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1

Linke, Simon, and n/a. "River conservation planning: accounting for condition, vulnerability and connected systems." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 2006. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20070716.155500.

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Conservation science in rivers is still lagging behind its terrestrial and marine counterparts, despite increasing threats to freshwater biodiversity and extinction rates being estimated as five times higher than in terrestrial ecosystems. Internationally, most protected rivers have been assigned reserve status in the framework of terrestrial conservation plans, neglecting catchment effects of disturbance. While freshwater conservation tools are mainly index based (e.g. richness, rarity), modern terrestrial and marine conservation planning methods use complementarity-based algorithms - proven to be most efficient at protecting a large number of taxa for the least cost. The few complementarity-based lotic conservation efforts all use broad river classifications instead of biota as targets, a method heavily disputed in the literature. They also ignore current condition and future vulnerability. It was the aim of this thesis to develop a framework for conservation planning that: a) accounts for the connected nature of rivers b) is complementarity based and uses biota as targets c) integrates current status and future vulnerability I developed two different approaches using macroinvertebrate datasets from Australia, Canada and the USA. The first new method was a site/based two-tiered approach integrating condition and conservation value, based on RIVPACS/AUSRIVAS � a modelling technique that predicts macroinvertebrate composition. The condition stage assesses biodiversity loss by estimating a site-specific expected assemblage and comparing it to the actual observed assemblage. Sites with significant biodiversity loss are flagged for restoration, or other management actions. All other sites progress to the conservation stage, in which an index of site-specific taxonomic rarity is calculated. This second index (O/E BIODIV) assesses the number of rare taxa (as defined by &lt50% probability of occurrence). Using this approach on a dataset near Sydney, NSW, Australia, I was able to identify three regions: 1) an area in need of restoration; 2) a region of high conservation value and 3) an area that had high conservation potential if protection and restoration measures could counteract present disturbance. However, a second trial run with three datasets from the USA and Canada highlighted problems with O/E (BIODIV). If common taxa are predicted at lower probabilities of occurrence (p&lt50%) because of model error, they enter the index and change O/E (BIODIV). Therefore, despite an attractive theoretical grounding, the application of O/E (BIODIV) will be restricted to datasets where strong environmental gradients explain a large quantity of variation in the data and permit accurate predictions of rare taxa. It also requires extensive knowledge of regional species pools to ensure that introduced organisms are not counted in the index. The second approach was a proper adaptation of terrestrial complementarity algorithms and an extension to the Irreplaceability-Vulnerability framework by Margules and Pressey (2000). For this large-scale method, distributions for 400 invertebrate taxa were modeled across 1854 subcatchments in Victoria, Australia using Generalised Additive Models (GAMs). The best heuristic algorithm to estimate conservation value was determined by calculating the minimum area needed to cover all 400 taxa. Solutions were restricted to include rules for the protection of whole catchments upstream of a subcatchment that contained the target taxon. A summed rarity algorithm proved to be most efficient, beating the second best solution by 100 000 hectares. To protect 90% of the taxa, only 2% of the study area need to be protected. This increases to 10% of the study area when full representation of the targets is required. Irreplaceability was calculated by running the heuristic algorithm 1000 times with 90% of the catchments randomly removed. Two statistics were then estimated: f (the frequency of selection across 1000 runs) and average c (contribution to conservation targets). Four groups of catchments were identified: a) catchments that have high contributions and are always selected; b) catchments that have high contributions and are not always selected; c) catchments that are always chosen but do not contribute many taxa; d) catchments that are rarely chosen and did not contribute many taxa. Summed c, the sum of contributions over 1000 runs was chosen as an indicator of irreplaceability, integrating the frequency of selection and the number of taxa protected. Irreplaceability (I) was then linked to condition (C) and vulnerability (V) to create the ICVframework for river conservation planning. Condition was estimated using a stressor gradient approach (SGA), in which GIS layers of disturbance were summarised to three principal axes using principal components analysis (PCA). The main stressor gradient � agriculture � classified 75% of the study area as disturbed, a value consistent with existing assessments of river condition. Vulnerability was defined as the likelihood that land use in a catchment would intensify in the future. Hereby current tenure was compared to land capability. If a catchment would support a land use that would have a stronger effect on the rivers than its current tenure, it was classified as vulnerable. 79% of catchments contained more than 50% vulnerable land. When integrating the three estimators in the ICV-framework, seven percent of catchments were identified as highly irreplaceable but in degraded condition. These were flagged for urgent restoration. Unprotected, but highly irreplaceable and highly vulnerable catchments that were still in good condition made up 2.5% of the total area. These catchments are prime candidates for river reserves. The ICV framework developed here is the first method for systematic conservation planning in rivers that is complementarity-based, biota-driven but flexible to other conservation targets and accounts for catchment effects, thus fulfilling all the gaps outlined in the aims.
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2

Žemaitis, Povilas. "Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) condition and disturbances in the changing climate." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20141205_101154-94316.

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Research studies indicate that during the XXI century the rate of damages and vulnerability of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) will increase. The aim of the study was to assess changes of condition and vulnerability of Norway spruce in Lithuania and evaluate the impact of the main affecting factors, including climate change. To achieve this aim the following objectives were set up: to evaluate dynamics of spruce crown condition during 1990–2013 period in the different climatic regions of Lithuania and hydrotops and assess the impact of climatic factors on defoliation; to identify factors wish have impact on frequency of biotic and abiotic damages, evaluate dynamics of damages and assess relation between damages and crown condition; to identify factors wish have impact on frequency of wood decay in spruce stands and assess the impact of wood decay on crown defoliation; to assess changes of the spruce phonological structure in different climatic regions of Lithuania. Novelty of the study. For the first time in Lithuania a systematic (integrated) research has been done one the Norway spruce condition in a changing climate. The effects of precipitation and temperature on crown condition in different climatic and site humidity gradients were identified. The key biotic and abiotic damaging factors were identified and was assessed they impact on crown defoliation. Relation of incidence of decay and crown defoliation was identified. Structure of spruce phenological forms... [to full text]<br>Moksliniai tyrimai rodo, kad XXI a. paprastosios eglės (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) pažeidžiamumo rizika išaugs. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti paprastosios eglės (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) būklės ir pažeidžiamumo tendencijas Lietuvoje, įvertinti juos lemiančius veiksnius ir galimą klimato kaitos įtaką. Uždaviniai: nustatyti eglės lajų būklės kaitos dėsningumus 1990–2013 metais skirtinguose Lietuvos klimatiniuose rajonuose ir hidrotopuose bei įvertinti klimato veiksnių ir galimą klimato kaitos įtaką lajų defoliacijai; išaiškinti eglės biotinių ir abiotinių pažeidimų gausos pokyčių tendencijas, nustatyti lemiančius veiksnius bei įvertinti pažeidimų poveikį medžių būklei; nustatyti eglės liemens puvinio paplitimą lemiančius veiksnius ir puvinių įtaką lajų būklei; nustatyti savaiminio žėlimo eglių fenologinių formų struktūros pokytį skirtinguose Lietuvos klimatiniuose rajonuose. Darbo mokslinis naujumas. Pirmą kartą Lietuvoje atlikti sistemingi klimato pokyčių poveikio eglės būklei tyrimai. Išaiškinti svarbiausi klimato veiksniai lemiantys eglių lajų būklę bei įvertintas jų reikšmingumas skirtinguose Lietuvos klimatiniuose rajonuose ir augavietėse augančioms eglėms. Išaiškinti pagrindiniai biotiniai ir abiotiniai eglę pažeidžiantys veiksniai ir įvertinta jų įtaka lajų būklei. Įvertintas eglės liemens puvinio intensyvumo poveikis lajų defoliacijai. Nustatytas savaiminio žėlimo eglių fenologinių formų pasiskirstymas brandžiuose eglynuose ir žėliniuose Lietuvos klimato rajonuose.
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3

Jimenez, Willy. "Two complementary approaches to detecting vulnerabilities in C programs." Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00939088.

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In general, computer software vulnerabilities are defined as special cases where an unexpected behavior of the system leads to the degradation of security properties or the violation of security policies. These vulnerabilities can be exploited by malicious users or systems impacting the security and/or operation of the attacked system. Since the literature on vulnerabilities is not always available to developers and the used tools do not allow detecting and avoiding them; the software industry continues to be affected by security breaches. Therefore, the detection of vulnerabilities in software has become a major concern and research area. Our research was done under the scope of the SHIELDS European project and focuses specifically on modeling techniques and formal detection of vulnerabilities. In this area, existing approaches are limited and do not always rely on a precise formal modeling of the vulnerabilities they target. Additionally detection tools produce a significant number of false positives/negatives. Note also that it is quite difficult for a developer to know what vulnerabilities are detected by each tool because they are not well documented. Under this context the contributions made in this thesis are: Definition of a formalism called template. Definition of a formal language, called Vulnerability Detection Condition (VDC), which can accurately model the occurrence of a vulnerability. Also a method to generate VDCs from templates has been defined. Defining a second approach for detecting vulnerabilities which combines model checking and fault injection techniques. Experiments on both approaches
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4

Žemaitis, Povilas. "Paprastosios eglės (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) būklė ir pažeidžiamumas klimato kaitos sąlygomis." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20141205_101207-48046.

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Moksliniai tyrimai rodo, kad XXI a. paprastosios eglės (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) pažeidžiamumo rizika išaugs. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti paprastosios eglės (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) būklės ir pažeidžiamumo tendencijas Lietuvoje, įvertinti juos lemiančius veiksnius ir galimą klimato kaitos įtaką. Uždaviniai: nustatyti eglės lajų būklės kaitos dėsningumus 1990–2013 metais skirtinguose Lietuvos klimatiniuose rajonuose ir hidrotopuose bei įvertinti klimato veiksnių ir galimą klimato kaitos įtaką lajų defoliacijai; išaiškinti eglės biotinių ir abiotinių pažeidimų gausos pokyčių tendencijas, nustatyti lemiančius veiksnius bei įvertinti pažeidimų poveikį medžių būklei; nustatyti eglės liemens puvinio paplitimą lemiančius veiksnius ir puvinių įtaką lajų būklei; nustatyti savaiminio žėlimo eglių fenologinių formų struktūros pokytį skirtinguose Lietuvos klimatiniuose rajonuose. Darbo mokslinis naujumas. Pirmą kartą Lietuvoje atlikti sistemingi klimato pokyčių poveikio eglės būklei tyrimai. Išaiškinti svarbiausi klimato veiksniai lemiantys eglių lajų būklę bei įvertintas jų reikšmingumas skirtinguose Lietuvos klimatiniuose rajonuose ir augavietėse augančioms eglėms. Išaiškinti pagrindiniai biotiniai ir abiotiniai eglę pažeidžiantys veiksniai ir įvertinta jų įtaka lajų būklei. Įvertintas eglės liemens puvinio intensyvumo poveikis lajų defoliacijai. Nustatytas savaiminio žėlimo eglių fenologinių formų pasiskirstymas brandžiuose eglynuose ir žėliniuose Lietuvos klimato rajonuose.<br>Research studies indicate that during the XXI century the rate of damages and vulnerability of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) will increase. The aim of the study was to assess changes of condition and vulnerability of Norway spruce in Lithuania and evaluate the impact of the main affecting factors, including climate change. To achieve this aim the following objectives were set up: to evaluate dynamics of spruce crown condition during 1990–2013 period in the different climatic regions of Lithuania and hydrotops and assess the impact of climatic factors on defoliation; to identify factors wish have impact on frequency of biotic and abiotic damages, evaluate dynamics of damages and assess relation between damages and crown condition; to identify factors wish have impact on frequency of wood decay in spruce stands and assess the impact of wood decay on crown defoliation; to assess changes of the spruce phonological structure in different climatic regions of Lithuania. Novelty of the study. For the first time in Lithuania a systematic (integrated) research has been done one the Norway spruce condition in a changing climate. The effects of precipitation and temperature on crown condition in different climatic and site humidity gradients were identified. The key biotic and abiotic damaging factors were identified and was assessed they impact on crown defoliation. Relation of incidence of decay and crown defoliation was identified. Structure of spruce phenological forms... [to full text]
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5

Keeton, Jenna M. "The Vulnerability of Littoral Structures Under Multiyear Drought Conditions." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7585.

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Climate change is associated with altered environmental conditions and shifting mosaics of suitable habitats for organisms. Climate change in the form of drought can shift important lake shoreline habitats downslope, altering the lakes chemistry and habitat availability. Additionally, negative biological consequences can occur after a loss of submerged habitat along shorelines, hereafter littoral habitat. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether littoral habitat is lost (cobble, coarse woody habitat (fallen trees; CWH), and aquatic vegetation) under drought conditions across the United States. I used the National Lakes Assessment physical habitat data collected in summer 2012, when 75% of the U.S. experienced drought. I calculated the probability of cobble, CWH, and aquatic vegetation loss with lake level decline. I found cobble and CWH were highly vulnerable, where just 1 meter of lake level loss would result in nearly 100% habitat loss. Aquatic vegetation exhibited vulnerability but at a higher threshold. Multiyear drought will continue into the future with scientists estimating increases in drought frequency and severity, and we do not yet understand how or if aquatic animals will be resilient to a loss of littoral habitat. For example, previous research suggests food webs may be slow to recovery following littoral habitat loss. We must continue to evaluate the biological and environmental consequences of littoral habitat loss under drought conditions to successfully manage lakes and reservoirs into the future.
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6

Smith, Jason Richard. "Seral stage, site conditions, and the vulnerability of understory plant communities to forest harvesting /." Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2005. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/2024.

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Research Project (M.R.M.) - Simon Fraser University, 2005.<br>Theses (School of Resource and Environmental Management) / Simon Fraser University. Research Project (School of Resource and Environmental Management) / Simon Fraser University.
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7

Mahlakoana, Nicholene Ntlogeleng. "Vulnerability to brown environmental problems within informal settlements in Seshego, Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/628.

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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2010<br>Living in informal settlements is associated, theoretically, with the exposure and vulnerability to Brown Environmental Problems. Literature further stresses the association of informal settlements and poor living conditions by demonstrating that the establishment of informal settlements around the cities is intricately associated with poor living conditions that enforce circumstances of perpetual risk and high levels of vulnerability to Brown Environmental Problems. Overcrowding, poor service provision and heavy reliance on dirty fuels characterizes informal settlements and therefore link these settlements and environmental risks and hazards. The link between informal settlements and environmental risks and hazards is in return making people who live in these settlements vulnerable to, among other things, the Brown Environmental Problems, such as indoor pollution, dirty water, poor sanitation and poor waste management. It therefore became increasingly necessary to investigate the vulnerability to Brown Environmental Problems associated within these settlements. The investigation was done in Seshego, Zone 6, mostly known as Shushumela (Rainbow-Park). The study adopted a combination of the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative approach was used to describe the characteristics of the informal settlement, the types and origins of the Brown Environmental Problems, the living conditions within the settlement, and to detail the individual accounts of the informal settlements population’s opinions and experiences on their vulnerability. Additionally, quantitative approach was used to measure the demographic profile of the households within the settlements, to determine the population density in the settlements, the frequency of the households’ exposure to a variety of Brown Environmental Problems and the amount of time of exposure to dirty fuels, dirty water, and poor sanitation. The prevalence rate of the different types of the Brown Environmental Problems was also quantitatively constructed. The study compiled its conceptual framework by digesting and synthesising contributions from the system of ideas that involves the general assumption about the relationship between informal settlements living conditions and vulnerability of the populations therein to Brown Environmental Problems. Zone 6 is an informal settlement in Seshego, this settlement is also known as Rainbow Park-Shushumela. Like other informal settlements, Shushumela comprises of people who need a place to stay but unable to find one due to various reasons one of them being affordability issue. Shushumela informal settlement does not have basic services. Its residents stay in shacks and use their own ways to survive the situation of living without electricity, adequate sanitation and waste removal services. The residents are exposed to various Brown Environmental Problems such as indoor air pollution due the use of paraffin wood and coal, waterborne diseases and sanitation-borne diseases due to the limited access of water and use of pit latrines. The residents’ overall living conditions expose them to Brown Environmental Problems.
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8

Fiol, Veny Ana Maria. "Vulnerability factors for internalizing problems: cardiac and affective complexity in adolescents under ecological and labioratory conditions." Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671469.

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[spa] Los trastornos internalizantes (TIs) son las psicopatologías más prevalentes en adultos y generan un gran deterioro en muchas áreas de la persona y de sus familiares. La edad media de inicio de muchos de estos trastornos se encuadra dentro de la adolescencia, motivo por el cual esta etapa se considera un periodo de riesgo para el desarrollo de TIs. La probabilidad de que un TI se mantenga de la adolescencia hasta la edad adulta es elevada, ya que estos problemas no son suficientemente detectados por los sistemas de atención primaria. En este sentido, el estudio de los factores de vulnerabilidad relacionados con los TIs puede ayudar esclarecer la génesis y el mantenimiento de estos trastornos y, consecuentemente, ayudar a diseñar programas de prevención y de intervención basados en la evidencia empírica. Por lo que sabemos, la evidencia disponible sobre este tema en adolescentes es limitada. Tradicionalmente, el estudio de la psicopatología se ha centrado en concepciones lineales de la conducta humana. En respuesta a ello, la Teoría de los Sistemas Dinámicos (TSD), una perspectiva reciente dentro del ámbito de la psicología, puede ser útil a la hora de incrementar nuestro conocimiento sobre la conducta humana como lo que es: un fenómeno complejo y no lineal. El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue utilizar la TSD como marco teórico para dar respuesta a algunas de las lagunas existentes sobre la vulnerabilidad psicológica y fisiológica para el desarrollo de TIs en adolescentes. Se intentó dar respuesta a dos preguntas generales: a) ¿Se puede distinguir entre adolescentes sanos más y menos vulnerables a desarrollar TIs, mediante el uso de índices de complejidad afectiva y cardíaca?, b) ¿Cómo se relacionan la complejidad afectiva y cardíaca de los adolescentes sanos con otros factores de vulnerabilidad para los TIs ya establecidos, como el sexo, los síntomas de ansiedad o la desregulación emocional? Se diseñaron cinco estudios en condiciones ecológicas o de laboratorio con el objetivo de obtener una mejor representación de las dinámicas afectivas y cardíacas. En el estudio 1, una muestra de adolescentes sanos informó sobre sus niveles de estado de ánimo, ansiedad y preocupación, dos veces al día durante un periodo de 100 días. Los estudios 2 y 3 consistieron en registrar la actividad cardíaca de adolescentes sanos durante 120 minutos mientras llevaban a cabo actividades diarias dentro del contexto académico. La muestra del estudio 2 se dividió en dos grupos en función del sexo (chicos/chicas) y del nivel de ansiedad (alto/bajo). Para el estudio 3 se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria, independiente del nivel de ansiedad de los participantes. En los estudios 4 y 5 se registró la respuesta cardíaca de adolescentes sanos mientras se sometían a un protocolo de inducción de estrés social. El estilo de regulación emocional de los participantes también se evaluó en el estudio 4. Casi todos los exponentes de escala demostraron su fractalidad y multiestabilidad. Además, los exponentes de preocupación correlacionaron positivamente con el control intencional, y negativamente con la afectividad negativa y la necesidad de afiliación (estudio 1). En referencia a la complejidad cardíaca se encontró que ésta era inferior en las chicas en comparación con los chicos (estudios 2, 3 y 5), así como en aquellos adolescentes con una mayor tendencia a utilizar estrategias de regulación emocional negativas en general, pero solo cuando pasaron de la fase de estrés a la de recuperación (estudio 4). También se observó que, a menor complejidad cardíaca, mayor nivel de síntomas internalizantes (estudio 3). Finalmente, el sexo femenino predijo una menor complejidad cardíaca, al contrario que el estilo de regulación emocional negativo, que se observó que estaba positivamente relacionado con la complejidad cardíaca (estudio 4). En resumen, esta tesis doctoral demuestra que las fluctuaciones afectivas y cardíacas se encuentran bajo procesos de regulación complejos con memoria, que tienen en cuenta la información de diferentes escalas temporales para asegurar una adaptación más exitosa a la vida diaria. También se concluye que aquellos adolescentes más vulnerables a desarrollar un TI (chicas, mayores síntomas de ansiedad o estrategias de regulación emocional disfuncionales) parecen tener menores niveles de complejidad afectiva y cardíaca que aquellos adolescentes menos vulnerables. Por tanto, una complejidad/flexibilidad afectiva y cardíaca reducidas podrían constituir marcadores psicológicos y fisiológicos de un patrón desadaptativo a la hora de confrontar demandas internas y externas<br>[cat] Els trastorns internalitzants (TIs) són les psicopatologies amb major prevalença en adults i generen un gran deteriorament en moltes àrees de la persona i dels seus familiars. L’edat mitjana d’inici de molts d’aquests trastorns s’emmarca dins l’adolescència, motiu pel qual aquesta etapa és considerada un període de risc per al desenvolupament de TIs. La probabilitat que un TI es mantingui de l’adolescència fins a l’edat adulta és elevada, ja que aquests problemes no són suficientment detectats pels sistemes d’atenció primerenca. En aquest sentit, l’estudi de factors de vulnerabilitat relacionats amb els TIs pot ajudar a esclarir la gènesi i el manteniment d’aquests trastorns i, conseqüentment, ajudar a dissenyar programes de prevenció i d’intervenció basats en l’evidència empírica. Pel que sabem, l’evidència disponible sobre aquest tema en adolescents és limitada. Tradicionalment, l’estudi de la psicopatologia s’ha centrat en concepcions lineals de la conducta humana. En resposta a això, la Teoria dels Sistemes Dinàmics (TSD), una perspectiva recent dins l’àmbit de la psicologia, pot ser útil a l’hora d’incrementar el nostre coneixement sobre la conducta humana com el que és: un fenomen complex i no lineal.L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi va ser emprar la TSD com a marc teòric per a donar resposta a algunes de les llacunes existents sobre la vulnerabilitat psicològica i fisiològica per al desenvolupament de TIs en adolescents. Es va intentar donar resposta a dues preguntes generals: a) Es pot distingir entre adolescents sans més i menys vulnerables a desenvolupar TIs, mitjançant l’ús d’índexs de complexitat afectiva i complexitat cardíaca?, b) Com es relacionen la complexitat afectiva i cardíaca dels adolescents sans amb altres factors de vulnerabilitat per als TIs ja establerts, com el sexe, els símptomes internalitzants o la desregulació emocional? Es van dissenyar cinc estudis sota condicions ecològiques o de laboratori, amb l’objectiu d’obtenir una millor representació de les dinàmiques afectives i cardíaques. En l’estudi 1, una mostra d’adolescents sans va informar sobre els seus nivells d’estat d’ànim, ansietat i preocupació, dues vegades per dia durant un període de 100 dies. Els estudis 2 i 3 van consistir en l’enregistrament de l’activitat cardíaca d’adolescents sans durant 120 minuts mentre duien a terme les seves activitats diàries dins el context acadèmic. La mostra de l’estudi 2 es va dividir en dos grups en funció del sexe (nins/nines) i del nivell d’ansietat (alt/baix). Per a l’estudi 3 es va seleccionar una mostra aleatòria, independent del nivell d’ansietat dels participants. En els estudis 4 i 5 es va enregistrar la resposta cardíaca d’adolescents sans mentre es sotmetien a un protocol d’inducció d’estrès social. L’estil de regulació emocional dels participants també es va avaluar durant l’estudi 4. Quasi tots els exponents d’escala varen demostrar la seva fractalitat i multiestabilitat. A més a més, els exponents de preocupació correlacionaren positivament amb el control intencional, i negativament amb l’afectivitat negativa i la necessitat d’afiliació (estudi 1). En referència a la complexitat cardíaca, es va trobar que aquesta era més baixa en les nines en comparació amb els nins (estudis 2, 3 i 5), així com en aquells adolescents amb una major tendència a emprar estratègies de regulació emocional més negatives en general, però només quan passaren de la fase d’estrès a la de recuperació (estudi 4). També es va observar que a menor complexitat cardíaca, major nivell de símptomes internalitzants (estudi 3). Finalment, el sexe femení va predir una menor complexitat cardíaca, al contrari de l’estil de regulació emocional negatiu, que es va trobar que estava positivament relacionat amb la complexitat cardíaca (estudi 4). En resum, aquesta tesi doctoral demostra que les fluctuacions afectives i cardíaques es troben sota processos de regulació complexos amb memòria, que tenen en compte la informació de diferents escales temporals per assegurar una adaptació més exitosa a la vida diària. També es conclou que aquells adolescents més vulnerables a desenvolupar un TI (nines, majors símptomes internalitzants o estratègies de regulació emocional disfuncionals) semblen tenir menors nivells de complexitat afectiva i cardíaca que aquells adolescents menys vulnerables. Per tant, una complexitat/flexibilitat afectiva i cardíaca reduïdes podrien constituir marcadors psicològics i fisiològics d’un patró desadaptatiu a l’hora de confrontar demandes internes i externes.<br>[eng] The internalizing disorders (IDs) are the highest prevalent psychopathological conditions in adults and cause great impairment in several areas of the individual and their relatives. Since adolescence marks the median age of onset for many IDs, it is considered a risk period for their development. Unfortunately, these problems are not sufficiently detected in primary care and the probability of maintaining an ID from adolescence to adulthood is high. The study of related vulnerability factors can help to disentangle the genesis and the maintenance of IDs, and consequently to design empirically based prevention and intervention programs. As far as we know, the evidence in adolescent population is still scarce. Traditionally, the study of psychopathology has focused on linear conceptions of human behavior. The Dynamic System Theory (DST), a recent perspective in the field of Psychology, can be a useful strategy for understanding human behavior as it is, a complex nonlinear phenomenon. The main objective of the present thesis was to overcome some gaps regarding the psychological and physiological vulnerability for IDs in adolescents, using the DST as the main theoretical framework. Two general questions were tried to answer: a) Can cardiac and affective complexity indexes help to distinguish between healthy adolescents more vulnerable and less vulnerable to experience IDs?, b) How are affective and cardiac complexity from healthy adolescents related to other established IDs-related vulnerability factors, such as sex, internalizing symptomatology or emotion dysregulation? Five studies were designed in ecological or laboratory conditions, in order to obtain a better representation of cardiovascular and affective dynamics. In the study 1, a sample of healthy adolescents reported their daily mood, anxiety and worry levels twice a day over a period of 100 days. In the studies 2 and 3, the cardiac activity of healthy adolescents was recorded during 120 minutes while performing regular activities within the academic context. The sample of the study 2 was divided into two groups according to sex (male/female) and anxiety symptoms level (high/low). The sample of the study 3 was randomly selected, regardless of their level of anxiety symptoms. In the studies 4 and 5, the cardiac activity of healthy adolescents was recorded while performing a socially relevant stress induction protocol. The emotion regulation style of the participants from the study 4 was also assessed. Almost all scaling exponents proved their fractal nature and multistability. Furthermore, worry exponents were positively correlated with effortful control, and negatively associated with negative affectivity and affiliativeness (study 1). Regarding cardiac complexity, it was found to be lower in females in comparison to males (study 2, 3 and 5), as well as in adolescents prone to engage in more negative emotion regulation strategies in general, but only when they switched from stress to recovery (study 4). Prediction analyses showed that the lower the cardiac complexity, the higher the internalizing symptoms (study 3). Finally, the female sex predicted a lower cardiac complexity, but the negative emotion regulation style was positively related to cardiac complexity (study 4). In summary, this doctoral thesis proves that the affective and cardiac fluctuations of healthy adolescents are under complex regulation processes that have memory and take into account information from different time scales, to successfully adapt to their daily life. It is also concluded that healthy adolescents more vulnerable to IDs (females, higher internalizing symptoms or emotion dysregulation strategies) seem to have lower levels of affective and cardiac complexity than less vulnerable adolescents. Therefore, this attenuated cardiac and affective flexibility/complexity may constitute physiological and psychological markers of a maladaptive pattern to confront internal and environmental challenges.
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Plejert, Tina. "Perspectives on the vulnerability of the Swedish electricity distribution system : Extreme weather conditions and climate change." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-3455.

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<p>This study deals with the perspective of vulnerability of the Swedish electricity distribution system to climate and weather related risks. How and to what extent the electricity sector is adapting to the risk and what possibilities are formed in this respect are investigated. This is a quantitative and qualitative analysis where statistical data has been used to apprehend the extent of disturbances of the electricity distribution system and their causes. Interviews have been used in order to investigate different views among actors working within the electricity distribution system sector.</p><p>The result shows that the dominating cause of disturbances in the electrical network in Sweden is the weather, giving most hours of breaks. The countryside has more often disturbances than urban areas. It also emerges that it is the lines overhead that are most affected by disturbances. The system is flexible. If one line is disturbed the electricity can be distributed using another line (redundancy). It seems like there is a diversion between the respondents on how and if a future climate change really is a risk for the electricity distribution system. It is clear that the vulnerability has increased in the society during the past 10-20 years, and so has the societal costs of the disturbances because of the increasing dependence on electricity. Reducing the consequences of a weather related impact on the electrical system will make society more resilient and less vulnerable. The respondents in this study are somewhat adapting to the weather related risks that they have identified with technical solutions. It is important to learn more about how the electrical system properties influence the sensitivity in society. There is a need to investigate the dependency of electricity in society. It is also important that all the actors have the same interpretation of the difference between a recurrent event and a nature disaster. More work should be done to clarify where the responsibility for adapting the electrical sector to the possible climate change lies. This complex responsibility issue with all affected actors influences the sensitivity of society and the electrical system.</p>
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Nti, Frank Kyekyeku. "Climate change vulnerability and coping mechanisms among farming communities in Northern Ghana." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15116.

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Master of Science<br>Department of Agricultural Economics<br>Andrew Barkley<br>This study examines the effect of extreme climatic conditions (drought, flood, and bushfires) on the livelihood of households in the Bawku West district of Ghana. The research identified the mechanisms with which households cope in such situations, and analyzed factors influencing the adoption of coping strategies for flood, coping strategies for drought, and coping strategies for bushfires. Data for the study were collected in selected villages across the district in the aftermath of the 2007/2008 extreme climatic events (a prolonged drought period followed by an erratic rainfall). A binary logit regression (BLR) model was then specified to estimate factors that influence the adoption of a given coping mechanisms. Results from the BLR model indicate that literacy level, membership with an FBO, household income, and location of households had positive and significant impacts on adaptation to drought. Similarly, source of seeds for planting, membership with an FBO, household income, and farm size had positive significant influence on adaptation to flood. Adaption to bushfire was positively influenced by radio ownership, seed source and income. The main effect of these climatic extreme events on households included destruction of crops, livestock and buildings; food and water shortage; poor yield or harvest and limited fields for livestock grazing. Therefore, government policies should be geared towards creating revenue generating channels and in strengthening institutions that provide access to farm credit, readily available improve seeds and extension. Additionally, policies that expedite information dissemination through radio and other public media will enhance households’ adaptive capacity.
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Anderson, Emma-Louise. "Women and power in the vulnerability to HIV infection : the case of Malawi." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/72295/.

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As the HIV/AIDS pandemic matures increasingly more women are infected than men. The heightened prevalence amongst women suggests that they are at particular risk of infection. Although the gendered dimensions of HIV/AIDS have been recognised, this is not fully understood and the tendency is to respond at a surface level only. This research provides a critique of the current response to HIV/AIDS in Malawi and a theoretically informed analysis of why women are vulnerable. It is argued that the response is limited because it fails to engage with the gendered dimensions; and that gendered structures of power underscore the vulnerability of women to infection. This research makes an important contribution to the feminist task of radically challenging the conventional boundaries of international relations, which typically draws upon a masculine form of knowledge. It also challenges the dominance of the scientific discourse that governs the way HIV/AIDS is conceived and makes an important contribution to the literature on understanding the gender context. A ‘feminist interprevist’ approach is employed and the methodology is a combination of a case study analysis, semi-structured key informant interviews, documentary analysis and data analysis. Feminist critical theory and post-structuralist understandings of how power operates through gendered structures provide the theoretical basis for the empirical analysis. The critique of the response to HIV/AIDS in Malawi reveals how it fails to engage with the gender power relations because of pervasive gendered structures. Three aspects of women’s vulnerability to HIV infection are explored: the majority of women are not in the position to negotiate for safer sex; many women do not have the power to leave a marriage if it puts them at risk of infection; and the biological susceptibility of women to infection. It is argued that gendered structures underscore this vulnerability. The gendered structures are deeply embedded and hard to discern. However, where HIV/AIDS travels along the fault lines of society it reveals these deeper structures of power and provides the opportunity to challenge them. It reveals the importance of empowering women across their lives in order for a sustainable and effective response to HIV/AIDS.
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Rice, Beth A. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN AVIAN MODEL FOR IDENTIFYING INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN DRUG VULNERABILITY." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/63.

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The attribution of incentive salience to cues that become associated with drugs of abuse is a critical characteristic of individuals who may be vulnerable to drug addiction. Rodents with the propensity to sign track are thought to be vulnerable to drug abuse. The goal of the current work was to investigate whether sign trackers (STs) would acquire cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) to a discrete cue using an avian species. In Experiment 1, sign and goal trackers (GTs) were first identified using a one third rank order split. Following identification, cocaine-CPP was conducted with a discrete cue in each end chamber. Contrary to previous research, results showed that GTs showed a CPP to the discrete cue but STs did not. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine whether sign and GTs had been misclassified with the rank order split. Experiment 2 compared the rank order method with a t-test method (absolute criterion). Misclassification of both sign and GTs occurred using the rank order split. The findings indicated that use of a more accurate method to identify sign and GTs may have led to different results for Experiment 1. The t-test method may be useful for models that require identification of STs.
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Le, Thi Thuy Linh. "Essays on Vulnerability and Inclusive Development in Developing Asia : a focus on Vietnam." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED002/document.

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Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur la croissance «exclusive» et la vulnérabilité qui caractérisent le développement du Vietnam et plus largement de l'Asie aujourd'hui. Les chapitres traitent trois aspects importants de la vulnérabilité et du développement inclusif, à savoir : l’informalité (chapitre 1), le dilemme de l'éducation (chapitre 2) et l'emploi atypique (chapitre 3). Les contributions de ce travail reposent sur différents facteurs : la nouveauté et la pertinence des sujets de recherche ; le large éventail de données utilisées, quantitatives et qualitatives, y compris les Enquêtes sur les entreprises individuelles et sur le Secteur Informel au Vietnam, et les Enquêtes Nationales sur l’Emploi de divers pays d'Asie ; et enfin l’originalité de la méthodologie. Le chapitre 1 étudie l'hétérogénéité du secteur informel au Vietnam, en se basant sur une approche quali-quantitative unique. Le chapitre 2 se concentre sur la variation des rendements de l'enseignement supérieur dans la population vietnamienne en recourant à différents modèles d'estimation. Le chapitre 3 est la première étude qui étudie systématiquement les écarts de salaire induits par le statut de travail temporaire dans les pays en développement d'Asie. Dans l'ensemble, toute la thèse implique que le capital humain, l'emploi et le revenu sont des facettes interdépendantes du bien-être individuel et que certains phénomènes de développement doivent être analysés dans leur hétérogénéité<br>This PhD dissertation is dedicated to the issue of ‘exclusivist’ growth and vulnerability characterizing Vietnam as well as developing Asia today. The chapters address three important aspects of vulnerability and inclusive development, namely: Informality (chapter 1), Education dilemma (chapter 2) and Non-standard employment (chapter 3). The contribution of this work lies in the novelty and relevance of research topics; the wide range of data used, both quantitative and qualitative, including Household Business and Informal Sector Surveys in Vietnam, and national Labor Force Surveys of various countries in Asia; as well as the originality of methodology. Chapter 1 investigates the heterogeneity of the informal sector in Vietnam, based on a unique quali-quanti approach. Chapter 2 focuses on the variation of the returns to higher education across the Vietnamese population with different estimation models. Chapter 3 is the first study that systematically examines the wage differentials induced by temporary job status in Asian developing countries. Overall, the whole thesis implies that human capital, employment, and income are interrelated facets of individual well-being, and that some development phenomena should be analyzed in their heterogeneity
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Wagner, Laurent. "Aid effectiveness, performance and vulnerability : new perspectives." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF10421.

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La question de l’efficacité de l’aide publique au développement est complexe et protéiforme. L’aide se présente sous de nombreuses formes et implique de nombreux instruments et acteurs, dont les objectifs et mêmes les philosophies diffèrent fortement entre les pays et les organisations. De cet enchevêtrement, les économistes ont jusqu’alors échoué dans leurs recherches de relations macroéconomiques robustes censées guider l’action publique. Ainsi, aucun consensus ne semble pour l’instant émerger de ce débat. Dès lors, l’orientation des politiques de développement a essentiellement été influencée par des hypothèses contestables reposant sur des fondements empiriques fragiles. Ce travail tente d’apporter de nouveaux éléments au débat sur l’efficacité de l’aide au travers de sept essais. Les trois premiers chapitres se consacrent à la question de la relation entre aide et croissance du point de vue statistique. Les nouvelles approches qui y sont proposées tentent de surmonter la plupart des défauts de la littérature empirique existante. Nous y montrons que la relation entre aide et croissance est extrêmement complexe et qu’il est difficile de l’appréhender à l’aide des méthodes économétriques usuelles. De plus, bien que l’aide semble globalement efficace en termes de croissance du PIB, son efficacité dépend de différents facteurs révélés par la présence de seuils aussi bien conditionnels que non-Conditionnels. Parmi ces facteurs, la vulnérabilité économique semble jouer un rôle primordial et sa prise en compte s’avère indispensable pour une compréhension globale du lien entre l’aide et la croissance économique. Dans une seconde partie, les deux chapitres suivants s’intéressent plus particulièrement à l’aide sectorielle, à travers l’étude de l’efficacité de deux initiatives largement reconnues que sont l’aide à la scolarisation primaire universelle et l’aide au commerce. Leur efficacité sera alors déterminée non plus en termes de croissance du PIB mais en termes de scolarisation et de performance à l’exportation. A l’instar des trois premiers chapitres, nos résultats semblent confirmer la présence d’une relation significative entre l’aide et les objectifs visés. Nos conclusions, notamment celles en termes d’éducation, vont clairement à l’encontre de l’idée selon laquelle l’aide aurait fait plus de mal que de bien. Enfin, en se basant sur les résultats précédents, les chapitres six et sept explorent, dans une troisième partie, les possibilités d’amélioration des stratégies actuelles d’allocation de l’aide mises en œuvre notamment par les grands bailleurs multilatéraux. Une de nos principales observations est que la vulnérabilité économique est un facteur important devant être pris en compte dans le design des méthodes d’allocation de l’aide<br>Aid effectiveness is a complex issue. Aid comes in many instruments, has many targets and involves many stakeholders whose objectives, methods and philosophy greatly differ across countries and institutions. From this mixed bag, economists have struggled finding strong regularities at the macroeconomic level to guide the political debate and consensus have failed to emerge. Hence, political stances have often been influenced by strong assumptions based on weak or at least hotly debated evidence. This work is an attempt to provide new perspectives on the aid effectiveness debate through seven essays. The first three chapters address the technical question of the aid/growth relationship issue using new approaches and new statistical instruments in an attempt to overcome most of the caveats of the aid empirical literature. We show that the aid/growth relationship is complex and difficult to measure using common statistical methods. Moreover, while aid is globally effective, its effectiveness depends on different factors reflected by the existence of conditional and unconditional thresholds. Among those factors, economic vulnerability seems to be a key component that has to be taken into account in order to identify this relationship. In a second part, we try to assess the effectiveness of two flagship initiatives which are Aid for Trade and Universal Primary Education with regards to the outcomes they ultimately target, namely, export performance for the former and school enrolment, gender parity and repetition rate in primary school for the later. As in the first three chapters, our results support the existence of a significant relationship between aid and the targeted outcomes. Those results, notably for the education sector, clearly argue against the idea that aid has done more bad then good. Finally, based on previous results, in a third part, chapters six and seven explore the mean to improve the current aid allocation strategies used notably by the Multilateral Development Banks. One of the main conclusions is that economic vulnerability is a central factor to be taken into account in the design of aid allocation strategies
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MacKinnon, Wayne Emmett. "The influence of surrounding forest landscape and stand conditions on stand susceptibility and vulnerability to spruce budworm in New Brunswick." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ46267.pdf.

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16

Grönberg, Christopher. "Contextual economic conditions and the event of entry into parenthood:first childbearing in Sweden 2000-2007." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-92479.

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In a contemporary Europe symptomized by concurrent trends of economic and demographic transformation it is increasingly important to trace how individuals are navigate their everyday contexts when making major life course decisions.  Placed within an emerging tradition of sub-national demographic research, this study focuses on how municipal economic conditions affect entry into parenthood throughout Sweden.   Employing event-history analysis using individual and multi-level regression models on Swedish register data for the period 2000 to 2007 the study seek answers to whether growing regional economic disparities are conducive to a fault line between contexts in terms of how individuals enter parenthood.    Further it problematizes the measures traditionally used to model contextual economic conditions by introducing a measure of vulnerability as a covariate alongside traditional unemployment rates. The findings reveal that poor economic conditions, in combination with individual characteristics, distinctly affect entry into parenthood and are mostly composed of a timing-effect.
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Patel, Kamna. "Tenure and vulnerability : the effects of changes to tenure security on the identity and social relationships of the urban poor." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3267/.

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Directed by the Millennium Development Goal to improve the lives of at least 100 million ‘slum’ dwellers by 2020, national governments and development agencies are driving policy to upgrade and formalise informal settlements. This study is an investigation into the effects of in situ upgrade and formalisation on the vulnerability and resilience of the urban poor in Durban, South Africa. The study examines the relationships between tenure and vulnerability by identifying and exploring how changes to tenure security, introduced through the upgrade process, affect individuals’ exposure to risk and ability to cope, and the ways in which identity and social relations influence those effects. The data are drawn from twenty-four ethnographies of residents living in three low income settlements in/around Durban each at different stages in the upgrade process. The findings of the study show that many residents are better off following an upgrade – ownership claims are better protected, they are more comfortable in their homes and able to improve livelihoods. However, these security and resilience gains are undermined by the high levels of crime and violence that continue post-upgrade and affect the desirability of a location and the ability of people to live there. Furthermore, the manner in which the process is implemented reconfigures local power relations, without meaningfully altering them; thus continuing to tie residents’ wellbeing to social rules administered by informal institutions. These findings challenge conceptualisations of ‘tenure security’ and the conventional orthodoxy of upgrading.
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Lane, Lucille Richards. "Hazard Vulnerability in Socio-Economic Context: An Example from Ecuador." [Tampa, Fla. : s.n.], 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000076.

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19

Anhuaman, Laura Andrea Leon. "Fatores comportamentais, hormonais e neuroanatômicos associados à vulnerabilidade ao estresse em ratos Carioca High Conditioned-Freezing (CHF) e Carioca Low Conditioned-Freezing (CLF)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59134/tde-03042014-174324/.

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A ansiedade e a depressão são as condições psicopatológicas mais comuns na atualidade. As pesquisas científicas em neurociência, psicologia, psiquiatria e medicina geral procuram encontrar diferentes formas para o tratamento e prevenção. No entanto, a maioria das pesquisas não leva em conta as diferenças individuais ou história do individuo. Quase toda a investigação farmacológica é feita em populações heterogêneas de animais, conduzindo assim à \"média\" dos dados. Recentemente, no Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental na Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-RJ), duas novas linhagens de ratos Wistar foram selecionadas fenotipicamente da resposta emocional de congelamento em um teste de medo condicionado . Uma das linhagens, denominada Carioca High ConditionedFreezing (CHF), apresenta uma resposta significativamente aumentada de congelamento no teste, enquanto que a outra (Carioca Low Conditioned-Freezing, CLF) mostra uma resposta de congelamento baixa. Em todos os experimentos utilizamos a linhagem controle (Random, RND) Wistar resultado de cruzamento aleatório entre ratos Wistar. Aqui apresentamos dados de diversos experimentos que avaliaram as diferenças em condições basais e vulnerabilidade ao estresse entre as duas linhagens e a linhagem RND. A concentração plasmática de corticosterona dos ratos foi comparada entre as duas linhagens e o grupo RND, primeiramente no nível basal e posteriormente após a exposição ao mesmo teste, onde foram expostos ao medo condicionado, como estímulo aversivo. Também foi avaliada a proliferação celular e sobrevivência. A imuno-histoquímica para c-fos foi conduzida com o objetivo de se determinar as diferenças de atividade neural entre as duas linhagens e o grupo RND. Um teste farmacológico com ketanserina, antagonista 5-HT2A, foi realizado e os animais foram avaliados quanto à ansiedade e locomoção, no labirinto em cruz elevado. Todos os nossos resultados mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as linhagens selecionadas. Estes resultados sugerem que as diferentes condições basais podem ter impacto sobre a reação de comportamento exibido por cada animal. Assim, o uso de grupos selecionados é melhor para se modelar transtornos de ansiedade e procurar quais são caraterísticas que protegem aos animais que não apresentam os sintomas modelados. A partir dos nossos resultados foi evidente que os perfis comportamentais e neuroquímicos dos três grupos CHF, CLF e RND foram qualitativamente e quantitativamente diferentes. Na linha de base após ser fenotipados foi observado que existem diferenças na proliferação celular. Após a reexposição ao contexto observaram-se diferenças na concentração de corticosterona e na ativação neuronal. O estresse crônico levou a respostas diferenciais no número de neurônios imaturos, e o teste farmacológico levou a respostas diferencias tanto a nível local como sistêmico. Os dados obtidos podem ajudar a um melhor entendimento às bases neurobiológicas de aspectos associados às psicopatologias como ansiedade e depressão que estão relacionadas com a vulnerabilidade ao estresse.<br>Anxiety and depression are the most common psychopathological conditions today. Scientific research in neuroscience, psychology, psychiatry and general medicine seeks to find different ways for treatment and prevention. However, most research does not take into account individual differences and history. Almost all pharmacological research is done in heterogeneous populations of animals, thereby leading to the \"average\" data. Recently, in the Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC - RJ), two new strains of rats were selected phenotypically by their emotional response (freezing) in a test of cond itioned fear. One of the lines, so called \"Carioca High Conditioned - Freezing\" (CHF) has an increased freezing in the test , whereas the other (\"Carioca Low -Conditioned Freezing \" CLF) shows low freezing response . In all experiments we used the Wistar control strain (RND) derived from random bred between Wistar rats. Here we present data from several experiments evaluating the differences in basal conditions and vulnerability to stress between the two strains and RND strain. The plasma corticosterone of rats was compared between the two lines and the RND group, first at baseline and then after exposure to the same test where the y were exposed to conditioned fear as aversive stimulus. We also analyzed the cell proliferation and survival in the hippocampus after chronic stress. Immunohistochemistry for c -fos was conducted in order to determine the differences in neural activity between the two strains and the RND group. A pharmacological test with ketanserin, 5 -HT2A antagonist, was performed and the animals were assessed for anxiety and locomotion in the elevated plus maze. All our results showed statistically significant differences between the selected strains. These results suggest that different baseline conditions may have an impact on the behavior exhibited by each animal. Thus the use of selected groups is better approach in order to model anxiety disorders and to determine which features prevent animal from presenting symptoms. It is evident that the neurochemical and behavioral profiles of the three groups CHF, CLF and RND were different qualitatively and quantitatively. At baseline after been phenotyped it has been observed that there are differences in cell proliferation and corticosterone concentration. After re-exposure to the context differences were observed in the concentration of corticosterone and neuronal activation. Chronic stress has led to differential responses in the number of immature neurons. And the pharmacological test led to differential responses at both local and systemic. The data obtained are useful for a better understanding of the neurobiological aspects associated with psychopathologies such as anxiety and depression that are associated with vulnerability to stress.
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Urquiza, Anahí [Verfasser], and Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Gill. "Chilean model of water management in context of water stress : sociocultural conditions and vulnerability to climate change / Anahi Urquiza. Betreuer: Bernhard Gill." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1105374017/34.

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Rochon, Gilbert Leonard 1946. "Scientific visualization of multi-temporal remotely-sensed data for monitoring drought-related famine conditions : nutritional, socio-economic & climatic vulnerability in Sudan's Gezira." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69755.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1999.<br>Vita.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-202).<br>This study addresses the design and deployment constraints and potential utility of an emerging analytical concept for planning adaptive response and mitigation of the regional impact of global climate change, within the context of a complex region in Sudan, with multiple biogenic and anthropogenic vulnerabilities. The specific conceptualization is referred to herein as the Temporal Analysis, Reconnaissance, and Decision Integration System (TARDIS). TARDIS is conceived as a composite planning tool, incorporating virtual temporal analysis, virtual spatial analysis, change detection for archival remotely-sensed data, trend extrapolation, generation of alternative future what-if scenarios and integration with both quantitative and rule-based decision-support. The rationale for developing the specifications for the TARDIS proof-of-concept is the observation that decisions concerning complex phenomena, involving multiple intractable problems, deserve to be made in an information-rich environment. Moreover, it is contended that such decisions could benefit both from an historical perspective and from the luxury of a comparative visualization of possible future outcomes of past trends, current policies and putative what-if constructs. The broad parameters for multi-variable factors affecting food security and the potentially significant regional impact of global climate change on Sudan's Gezira are presented. Also described are the potential contributions of the TARDIS in supporting planners and decision-makers, whose decisions might benefit from visualization of archival satellite data and from visualization of alternative future scenarios. I am primarily concerned with a triad of issues, in the order presented, and their interaction with one another: > FOOD SECURITY, WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO THE SUDAN > GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON FOOD PRODUCING REGIONS, SUCH AS SUDAN'S GEZIRA > VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR TIME-SERIES SATELLITE DATA TO SUPPORT DECISION ANALYSIS, UNDER CONDITIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLEXITY, TYPIFIED BY THE SUDAN CASE STUDY Under this broad rubric, I seek to define a discrete area of concentration, namely, the articulation of design specifications for a proof-of-concept composite prototype decision support tool, incorporating scientific visualization of remotely sensed data. Although this tool potentially has generic applicability to decision-making and planning within diverse disciplines and geographic locations, the intended application, herein, is as a tool supporting decisions regarding future food security for Sudan's Gezira agricultural area, with specific reference to food crop, dhurra, (Sorghum bicolor) and cash crop, long staple cotton, (Gossypium Barakatensis) sustainability, under anticipated hotter and more arid climate conditions. The objective of applying this tool to the Sudanese context is to facilitate long-term planning and decision-making related to food security issues in the Gezira, given the climatological threat of future increased temperature and decreased precipitation. Accordingly, the first demonstration of the TARDIS proof-of-concept will be a simulated test run (STR) of data pertinent to Sudan's Gezira. The results of this STR will be evaluated in Chapter 4, and, based upon the outcome, recommendations for regional adaptive response are offered and refinements and modifications will be suggested to improve TARDIS utility and functionality. This research seeks to establish a role for state-of-the-science visualization of remotelysensed data, as a tool for planning adaptive responses to impending climatic change and to food insecurity. Moreover, the study hypothesizes that informed decision-making and policy formulation can be facilitated, through an analysis of the archival satellite and meteorological data for Sudan's Gezira, combined with an assessment of selected current conditions (e.g. civil war, political instability and international isolation, insect infestation in the irrigated agricultural schemes, prevalence of diseases such as schistosomiasis, malaria and cholera), and with an analysis of alternative future what-if scenarios. Potential vested constituents for such technology include various bi-lateral and multi-lateral entities with trade, aid or oversight relationships with Sudan. For purposes of this study, one such agency has been selected, namely, the Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS), a newly established umbrella entity within the United Nations, whose mission is "to provide policy makers, resource managers and researchers with the data they need to detect, quantify, locate and understand changes (especially reductions) in the capacity of terrestrial ecosystems to support sustainable development." Accordingly, GTOS has been identified as a potential TARDIS enduser, under the proposed auspices of the prototypical joint Food and Agricultural Organizattion (FAO)/ World Food Programme (WFP) annual Crop Survey and Nutritional Needs Assessment Mission to Sudan.<br>by Gilbert Leonard Rochon, III.<br>Ph.D.
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Molapo, Seipati Petronella. "Community vulnerability to food insecurity : a case study of World Food Programme (WFP) Food Aid Programme in the southern lowlands of Lesotho." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2342.

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Thesis (MA (Public and Development Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.<br>Chronic food insecurity continues to be a major problem for rural poor households in Lesotho. This condition is caused by a number of factors including poverty, landlessness, and extreme land degradation, reduced remittances due to retrenchments from South African mines, closures of some of textile industries, the effects of HIV/AIDS and a significant decline in farming practices due to erratic weather patterns and conditions. All these factors have led to an increase in vulnerability levels. This is magnified by the rapid erosion of traditional coping mechanisms, a situation that has consequently left communities unable to respond to any form of disaster. The primary aim of this research was to investigate the community vulnerability to food insecurity in the Southern Lowlands and review the World Food Programme (WFP) food aid programme in the same area. The research addressed the questions such as the causes of food insecurity in the Southern Lowlands; and social protection initiatives that are being implemented by WFP to address food insecurity. The research revealed that WFP has been distributing food aid to the vulnerable households in the Southern Lowlands since 2002. These households belong to categories such as households hosting orphans and vulnerable children, chronically ill persons and physically disabled persons; female-headed households; elderly-headed households; child-headed households; and expectant and nursing mothers. In addition to these categories, WFP implemented food for work activities in which vulnerable households with able-bodied persons worked in to receive food aid. The research found evidence of chronic livelihood failure in the Southern Lowlands. This failure renders it increasingly difficult for households vulnerable to food insecurity to develop and maintain sustainable livelihoods. In particular, the research revealed that, a large proportion of households (53%) are at risk of food insecurity in the Southern Lowlands; the majority of vulnerable households did not hold any cereal stocks remaining from the immediate post harvest period; chronic illness, unemployment and erratic weather patterns are causes of food insecurity in the Southern Lowlands. As means of coping strategies, most households adopt various strategies such as switching expenditure patterns; reducing number of meals per day; kingship support; selling of livestock; and searching for casual labour opportunities. Food aid has improved the livelihoods and quality of life of the beneficiaries especially the chronically ill people. While some food for work activities such as building of toilets and water taps have been very helpful, others such as tree planting were not embraced by some of the beneficiaries and finally food aid promotes dependency among its beneficiaries and nursing mothers intentionally starve their children in order to stay in the programme. The two significant challenges in the distribution of food aid were found to be food pipeline break and the beneficiary selection criteria. The findings therefore generate the conclusion that although there seems to be an improvement in food access by households benefiting from the food aid programme, there is no evidence that those households will continue to access food in the absence of food aid. In essence, the absence of social food security foundation, executed in tandem with food aid interventionist measures, does not realistically augur well for the future. This conclusion comes from the finding that food for work activities which are more likely to generate income for the vulnerable households are not sustainable because the discussions further revealed that these activities have been imposed on the beneficiaries, without the coownership corollary that partners the communities with food aid agencies such as WFP. It is therefore recommended that development agents should not determine the developmental projects/programmes within the communities. The process should be interactive and should not be done in isolation but in mutual social learning and capacity building process as both parties (development agents and the beneficiaries) learn from each other and manage to develop a reciprocal relationship and partnership that will eventually reap sustainable outcome. It is therefore concluded that, the food aid programmes failed to offer sustainable social safety nets to the beneficiaries. The research hypothesis that there is no clear exit strategy in the implementation of the food security interventions and that there are no sustainability and continuity measures that were put into place by WFP remains valid.
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Colic, Lejla [Verfasser], and Martin [Gutachter] Walter. "Association of spectroscopic and rs-fMRI markers with vulnerability factors, endophenotypes and clinical dimensions and conditions of affective disorders / Lejla Colic ; Gutachter: Martin Walter." Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1219965154/34.

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Bue, Martine Eriksen. "Women's vulnerability, sexual power and prevention of stigma : what do prevention campaigns tell us." Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86385.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The HIV-epidemic that is evident in South Africa today is infecting more women than men. This is mostly due to the vulnerability that women are facing in sexual relationships, where they are not able to negotiate the terms and conditions of their sexual engagement. Patriarchy, the culture of masculinity and a general male dominance influence women’s dependency on their man and agency inside and outside of the home, and contribute to the oppression of women both generally in society and sexually. Women have by this not the control over their own bodies and are for this reason in a high-risk position of contracting HIV. The vulnerability is further linked to the stigmatisation that women experience if they do try to negotiate preventative measures to reduce the risk of transmission. The fear of being stigmatised as ‘loose’ or HIV-positive by both men and women if suggesting condom use, inhibits women to propose the necessary actions for protection. Stigmatising behaviours also impact on a person’s fear of becoming HIV-positive and reduces the likelihood of getting tested, disclose one’s status to sexual partners and receive treatment. This thesis examines cultural and socio-economic issues that contribute to gender inequality in South Africa, and can generate stigma towards women on the basis of HIV and AIDS. This is done by using radical feminism as the theoretical framework for contextualising how women are situated in the South African society, in terms of general and sexual agency. Through the method of content analysis and the findings from the theoretical framework, the thesis further analyses how the three HIVprevention campaigns loveLife, Brothers for Life and TAC manage to address the issues related to stigma based on HIV/AIDS, which are directed towards women. Race, class and gender are all factors that influence the likelihood of becoming HIV-infected and of becoming stigmatised. Women’s low social status situates women in a position where they are more probable to be the object of stigmatisation since they already are considered lower in rank. If the women also are of colour, poor and low educated the chances of becoming stigmatised on the basis of HIV and AIDS are even more likely, the same is the chances of becoming HIV-infected. This indicates that poor, uneducated black women are the group that is most vulnerable towards stigmatisation as well as towards HIV-transmission. Socio-economic and cultural factors have a strong influence on the gender inequality in sexual relationships found in South Africa, which cause HIV to spread and can generate stigmatising behaviours. Stigmatisation on the basis of HIV/AIDS is therefore important to address in order to reduce the number of new HIV-infections. The three campaigns analysed for this thesis did neither directly address stigma on a general level nor directed towards women. The campaigns are therefore considered to be missing an important feature of HIV-prevention in South Africa.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse Vigsepidemie infekteer meer vroue as mans. Dit is die geval weens die kwesbaarheid wat vroue ervaar in seksuele verhoudings, waar vroue nie die mag het om die omstandighede van hul seksuele interaksies te onderhandel nie. Patriargie, die kultuur van manlikheid en ‘n algemene manlike dominansie beïnvloed vroue se mag en dra by tot die onderdrukking van vroue, beide in die samelewing in die algemeen en in seksuele verhoudings. Om hierdie rede het vroue nie beheer oor hul eie liggame nie en daarom ervaar hulle ‘n hoë risiko om MIV op te doen. Hierdie kwesbaarheid word ook verbind aan die stigmatisering wat vroue ervaar wanneer hulle probeer om voorkomende aksie te neem ten einde die risiko van Vigsoordrag te verminder. Die vrees om deur mans en ander vroue gestigmatiseer te word as iemand met ‘losse sedes’, of as iemand wat MIV-positief is wanneer hulle kondoomgebruik voorstel, weerhou vroue daarvan om die nodige voorkomende aksie vir selfbeskerming te neem. Stigmatiserende gedrag het ook ‘n impak op ‘n mens se vrees om MIV-positief te word en verminder die waarskynliheid dat jy jouself vir die virus sal laat toets, dat iemand hul status aan seksuele maats sal verklaar, of behandeling sal ontvang. Diegene wat reeds MIV onder lede het is bang om hul status te verklaar weens die gepaardgaande stigma. Hierdie tesis ondersoek kulturele en sosio-ekonomiese kwessies wat bydra tot geslagsongelykheid in Suid-Afrika, en wat stigma kan veroorsaak teenoor vroue met betrekking tot MIV and Vigs. Die studie analiseer dan of Vigsveldtogte hierdie stigma kan aanspreek. Dit word gedoen deur radikale feminisme toe te pas as ‘n teoretiese raamwerk om vroue se plek in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing te kontekstualiseer, beide in terme van algemene en seksuele mag. Die metode van inhoudsanalise word toegepas om drie Vigsvoorkomingsveldtogte (loveLife, Brothers for Life en TAC) te analiseer en vas te stel of en hoe hulle kwessies wat betrekking het op stigma teenoor vroue aanspreek. Sosio-ekonomiese en kulturele faktore het ‘n sterk invloed op die geslagsongelykeid in seksuele verhoudings in Suid-Afrika; dit lei daartoe dat MIV versprei word en kan stigmatiserende gedrag vererger. Om hierdie rede is dit belangrik dat MIV/Vigsvoorkomingsveldtogte stigmatisering aanspreek ten einde gedrag te wysig en om die getal nuwe Vigsbesmettings te laat daal. Die drie veldtogte wat in hierdie tesis geanaliseer is het beide nagelaat om stigma direk aan te spreek op ‘n algemene vlak, en was ook nie direk gerig op vroue nie. Die veldtogte kan daarom beskou word as ontoereikend deurdat hulle belangrike komponente van MIV-voorkomig in Suid-Afrika misgekyk het.
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Makame, Makame Omar. "Vulnerability and adaptation of Zanzibar east coast communities to climate variability and change and other interacting stressors." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011895.

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Climate variability and change as well as sea level rise poses significant challenges to livelihoods, water and food security in small island developing states (SIDSs) including the Zanzibar Islands. Thus, without planned strategic adaptation, the future projected changes in climate and sea level will intensify the vulnerability of these sensitive areas. This thesis is based on research conducted in two sites located in the north eastern parts of each island, namely Kiuyu Mbuyuni, Pemba Island and Matemwe, Unguja Island. The research focused firstly on assessing the vulnerability of these two coastal communities to climate variability and change and other stressors. This included investigation of (1) the perceptions of fishers, farmers and seaweed farmers regarding climate stressors and shocks and associated risks and impacts, (2) existing and possible future water and food security issues, and (3) household's access to important livelihood assets. This was followed by an exploration of the coping and adaptive responses of farmers, fishers and seaweed farmers to perceived shocks and stresses and some of the barriers to these responses. Lastly, an analysis of the implications of the findings for achieving sustainable coastal livelihoods and a resilient coastal community was undertaken. The general picture that emerges is that local people along the east coasts of both islands are already vulnerable to a wide range of stressors. Although variability in rainfall is not a new phenomenon in these areas, increasing frequency of dry spells and coastal floods resulting from the influence of El Niño and La Niña events exert enormous pressures on local activities (fishing, farming and seaweed farming) which are the crux of the local economy. The main argument of the study is that the nature and characteristics of these activities are the main source of sensitivity amongst these communities and this creates high levels of vulnerability to climate shocks and trends. This vulnerability is evidenced by the reoccurrence of localised food shortages and the observed food and water insecurity. The study found that food insecurity is a result of unreliable rainfall, drought and seasonality changes. These interacted with other contextual factors such as poor soil, low purchasing power and the lack of livelihood diversification options. In addition to exposure to these almost unavoidable risks from climate variability, the vulnerability of the local communities along the east coasts is also influenced by the low level of capital stocks and limited access to the assets that are important for coping and adaptation. Despite this, some households managed to overcome barriers and adapt in various ways both within the three main livelihood sectors (fishing, farming and seaweed farming) as well as through adopting options outside these sectors resulting in diversification of the livelihood portfolio. However, the study found that most of the strategies opted for by fishers, farmers and seaweed farmers were mainly spontaneous. Few planned adaptation measures supported by state authorities were observed across the sites, with the exception of the provision of motorised boats which were specifically meant to increase physical assets amongst fishers, reduce pressure in the marine conservation areas and prevent overfishing in-shore. Furthermore, numerous strategies that people adopted were discontinued when further barriers were encountered. Interestingly, some of the barriers that prevented households adapting were the same ones that forced households that had responded to abandon their adaptations. To increase resilience amongst east coast communities to current and future predicted changes in climate and sea level, the study argues that traditional livelihood activities (fishing, farming and seaweed farming) need to be better supported, and access to a range of livelihood assets improved. This may be achieved through increased access to local sources of water and facilitation of rainwater harvesting, expanding the livelihood options available to people and increasing climate change awareness, and access to sources of credit.
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Abu-Basutu, Keitometsi Ngulube. "Relative contribution of wild foods to individual and household food security in the context of increasing vulnerability due to HIV/AIDS and climate variability." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1010864.

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Wild foods are an integral component of the household food basket, yet their quantified contribution to food security relative to other sources in the context of HIV/AIDS, climate change and variability remains underexplored. This study was carried out in Willowvale and Lesseyton which are rural communities in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Willowvale is a relatively remote, medium-rainfall coastal community, while Lesseyton is a peri-urban low rainfall inland community. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data from 78 HIV/AIDS afflicted households with 329 individuals and 87 non-afflicted households with 365 individuals in the two study sites. Households were visited quarterly over 12 months to assess food acquisition methods, dietary intake and quality, and levels of food security, and to determine strategies employed by households to cope with droughts. The wild foods investigated were wild meat, wild birds, wild fish, wild mushrooms, wild leafy vegetables and wild fruits. Diets were moderately well-balanced and limited in variety, with cereal items contributing 52 % to total calorie intake. Mid-upper arm circumference measurements showed that all respondents were adequately nourished. The bulk of the food consumed by households was purchased, with supplementation from own production, wild vegetables and wild fruits. In Willowvale, wild vegetables comprised 46 % of overall vegetable consumption for afflicted households and 32 % for non-afflicted households, while own fruit production comprised 100 % of fruit consumption. In Lesseyton, wild vegetables comprised only 6 % and 4 % of vegetable consumption for afflicted and non-afflicted households, while wild fruit comprised 63 % and 41 % for afflicted and non-afflicted households. More than 80 % of respondents from both afflicted and non-afflicted households had sufficient daily kilocalories, although the majority of afflicted households felt they were food insecure and sometimes collected wild foods as one of their multiple coping strategies. Hunting and gathering of wild foods was associated with site, household affliction status, gender, age and season. More than 80 % of respondents ate wild vegetables and said they were more drought tolerant than conventional vegetables, making them the most consumed wild food and approximately 16 % of respondents ate wild birds, making them the least consumed wild food. Approximately 14 % of respondents from afflicted households in Willowvale sold wild fish, whilst 34 % of respondents from afflicted households and 7 % from non-afflicted households sold wild fruits in Lesseyton. Strategies adopted by households to cope with droughts were different between the two study sites, and households in Willowvale used a wider range of strategies. Given the devastating effects of HIV/AIDS coupled with the drawbacks of climate change and variability on food security, wild foods represent a free and easy way for vulnerable households to obtain food.
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Maffacciolli, Rosana. "A construção social da vulnerabilidade em trajetórias de internação para tratamento da tuberculose." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/129579.

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A prevalência da tuberculose, associada ao seu potencial de disseminação, tornaram-na uma condição emergente, sobretudo em cenários marcados pela desigualdade social. No limite do conhecimento epidemiológico e dos Determinantes Sociais da Saúde, buscou-se no referencial da Vulnerabilidade e Direitos Humanos uma perspectiva que acolhesse inovações na resposta ao problema. Tendo como campo empírico um hospital-sanatório para tratamento de pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade social, esta pesquisa objetivou compreender como se constituem as trajetórias de vulnerabilidade à internação por tuberculose. Foram feitas observações e entrevistas com 12 pessoas internadas no ano de 2014, com idades entre 25 e 45 anos e de ambos os sexos. O Construcionismo Social, uma das bases teóricas do quadro da vulnerabilidade e direitos humanos, foi a perspectiva teórico-metodológica escolhida para encaminhar esta pesquisa. Por essa via foi possível compreender a produção da vulnerabilidade na interlocução de suas três dimensões: individual (reconhecimento da pessoa como sujeito de direitos e de acontecimentos ligados ao adoecimento), social (condições de produção desses acontecimentos, enfocando o papel dos cenários culturais) e programática (assistência qualificada para lidar com essas conjunturas de vulnerabilidade). Na dimensão individual, foram analisadas experiências marcadas pela coinfecção tuberculose-HIV, pela situação de rua e pelo uso de drogas, como o crack. Na dimensão social, analisaram-se os cenários culturais implicados nas trajetórias pessoais, o que permitiu discutir sobre processos opressivos, discriminatórios e de violação de direitos resguardados em relações sociais informadas por normas de gênero e sexualidade, pelo estigma da Aids e do uso de crack. Na dimensão programática, o interesse foi compreender as dificuldades concernentes ao tratamento. Concluiu-se que a assistência em saúde, quando não qualificada para responder às iniquidades subjacentes ao adoecimento por tuberculose, contribui para manter as condições de vulnerabilidade ao agravamento clínico das pessoas. Uma ampliação da consciência nesse sentido é necessária para que a ação técnica voltada à adesão/procura por tratamento alcance êxito, o que oportunizaria desviar dos percursos para a internação. Além disso, outros horizontes éticos para o cuidado em saúde seriam inaugurados de modo a preservar a vida das interpelações que mais a ameaçam.<br>The prevalence of tuberculosis, in connection with its dissemination potential, turned it into an and Health Social Determinants, a search in the background of Vulnerability and Human Rights looked for a perspective that would accept innovations in the response to the problem. Having a sanatorium hospital for the treatment of people in situation of social vulnerability as empirical field, this research had the objective of understanding how the vulnerability trajectories upon admission due tuberculosis are constituted. Observations and interviews were carried out with 12 persons admitted in the year of 2014, of age between 25 and 45 years old, and of both sexes. The Social Constructionism, one of the theoretical bases of the vulnerability framework and human rights, was the theoretical and methodological perspective chosen to refer this research. Through this way it was possible to understand the production of vulnerability within the dialogue of its three dimensions: individual (recognition of the person as subject of rights and of events in connection with illness), social (conditions for the production of such events, by focusing the role of cultural settings) and programmatic (qualified assistance to deal with such vulnerability conjunctures). As to the individual dimension, analysis was made on the experiences marked by tuberculosis-HIV co-infection, by the street situation and by the use of drugs like crack. Within the social dimension, the analysis comprised cultural settings involved in the personal trajectories what allowed discussing about processes that are oppressive and discriminatory and that violate rights sheltered within social relations informed by gender and sexuality rules, by the AIDS stigma and by crack use. In the programmatic dimension, the interest was to understand the difficulties concerning the treatment. It was concluded that when health care is not qualified to respond to inequalities underlying illness by tuberculosis, it contributes to maintain vulnerability conditions for clinical worsening of people. The amplification of conscience in this sense is needed so that the technical action addressed to the adhesion and search for treatment be successful, what would give the opportunity to by-pass the paths to admission. Besides, other ethical horizons for health care would be opened in such a way to preserve life from the questionings that threatens it the most.<br>La prevalencia de la tuberculosis, asociada con su potencial de diseminación, la han convertido en una condición emergente, sobretodo en escenarios marcados por la desigualdad social. En el límite del conocimiento epidemiológico y de los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud, se buscó en el referencial de la Vulnerabilidad y Derechos Humanos una perspectiva que acogiese innovaciones en la respuesta al problema. Teniendo como campo empírico un hospital-sanatorio para tratamiento de personas en situación de vulnerabilidad social, esta investigación tuvo el objetivo de comprender como se constituyen las trayectorias de vulnerabilidad hacia la internación por tuberculosis. Fueron hechas observaciones y entrevistas con 12 personas internadas en el año de 2014, con edades entre 25 y 45 años y de ambos sexos. El Construccionismo Social, una de las bases teóricas del cuadro de la vulnerabilidad y derechos humanos, fue la perspectiva teórico-metodológica elegida para encaminar esta investigación. Por esta vía fue posible comprender la producción de la vulnerabilidad en la interlocución de sus tres dimensiones: individual (reconocimiento de la persona como sujeto de derechos y de acontecimientos asociados a la enfermedad), social (condiciones de producción de estos acontecimientos, enfocando el papel de los escenarios culturales) y programática (asistencia calificada para abordar esas coyunturas de vulnerabilidad). En la dimensión individual, fueron analizadas experiencias marcadas por la co-infección tuberculosis-HIV, por la situación de calle y por el uso de drogas, como el crack. En la dimensión social, se analizaron los escenarios culturales implicados en las trayectorias personales, lo que permitió discutir sobre procesos opresivos, discriminatorios y de violación de derechos resguardados en relaciones sociales informadas por normas de género y sexualidad, por el estigma del Sida y del uso de crack. En la dimensión programática, el interés fue comprender las dificultades concernientes al tratamiento. Se concluyó que la asistencia en salud, cuando no calificada para responder a las iniquidades subyacentes a la enfermedad por tuberculosis, contribuye para mantener las condiciones de vulnerabilidad al agravamiento clínico de las personas. Una ampliación de la conciencia, en ese sentido, es necesaria para que la acción técnica vuelta a la adhesión/búsqueda por tratamiento logre éxito, lo que daría la oportunidad de desviar de los caminos para la internación. Además, otros horizontes éticos para el cuidado en salud serían inaugurados de modo a preservar la vida de las interpelaciones que más la amenazan.
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Yilmaz, Zeynep. "Gis-based Structural Performance Assessment Of Sakarya City After 1999 Kocaeli-turkey Earthquake From Geotechnical And Earthquake Engineering Point Of View." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605150/index.pdf.

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The August 17, 1999 Kocaeli-Turkey Earthquake (Mw=7.4) caused severe damage to the structures and lifelines in the Marmara region. Soil liquefaction was identified as one of the major causes of this damage. The aim of this study is to determine geotechnical and earthquake engineering factors that contribute to the structural damage observed in Sakarya city after 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake. For this purpose, the results of an extensive field investigation program compiled by General Directorate of Disaster Affairs including subsurface soil characterization and documenting structural performance data were used. The database was carefully screened for poor quality data and was transferred to geographic information system (GIS) framework. Maximum likelihood methodology for the probabilistic assessment of seismically induced structural performance was chosen as the statistical tool. After series of sensitivity analyses, important geotechnical and earthquake engineering parameters of the problem were selected as i) liquefaction severity index, ii) post liquefaction volumetric settlement, iii) peak ground acceleration and, iv) spectral acceleration defined at the period range of conventional buildings. In addition to these parameters, structural performance defined as a) no damage and light, b) moderate damage, c) heavy damage and collapse, as well as the number of storeys of each structure were used as to correlate structural damage with geotechnical earthquake engineering factors. As a conclusion series of vulnerability functions specific to Adapazari shaken by Kocaeli Earthquake were developed. Performance predictions of these vulnerability functions were shown to be consistent with as high as 65 percent of the observed structural performance.
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Varakina, Ksenia [Verfasser], and Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Ruth. "The vulnerability of the auditory sense to noise exposure, demanding environmental conditions, and pharmacological cGMP cascade stimulation in a model for age-related hearing loss in the rat and the gerbil / Ksenia Varakina ; Betreuer: Peter Ruth." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1196800472/34.

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Haipinge, Rauha. "Woman vulnerability to HIV/AIDS : an investigation into women's conceptions and experiences in negotiating sex and safe sex in Okalongo constituency, Omusati Region, Namibia." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004337.

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This study emerged from the high prevalence rate of HIV and AIDS infection among women in Sub-Saharan Africa, which has no exception to Namibia. Women have been vulnerable to HIV and AIDS let alone on sex related issues since the epidemic emerged, but not research has been done specifically to Okalongo women. The way in which women vulnerable to HIV and AIDS infection were explored by examined social and cultural identities that affect women’s sexual relations in negotiating sex and safe sex. Qualitative study on a sample of fifteen women was conducted in Okalongo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the conceptions and experiences of women in negotiating sex and safe sex with their husband and partners. Feminist theory guided the methodology and analysis of data. I assumed that gender roles andsexuality are socially constructed, shaped by religion, social, political, and economic influences and modified throughout life. Feminist theory assisted in documentary the ways in which the female’s gender and sexuality in Okalongo is shaped by cultural influences and by institutions that disadvantage female and other oppressed groups by silencing their voices. The feminist further guided the discussion of the contradicting messages about women’s sexuality and their experiences, as women complied, conformed and even colluded with their oppression. To address the issue under study, the primary analysis of data from the focus group discussion and individual interview were utilised. The following themes were the heart of analysis: Women Positionality, Normalisation and Compliance, Women Agency and Male Dominance Power, Women Perceptions of Risk, Sex Education in and out of school among Women.In this study the data suggested that women in Okalongo are more vulnerable to their lack of assertiveness, as they have difficult in developing an authoritative voice, they tend to be humble about their achievements and knowledge and to only assertively when concerned about others. The findings supported the literature that women’s vulnerability is strongly influenced and tied by broader forces present in the society. Women’s vulnerability is real and needs to be tackled for any progress to occur in the fight against AIDS. Until factors that constraints and enabling women agency to negotiate sex and safe sex acknowledged and addressed, women will continue to succumb to the HIV pandemic.
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Machado, Ana Rita Moreira Pinto. "Portuguese households' stress tests : diagnosis and prospective analysis." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11000.

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Mestrado em Finanças<br>A presente investigação analisa a vulnerabilidade financeira das famílias portuguesas e o impacto de choques macroeconómicos nessa vulnerabilidade. A análise empírica tem como base essencial o European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU ? SILC 2010) para Portugal (5.182 famílias). Adoptando o teste de stress como metodologia procede-se à identificação do stress financeiro das famílias, através da adopção de medidas de diferentes níveis de vulnerabilidade baseadas nas margens financeiras. São realizados três tipos de cenários para avaliar o impacto na vulnerabilidade das famílias de três tipos de choques: um aumento da taxa de juro, um aumento da taxa de desemprego e um decréscimo do rendimento. Os resultados empíricos demonstram que a vulnerabilidade das famílias é afectada de modo insignificante por uma subida da taxa de juro. Por contrapartida, um aumento do desemprego e uma redução no nível de rendimento das famílias tem um impacto elevado. Estes resultados convergem com estudos empíricos recentemente realizados em outros países da Europa. A comparação da situação das famílias antes e depois da crise económica e financeira sugere uma degradação significativa da vulnerabilidade financeira das famílias, em particular daquelas pertencentes ao quartil de rendimento inferior e famílias monoparentais ou compostas por dois adultos com filhos menores.<br>This research investigates the financial vulnerability of Portuguese households and the impact of macroeconomic shocks on it. The empirical analysis is mainly based on European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU - SILC 2010) for Portugal (5,182 households). Using stress test methodologies, the financial stress of households is identified, adopting measures of different levels of vulnerability based on financial margins. Three types of scenario are constructed to assess the impact on family vulnerability of three different types of shocks: an increase in the interest rate, an increase in the unemployment rate and a decrease on income. The empirical results show that the vulnerability of households is weakly affected by rises in the interest rate. By contrast, the rise in unemployment and the decline in the level of household income have a high impact. These computed effects converge with other empirical studies recently conducted in other European countries. The comparison between the households' situation before and after the economic and financial crisis suggests a dramatic worsening of the financial vulnerability of households, particularly those in the lowest quartile of income and households composed by a single parent or couples with dependent children.
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32

Goavec, Claire. "Vulnérabilité et résilience des petites économies insulaires en développement." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0019.

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L'allocation peu optimale de l'Aide Publique au Développement, la performance avérée de certaines des Petites Économies Insulaires en Développement ainsi que le problème de définition de ce groupe de pays nous amènent à nous poser la question suivante : le traitement spécifique des PEID de la part des institutions internationales est-il justifié ? Nous nous sommes de prime abord focalisés sur les caractéristiques intrinsèques de ces petites économies, qui les rendent a priori plus exposées aux chocs externes. La première partie de notre analyse a ainsi eu pour but d'évaluer la vulnérabilité économique de ces territoires. Certaines des économies étant reconnues comme vulnérables affichent des résultats de performance économique et sociale remarquables. Afin de tenir compte de ce paradoxe, nous nous sommes attachés à quantifier cette performance de développement, de manière à aborder notre second thème : la performance de résilience de ces territoires. Notre analyse nous permet quelques constats intéressants. Premièrement, la définition des concepts est un réel problème. Deuxièmement, bien qu'avérée, la vulnérabilité des PEID se trouve nuancée par le changement de construction de l'Indicateur de Vulnérabilité Économique que nous proposons. Troisièmement, la performance économique et sociale de certaines économies insulaires est indéniable. Quatrièmement, bien que le caractère résilient des PEID soit confirmé par notre analyse, cette résilience est particulièrement hétérogène au sein de ce groupe de pays. Enfin, l'étude des stratégies de développement de ces îles nous a conduits au constat suivant : il ne peut exister de stratégie commune à ces territoires différents<br>The non-optimal allocation of Official Development Assistance, the performance of some Small Island Developing Economies and the problem of definition of this group of countries lead us to ask the question : is the special treatment of SIDE from international institutions justified? First, we focused on the intrinsic characteristics of these small economies, which are a priori more exposed to external shocks. The first part of our analysis consists to assess the economic vulnerability of these territories. Some economies, recognized as vulnerable, are economically and socially efficient. To account for this paradox, we devoted to quantify the development performance to address our second topic: the resilience performance of these territories.Our analysis allows some interesting findings. First, the definition of concepts is a real problem. Second, the vulnerability of SIDE is nuanced by the construction change of the Economic Vulnerability Indicator that we propose. Third, the economic and social performance of some island economies is undeniable. Fourth, although the resilient nature of SIDE is confirmed by our analysis, this resilience is especially heterogeneous within this group of countries. Finally, the study of the development strategies of these islands allows the following conclusion: there can be no common strategy in these territories
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33

Sundgren, Agnes, and Sofia Bergenholtz. "Ojämlika livsvillkor i pensionsåldern : En kvalitativ intervjustudie om pensionärer med begränsade ekonomiska förutsättningar." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för hälsa och välfärd, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42612.

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The aim of this study is to highlight inequality among elderly. The study increase the understanding of poverty and financial vulnerability in elderlies life. This study describes what their living conditions look like for themselves and what their financial situation can have in their everyday lives and consequences. The aim is to understand the patterns and paths that lead to financial vulnerability in retirement. Seven retired people in the age between 65-80 years were interviewed. The result shows that there are large differences in income between men and women when retired. Some of the main reasons for this are that the women have worked unpaid by living as housewives and taking a bigger responsibility for children and the home. The unpaid work has had an impact on the income when retired and affected their living conditions. The majority of the respondents answer that planning and limitations are needed to cope up with everyday life as retired person. Some of the respondents have to continue to work extra after retirement to succeed financially. Generally the finances of the elderly are worse after retirement than before and this has negative consequences, it will not get better when they are retired as many of them thought, but they still manage to get their lives to work out even if they have limitations in their everyday life. Gender, individualization and social exclusion are used to analyze the results in the essay.
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34

Lopes, Elizabete Silva de Jesus. "Caracter?sticas do trabalho e emprego da equipe de sa?de da fam?lia: an?lise de indicadores de precariza??o." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2013. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/202.

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Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-09-16T23:54:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSETAC?O - Elizabete Silva de Jesus Lopes - 2013.pdf: 2904294 bytes, checksum: fa71e691cbbf19e2e1961ca5514f2120 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-16T23:54:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSETAC?O - Elizabete Silva de Jesus Lopes - 2013.pdf: 2904294 bytes, checksum: fa71e691cbbf19e2e1961ca5514f2120 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-20<br>The casualization of labor is one of the main problems associated with globalization and the restructuring of production processes in the capitalist system. Contributes to change the characteristics of the labor and employment in general, and particularly in the health sector. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of the labor and employment of the Family Health Program (PSF), focusing on indicators of precarious work in Feira de Santana, Bahia in 2012. This is an epidemiological cohort study cross- exploratory- descriptive, with a random sample stratified by geographic location, occupational category and level of assistance. Applied to 1,041 workers structured municipal public questionnaire. For the types of characteristics of vulnerable employment and working on the indicators of precariousness used the Grade of Membership (GoM) method - degree of belonging. 3 profiles were generated : profile " 1 " , characterized by less vulnerable workers , but with lower incomes; Profile " 2 " marked by workers in poorer working conditions and employment profile " 3 " less vulnerable workers , but with low social support . Findings reveal the existence of different vulnerabilities on indicators of precarious work among groups of workers PSF. Suggested to different actions for each group of workers in order to desprecarizar conditions of employment.<br>A precariza??o do trabalho constitui um dos principais problemas associados ? globaliza??o e aos processos de reestrutura??o produtiva no sistema capitalista. Contribui para alterar as caracter?sticas do trabalho e emprego de forma geral, e em particular no setor sa?de. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as caracter?sticas do trabalho e emprego do Programa de Sa?de da Fam?lia (PSF), com enfoque em indicadores de precariza??o do trabalho, no munic?pio de Feira de Santana, Bahia no ano de 2012. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiol?gico de corte transversal do tipo explorat?rio-descritivo, com amostra aleat?ria estratificada por ?rea geogr?fica, categoria profissional e n?vel de assist?ncia. Aplicou-se question?rio estruturado a 1.041 trabalhadores da rede p?blica municipal. Para obter as tipologias das caracter?sticas do emprego e trabalho vulner?veis quanto aos indicadores de precariza??o utilizou-se o m?todo Grade of Membership (GoM) - grau de pertencimento. Foram gerados 3 perfis: perfil "1", caracterizado por trabalhadores menos vulner?veis, por?m com baixos rendimentos; perfil "2? marcado por trabalhadores em piores condi??es de trabalho e emprego e perfil "3" trabalhadores menos vulner?veis, por?m com baixo suporte social. Os achados revelam a exist?ncia de diferentes vulnerabilidades referentes aos indicadores de precariza??o do trabalho entre os grupos de trabalhadores do PSF o que pode estar relacionado as condi??es de trabalho e emprego, a organiza??o dos servi?os e aos aspectos psicossociais do trabalho: demanda psicol?gicas advindas do trabalho, controle sobre o pr?prio trabalho, suporte social do chefe e dos colegas de trabalho. Sugere-se a??es diferenciadas para cada grupo de trabalhadores.
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35

O'Neal, Kathleen. "An Examination of the Connection Between Genuine Dialogue and Improv." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6335.

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The value of improv training extends beyond the stage. Improv has been successfully utilized and applied in a variety of ways in the workplace, school, and community. This study examines the connection between genuine dialogue and improv to determine if improv exhibits dialogic qualities. Three focus groups were conducted with a total of nineteen improv students. Additionally, an interview was conducted with the director of a hospital's Innovation Lab where improv is used in an organizational setting. The conditions for dialogue set by Gordon (2006) served as a guideline for analyzing data. Thematic analysis generated categories used to analyze data. The most prominent of Gordon's conditions for dialogue within improv were Imagination & Innovation, Vulnerability and Immediacy of Presence. The importance of this study, implications and future studies for the connection between improv and dialogue are examined.<br>M.A.<br>Masters<br>Communication<br>Sciences<br>Communication; Interpersonal Communication Track
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36

Moto, Henri Fidèle. "L'accès à l'eau potable en milieu rural au Cameroun : à la recherche d'une approche éthique et théologique du développement." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAK016.

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Les choix et les pratiques éthiques de développement constituent les principaux facteurs de la mise en oeuvre effective du droit à l’eau potable en milieu rural au Cameroun. Après avoir posé quelques repères pour une humanisation du développement dans ce pays de l’Afrique sub-saharienne, cette thèse met en lumière les enjeux de l’accès à l’eau potable à travers une analyse socio-éthique des représentations des expériences de trois projets hydrauliques dans les départements de la Sanaga Maritime et du Mbam Inoubou. Elle démontre que la réhabilitation de la dignité et des capacités des acteurs locaux est le levier sur lequel il faut agir pour instituer une société du commun et de communion favorable à un développement éthique. Contrairement à la société du « non-commun » qui émerge de l’analyse des expériences de terrain, celle du commun serait capable de répondre aux situations de précarité sans attendre l’assistance des tutelles ou des tuteurs<br>The choices and ethical practices of development are major factors in the effective implementation of the right to drinking water in rural Cameroon. After identifying some benchmarks for humanization of development in this sub-Saharan African country, this thesis highlights the challenges of access to drinking water through a socio-ethical analysis of the experiences of three water projects in the departments of Sanaga Maritime and Mbam Inoubou. It demonstrates that the restoration of the dignity and capacity of local actors is the lever on which action is needed to establish a society of commonality and communion that is favorable to ethical development. Unlike a society that promotes “non-commonality” which emerges from the analysis of field experiments, the one that promotes commonality would be able to respond to precarious situations without depending on the assistance and / or direction of guardians
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37

Larsson, Andreas. "Fornlämningars risk och sårbarhet till följd av vintervägsaltning på det kommunala– och statliga vägnätet i ett förändrat klimat : Litteratur– och fältstudie om korrosion av artefakter, samt identifiering av riskområden genom en GIS–analys i Södermanland och Västmanland." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-175946.

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Archaeological artefacts excavated today are in a worse preserved state compare to those artefacts found before 1945. Previous research highlighted soil acidification as the main cause. However, not much research has been done to analyse other causalities, such as the spread of road salt during the wintertime and the potential deterioration that salt (sodium chloride) might cause on the physical cultural heritage. Nonetheless, it is proven that salt causes corrosion on infrastructure and on porous stone, masonry, and other composite materials in buildings. The aim of this work is to investigate how road salt move from the road surface (municipal– and state roads) and beyond, what factors might contribute to increased geographical spread and how we can limit the potential risk of damage associated with the spread of road salts to ancient historical sites. The research methods presented in this paper is a mix of field sampling study together with GIS– and literature analysis. The results show that the road salts spread according to an exponential decaying rate, where most of the road salts being spread 5–10 meters beyond the roadside. This means that cultural heritage sites within this buffer–area could be susceptible to salt induced damage to physical structures and deposited artefacts made from metals, rock, brick, and other material. Thereby it is pivotal to highlight the possible actions that can prevent the spread of road salts in a geographical landscape, and its effect on the physical cultural heritage.
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38

Boussougou, Boussougou Guy Fidèle. "Vulnérabilité des paysages forestiers en relation avec les activités humaines et la variabilité climatique en Tanzanie : analyse prospective des dynamiques de l'occupation du sol des réserves forestières de Pugu et de Kazimzumbwi." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0035/document.

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L'objectif de ce travail est de montrer la vulnérabilité des paysages forestiers en relation avec la variabilité climatique à l'échelle de la Tanzanie d’une part et d'analyser les dynamiques forestières, afin de réaliser une étude prospective des dynamiques de l'occupation des sols dans les réserves forestières de Pugu et de Kazimzumbwi d'autre part. L'analyse des données TRMM sur la période 2001-2013 a permis de mettre en évidence une variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle des précipitations à l'échelle du pays. Les cartes de précipitations interannuelles ont permis de distinguer les années à faible pluviométrie, les années à forte pluviométrie et les années à pluviométrie intermédiaire. Cette analyse a également permis de mettre en évidence 11 types de régimes pluviométriques marqués par des modes de variabilité saisonnière différents à l'échelle de la Tanzanie. Des oppositions existent entre les régimes pluviométriques de la région centrale savanicole marquées par des hauteurs annuelles faibles, un nombre de mois secs important (7 mois) et plus affectée par la variabilité interannuelle des précipitations d'une part et d’autre part les régions forestières du nord, sud et l'est plus humides et présentant des faibles déficits des hauteurs pluviométriques interannuelles. La sensibilité de la phénologie végétale à la variabilité pluviométrique a été analysé par l'étude des relations spatio-temporelles entre l'indice de végétation normalisé NDVI-MODIS et la pluviométrie (pluie TRMM). Les cartes de corrélations pluie/NDVI mettent en évidence une opposition entre les régions sèches du centre marquée par des paysages de savane fortement vulnérables à la variabilité pluviométrique et les régions du sud de forêts humides de montagnes et des régions côtières de forêts de mangroves réagissant peu à cette variabilité pluviométrique. Dans les régions de savanes du centre l'intensité de la dépendance pluie/NDVI est mesurée par un coefficient de corrélation de 0.70. Un suivi de l'analyse des pressions humaines sur les réserves forestières a été réalisé à partir de l'exemple des forêts de Pugu et de Kazimzumbwi sur la période 1995-2015 à partir de l'imagerie SPOT 6 (haute résolution) et LANDSAT. Les classifications de l’occupation du sol ont été réalisées à partir de la méthode orientée objet. Le bilan forestier montre que, des deux réserves forestières, seule la réserve de Pugu conserve encore près de la moitié de sa surface en forêt en 2015 (55% dont 32 % de forêt dense). À l'inverse la réserve de Kazimzumbwi ne contient que 5 % de forêt dense de sa superficie. Sur l'ensemble de la période étudiée (1995-2014), la sous-période 2009-2014 a été la plus critique en terme de perte de forêt. En effet, en l’espace de 5 ans les réserves forestières de Pugu et Kazimzumbwi ont presque perdu le double de leur superficie. Partant du constat d'une vulnérabilité accrue des pressions humaines dans les réserves, une analyse multicritère a permis d'identifier les zones de fortes et faibles pressions humaines. Les zones les plus vulnérables restent celles situées à proximité des axes de communication et des villes. Ainsi, les réserves forestières sont plus vulnérables dans leurs parties est, proches des routes principales et des grands centres urbains comme Pugu et Kisarawé. L'utilisation d’un modèle pour une modélisation prospective en 2050 a nécessité l’intégration des variables explicatives des changements observés et des cartes d'occupation du sol de 1995 et 2014. Le modèle est validé à partir d’une carte prédite et d’une carte réelle. Le résultat montre une simulation exacte à 72 %. Le modèle prévoit ainsi, à l’horizon 2050 une expansion et densification des surfaces artificialisées notamment à la périphérie nord-est de la réserve de Pugu et au sud dans la réserve de Kazimzumbwi. Cette croissance des surfaces artificialisées entraînera un recul important des surfaces forestières existantes à l’intérieur des réserves<br>The objective of this work is on one hand to show the vulnerability of forest landscapes in relation to climate variability at the scale of Tanzania and on the other hand to analyze forest dynamics in order to carry out a prospective study of the dynamics of land use in the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. Analysis of the TRMM data over the period from 2001 to 2013 has allowed revealing a seasonal and inter-annual variability in precipitation across the country. The inter-annual precipitation maps have made it possible to distinguish the years with low rainfall (2003, 2005, 2012 ), the years of high rainfall (2002, 2007, 2006, 2011) and the years of intermediate rainfall (2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013). It has also help to distinguish 11 types of rainfall regimes marked by different patterns of seasonal variability at the scale of Tanzania. There are oppositions between the rainfall regimes of the central savannah region on one hand marked by low annual heights over an important period of seven dry months, also more affected by inter-annual variability, and the northern, southern and eastern forest regions are more humid and presenting low deficits of heights inter-annual rainfall. The sensitivity of plant phenology to rainfall variability has been analyzed by the examination of the spatio-temporal relationships between the standardized vegetation index NDVI-MODIS and rainfall (rain TRMM). The rain / NDVI correlation maps show an opposition between the dry regions of the center marked by savannah landscapes highly vulnerable to rainfall variability and the southern regions of moist forests, mountains and coastal regions, mangrove forests Reacting poorly to this rainfall variability. In the savannah regions of the center, the intensity of rain / NDI dependence is measured by a correlation coefficient of 0.70. A monitoring of the analysis of human pressures on forest reserves was carried out using the example of the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forests during the period 1995-2015 using SPOT 6 (high resolution) and LANDSAT imagery. The land use classifications were realized from the object oriented method. The forest review shows that in 2015 (55% of which 32% is dense forest), from the two reserves only the reserve of Pugu still preserves nearly the half of its surface in forest while the reserve forest of Kazimzumbwi contains only 5% of its area. Over the entire period studied, the sub-period 2009-2014 was the most critical in terms of forest loss. In fact, within five years the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi have almost lost the double of their area. Based on the increased vulnerability of human pressures in the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forest reserves and their periphery, a multicriteria analysis has made it possible to identify areas of high and low human pressures. The most vulnerable areas remain those located close to the communication axes and cities. Consequently forest reserves are more vulnerable in their eastern parts, close to major roads and major urban centers such as Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. The use of a model for prospective modeling in 2050 has required the integration of the explanatory variables of the observed changes and the land use maps of 1995 and 2014. The model is validated from a predicted map and a real map. The result shows an exact simulation at 72%, based on this hypothesis of an increase in anthropogenic human pressures on the two forest reserves over time; we have predicted the land use map of 2050 under the effect of explanatory variables. This prospective modeling therefore envisages, by 2050, an expansion and densification of artificial surfaces, notably at the north-eastern periphery of the reserve of Pugu and on the south in the kazimzumbwi reserve. This growth in artificial surfaces will result in a significant decline in existing forest areas within reserves
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39

Zdzienicka, Aleksandra. "Vulnérabilités des nouveaux états membres de l’Union Européenne et processus d’adhésion à l’Euro." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO22014.

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Bien que les pays de l’Europe Centrale et Orientale montrent de plus en plus des similitudes structurelles avec des pays développés, leurs économies restent vulnérables aux facteurs d’instabilité financière caractéristiques aux pays en développement. La présence de ces vulnérabilités a conduit aux débats sur les avantages de l’adhésion rapide à l’Union Economique et Monétaire (UEM). Traditionnellement, selon de la Théorie des Zones Monétaires Optimales, l’adoption de l’euro peut être bénéfique éliminant le risque du taux de change, donnant un meilleur accès au financement externe et atténuant l’impact des crises financières. De l’autre côté, l’abandon de l’autonomie de la politique monétaire et du taux de change prive les autorités nationales d’une marge de manœuvre dans le cas où le pays soit touché par les chocs asymétriques (d’offre) ou sa réponse aux chocs symétriques diverge de celle de la zone monétaire. L’objective de cette thèse est de déterminer les vulnérabilités financières des PECO et le degré d’asymétrie de leurs économies afin de participer aux débats sur la stratégie d’adhésion à l’euro<br>Although the Central and Eastern European countries show in many respects increasing similarities to developed economies they still present some characteristics pointing to potential sources of increased financial vulnerability. The presence of these vulnerabilities has raised the discussion about whether early euro adoption could represent an effective policy remedy for the CEECs’ economies. Traditionally, in the sense of the Optimum Currency Area (OCA) Theory, the arguments vary between two points of view. On the one side, the EMU adhesion would have a beneficial effect eliminating exchange rate risks, giving a better access to external financing and attenuating the impact of financial crises. On the other side, EMU membership may not protect these countries against asymmetric shocks. In fact, in the case of (real) asymmetric shocks or asymmetric response to common (real and nominal) shocks, the output and employment costs of the euro adoption could be very high. The objective of this dissertation is to study these issues, focusing first on potential source of financial vulnerabilities, and then to assess the degree of the CEECs’ shock asymmetry to participate in debates on the euro adoption
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40

Saraví, Gonzalo Andrés. "Youth and social vulnerability : becoming adults in contemporary Argentina." 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/11295.

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41

Ngwenya, Makale. "Johannesburg inner city’s appropriated buildings: resident’s responses to vulnerability and precarious living conditions." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24101.

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Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of the Built Environment (Housing), to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017<br>Johannesburg like many rapidly urbanising cities around the world has the problem of a lack of affordable accommodation and inadequate access to basic services (Tissington, 2013). Residents in the inner city use spaces and buildings in a way that reclaims the promises of the city to a better life. As historian and cultural theorist Abdou Maliq Simone (2004) has noted people within African Cities have a probable tendency to improvise. In this research I use the concept of evolutionary resilience, which has been described to account for individuals and households ability adapt in constantly changing environments (Simmie & Martin, 2010) to explore the responses of residents to precarious living conditions and vulnerability that is created by conditions of insecure tenure and evictions. There is little comparative empirical research about how inner city residents talk about their lives and experiences. This research contributes to filling this gap by examining the experiences of residents and highlighting the ways in which as Cirugeda (2004) points to, residents often use empowerment strategies that encourage inhabitants to subvert laws and regulations, in order to maximise self-help by appropriating structures for better living conditions (Cirugeda 2004). This research utilises in depth interviews that were conducted within selected buildings in the inner city using a semi structured interview guide. The objective is to examine the strategies of coping with the exposure to risk and how individuals respond to these shocks. Şoitu (undated) states that vulnerability is a situation of social, economic and physiological need when individuals are marginalised and resilience is a personal resource that allows individuals to face stress and shocks and provides strength (Şoitu, undated). This research finds that there are many difficulties, threats and vulnerabilities that residents are exposed to and residents invoke various strategies and responses for coping. KEYWORDS ‘Bad buildings’, inner city, Johannesburg, vulnerability, evolutionary resilience, precarious living conditions, basic services, insecure tenure<br>XL2018
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42

Caister, Karen. "The impact of policy on perceived livelihood vulnerability : the case of Cato Manor." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4068.

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This dissertation describes the outcome of a sustainable livelihoods approach to assess the livelihood vulnerability of community structures in Cato Manor (an urban renewal project of Durban City, KwaZulu-Natal). The sustainable livelihoods approach used looked at the specifics of the nature of assets wealth, and how the poor made a living. The vulnerability of poor households and communities depends on the way the poor have combined available assets and capabilities within a particular context to achieve short and long term priorities. Amongst other contextual issues of developing countries, structural adjustment has affected urban survival strategies. This study explored whether the impact of post-apartheid policy had reduced livelihood vulnerability for members of ten community structures in Cato Manor (CM). The investigation was broken down into two sub-problems. Sub-problem one was to establish what impact post-apartheid policy outcomes had on livelihood strategies in Cato Manor. Sub-problem two set out to ascertain whether the livelihood strategies described by participants in Cato Manor reflect reduced livelihood vulnerability. A unique feature of this study was an agreement between community based facilitators from Cato Manor (Cato Manor Development Association (CMDA) team) and the researcher for the development of two research agendas. The CMDA team, comprised of five community facilitators from the Seliyabuya Housing Co-operative and a Cato Manor Development Association consultant, conducted sustainable livelihoods analyses as the first stage of strategic planning for community structures. A secondary case study analysis of livelihood vulnerabilities was carried out by the researcher using the secondary data from these sustainable livelihoods analyses. Ten of the thirty five community structures (29%) identified by the CMDA team as possible participants elected to participate in the sustainable livelihoods analyses. Members of these structures formed ten groups based on the focus of their structure goals. Each focus group conducted a sustainable livelihoods analysis that reflected the assets, strategies for livelihoods and constraints that affected structures' priorities. Each participant was also asked to complete a household survey questionnaire providing demographic data for the case study. The findings of this study showed a tension between government's structural adjustment goals and the realities of actual delivery. The development goals provided for an urban space with the physical structures for livelihood security and sustainability. The study identified that development has provided a significant accumulation of physical assets through infrastructure delivery. However, perceptions of the participants indicated that development has not provided sufficient economic opportunities; adequate housing; or educational, social and recreational facilities for desired livelihood outcomes. In addition, participants believed manufacturing and business growth dependent on the successful marketing of products was in direct conflict with the actual physical restrictions of the topography, housing density goals and conceptualisation of the economic opportunities existing in Cato Manor. Participants relied on survivalist strategies of micro-enterprises (such as informal trading), and reliance on collective community support as available rational options for survival. Livelihood vulnerabilities indicated by the study were: overcrowding of homes, both in formal and informal areas; national economic trends resulting in job shedding by the formal sectors; and the slow beginnings of local economic development. In addition, there would be the threat to this community of the unknown impact of or capacity for the eThekweni Municipality's continuing the development required in Cato Manor after closure of the Cato Manor Development Association; and the impact of HIV/AIDS on the human, economic and social capital. This study showed increasing vulnerability for households and community structures represented by the sample in terms of physical capital, financial capital, and human capital. This vulnerability was particularly characterised at community level by the perception of increased dependency on cash amidst a corresponding reduction in available cash. It has been recommended that a creative institutional response, using clearly defined roles and responsibilities, collaborate with the community to define and make use of entry points for the transfer of skills and Local Economic Development support for the creation of employment opportunities. In addition, it was recommended that local government make full use of their knowledge of the livelihoods activities, and human capital in Cato Manor to facilitate the speedy delivery of appropriate infrastructure and economic support in a manner that supports the sustainability of municipal management as well as increases the livelihood options of the poor. To complement this study, further research requires an ongoing evaluation of the impact of local government and the community's responses; and an exploration of how democratic citizenship can be developed through the facilitation of grass-roots collective organisational strategies.<br>Thesis (M.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.
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43

Hunter, Nina. "Adolescent school drop-out in South Africa : an asset-vulnerability framework." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5394.

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This article investigates the impact of poverty and shocks on adolescents, particularly their role in early school drop-out. Data consisting of 3043 adolescent interviews and 1945 household interviews, from a recent survey entitled Transitions to Adulthood among Adolescents in Durban, South Africa, has been used. While conventional explanations of drop-out acknowledge the role of socio-economic factors, this paper attempts to understand, through an asset-vulnerability framework, the explicit contribution of poverty and shocks to drop-out in the South African context. The results indicate that the poverty-based theory of drop-out put forward, while appealing, does not fully account for drop-out. Instead, it would seem that among poor households the education of their children is seen as an asset that is to be protected. It is proposed that school feeding schemes be reconsidered as a social welfare tool to support poor households in their attempts to keep their children in school.<br>Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.
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44

Ferraz, Ana Beatriz dos Santos. "O crime de tráfico de pessoas : as insuficiências do artigo 160º do Código Penal à luz do atual contexto social." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31214.

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A presente dissertação surge com o intuito de analisar o tipo legal do crime de tráfico de pessoas e questionar alguns dos seus aspetos. Numa sociedade global e em constante mudança e atualização, cremos ser relevante estudar de que modo a disposição constante do art. 160º do CP está à altura das necessidades atuais. Sendo inegável o amplo contributo que a internet e as redes sociais trouxeram, estes meios informáticos de comunicação foram também benéficos para a prática do crime. Trataremos de analisar de que modo estes meios podem ser utilizados no tráfico de pessoas e qual o enquadramento de tais atos no ordenamento jurídico. Considerando que a vítima tem vindo a assumir um papel mais preponderante no Direito penal, o nosso estudo incluirá ainda uma reflexão acerca da condição de “especial vulnerabilidade da vítima”, o valor do consentimento da mesma no seu tráfico e exploração e, por fim, o princípio da não punição pelos atos cometidos pela vítima por causa do seu estatuto.<br>The following dissertation’s intention is to analyze trafficking in persons’ legal type and to question some of it’s aspects. In a global society in constant change and update, we believe in the relevance of the study on how the legal text of the article 160º from the Portuguese Penal Code is dealing with the current needs. Even though the internet and social media have brought many benefits, they were also benefitial for crime practise. We will analyze the way that these means can be used in trafficking in persons and the legal framework of such actions in the legal scenario. Considering the dominant role that the victim has been assuming inside the criminal law, our study will also include a reflection on the “victim’s condition of vulnerability”, the value of the consent in his/hers trafficking and exploitation and the principle of non-punishment for acts commited as a victim.
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Schuler, Greta. ""At your own risk" : narratives of Zimbabwean migrant sex workers in Hillbrow and discourses of vulnerability, agency, and power." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/13155.

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This study explores the self-representations of cross-border migrant, female sex workers in Johannesburg and compares these representations to those created by public discourses around cross-border migration, sex work, and gender. With a focus on issues of agency, vulnerability, and power, the study questions the impact of prevalent representations of these women by others on their individual self-representations. The participatory approach of this study builds on previous participatory research projects with migrant sex workers in Johannesburg and employs creative writing as a methodology to generate narratives and thus adds to literature about alternative methodologies for reaching currently marginalised and under-researched groups. Organisations such as Sex Worker Education and Advocacy Taskforce (SWEAT) and Sisonke Sex Worker Movement have worked with sex workers to generate digital stories for advocacy; however, academic research employing storytelling as a methodology has not been done with migrant sex workers in South Africa. While existing evidence indicates that cross-border migrant, female sex workers are often marginalised by state and non-state actors professing to assist them, this study emphasizes the voices of the women themselves. Over the course of three months, I conducted creative writing workshops with five female Zimbabwean sex workers in Hillbrow, Johannesburg; the women generated stories in these workshops that became the basis for one-on-one unstructured interviews. I compared the self-representations that emerged from this process with the representations of migrant sex workers that I determined from a desk review of the websites of organisations that contribute to trafficking and sex work discourses in South Africa. With the Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons Bill close to becoming law in South Africa and the prevalent assumption that systemic trafficking problems are related to the sex industry and irregular migration, developing a better understanding of migrants involved in sex work in South Africa is particularly important. Furthermore, a national focus on reducing and even preventing immigration—and the stigma attached to migrants—adds urgency to the elucidation of the lives of migrants. This study investigates how female Zimbabwean sex workers in Johannesburg—often positioned as vulnerable and sometimes misidentified as trafficked—see themselves in a country increasingly concerned with issues of (anti-)immigration and (anti-)trafficking. Furthermore, sex work is criminalized in South Africa and social mores attach stigma to prostitution. Contrary to assumptions that all sex workers are forced into the industry or foreign sex workers trafficked into the country, the participants in this study spoke of active choices in their lives—including choices about their livelihood and their movement—and describe their vulnerabilities and strengths. Perhaps the most striking similarity between participants was the women’s acknowledgement of the dangers they face and the decisions they make, weighing risks and gains. This recognition of agency ran through the six key themes that I generated through thematic analysis: Conflicting Representations of Sex Work, Stigma and Double Existence, Health and Safety, Importance of Independence, Morality of Remittances, and Mobility. Throughout the analysis, I argue that the participants in the study present themselves as aware of the dangers they face and calculating the risks. The participants responded enthusiastically to the creative writing methodology—through their stories, discussions, and interviews, they portrayed a complex, at times ambiguous, portrait of migrant sex workers in South Africa. While recognizing their double vulnerability—as illegally engaging in sex work and, often, illegally residing in South Africa, they also emphasized their strength and agency.
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Colgan, Desia. "Policy networks in action: a comparative case study of two projects aimed at addressing childhood vulnerability." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21562.

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PhD. thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Wits School of Governance. 1st October 2015<br>Two decades after South Africa’s transition to democracy, with a positive constitutional and legislative framework in place, a vast number of South African households continue to be subjected to serious inequalities and extreme poverty. The dual phenomenon of poverty and inequality are complex problems of such a magnitude that silo approaches and singular agency fixes are inadequate. South Africa has the potential to address such issues at a multi-actor multi-institutional level, involving both civil society organisations and government working together. This study investigates the manner in which various stakeholders come together to develop policy and implement strategies aimed at the alleviation of poverty, specifically focussing on childhood poverty and vulnerability. Using the policy network approach to illustrate the relationships that exist between actors, this study follows the policy process from formulation to implementation. The policy network approach is utilised as a lens through which the policy process is examined in two case studies — the succession planning and children’s act projects. These case studies share a common objective which is to equip service providers with the knowledge and skills to assist their clients in accessing their legal rights. Policy networks draw attention to the institutional arrangements needed for coordinating complex interactions between various actors involved in the policy process, with a specific interest on state-civil society relationships of policy cooperation. Hence, the main focus of the research is to ascertain the networking relationships that develop between government and civil society organisations and to explore the potential that policy networks offer in the future pursuit of social justice and children’s rights.<br>MB2016
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Msutwana, Xolile. "Emerging economy resilience and vulnerability to adverse exogenous economic shocks: The case of Sub-Saharan Africa." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40773.

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The impact of the recent global financial crisis on the global economy has highlighted the level of integration of economies and the potential spillover effects as a result thereof. The implications are that the negative effects of the crisis can quickly spread to other economies through numerous transmission mechanisms. The response of developing or emerging economies to these unpredictable exogenous shocks becomes a topical issue. The concepts of economic vulnerability to and resilience against adverse exogenous shocks for emerging economies have since taken centre stage in many economic forums. Policy makers for emerging economies have come to the realisation that the increased economic vulnerability and a lack of economic resilience in their economies can erode the hard-fought-for gains in economic growth over the past decade and potentially harm their prospects as attractive destinations for foreign direct investment (FDI). This research analysed the resilience and vulnerability of emerging economies against adverse shocks using the sub-Saharan African (SSA) region as a case. The research used previous literature on emerging economies’ vulnerability and resilience to formulate four hypotheses around the major overarching themes of vulnerability and resilience. Two hypotheses looked at two functions of vulnerability, i.e. trade openness and financial integration, and two functions of resilience, i.e. international reserves accumulation and economic concentration. The findings of this research study were that SSA economies were vulnerable and not resilient against adverse exogenous shocks, and that few economies in the SSA region were prepared to successfully manoeuvre in an economic crisis. The structure of these economies inherently rendered these economies vulnerable. However, these economic structures also allowed the SSA region to achieve the high economic growth experienced during the past decade. The output of the methodology utilised in this research study resulted in a model that can be used to reduce the likelihood of an SSA economy being severely affected by an adverse economic shock.<br>Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013.<br>ccgibs2014<br>Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)<br>MBA<br>Unrestricted
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Njagi, Nyambura Gachette. "The sustainable livelihood approach : a vulnerability context analysis of Ngwatle's! Kung group Basarwa, Botswana." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3556.

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This thesis uses aspects of the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) to investigate how global trends and national eco-political factors in Botswana impact the livelihood strategies or actions of a group of individuals who identify as !Kung Group Basarwa in a small village called Ngwatle, located in the south western Kalahari. These global and national forces produce and reproduce institutions, structures and processes that constitute the particular vulnerability context in which Ngwatle is couched. The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, a key component of SLAs, is used here as a tool of analysis to identify barriers and constraints to livelihood aspirations. Basarwa, known as Bushmen or San people more generally, have a history of strained relationships with more powerful majority groups including the Setswana (or Tswana) who account for 79% of the population as well as wealthy cattle owning minority groups. This history, understood in a wider global context, makes livelihood construction extremely difficult for people living in Ngwatle. The research is exploratory in nature and seeks to contextualize a problem or a set of problems given a particular set of circumstances rather than establish categorical causality between variables. The approach of this research has been methodologically investigated by answering three primary research questions. The first question seeks to establish the major activities undertaken in Ngwatle households that help people in the community to make a living. In this regard, the research clearly establishes that several specific livelihood actions, such as making crafts and conducting cash-generating entrepreneurial activities are performed on a daily basis in Ngwatle. The second research question asks whether resources (assets) are constrained by institutions, structures and processes and if so, how. In fact, resources are constrained by these factors and are informed by historical precedence. The third research question focuses on how institutions, structures and processes impact livelihood strategies in Ngwatle in more detail. Links are established between the macro (global), meso (national) and micro (community) economic and political environments. The suggestion is that aspects of capitalism and neo-liberalism at the global and State levels have informed and strengthened various mechanism of control designed to manipulate and direct the movement of individuals (bio-politics). In essence prejudices and discriminatory practices have served to radically alter Basarwa social systems and seriously undermine livelihood strategies.<br>Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.
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Galipeau, Brendan A. "Socio-ecological vulnerability in a Tibetan village on the Lancang River, China." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/31328.

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This ethnographic research examines socioeconomic vulnerabilities to resettlement from a large hydropower dam and agricultural commodification in a Tibetan village in Yunnan Province, Southwest China. After providing an initial background on the dynamics of the research region and hydrodevelopment on its rivers, the research framework of examining vulnerability through a lens of political ecology and local knowledge is outlined. Utilizing this framework, the socioeconomic strategies surrounding agriculture and commodified forest products within the study village are initially outlined through the use of oral histories, previous literature, and quantitative household survey data. After providing a detailed background on these income strategies, vulnerabilities to resettlement are examined through qualitative analysis of individual household interviews. This analysis shows that village households are highly reliant on the village's specific location in order to collect the resources and pursue the agriculture that they do; making them vulnerable to future resettlement. The analysis also shows that in the opinions of villagers, a good standard of living is significantly defined by their ability to pursue specific economic strategies. Next, interview results are analyzed to show how agricultural commodification and a very high reliance on one government sponsored company to purchase crops has also made the village highly vulnerable economically. The thesis concludes with reflections on future hydrodevelopment and resettlement scenarios within the village, and provides recommendations to improve local level resilience and promote better capacity to adapt to change.<br>Graduation date: 2013
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Bell, Jarred. "'The changing climate of livelihoods in Lesotho' : the vulnerability of rural livelihoods in Phelantaba village, northern Lesotho, to climate variability and change." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4768.

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M.A.<br>At the local-level, rural households in Lesotho, like across much of Southern Africa, suffer high livelihood vulnerability from their experience of poverty, marginalisation and dependence on natural resources. In Lesotho, rural households experience similar livelihood vulnerability from their exposure and sensitivity to these numerous social, economic and environmental stressors. In the coming decades, rural households, like those in Phelantaba village, northern Lesotho, will face even greater livelihood vulnerability from the impacts of anthropogenically influenced climate change. This phenomenon will possibly become one of the greatest stressors that rural livelihoods in the village will experience and have to adapt to. The overall objective of this dissertation was to undertake a site-specific assessment of the vulnerability of rural livelihoods in Phelantaba village to the impacts of future climate change. The rationale behind this was that the impacts of future climate change will not be spatially homogenous across a region. A vulnerability index, based on the composition of household livelihoods of the five livelihood capitals, was utilised to determine the livelihood vulnerability of Phelantaba households. In addition, participatory rural appraisal methods were applied in village focus groups to identify the coping strategies households relied upon to cope with climatic variability. Results illustrated that the most vulnerable households in Phelantaba village face the greatest livelihood vulnerability due to their poor access to physical capital and mimimal financial capital, coupled with their dependence on natural capital. Least vulnerable households faced lower vulnerability as they have good financial capacity and access to physical capital to respond to impacts of future climate change. Focus groups highlighted how households in Phelantaba do not have any specific coping strategies designed to address climatic variability. Rather, coping strategies to address poverty and economic stressors were indirectly applied to assist households to cope with climatic variability. In conclusion, the dissertation successfully conducted a site-specific assessment in Phelantaba village of the livelihood vulnerability households faced from future climate change. This research can assist policy makers to understand some of the key vulnerabilities rural households face at the local-level and begin to focus adaptation initiatives on the key areas of concern where they are needed most due to the impacts of future climate change.
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