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Books on the topic 'Conditional assumptions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Ontario. Ministry of Natural Resources. Strategic planning: Issues, assumptions and strategies. Ministry of Natural Resources, 1986.

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2

Great Britain. National Audit Office. Audit of assumptions for Budget 2006: Report. Stationery Office, 2006.

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3

Great Britain. National Audit Office. Audit of assumptions for the 2006 pre-budget report. Stationery Office, 2006.

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Office, National Audit. Audit of assumptions for the 2005 pre-budget report. Stationery Office, 2005.

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5

McDaniel, Susan A. Getting older and better: Women and gender assumptions in Canada's aging society. CRIAW, 1988.

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6

Mal'shina, N., and Andrey Garnov. MODERN PRINCIPLES ANALYSIS OF RESOURCE FLOWS IN CRISIS CONDITIONS: CULTURE AND CREATIVE INDUSTRY. Academus Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/978-1-4946-0018-1.

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The culture industry should become attractive for capital investment through the development of organizational-economic mechanisms of support in the form of integrated structures as well as through the development of mechanisms of its financing: systems of culture multi-channel backing and state-private partnership which would allow to create prerequisites for the appearance and implementation of new ideas and projects in the culture field, contributing to culture sphere formation as a full-fledged source of state income.  As a result of this project implementation, original new fundamen

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7

Levchenko, Boris. Criteria for testing hypotheses about uniformity. Application manual. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/986695.

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The guide discusses the use of statistical criteria focused on the testing of hypotheses about uniformity of laws, which belong to the analyzed sample, of the homogeneous medium (about equality of the mathematical expectations), about the homogeneity of variance (equality of variances of compared samples). The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are indicated, and the application of criteria in conditions of violation of standard assumptions is considered. Tables containing percentage points and statistical distribution models necessary for the correct application of the criteria

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8

Lemeshko, Boris, and Irina Veretel'nikova. Criteria for testing hypotheses about randomness and the absence of a trend. Application Guide. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1587437.

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The monograph discusses the application of statistical criteria aimed at testing hypotheses about the absence of a trend in the analyzed samples. The rejection of such a hypothesis gives grounds to consider the analyzed data as samples of independent equally distributed random variables. We consider a set of special criteria aimed at testing such hypotheses, as well as a set of criteria for the uniformity of laws, the uniformity of averages and the uniformity of variances, which can also be used for these purposes. The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are emphasized, the applic

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9

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (Fort Collins, Colo.), ed. Basic assumptions. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1989.

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10

Miller, Christian. Virtue as a Trait. Edited by Nancy E. Snow. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199385195.013.28.

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One of the most common assumptions about the moral virtues is that they are traits, or more specifically, traits of character. But what are character traits, and what character traits do individuals actually possess today? This chapter takes up each of these questions in turn. First it considers the metaphysics of character traits, distinguishing between three competing views: the summary view, the conditional view, and the dispositional view. Then it turns to the empirical issue of whether most people actually have character traits, and if so, what they tend to look like. Different options in

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11

Okasha, Samir. Grafen’s Formal Darwinism, Adaptive Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0005.

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A core Darwinian idea is that evolution will lead to well-adapted organisms, with phenotypes that maximize their fitness relative to the available alternatives. Grafen’s ‘formal Darwinism project’ attempts to make this idea precise, by explicitly linking the process of natural selection and the optimality of individuals’ phenotypes. Grafen’s analysis ties in closely with the unity-of-purpose constraint on agency, but does not amount to a general vindication of adaptationist assumptions. Under frequencydependence, the theory of adaptive dynamics shows that natural selection does not necessarily

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12

Ideology, identity, and assumptions. Michigan State University Press, 2007.

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13

Howard, Dodson, and Palmer Colin A. 1942-, eds. Ideology, identity, and assumptions. Michigan State University Press, 2007.

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14

Sinclair, Neil. Practical Expressivism. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866107.001.0001.

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Morality is a human institution that can be adequately understood as a naturalistically explicable coordination device, whereby human beings work towards, sustain, and refine mutually beneficial patterns of action and reaction. This morality owes nothing to an ethical reality that exists outside of human inclination: moral judgements and argument do not (attempt to) discover, describe or cognize a robust realm of moral facts or properties. Rather, such judgements express affective or practical states of mind, similar to preferences, desires, policies, or plans. Practical Expressivism argues th

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15

Audit of Assumptions for Budget 2005. Stationery Office Books (TSO), 2005.

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16

Winkler, Emily A. Conditional Kingship. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812388.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 argues that a legitimate English king, once on the throne, could fulfil the criteria for kingship, including piety, military leadership, character, and behaviour. It considers accounts of King Cnut and King William I as case studies for how a foreigner and conqueror could rule well and legitimately regardless of the circumstances of his assumption of power. It examines the relative importance of faults in critiques of reigning kings, arguing that whereas faults of leadership (especially military leadership, as William of Malmesbury’s critique of Edward the Confessor shows) were inexc

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17

Three key conservation assumptions: Conservation flexibility, achievable conservation and residential standard operating conditions. Northwest Power Planning Council, 1989.

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18

Henry, Eric S. The Future Conditional. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754906.001.0001.

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This book offers a nuanced discussion of the globalization of the English language and the widespread effects it has had on Shenyang, the capital and largest city of China's northeast Liaoning Province. Adopting an ethnographic and linguistic perspective, the book considers the personal connotations that English has for Chinese people, beyond its role in the education system. Through research on how English is spoken, taught, and studied in China, the book considers what the language itself means to Chinese speakers. How and why, the book asks, has English become so deeply fascinating in conte

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19

Gamberini, Andrea. The City Commune and the Assumption of a Public Role. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824312.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the affirmation of the commune in the context of the urban political scene: first as one of the many forces present in the city (together with the bishop and certain aristocratic families endowed with specific rights and powers), then as a single hegemonic force. In less than a century, the communal citizen passed from an extra legem condition to one of full recognition as a public power—something that took place thanks to a complex conceptual work of elaboration that owed much to the clash with Barbarossa and even more to the encounter with the Roman legal tradition. The

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20

(Editor), Howard Dodson, and Colin Palmer (Editor), eds. Ideology, Identity, and Assumptions (Schomburg Studies on the Black Experience). Michigan State University Press, 2007.

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21

Neer, Richard, ed. Conditions of Visibility. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845560.001.0001.

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We often assume that works of visual art are meant to be seen. Yet that assumption may be a modern prejudice. The ancient world - from China to Greece, Rome to Mexico - provides many examples of statues, paintings, and other images that were not intended to be visible. Instead of being displayed, they were hidden, buried, or otherwise obscured. In this third volume in the Visual Conversations in Art & Archaeology series, leading scholars working at the intersection of archaeology and the history of art address the fundamental question of art's visibility. What conditions must be met, what

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22

Vanderschraaf, Peter. The Dynamics of Anarchy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199832194.003.0004.

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A computational model of interaction in anarchy is presented and used to predict the outcome of anarchy. Hobbes’ and Locke’s classic a priori analyses of the State of Nature are compared, including the reasons for their divergent conclusions. Several game-theoretic models of anarchy are examined that employ Hobbes’ realistic assumption that typically in anarchy some moderates most desire mutual cooperation, while other dominators most desire to exploit others’ cooperation. A priori type-based game-theoretic models yield inconsistent conclusions and rest upon unrealistic assumptions. A dynamica

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23

Ashby, F. Gregory, and Fabian A. Soto. Multidimensional Signal Detection Theory. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.2.

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Multidimensional signal detection theory is a multivariate extension of signal detection theory that makes two fundamental assumptions, namely that every mental state is noisy and that every action requires a decision. The most widely studied version is known as general recognition theory (GRT). General recognition theory assumes that the percept on each trial can be modeled as a random sample from a multivariate probability distribution defined over the perceptual space. Decision bounds divide this space into regions that are each associated with a response alternative. General recognition th

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24

Goodin, Robert E., and Kai Spiekermann. Independence Revisited. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823452.003.0005.

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The Independence Assumption is the most misunderstood premise of the Condorcet Jury Theorem. This chapter shows, first, that absence of direct voter interaction is neither necessary nor sufficient for Independence. Second, we explain that the statistical independence required is conditional: in Condorcet’s jury theorem, conditional on the state of the world; in other jury theorems, conditional on the evidence, on common causes, or on the whole decision situation. This insight leads, third, to the ‘Best Responder Corollary’, a jury theorem that is better suited to dealing with the inevitable in

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25

Steigmann, David J. Material stability, strong ellipticity and smoothness of equilibria. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198567783.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 develops the notion of material stability on the basis of small-amplitude wave propagation. This is shown to correlate with the smoothness of finite equilibrium deformations, granted sufficient a priori regularity assumptions. The central role played by the condition of strong ellipticity is emphasized.

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26

Goodin, Robert E., and Kai Spiekermann. The Classic Framework. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823452.003.0002.

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In the classic setup of the Condorcet Jury Theorem, voters decide by majority vote between two different options. The Competence Assumption is that all voters are more likely than not to identify the correct alternative with the same probability. The Independence Assumption is that the votes are statistically independent. The Sincerity Assumption is that the voters always vote for the alternative they believe to be correct. Two results follow if these conditions are met. First, the Non-asymptotic Result says that the probability of a correct decision increases in group size. Second, the Asympt

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27

Davies, Alex. Communicating by Doing Something Else. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783916.003.0007.

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Roughly put, occasion-sensitivity is the thesis that the meaning of a sentence is not a Kaplanian character: a function from canonical features of a context to truth conditions. Many have doubted occasion-sensitivity because they doubt that linguistic communication would be possible if the meaning of a sentence was not a Kaplanian character. The aim in this chapter is to describe what would be sufficient to rebut this criticism. It proceeds by identifying assumptions that David Lewis (in his book Convention) has to make in order to reach the conclusion that linguistic conventions are required

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28

Sugden, Robert. Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825142.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 considers a range of conditions that are usually considered as ‘market failures’ to be corrected by governmental regulation. I discuss these conditions, and possible responses to them, from a contractarian viewpoint. I argue that neoclassical arguments for regulations against cartels and against the exploitation of monopoly power can be endorsed on contractarian grounds, as can certain kinds of regulations against spurious complexity in pricing. I raise doubts about the significance of behavioural arguments for regulation that assume choice overload or preferences for self-constraint

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29

Bahrami, Bahador. Making the most of individual differences in joint decisions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0004.

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Evidence for and against the idea that “two heads are better than one” is abundant. This chapter considers the contextual conditions and social norms that predict madness or wisdom of crowds to identify the adaptive value of collective decision-making beyond increased accuracy. Similarity of competence among members of a collective impacts collective accuracy, but interacting individuals often seem to operate under the assumption that they are equally competent even when direct evidence suggest the opposite and dyadic performance suffers. Cross-cultural data from Iran, China, and Denmark suppo

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30

Como, David R. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541911.003.0018.

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The concluding chapter surveys the deep, seismic changes in political and religious life investigated in this study. Conditions of civil war generated novel structures and practices for the conduct of politics, allowing for the expression of fierce partisan contestation across the polity. New ideas and assumptions, elaborated in previous chapters, erupted in tandem with these new political structures and practices, helping to bring down the monarchy in 1649. The conclusion suggests that these political realignments and ideological formulations—along with the profound divisions that they foster

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31

Davies, Carole Boyce. Women, Labor, and the Transnational. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038020.003.0007.

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This chapter focuses on Caribbean domestic labor. It argues that the economics of slavery and colonialism that accompanied the rise of European modernity, created the conditions for contemporary American economic globalization, which serve as the larger backdrop for Caribbean women's labor in migration. The sexual division of labor in feminist political economy assumes the control of women's time and work as normal. Additionally, a segmented pattern of labor based on gender and class creates assumptions about the value and availability of certain women's work. In particular, the labor of women

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32

Speaks, Jeff. Alethic Perfect Being Theology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826811.003.0003.

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Perfect being theologies may be divided into those that try to derive the attributes from the principle that God is the greatest possible being and those that try to derive the attributes from the principle that God is the greatest conceivable being. This chapter argues that the first sort of perfect being theology is a failure. The reasons are various. But a pattern emerges. Some versions of perfect being theology entail obviously incorrect claims about God. Once these versions are modified to fix the problem, it turns out to be impossible to see whether a property satisfies the relevant cond

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33

Risberg, Annette, and Sine Nørholm Just. Ambiguous Diversities. Edited by Regine Bendl, Inge Bleijenbergh, Elina Henttonen, and Albert J. Mills. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679805.013.5.

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Taking as a starting point the assumption that ambiguity is a constitutive condition of organizational practices in general, and, more specifically, practices of diversity, this chapter offers a framework for exploring the practices and perceptions of three forms of ambiguous diversity: strategic ambiguity, contradiction, and ambivalence. Through an illustration of the framework’s empirical applicability, we find that while ambiguity as such is neither inherently good nor bad, the various forms of ambiguity have different potentials for promoting diversity in organizational settings. In partic

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34

Fisher, Austin. Blood in the Streets. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474411721.001.0001.

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Blood in the Streets investigates the various ways in which 1970s Italian crime films were embedded in their immediate cultural and political contexts. The book analyses the emergence, proliferation and distribution of a range of popular film cycles (or filoni) - from conspiracy thrillers and vigilante films, to mafia and serial killer narratives - and examines what these reveal about their time and place. The engagement in these films with both the contemporary political turmoil of 1970s Italy and the traumas of the nation's recent past offer fascinating insights into wider anxieties of this

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35

Ma, John. Whatever Happened to Athens? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748472.003.0013.

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This chapter considers two phenomena, to cap the volume’s explorations of Athens and its story. The first is to gather the evidence for a broad phenomenon, which is contemporary with various shifts in the political culture of late Classical Athens, but overtakes it geographically and chronologically: a ‘great convergence’ of civic practice, institutions, and discourse around a generalized assumption of (acceptable degrees of) autonomy and moderate democracy. The result is a polis which looks, roughly, like Aristotle’s. This great convergence created the conditions out of which the Roman-era po

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36

Richard, Orlando C., and Carliss D. Miller. Considering Diversity as a Source of Competitive Advantage in Organizations. Edited by Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0014.

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This chapter serves as a research framework for academics and practicing managers interested in understanding the conditions in which diversity, especially visible attributes such as race, gender, age, and nationality, positively or negatively affects organizational performance. This chapter differs from previous articles and books with a predominantly micro approach because the focus shifts from the individual, dyadic, and team diversity levels of analysis to diversity in large groups, subunits, and organizations. The key assumption throughout this chapter is that diversity represents a uniqu

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37

Shaibani, Aziz. Proximal Leg Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0013.

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Proximal leg weakness is a common presentation to neuromuscular clinics. Hip flexion, abduction, adduction, and rotation is mainly achieved by the iliopsoas, glutei, and obturator muscles. Hip pathology, especially when painless, may lead to diagnostic confusion that needs a good electromyogram (EMG) of these muscles to be cleared. Most myopathies present with painless proximal leg weakness (difficulty climbing stairs and arising out of a deep chair). chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), diabetic amyotrophy, motor neuron diseases (MNDs), and lumbar plexitis may all present

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38

Pietroski, Paul M. Truth or understanding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812722.003.0005.

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This chapter and the next argue against the idea that children acquire languages whose sentences have compositionally determined truth conditions. The chapter begins by discussing Davidson’s bold conjecture: the languages that children naturally acquire support Tarski-style theories of truth, which can serve as the core components of meaning theories for the languages in question. The argument is that even if there are plausible theories of truth for these languages, formulating them as plausible theories of meaning requires assumptions about truth that are extremely implausible. Sentences lik

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39

Birch, Jonathan. Kin Selection and Group Selection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733058.003.0004.

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In group-structured populations in which some other assumptions are satisfied, kin and group selectionist methods provide formally equivalent conditions for change. However, this only shows an equivalence between two statistical methodologies, and this is compatible with there being a real, causal distinction between kin and group selection processes. This chapter pursues a Hamilton-inspired, population-centred approach to drawing that distinction, on which the differences between kin and group selection are differences of degree in the structural properties of populations. The relevant proper

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40

Office, General Accounting. Surface mining: Issues associated with Indian assumption of regulatory authority : report to the chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives. The Office, 1986.

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41

Crowther, Thomas. Experience, Dreaming, and the Phenomenology of Wakeful Consciousness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199666416.003.0011.

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This chapter works towards a better understanding of the contribution made by the state of wakeful consciousness to the stream of consciousness over time. It does this through reflection on what is missing in certain cases of non-wakeful consciousness. Granting the assumption that dreaming is a mode of perceptual imagination, the chapter contrasts perceptual imagination in the wakeful condition with perceptual imagination in dreaming sleep. It makes a suggestion about what is missing that draws on claims about the wakeful condition made by Brian O’Shaughnessy. According to this suggestion, wha

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42

Meder, Björn, and Ralf Mayrhofer. Diagnostic Reasoning. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.23.

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This chapter discusses diagnostic reasoning from the perspective of causal inference. The computational framework that provides the foundation for the analyses—probabilistic inference over graphical causal structures—can be used to implement different models that share the assumption that diagnostic inferences are guided and constrained by causal considerations. This approach has provided many critical insights, with respect to both normative and empirical issues. For instance, taking into account uncertainty about causal structures can entail diagnostic judgments that do not reflect the empir

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43

Marcus, Smith, and Leslie Nico. Part IV Intangible Property that is Incapable of Transfer, 21 Assignment of Burdens. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198748434.003.0021.

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This chapter studies the assignment of burdens. In general, while a benefit or right under a contract is assignable, a burden or obligation under that same contract will not be assignable. The rule that burdens cannot be assigned needs to be considered in the context of those choses—notably contracts, but also leases and shares—that contain both benefits and burdens. However, there are a number of limited exceptions to the general rule. These include the unpaid vendor's lien over land; the rule that the burden of a restrictive covenant over freehold land can bind successive owners of that land

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44

M¨uhlherr, Bernhard, Holger P. Petersson, and Richard M. Weiss. Fixed Apartments. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691166902.003.0025.

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This chapter considers the conditions which force a group of order 2 acting on a building to stabilize various kinds of substructures. It shows that a group of order 2 acting on a spherical building must fix an apartment. The discussion begins with the assumption that (Δ‎, δ‎) is a building of type (W, S) and that τ‎ is an automorphism of Δ‎ of order 2. This is followed by the proposition that there exists a spherical residue R stabilized by Γ‎ such that dist(x, xτ‎) = diam(R) for all x ∈ R. The chapter also analyzes the case where either τ‎ stabilizes two opposite residues of Σ‎ or τ‎ maps ev

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45

Danielson, Michael S. A Theory of Migration and Municipal Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190679972.003.0006.

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This chapter develops a series of theoretical models of migrant hometown political engagement and municipal politics in Mexico. The models seek to represent the relationship between the dominant political group in the community and emerging migrant actors. The chapter begins by outlining a set of basic assumptions about the characteristics and goals of the key actors in a stylized municipality, before and after the emergence of migrants as an important group. After establishing this context, the model is simplified to focus on the strategic interactions between migrants and prevailing authorit

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Goodin, Robert E., and Kai Spiekermann. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823452.003.0021.

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This chapter reflects on the election of Donald Trump and the vote of the British electorate in favour of ‘Brexit’ from the European Union. While we refrain from judging the outcomes of these votes, we do discuss concerns pertaining to the lack of truthfulness in both campaigns. After rehearsing the lies on which the Trump and Brexit campaigns were based, we consider different explanations as to why these campaigns were nevertheless successful, and where this leaves the argument for epistemic democracy. Particularly worrisome are tendencies towards ‘epistemic insouciance’, ‘epistemic malevolen

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47

Potter, Nancy Nyquist. Good defiance and flourishing. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199663866.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the relationship between defiance and flourishing by analyzing three cases and unpacking some of the epistemic and ontological assumptions that undergird our naïve ideas about flourishing. The aim is to clarify under what conditions a person with a mental disorder might be able to flourish, what a claim of flourishing entails, and why some defiant behavior is central to this theory of flourishing—it counts as good defiance. It argues against Aristotle’s account of human virtue as a function of excellent reasoning and against positive psychology’s conception of mental heal

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48

Swanson, Jeffrey W., Marvin S. Swartz, and Daniel D. Moseley. US outpatient commitment in context: When is it ethical and how can we tell? Edited by Alec Buchanan and Lisa Wootton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738664.003.0003.

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Outpatient commitment is the legal practice of using civil court orders to mandate mental health treatment in the community for certain adults with serious and chronic mental illnesses. In this chapter, we examine the historical context in which the practice of outpatient commitment emerged in the United States. We discuss the controversial nature of outpatient commitment, examining the assumptions and perspectives of those on either side of ongoing arguments about whether the practice is legitimate, fair, and effective. In the final section of the chapter, we discuss whether, and under what c

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49

Miller, Lisa L. Making the State Pay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190203542.003.0008.

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This chapter argues that the literature on the politics of punishment generally, and on US exceptionalism specifically, suffers from insufficient attention to serious violence. It complicates conventional assumptions about democratic politics, mass publics, and crime. Drawing on three cases—the United Kingdom, the United States, and the state of Pennsylvania—this chapter illustrates that rates of violence matter for political attention to crime. It also shows that the politicization of crime does not always lead to a singular focus on punishment and that this politicization in the United State

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50

Hardt, Heidi. Tête-à-Tête. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672171.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 describes what institutional memory is and provides an overview of the book’s theoretical argument. The chapter begins by conceptualizing institutional memory. The subsequent section introduces the book’s theoretical argument, which builds on assumptions from rationalist institutionalist theories. Depending on an IO’s design, formal learning infrastructure can inadvertently deter IO elites from sharing their knowledge about strategic errors. Elites respond by choosing instead to socially construct memory through three informal processes: transnational interpersonal networks, private

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