scientific and practical interest as a forced measure to maintain their well-being in order to gain financial independence. Materials and methods. The survey was attended by: 2-4-year students of the Bachelor's degree program "Applied Economics and Finance" (38.03.01 Economics) of the Institute of Economics and Management of Ural Federal University was carried out. The total number of students in 2-4 courses on the program is 284. Results and discussion. As a result of the study, the key motives for obtaining financial independence have been identified, which boil down either to the forced need to find finances, or to the desire to obtain financial independence and the formation of labor and financial competencies; formulated the basic financial strategies of students in relation to budget planning, budget optimization - passive as an orientation towards transfers from parents and the state, active as a search for grant support or going to work; it was found that the problem of choosing between work and study as an additional criterion included opportunity costs, measured as deterioration in academic performance; it was found that significant financial support from parents (family) and its increase with an increase in student spending forms a "soft budget constraint" for a student, reducing the motivation to gain financial independence. It was founded that more than 20% of 2-4-year students have part-time gob, while 2/3 of the working students do not “sacrifice” their studies for work. This is due to the fact that the motivation for choosing a job is voluntary. The survey data allowed to conclude that students are focused both on the improving of labor and financial competencies. It was revealed that the main source of income for their budget is transfers from parents (more than 90%) but own earns are less than 6% of the student budget. It should be noted that there was a large range in the students’ income: from 2,500 to 36,000 rubles. This may be due to both the income of the family in which the student lives and the model of financial support of the parents: they admit the independence of students according to their budget or the autonomy of their student children is practically absent. Conclusion. The results of this study are aimed at comprehending the educational, scientific, labor activity of a student, taking into account the motives for obtaining financial independence, which can be taken into account in the design of individual educational trajectories of students, the development of grant projects and offers of internship, educational loans, which together ensure the strengthening of the financial independence of students.

In behaving towards what happens in him, man will be oriented in two directions, there are individuals who believe that what happens to him is the result of his own efforts, on the contrary there are individuals who believe that the events that occur are influences from outside the self. This belief is called the locus of control. Each individual has a difference in the locus of control. This difference is influenced by several factors, one of which is ethnicity. This study aims to describe the locus of control of individuals belonging to the ethnic Kerinci, Java and Minang, and reveal differences in the locus of control of the three ethnic groups. This research uses quantitative approach with descriptive and comparative method. The sampling technique used is simple random side with total number 230 students. The instrument used is Internal Rotters inventory -External Locus of Control (I-E Scale). Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and one way anova. The findings of this study include: 1) locus of control of ethnic Javanese students tend to external, while ethnic Kerinci and Minang reside in internal. However, the third locus of control score is not far behind the median locus of control; and 2) there are differences in locus of control of students who have ethnic Kerinci, Java and Minang. The researcher suggested to the Counselor Teacher / Counselor to always pay attention deeply and sensitively to the condition of the foster students, including the locus of control aspect. These efforts can be made by applying several counseling services with certain approaches that are theoretically proven effective in forming an internal locus of control. Parents should also provide understanding to the children about all the events that happen to him and how to react. Subsequently to other researchers, the results of this research need to be addressed and followed up by adding samples and considering some other characteristics, such as gender, age, social demography, economic and family status, religion, and others.

ABSTRACT Objective Dental health services as a service provider need to evaluate and promote their service quality. The assessment of oral health related quality of life can be valuable material for the planning and evaluation of dental health services. Oral health related quality of life assessment apply the socio-dental indicators aspects and provide information in regard to the impact of oral conditions on the quality of life. One of patient's service quality assessment main aspect is reliability of dental treatment. Reliability of dental treatment is not only focused on dental pathological problems solving, but also on patient's quality of life improvement. This study examined the application of children's quality of life assessment as a decision planning basis to promote reliability aspects in children dental health services quality. Material & Method This study can be considered as an observational analytic research using cross-sectional study design. This research was conducted in Wates Mojokerto Community Dental Health Service in the early 2015. The population in this research involved children aged 3-5 years who had dental caries and also were students in kindergarten and early childhood program in Wates Mojokerto Community Dental Health Service as well as their mothers. Thus, the total of the population in this research was 309 children and their mothers. The instrument used in this study was measurement instrument of children's oral health related quality of life, which had been tested for their validity and reliability. Results That the number of dental caries had a considerable effect on the children's quality of life aged 3-5 years. Children who become fussy or anxious had the highest frequency of insidence than other impacts. There were significant differences of the number of dental caries among of the insidence of quality of life impacts. Conclusion The results described that fussy or anxious condition of children was the priority factor for parents in assessing the reliability aspects of dental health services quality in Wates Mojokerto Community Dental Health Service. This information becomes valuable input for Wates Mojokerto Community Dental Health Service in planning effective and reliable dental treatment procedures for children.

The article describes a set of diagnostic tools to identify the natural potential of a gifted preschooler, it presents the results of diagnosing children and their parents using these tools, as well as their interpretation. The relevance of the formation of a comprehensive diagnosis of giftedness of preschool children is determined by the task of promoting preservation and development of child giftedness, the national gene pool of gifted people in Russia. The novelty of the considered approach to solving the problem of diagnosing children’s giftedness lies in the use of an original set of techniques for determining the profile of the dominant hemispheres of the brain, a psychotype and natural inclinations of the child. The aim of the study is to find an answer to the question concerning the potential of giftedness with which a person is born and the percentage of children endowed with it. Among the research methods employed were such empirical methods as observation and testing with the help of a set of questionnaires and tests, as well as a statistical method for the initial collection and primary processing of quantitative data on natural inclinations, psychotypes, dominant profiles of hemispheric brain activity. The following diagnostic tools were applied: A. I. Savenkov’s questionnaire “Palette of interests” - to determine the natural inclinations of preschoolers,” Psychogeometric test of S. Dellinger (in the adaptation of G. I. Kolesnikova) - to determine a psychotype and the technique of Carla Hannaford - to determine the dominant profile of hemispheric activity of the brain. Among the results obtained, the most significant conclusion is the possibility of identifying a diverse and rich palette of natural inclinations in each child, which will allow individualizing the content aspect of the program and serve as a basic condition for the successful development of natural inclinations of each child. In the total sample of children (1669 questionnaires) more than 82% demonstrated inclinations to 3-4 types of human activity. Also revealed are more poorly developed areas, such as the communicative sphere, which is associated with the lack of live interaction (communication) of the child with adults and peers, and humanitarian, requiring more attention to the speech development of the child. Thus, children of 4-7 years old of both sexes with a dominant profile were characterized by a weak interest in the communicative sphere, the most preferred area for girls was art, and for boys - mathematics and technology

Abstrak: Perubahan hormon selama perkembangan remaja dapat menjadikan remaja mengalami kemelut (turmoil) dalam dirinya secara psikoseksual. Hal tersebut dapat memicu terjadinya perilaku menyimpang yang dilakukan oleh remaja atau dialami oleh remaja sehingga menempatkan remaja dapat menjadi pelaku atau korban dalam penyimpangan seksual seperti kekerasan seksual (sexual abuse). Oleh karena itu, edukasi dan pendampingan sejak dini perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan self-care remaja mengidentifikasi adanya risiko terjadinya sexual abuse baik yang dapat terjadi pada dirinya atau pun lingkungannya. Hal inilah yang menjadi tujuan dalam kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat sehingga luaran yang diharapkan adalah remaja mampu mengenali kondisi atau orang yang berpotensi mengakibatkan terjadinya sexual abuse, mengamankan diri dengan mencegah munculnya kesempatan terjadinya sexual abuse, dan melaporkan kondisi atau orang yang berpotensi serta kejadian sexual abuse. Kegiatan dilakukan dengan metode edukasi dan konseling. Hasil abdimas menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar peserta berusia 17 tahun dan berjenis kelamin perempuan, area pribadinya pernah disentuh orang lain dan korban sexual abuse verbal, pertama kali mengalami sexual abuse saat berusia 16 tahun, mengenal pornografi dan pornoaksi ketika berusia 15 tahun, serta menjadikan orang tua dan sahabat sebagai pihak yang dipercaya dalam melaporkan peristiwa sexual abuse baik yang dialami atau disaksikan peserta. Abstract: Hormonal changes is going along with adolescence growing so he/she has turmoil especially in psychosocial aspect. This could precipitate the deviant behavior that adolescence done or suffered. It can make adolescence be a doer or victims of sexual abuse. Thus, early education and accompaniment needed to be done to enhanced adolescence self-care to identify the risk of sexual abuse that can be happened with him/herself or in their environment. This was the aims of our public services so it has outcome that adolescence able to know condition or someone which has potential to be a sexual abuse, protecting self with preventing that potential to become sexual abuse, and reporting it. This activity done as an education and counseling. The result showed mainly of participants are 17 year old and girls, personal body parts had been touched by other people and as victims, first time being victim at 16 years old, knowing pornography and pornoaction at 15 years old, and made parents and best friends as trusted people to to report even being a victim or witness.

Eksistensi gay hingga saat ini masih menjadi hal yang kontroversial dan dipandang negatif di masyarakat Indonesia. Sebagian dari masyarakat menganggap tidak mungkin seorang gay memiliki religiusitas, tetapi sebagian lainnya percaya seorang gay juga memiliki religiusitas. Pendapat yang kontroversial ini mendorong peneliti melakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui bagaimana sebenarnya religiusitas yang dimiliki oleh seorang gay. Selain itu juga untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan seseorang menjadi gay, usia saat menyadari dirinya adalah gay, serta penghayatan mereka terhadap orientasinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif fenomenologis, dengan partisipan 3 orang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam. Analisis data dilakukan dengan pengkodingan, rekonstruksi data, dan merumuskannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keimanan para partisipan tidak terpengaruh dengan kondisinya sebagai gay, serta tidak ada keinginan untuk jauh dari agama dan ibadah. Berkaitan dengan aspek keyakinan, partisipan yakin dengan kebenaran agama Islam, Al-Qur’an, nabi dan rasul, malaikat, hari kiamat, dan takdir. Tetapi pada aspek peribadatan, para partisipan sudah jarang ikut pengajian dan shalat dimesjid saat sudah menjalani kehidupan sebagai gay. Meskipun aspek pengetahuan para partisipan relatif sama, namun aspek pengalamannya menunjukkan adanya keraguan menjalankan ibadah (apakah akan diterima atau tidak), ada perasaan malu dan takut pada Allah. Pengamalan religiusitasnya menunjukkan adanya sikap berbohong pada orangtua terkait dengan orientasinya serta sulit untuk tinggalkan dunia gay. Faktor yang menyebabkan para partisipan menjadi gay adalah pengalaman negatif diusia sebelumnya. Menyadari diri sebagai gay berada pada rentang masa remaja. Penghayatan partisipan terhadap orientasinya sebagai gay secara umum memiliki kesamaan yaitu menganggapnya sebagai cobaan dari Allah, sama seperti orang-orang lain, yang diberi cobaan yang berbeda-beda. The existence of gay is still a controversial and negative thing among Indonesian society. Some people consider it impossible for a gay to have religiosity, but others believe a gay also has religiosity. This controversial opinion encouraged researchers to conduct research to find out how religiosity is actually owned by a gay person. In addition, it was also conducted to find out the factors that cause a person to become a gay, such as the age when he realized he was a gay, and their appreciation of their orientation. This study used a phenomenological qualitative method, with 3 participants. Data collection was done by intimate interviews. Data analysis was done by coding, data reconstruction, and formulating it. The results of the study showed that the faith of the participants was not affected by his condition as gay, and there was no desire to be far from religion and worship. Regarding the aspects of faith, participants were confident in the truth of Islam, the Qur'an, prophets and messengers, angels, doomsday, and destiny. But in the aspect of worship, the participants had rarely participated in recitation and prayer in the mosque when they had lived a gay life. Although the aspects of the participants' knowledge were relatively the same, but the aspect of their experience shows that there were doubts about worshiping (whether to be accepted or not), there was a feeling of shame and fear of God. The practice of religiosity showed an attitude of lying to parents related to their orientation and it was difficult to leave the lifestyle. The factor that caused the participants to be gay was a negative experience in the previous age. Recognizing themselves as gay was occurred in the range of adolescence. The appreciation of the participants for their orientation as gay in general had a similarity, namely to regard it as a trial from God, just like other people who were given different trials.

<p><em>Patients of Down Syndrom mostly do not get proper support and care from their families, it is likely that families keep distance from public due to embarrasement of having a family member with such condition. Family support in this term plays an essential role in terms of child growth, which may be influential to physical aspect, self-care, communication, socialization, mentality, and emotion. Children </em><em>will be</em><em> malnourished if the nutrition necessary to support growth process is not fulfilled appropriately. The purpose of this research is to identify the relation between family support and energy intake in children with mental retardation in SLB N 01 of Bantul, Yogyakarta. This research was a quantitative research with cross sectional design. Population in this research was all children with mental retardation since the age of elementary school until senior high school. Samples in this research were 66 </em><em>subjects</em><em>. Data collection used questionnaires and systematic</em><em> random sampling</em><em>. Data was analyzed by </em><em>using</em><em> Kendal Tau statistical test. Results found that respondents who had good family support and sufficient energy intake were 27 </em><em>subjects</em><em> (40</em><em>.</em><em>9%), </em><em>subjects</em><em> who had </em><em>fair</em><em> family support and sufficient energy intake were 13 </em><em>subjects</em><em> (19</em><em>.</em><em>7%), </em><em>subjects with </em><em>sufficient family support and insufficient energy intake were 10 </em><em>subjects</em><em> (15,2%). According to Kendal Tau analysis, it was </em><em>showed</em><em> that p</em><em>-</em><em>value </em><em>was </em><em>0</em><em>.</em><em>001 (p&lt;0</em><em>.</em><em>05) which described that there was a significant relation betweeen family support and energy intake in children with mental retardation in SLB N 01 of Bantul, Yogyakarta. Therefore, it is essential </em><em>to provide motivation and education for parents with mentally retarded children, especially on child food intake</em><em>.</em></p>

<span><em>Teacher who able to effective communication with student, of course they </em><span><em>will optimize the effectiveness of their job gives instruction to the student </em><span><em>become the faithful man. Al-Qur’an and Al-hadith as the guidance of </em><span><em>human discusses clearly how to make effective communication. Effective </em><span><em>communication is communication which is use good language both of verbal </em><span><em>and nonverbal appropriate with the situation and condition so the purpose </em><span><em>of communication will be achieved. Model of Teacher Communication </em><span><em>that explain in Al-Qur’an are: 1) Qaulan Balighan: the model of teacher </em><span><em>communication to touch cognitive and affective aspect of student, 2) Qaulan </em><span><em>layyinan: flxible communication model of teacher for student who have </em><span><em>bad character, 3) Qaulan Ma’rufa: the model of teacher communication </em><span><em>with student as their parents, 4) Qaulan Maisuran: the model of teacher </em><span><em>communication who has been unable to fulfil the demand of students who </em><span><em>fid diffiulty, 5) Qaulan Karima: model of teacher communication with </em><span><em>someone who are older or higher status, 6) Qaulan Sadida: model of teacher</em><br /><span><em>communication remind the students emphatically. Prophet Muhammad SAW </em><span><em>as the teacher has good communication therefore acceptable by His Ummah </em><span><em>and followed all his deeds and says. The best teachers are teachers who are</em><br /><span><em>able to provide the best educational method which is able to communicate </em><span><em>with the students using best way of communication.</em><br /><span><strong>Keywords: </strong><span><em>Effective Communication, Teacher, Student, Islam.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span>

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran penerimaan diri ibu tiri yang memiliki anak tunarungu. Status ibu tiri yang umumnya memiliki penilaian negatif di masyarakat membuat ibu tiri membutuhkan proses adaptasi lebih, untuk pada akhirnya mampu menerima status diri, keadaan keluarga maupun kondisi anak tirinya yang mengalami ketunarunguan. Anak tuna rungu, dengan segala keterbatasan yang dimiliki khususnya dari segi bahasa dan lisan sudah barang tentu membutuhkan perhatian ‗ekstra‘ baik dari orang tua ataupun orang-orang disekitar yang turut berperan dalam proses pengasuhannya. Berkaitan dengan sejumlah kompleksitas dalam menyandang status sebagai ibu tiri yang harus mengasuh anak dengan kondisi tuna rungu, maka akan menjadi sangat menarik untuk melihat gambaran dinamika dari proses penerimaan diri ibu tiri tersebut. Adapun teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori penerimaan diri dari Jersild (1963). Penerimaan diri adalah derajat dimana individu memiliki kesadaran terhadap karakteristiknya, sehingga diharapkan ia mampu dan bersedia untuk hidup dengan karakteristik tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus intrinsik. Melibatkan 2 orang partisipan dengan menggunakan teknik pengambilan partisipan berdasarkan theory-based operational construct sampling. Teknik pengambilan data yang digunakan adalah metode wawancara dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua partisipan memiliki penerimaan diri yang baik terhadap statusnya sebagai ibu tiri.Dalam hal ini, pemikiran positif dan realistik ternyata memiliki pengaruh yang besar terhadap proses penerimaan diri pada partisipan 1 maupun partisipan 2 berjalan secara lebih baik. Partisipan 1 telah menerima status dirinya sebagai ibu tiri yang memiliki anak tunarungu dan mampu menjalani kesepuluh aspek penerimaaan diri dengan baik. Tidak jauh berbeda, partisipan 2 juga telah memiliki penerimaan diri yang baik terhadap statusnya sebagai ibu tiri dan mampu menjalani kesembilan aspek penerimaan diri dengan baik. Adapun aspek yang tidak terpenuhi pada partisipan 2 yaitu ‗penerimaan yang baik dari orang lain‘. Partisipan 2 belum bisa menerima dan menganggap anak tirinya yang tunarungu sebagai anaknya sendiri, dikarenakan faktor-faktor eksternal yang dalam hal ini adalah perilaku kasar dari anak tirinya tersebut serta adanya penolakan dari ibu mertua terhadap dirinya. This study aimed to describe the self-acceptance of stepmothers who have deaf children. The status of stepmothers who generally have negative judgments in the community makes stepmothers need more adaptation processes, in order to finally be able to accept self-status, family circumstances, and the condition of their stepchildren who experience phlegm. Deaf children, with all the limitations possessed, especially in terms of language and oral, of course require the attention of 'extras' both from parents or the people around them who play a role in the care process. Regarding the complexity in carrying out status as a stepmother to care for children with hearing impairments, it will be very interesting to see the dynamic picture of the stepmother's self-acceptance process. The theory used in this research was Jersild's self-acceptance theory (1963). Self-acceptance is the degree to which an individual has an awareness of his characteristics, so he is expected to be able and willing to live with these characteristics. This study used a qualitative research method with an intrinsic case study approach. Involved 2 participants using participant taking techniques based on theory-based operational construct sampling. The data collection techniques used in this research were the interview and observation method. The results showed that both participants had good self-acceptance of their status as stepmothers. In this case, positive and realistic thinking turned out to have a big influence on the process of self-acceptance in participant 1 and participant 2 to run well. Participant 1 had accepted her status as a stepmother who has deaf children and was able to undergo the ten aspects of self-acceptance well. Not much different, participant 2 also had good self-acceptance of her status as a stepmother and was able to undergo all nine aspects of self-acceptance well. The aspect that was not fulfilled in participant 2 was "good acceptance from others". Participant 2 had not been able to accept and assume that her stepson is deaf as his own child, because of external factors in this case was the rude behavior of her stepson and the rejection of her mother-in-law against her.

Abstract Correlation Between Pancreatic MRI T2* And Iron Overload in Adult Transfusion Dependent Beta Thalassemia Patients With Growth Retardation : A Single Centre Study in Indonesia Faizal Drissa Hasibuan , MD 1,2 , Tb. Djumhana Atmakusuma , MD, PhD 3, 4 1Department of Internal Medicine, 2Faculty of Medicine Yarsi University Jakarta, Indonesia, 3Medical Hematology - Oncology Division of Internal Medicine Department Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, 4Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Correspondence: faizaldrissahsb@gmail.com phone +6281533197733 The prevalence of thalassemia in Indonesia is one of the highest in the world. It is estimated that the prevalence of beta thalassemia carrier is around 3-10%. In 2016, thalassemia center in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) Jakarta recorded 9031 patients suffering from major thalassemia in Indonesia. 441 are adult thalassemia patients (age 18 and above) recorded in Kiara thalassemia and hematology-oncology clinics in RSCM. Based on a survey from TIF, endocrine aspect of the thalassemia patients is often ignored by the clinicians. Growth retarded patients are commonly found in the thalassemia clinic in RSCM. Publication regarding the pancreas and its correlation with iron overload in adult beta TDT patients is currently not available in Indonesia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe iron overload condition based on the pancreatic MRI T2* and its correlation with beta TDT adult patients who suffer from growth retardation. A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of endocrine disorders in adult TDT beta patients, followed by looking for correlation of excess iron load with endocrine function in adult TDT beta patients with growth retardation in adult Thalassemia clinic RSCM Jakarta on December 2017. Patients with HBsAg or Anti HCV positive were excluded. Excess iron is defined as Transferin Saturation (ST) greater than 50% regardless of serum ferritin or serum ferritin (FS) levels greater than 1000 ng/mL regardless of ST or both.The growth retardation is defined as the standing height of the research subject which is lower than the Mid Parental Height (MPH) value of both parents. Pancreatic MRI T2* used magneto avanto Siemens 1,5T with CMR software. We found from 58 patients who followed the study, 32 patients underwent the pancreatic MRI T2* examination with 13 female (40,6%) and 19 male (59,4%). Patients with homozygous beta thalassemia are 16 people (50%) and beta/HbE thalassemia 16 people (50%). The Proportion of low pancreatic MRI T2* values was found to be 87.5%, with moderate hemosiderosis in 13 patients (40.63%) and severe hemosiderosis not found (Table 2). The age range of the study subjects was relatively young with a median age of 21 years. Although the median body weight of study subjects was 42 kg, the median BMI still included in normal range. Excess iron content in this study was assessed with serum ferritin, obtained median 4982.5 ng/mL and transferin saturation with a median of 100%, indicates the subject of research are in a state of excess iron load. This is due to the possibility of inflammation, inadequate use of chelation, hemolysis in thalassemia, hypertransfusion to achieve the target of 12 g/dL for women and 13 g/dL for men. There was no significant correlation between serum ferritin and pancreatic MRI T2* value, nor did a significant correlation between transferrin saturation with pancreatic MRI T2* value (Table 3). In this study, there was a high proportion of subjects with low pancreatic MRI T2* value of 28 subjects (87,5%), divided into 15 mild hemosiderosis (46,87%), 13 moderate hemosiderosis (40,62%) and none of severe hemosiderosis. Our study is the first study which look for the correlation of the excess iron load (serum ferritin and transferrin saturation) with endocrine function in adult TDT beta patients with retardation of growth in Indonesia. This research has limitations. First, it was a cross sectional study so it is not known exactly the beginning of endocrine disorders in the subject . The second limitation, analysis of iron chelation therapy did not do in this study. Finally, we concluded that there was no correlation between pancreatic MRI T2* and iron overload based on serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Further longitudinal studies in adult TDT patients with thalassemia who have not and have retarded growth were needed. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Stigma has been recognized as a major impediment to accessing mental health care among Vietnamese and Asian Americans (Leong and Lau, 2001; Sadavoy et al., 2004; Wynaden et al., 2005; Fong and Tsuang, 2007). The underutilization of mental health care, and disparities in both access and outcomes have been attributed to a large extent to stigma and cultural characteristics of this population (Wynaden et al., 2005; Jang et al., 2009; Leung et al., 2010; Spencer et al., 2010; Jimenez et al., 2013; Augsberger et al., 2015). People with neurotic or behavioral disorders may be considered “bad” as many Vietnamese people believe it is a consequence of one’s improper behavior in a previous life, for which the person is now being punished (Nguyen, 2003). Mental disorders can also been seen as a sign of weakness, which contributes to ambivalence and avoidance of help-seeking (Fong and Tsuang, 2007). Equally important is the need to protect family reputation; having emotional problems often implies that the person has “bad blood” or is being punished for the sins of his/her ancestors (Herrick and Brown, 1998; Leong and Lau, 2001), which disgraces the entire family (Wynaden et al., 2005). In these cases, public stigma (as opposed to internal stigma) is the primary reason for delays in seeking help (Leong and Lau, 2001). Other research has also highlighted the influences of culture on how a disorder may be labeled in different settings, although the presentation of symptoms might be identical (see Angel and Thoits, 1987). In Vietnamese culture, mental disorders are often labeled điên (literally translated as “madness”). A điên person and his or her family are often severely disgraced; consequently the individuals and their family become reluctant to disclose and seek help for mental health problems for fear of rejection (Sadavoy et al., 2004). Despite the critical role of stigma in accessing mental health care, there has been little work in trying to understand how stigmatizing attitudes towards mental illness among Vietnamese Americans manifest themselves and the influences of acculturation on these attitudes. Some previous work indicated a significant level of mental illness stigma among Vietnamese Americans, and experiences of living in the United States might interact with the way stigma manifests among this population (Do et al., 2014). Stigma is a complex construct that warrants a deeper and more nuanced understanding (Castro et al., 2005). Much of the development of stigma-related concepts was based on the classic work by Goffman (1963); he defined stigma as a process by which an individual internalizes stigmatizing characteristics and develops fears and anxiety about being treated differently from others. Public stigma (defined by Corrigan, 2004) includes the general public’s negative beliefs about specific groups, in this case individuals and families with mental illness concerns, that contribute to discrimination. Public stigma toward mental illness acts not only as a major barrier to care, but can also exacerbate anxiety, depression, and adherence to treatment (Link et al., 1999; Sirey et al., 2001; Britt et al., 2008; Keyes et al., 2010). Link and Phelan (2001) conceptualized public stigma through four major components. The first component, labeling, occurs when people distinguish and label human differences that are socially relevant, for example, skin color. In the second component, stereotyping, cultural beliefs link the labeled persons to undesirable characteristics either in the mind or the body of such persons, for example people who are mentally ill are violent. The third component is separating “us” (the normal people) from “them” (the mentally ill) by the public. Finally, labeled persons experience status loss and discrimination, where they are devalued, rejected and excluded. Link and Phelan (2001) emphasized that stigmatization also depends on access to social, economic, and political power that allows these components to unfold. This study aims to answer the following research questions: (1) how does public stigma related to mental illness manifest among Vietnamese Americans? and (2) in what ways does acculturation influence stigma among this population? We investigate how the 4 components of stigma according to Link and Phelan (2001) operationalized and how they depend on the level of acculturation to the host society. Vietnamese Americans is the key ethnic minority group for this study for several reasons. Vietnamese immigration, which did not start in large numbers until the 1970s, has features that allow for a natural laboratory for comparisons of degree of acculturation. Previous research has shown significant intergenerational differences in the level of acculturation and mental health outcomes (e.g., Shapiro et al., 1999; Chung et al., 2000; Ying and Han, 2007). In this study, we used age group as a proxy indicator of acculturation, assuming that those who were born and raised in the United States (the 18–35 year olds) would be more Americanized than those who were born in Vietnam but spent a significant part of their younger years in the United States (the 36–55 year olds), and those who were born and grew up in Vietnam (the 56–75 year olds) would be most traditional Vietnamese. The language used in focus group discussions (FGDs) reflected some of the acculturation, where all FGDs with the youngest groups were done in English, and all FGDs with the oldest groups were done in Vietnamese. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Data were collected through a set of FGDs and key informant interviews (KIIs) with experts to explore the conceptualization and manifestation of mental illness public stigma among Vietnamese Americans in New Orleans. Six FGDs with a total of 51 participants were conducted. Participants were Vietnamese American men and women ages 18–75. Stratification was used to ensure representation in the following age/immigration pattern categories: (1) individuals age 56–75 who were born and grew up in Vietnam and immigrated to the United States after age 35; (2) individuals age 36–55 who were born in Vietnam but spent a significant part of their youth in the United States; and (3) individuals age 18–35 who were born and grew up in the United States. These groups likely represent different levels of acculturation, assuming that people who migrate at a younger age are more likely to assimilate to the host society than those who do at a later age. Separate FGDs were conducted with men and women. Eleven KIIS were conducted with 6 service providers and 5 community and religious leaders. In this analysis, we focused on mental illness public stigma from the FGD participants’ perspectives. FGDs were conducted in either English or Vietnamese, whichever participants felt more comfortable with, using semistructured interview guides. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and translated into English if conducted in Vietnamese. Data coding and analysis was done using NVivo version 11 (QSR International, 2015). The analysis process utilized a Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) approach, a validated and well-established approach to collecting and analyzing qualitative data. CQR involves gathering textual data through semistructured interviews or focus groups, utilizing a data analysis process that fosters multiple perspectives, a consensus process to arrive at judgments about the meaning of data, an auditor to check the work of the research team, and the development of domains, core-ideas, and cross-analysis (Hill et al., 2005). The study was reviewed and approved by Tulane University’s Internal Review Board. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Components of public stigma related to mental illness. The 4 components of public stigma manifest to different extents within the Vietnamese Americans in New Orleans. Labeling was among the strongest stigma components, while the evidence of the other components was mixed. Across groups of participants, Vietnamese Americans agreed that it was a common belief that people with mental disorders were “crazy,” “acting crazy,” or “madness.” “Not normal,” “sad,” and “depressed” were among other words used to describe the mentally ill. However, there were clear differences between younger and older Vietnamese on how they viewed these conditions. The youngest groups of participants tended to recognize the “craziness” and “madness” as a health condition that one would need to seek help for, whereas the oldest groups often stated that these conditions were short term and likely caused by family or economic problems, such as a divorce, or a bankruptcy. The middle-aged groups were somewhere in between. The evidence supporting the second component, stereotyping, was not strong among Vietnamese Americans. Most FGD participants agreed that although those with mental disorders may act differently, they were not distinguishable. In a few extreme cases, mentally ill individuals were described as petty thefts or being violent towards their family members. Similarly to the lack of strong evidence of stereotyping, there was also no evidence of the public separating the mentally ill (“them”) from “us”. It was nearly uniformly reported that they felt sympathetic to those with mental disorders and their family, and that they all recognized that they needed help, although the type of help was perceived differently across groups. The older participants often saw that emotional and financial support was needed to help individuals and families to pass through a temporary phase, whereas younger participants often reported that professional help was necessary. The last component, status loss and discrimination, had mixed evidence. While nearly no participants reported any explicit discriminatory behaviors observed and practiced towards individuals with mental disorders and their families, words like “discrimination” and “stigma” were used in all FGDs to describe direct social consequences of having a mental disorder. Social exclusion was common. Our older participants said: “They see less of you, when they see a flaw in you they don’t talk to you or care about you. That’s one thing the Vietnamese people are bad at, spreading false rumors and discrimination” (Older women FGD). One’s loss of status seemed certain if their or their loved one’s mental health status was disclosed. Shame, embarrassment, and being “frowned upon” were direct consequences of one’s mental health status disclosure and subsequently gossiped about. Anyone with mental disorders was certain to experience this, and virtually everyone in the community would reportedly do this to such a family. “You get frowned upon. In the Vietnamese culture, that’s [a family identified as one with mental health problems] the big no-no right there. When everybody frowns upon your family and your family name, that’s when it becomes a problem” (Young men FGD). This is tied directly to what our participants described as Vietnamese culture, where pride and family reputation were such a high priority that those with mental disorders needed to go to a great extent to protect—“We all know what saving face means” as reported by our young participants. Even among young participants, despite their awareness of mental illness and the need for professional help, the desire to avoid embarrassment and save face was so strong that one would think twice about seeking help. “No, you just don’t want to get embarrassed. I don’t want to go to the damn doctor and be like ‘Oh yeah, my brother got an issue. You can help him?’ Why would I do that? That’s embarrassing to myself…” (Young men FGD). Our middle-aged participants also reported: “If I go to that clinic [mental health or counseling clinic], I am hoping and praying that I won’t bump into somebody that I know from the community” (Middle-aged women FGD). Vietnamese people were also described as being very competitive among themselves, which led to the fact that if a family was known for having any problem, gossips would start and spread quickly wherever they go, and pretty soon, the family would be looked down by the entire community. “I think for Vietnamese people, they don’t help those that are in need. They know of your situation and laugh about it, see less of you, and distant themselves from you” (Older women FGD). Culture and mental illness stigma, much of the described stigma and discrimination expressed, and consequently the reluctance to seek help, was attributed to the lack of awareness of mental health and of mental health disorders. Many study participants across groups also emphasized a belief that Vietnamese Americans were often known for their perseverance and resilience, overcoming wars and natural disasters on their own. Mental disorders were reportedly seen as conditions that individuals and families needed to overcome on their own, rather than asking for help from outsiders. This aspect of Vietnamese culture is intertwined with the need to protect one’s family’s reputation, being passed on from one generation to the next, reinforcing the beliefs that help for mental disorders should come from within oneself and one’s family only. Consequently persons with mental health problems would be “Keeping it to themselves. Holding it in and believing in the power of their friends” (Middle-aged FGD) instead of seeking help. Another dimension of culture that was apparent from FGDs (as well as KIIs) was the mistrust in Western medicine. Not understanding how counseling or medicines work made one worry about approaching service providers or staying in treatment. The habit of Vietnamese people to only go see a doctor if they are sick with physical symptoms was also a hindrance to acknowledging mental illness and seeking care for it. Challenges, including the lack of vocabulary to express mental illness and symptoms, in the Vietnamese language, exaggerated the problem, even among those who had some understanding of mental disorders. It was said in the young men FGD that: “when you classify depression as an illness, no one wants to be sick,… if you call it an illness, no one wants to have that sort of illness, and it’s not an illness that you can physically see…” (Young men FGD). Another young man summarized so well the influence of culture on mental illness stigma: “Us Southeast Asian, like, from my parents specifically has Vietnam War refugees. I think the reason why they don’t talk about it is because it’s a barrier that they have to overcome themselves, right? As refugees, as people who have been through the war… [omitted]They don’t want to believe that they need help, and so the trauma that they carry when they give birth to us is carried on us as well. But due to the language barrier and also the, like, they say with the whole health care, in Vietnam I know that they don’t really believe in Western and Eurocentric medicine. So, from their understanding of how, like from their experience with colonization or French people, and how medicine works, they don’t believe in it” (Young men FGD). One characteristic of the Vietnamese culture that was also often mentioned by our FGD participants (as well as KIIs) was the lack of sharing and openness between generations, even within a family. Grandparents, parents, and children do not usually share and discuss each other’s problems. Parents and grandparents do not talk about problems because they need to appear strong and good in front of their children; children do not talk about problems because they are supposed to do well in all aspects, particularly in school. The competitiveness of Vietnamese and high expectations of younger generations again come into play here and create a vicious cycle. Young people are expected to do well in school, which put pressure on them and may result in mental health problems, yet, they cannot talk about it with their parents because they are not supposed to feel bad about school, and sharing is not encouraged. The Asian model minority myth and the expectations of parents that their children would do well in school and become doctors and lawyers were cited by many as a cause of mental health problems among young people. “Our parents are refugees, they had nothing and our parents want us to achieve this American Dream…. [omitted] It set expectations and images for us…. It was expected for all the Asians to be in the top 10, and for, like a little quick minute I thought I wasn’t going to make it, I was crying” (Yong men FGD). As a result, the mental health problems get worse. “If you’re feeling bad about something, you don’t feel like you can talk about it with anyone else, especially your family, because it is not something that is encouraged to be talked about anyway, so if you are feeling poorly and you don’t feel like you could talk to anybody, I think that just perpetuates the bad feelings” (Middle-aged women FGD). Acculturation and mental illness stigma Acculturation, the degree of assimilation to the host society, has changed some of the understanding of mental illness and stigmatizing attitudes. Differences across generations expressed in different FGDs indicated differences in perceptions towards mental illness that could be attributed to acculturation. For example, the young generation understood that mental illness was a health problem that was prevalent but less recognized in the Vietnamese community, whereas a prominent theme among the older participants was that mental illness was a temporary condition due to psychological stress, that it was a condition that only Caucasians had. Some of the components of public stigma related to mental illness seemed to vary between generations, for example the youngest participants were less likely to put a label on a person with mental health problems, or to stereotype them, compared to the oldest and middle-aged participants. This was attributed to their education, exposure to the media and information, and to them “being more Americanized.” However, there was no evidence that acculturation played an important role in changing the other components of public stigma, including stereotyping, separating, and status loss and discrimination. For example, the need to protect the family reputation was so important that our young participants shared: “If you damage their image, they will disown you before you damage that image” (Young men FGD). Young people, more likely to recognize mental health problems, were also more likely to share within the family and to seek help, but no more likely than their older counterparts to share outside of the family—“maybe you would go to counseling or go to therapy, but you wouldn’t tell people you’re doing that” (Young women FGD). The youngest participants in our study were facing a dilemma, in which they recognized mental health problems and the need for care, yet were still reluctant to seek care or talk about it publicly because of fears of damaging the family reputation and not living up to the parents’ expectations. Many young participants reported that it actually made it very difficult for them to navigate mental health issues between the 2 cultures, despite the awareness of the resources available. “I think it actually makes it harder. Only because you know to your parents and the culture, and your own people, it’s taboo, and it’s something that you don’t talk about. Just knowing that you have the resources to go seek it… You want advice from your family also, but you can’t connect the appointment to your family because you’re afraid to express that to your parents, you know? So I think that plays a big part, and knowing that you are up and coming, but you don’t want to do something to disappoint your family because they are so traditional” (Young men FGD). Some participants felt more comfortable talking about mental health problems, like depression, if it was their friend who experienced it and confided in them, but they would not necessarily felt open if it was their problem. Subtle cultural differences like this are likely overlooked by Western service providers. One older participant summarized it well “They [the young generation] are more Americanized. They are more open to other things [but] I think that mental health is still a barrier.” DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This study investigated how different components of public stigma related to mental illness manifest among Vietnamese Americans, a major ethnic group in the United States, and how acculturation may influence such stigma. The findings highlighted important components of public stigma, including labeling and status loss, but did not provide strong evidence of the other components within our study population. Strong cultural beliefs underlined the understanding of mental health and mental illness in general, and how people viewed people with mental illness. Several findings have been highlighted in previous studies with Asian immigrants elsewhere; for example, a study from the perspectives of health care providers in Canada found that the unfamiliarity with Western biomedicine and spiritual beliefs and practices of immigrant women interacted with social stigma in preventing immigrants from accessing care (O’Mahony and Donnelly, 2007). Fancher et al. (2010) reported similar findings regarding stigma, traditional beliefs about medicine, and culture among Vietnamese Americans. Acculturation played a role in changing stigmatizing attitudes as evidenced in intergenerational differences. However, being more Americanized did not equate to being more open, having less stigmatizing attitudes, or being more willing to seek care for mental health issues. Consistent with previous studies (Pedersen and Paves, 2014), we still found some level of stigma among young people aged 18–35, although some components were lessened with an increased level of acculturation. There was also a conflict among the younger generation, in which the need for mental health care was recognized but accessing care was no easier for them than for their parent and grandparent generations. The study’s findings are useful to adapt existing instruments to measure stigma to this population. The findings also have important program implications. One, they can be directly translated into basic supports for local primary and behavioral health care providers. Two, they can also be used to guide and inform the development and evaluation of an intervention and an additional study to validate the findings in other immigrant ethnic groups in the United States. Finally, based on results of the study, we can develop a conceptual framework that describes pathways through which social, cultural, and ecological factors can influence stigma and the ways in which stigma acts as a barrier to accessing mental health care among Vietnamese Americans. The guiding framework then can be validated and applied in future programs aimed to improve mental health care utilization among ethnic minorities.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify knowledge sharing practices used among parents with children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Design/methodology/approach The study was based on qualitative philosophical foundations, where phenomenological case study design was used to make an in-depth understanding of how parents whose children are diagnosed with ASD shared knowledge among themselves. The population for this research consists of parents whose children have been diagnosed with ASD in Ghana. The study sampled for the study was 12 parents and was selected from 4 autism awareness centres in Ghana to obtain data through the use of focus group discussion and analysed with the aid of thematic analysis. Findings The study showed that the dimensions of knowledge sharing practices used by parents with autistic children were after-action review/lesson learnt, brainstorming, mentoring, coaching system, discussion forum, face-to-face meeting, documentation, peer assistance and storytelling. Finally, the study also revealed that knowledge sharing practices used by parents with autistic children help them in their daily engagement. Social implications An aspect of the training of social workers should focus on how to assist parents, family and neighbours of children with ASD. The government through the needed ministries and agencies should create a social support system to assist parents and families with children with ASD. Counsellors should avail their services to parents with children with ASD as early as possible to avoid or ameliorate some of the emotional and psychological challenges of these parents. Originality/value The paper offers a comprehensive overview on how knowledge sharing transforms the individual to learn and accept autistic condition in Ghana.

The author’s legal support of the components of the structural-functional model (SFM) of medical care for children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is given in this article, in particular regarding social support for families in which children with disabilities are raised, which is aimed at strengthening social protection, individualization of the worker schedule and employment, expanding the availability and cheapening of food products, patient-oriented social assistance and improving the economic condition of persons with children with disabilities, other urgent problems of patients with BPD. The Law of Ukraine number 544-VIII «On Employment» renewed the rights of citizens with additional guarantees in employment, and provided these guarantees, and with respect to the target contingent of the SFM, it strengthens the social protection of parents, the establishment of a shorter working time or part-time or non-working week only for women who raise a disabled child, individualization of working time in the care of a sick family member. It is envisaged to ensure fairness in taxation in accordance with EU Council Directive number 2006/112, and in relation to the target contingent of the SFM — the reduction in the cost of food for special nutrition for children. It is also ensured that social justice is implemented in the pension provision of the parental family and, in relation to the target contingent of the SFM, is the improvement of the economic condition of persons with disabled children. A comprehensive reform of the health care system has been defined to create a network of state and communal institutions with a sufficient level of independence, which in relation to the target contingent, the SFM implements approaches aimed at creating a patient-oriented system that can provide medical care in an institution. In order to improve the legislative and regulatory support during 2014–2019, directions for the implementation of the legislative initiative were identified. Socio-medical assistance has been improved: social protection of parents with dependent children under 6 years of age has been strengthened, working hours have been individualized when taking care of a sick family member, food products have been cheapened for special nutrition of children, the creation of a patient-oriented care system has been substantiated, the economic state of persons supporting children has been improved while increasing the mutual responsibility of parents in material assistance and other, which improved the regulatory and legal support of this component of the SFM of medical care for children with BDL.

The article is devoted to the corporate culture of an educational institution as a factor in the success of its operations. The quality of educational services, relationships in the teaching staff, the atmosphere of schools that meet the requirements of our time, the demands of the public, have a high reputation and are competitive in the educational market depends on the level of formation of corporate culture. However, the problem of the formation and development of corporate culture schools for a long time remained unnoticed today still at the periphery of research practices. Today in Ukraine corporate culture has not been reflected in the regulatory legislation and education based on the general cultural level of society, morality, business practices, etc., whose condition is caused by the level of economic development. The management of corporate culture is open and clear enough for most school leaders, and therefore there is a need to disseminate information on the role of corporate culture, mechanisms of implementation and management of its formation. The main structural elements of organizational culture seen in the mission, values, standards system to ensure the process of training, education and development of children; the attitude of teachers to the goals, objectives, results of work of educational organizations; communication and informal rules of behavior, choice of appropriate leadership styles, conditions for creativity teachers, traditions, rituals and ceremonies that are accepted in school; staff attitude to themselves as members of the teaching kolekyvu, opportunities for their personal development. We believe that the culture of an educational institution should be considered first, as a system of collective values, norms and traditions of life common students and teaching staff, and secondly, as an integral characteristic of individual school community; Thirdly, as the most important factor of socialization of students. A key step in the formation of corporate culture is to define the mission and vision of the educational institution. In the mission and goals of the institution should have reflected the basic values that are specified in the concept of school. An important role in the corporate culture of an educational institution plays a presence bright, charismatic personality of the head of school. The researchers emphasize that the most successful developing corporate culture in educational institutions, led by creative director are ready to innovate, informally linked to a function that can create a team which interact on an equal footing teachers, students their parents and the public.

This study aims at describing principles of fairness education examined from intellectual and financial aspects of sociology in the social perspectives. Relying on the quantitative approach, this study collected data using survey, observation, in depth interview, and documentary analysis. Area sampling techniques were used in this study involving one countries and one cities in the Makasar provinces. The number of respondents and their areas were 2 persons from Education Department Office, 12 principals, 12 school-teachers, 12 student-parents, 3 members of School Committee, and 24 students. Data of this study were analyzed using tabulation techniques focusing on the frequency and rate percentage. Three findings were revealed in this study. First, schools that have conducted principles of fairness education included schools that opened acceleration classes, superior classes, SNBI classes, bilingual classes, and inclusive or integrated classes. Second, schools that implemented principles of fairness education emphasizing on financial aspects were schools that gave scholarships and cross-subsidy. Third, schools that accommodated principles of fairness education based on the intellectual aspect put strong emphasis on the quality of input students. In addition, financial aspects in the implementation of principles of fairness education included economy status of students’ parents, school budget condition, support from local government, support from school committee, and support from stakeholders.

Nutrition is a factor that plays an important role in the growth and development of children under five. In the aspect of nutrition, the role of parents, especially mothers, is very important because it is the closest person to the child especially in a disaster situation the mother must be able to provide balanced nutritional needs for toddlers. This study aims to obtain an overview of the attitudes and behaviors of mothers in fulfilling the nutrition of toddlers post-disaster H-1. This survey involved mothers who had children aged 13 to 59 months in the Solok SelatanRegion of West Sumatra totaling 112 respondents. The sampling technique used was multistage random sampling and consecutive sampling. The survey results showed that 75.9% of mothers had sufficient knowledge, 57.1% of mothers had a good enough attitude, and 71.4% of mothers behaved well in fulfilling the nutrition of children under five. The results of this study indicate a positive condition and mothers are able to provide nutritional needs for toddlers even in disaster situations but need to be investigated more deeply so that the main problems related to toddler nutrition can be identified

Summary Carney complex (CNC) is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by pigmented lesions of the skin and mucosae along with cardiac, endocrine, cutaneous, and neural myxomatous tumors. Mutations in the PRKAR1A gene have been identified in ∼70% of the CNC cases reported worldwide. A 30-year-old male was referred to the endocrinology clinic with suspected acromegaly. He had a history of recurrent atrial myxoma for the past 8 years for which he underwent repeated surgeries. Presently, he complained of having headache, excessive snoring, sweating, and also noticed increase in his shoe size. Evaluation for acromegaly revealed elevated levels of GH in random as well as in suppressed condition. Magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed enlarged sella with microadenoma in the left anterior pituitary. Screening of PRKAR1A gene was carried out for the patient, his parents and siblings who were available and willing to undergo the test. The patient was diagnosed to have the rare CNC syndrome characterized by recurrent atrial myxoma and acromegaly due to a novel 22 bp insertion mutation in PRKAR1A which was predicted to be deleterious by in silico analysis. Screening the available family members revealed the absence of this mutation in them except the elder brother who also tested positive for this mutation. The present study reports on a novel PRKAR1A insertion mutation in a patient with acromegaly and left atrial myxoma in CNC. Learning points Identification of a novel deleterious PRKAR1A insertion mutation causing CNC. It is important that patients with cardiac myxoma be investigated for presence of endocrine overactivity suggestive of CNC. PRKAR1A mutation analysis should be undertaken in such cases to confirm the diagnosis in the patients as well as first degree relatives. This case highlights an important aspect of diagnosis, clinical course, and management of this rare condition.

ABSTRACT: PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT ON PARENTS OF SLOW LEARNER CHILDREN IN BANDUNG Slow learner is one of students’ characteristics that need special treatment in inclusive schools. The condition of children who are slow to learn has a high enough risk to stay in class. Therefore, the factor of parental involvement in student learning is important for slow learner children's education. The purpose of this research is to give description on how the parental involvement in SDN X. This is a descriptive research with 42 people as population. As a measurement we use Self Assessment of School / Program Parent Involvement Practices Based on Joyce Epstein’s Six Type of Involvement. The result of this research show that 69,05% has a low parental involvement and learning at home aspect has the lowest percentage about 59,52%. Based on these results, it is necessary to increase the involvement of parents with slow learner children, especially in repeating material at home so that the learning achievement of slow learner students can be achieved optimally. Keywords: Inclusive Education, Slow Learner, Parental involvement. Slow learner merupakan salah satu karakteristik siswa yang perlu mendapatkan penanganan khusus di sekolah inklusi. Kondisi anak yang lambat belajar mempunyai resiko cukup tinggi untuk ting­gal kelas. Oleh karenanya faktor keterlibatan orang tua dalam pembelajaran siswa menjadi penting bagi pendidikan anak slow learner. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat gambaran mengenai parental involvement pada orang tua dengan anak slow learner pada SDN X. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan populasi sebanyak 42 orang. Alat ukur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa kuesioner Self Assessment of School / Program Parent Involvement Practices berdasarkan teori Joyce Epstein (2001). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa parental involvement di SDN X termasuk rendah dengan persentase sebesar 69,05% dan aspek yang memiliki persentase tertinggi adalah aspek learning at home dengan persentase sebesar 59,52%. Berdasarkan hasil ini maka perlu adanya upaya peningkatan keterlibatan orang tua dengan anak slow learner khususnya dalam pengulangan materi di rumah agar prestasi belajar siswa slow learner dapat tercapai optimal. Kata Kunci: Pendidikan Inklusi, Slow Learner, Parental Involvement