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Sargent, Garrett Craig. "A Conditional Generative Adversarial Network Demosaicing Strategy for Division of Focal Plane Polarimeters." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1606050550958383.
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Söderstedt, Jepser. "THE PROCREATION ASYMMETRY : The Existence-requirement Strategy and some Concerns on Incompatibility." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172602.
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According to the procreation asymmetry there is no moral reason to create a new and foreseeably happy person just because this person will be happy, but there is however a moral reason against creating a new and foreseeably unhappy person just because this person will be unhappy. A common way to defend this conjunction of claims is by employing a so-called existence-requirement, according to which the happiness of a given person p in a world w depends on it being possible to understand p as an existing person in w. The aim of this paper is to consider whether this existence-requirement strategy is compatible with other intuitions and convictions held in normative moral theory and populations ethics. This aim will be achieved by considering whether the existence-requirement strategy is compatible with three plausible desiderata for a solution to the (normative) procreation asymmetry. Although some solutions to some potential incompatibilities are suggested, the thesis that will be argued for is that every instance of the existence-requirement strategy is incompatible with at least one of the relevant desiderata. Where the common denominating incompatibility for all instances of the existence-requirement strategy is to be found in an inability to be sufficiently action-guiding.Enligt fortplantningsasymmetrin finns det inget moraliskt skäl att skapa en ny person som kommer att vara lycklig bara för att den personen kommer att vara lycklig. Detta samtidigt som det finns ett moraliskt skäl att inte skapa en ny person som kommer att vara olycklig bara för att den personen kommer att vara olycklig. Ett vanligt sätt att försvara denna sammansättning av påståenden är genom att använda ett så kallat existensvillkor, enligt vilket lyckan av en given person p i en värld w är villkorad av att p kan förstås som en existerande person in w. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att överväga huruvida den vederbörande existensvillkorsstrategin är förenlig med intuitioner och övertygelser hållna inom normativ moralteori och populationsetik. Detta syfte kommer att uppnås genom att överväga huruvida existensvillkorsstrategin är förenlig med tre rimliga desiderata för en lösning av den (normativa) fortplantningsasymmetrin. Fastän en del lösningar på vissa potentiella oförenligheter föreslås, är den tes som argumenteras för är i slutändan att varje exempel på existensvillkorsstrategin är oförenligt med åtminstone ett av de relevanta desiderata. Där den gemensamma nämnaren för samtliga exempel på existensvillkorsstrategin går att finna i en oförmåga att vara tillräckligt handlingsvägledande.
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Söderstedt, Jesper. "The Procreation Asymmetry : The existence-requirement strategy and some concerns on incompatibility." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-173095.
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According to the procreation asymmetry there is no moral reason to create a new and foreseeably happy person just because this person will be happy, but there is however a moral reason against creating a new and foreseeably unhappy person just because this person will be unhappy. A common way to defend this conjunction of claims is by employing a so-called existence-requirement, according to which the happiness of a given person p in a world w depends on it being possible to understand p as an existing person in w. The aim of this paper is to consider whether this existence-requirement strategy is compatible with other intuitions and convictions held in normative moral theory and populations ethics. This aim will be achieved by considering whether the existence-requirement strategy is compatible with three plausible desiderata for a solution to the (normative) procreation asymmetry. Although some solutions to some potential incompatibilities are suggested, the thesis that will be argued for is that every instance of the existence-requirement strategy is incompatible with at least one of the relevant desiderata. Where the common denominating incompatibility for all instances of the existence-requirement strategy is to be found in an inability to be sufficiently action-guiding.Enligt fortplantningsasymmetrin finns det inget moraliskt skäl att skapa en ny person som kommer att vara lycklig bara för att den personen kommer att vara lycklig. Detta samtidigt som det finns ett moraliskt skäl att inte skapa en ny person som kommer att vara olycklig bara för att den personen kommer att vara olycklig. Ett vanligt sätt att försvara denna sammansättning av påståenden är genom att använda ett så kallat existensvillkor, enligt vilket lyckan av en given person p i en värld w är villkorad av att p kan förstås som en existerande person in w. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att överväga huruvida den vederbörande existensvillkorsstrategin är förenlig med intuitioner och övertygelser hållna inom normativ moralteori och populationsetik. Detta syfte kommer att uppnås genom att överväga huruvida existensvillkorsstrategin är förenlig med tre rimliga desiderata för en lösning av den (normativa) fortplantningsasymmetrin. Fastän en del lösningar på vissa potentiella oförenligheter föreslås, är den tes som argumenteras för är i slutändan att varje exempel på existensvillkorsstrategin är oförenligt med åtminstone ett av de relevanta desiderata. Där den gemensamma nämnaren för samtliga exempel på existensvillkorsstrategin går att finna i en oförmåga att vara tillräckligt handlingsvägledande
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De, Santis Flavia. "Genome editing to understand neural circuits formation : a novel CRISPR/Cas9-based strategy for conditional mutagenesis and functional study of the role of the meteorin gene family in zebrafish neurodevelopment." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066269/document.
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Depuis quelques années, le poisson zèbre (Danio rerio) est devenu un modèle de choix pour l'étude du système nerveux et de ses fonctions. Récemment, des technologies nouvelles d'édition du génome permettent la génération d'allèles mutés de manière constitutionnelle et l'étude fonctionnelle de gènes chez ce modèle vertébré. Néanmoins, certains loci nécessite une inactivation spatiotemporelle précise et contrôlée. La première partie de ma thèse décrit la mise au point d'une nouvelle stratégie de disruption génétique de manière tissu-spécifique, basée sur la technologie du CRISPR/Cas9 et du système UAS/Gal4. Cette technique permet l'introduction de mutations somatiques dans des tissus, des clones ou des cellules individuelles préalablement génétiquement marqués, rendant ainsi possible le suivi in vivo de l'effet de la mutation générée grâce au gène rapporteur. La seconde partie de ma thèse se centre sur l'étude fonctionnelle d'une famille des gènes, les meteorines, durant le développement du système nerveux et lors du ciblage axonale chez le poisson zèbre. Les Meteorines sont des protéines conservées chez les vertébrés qui ont été impliquées dans la prolifération, la différentiation des progéniteurs de neurones et notamment dans l'élongation axonale in vitro. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que les meteorines sont exprimées le long de la ligne médiane du système nerveux chez les larves et au niveau du plancher de la partie postérieure du cerveau et de la moelle épinière. Par l'utilisation du CRISPR/Cas9, nous avons généré des lignées mutantes pour chaque gène meteorine et avons ainsi procédé à l'analyse de l'établissement des projections axonales dans ces lignées mutantesIn recent years, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a powerful model organism to study neuronal circuit development and function. To date, different genome editing technologies allow the generation of constitutive mutant alleles, permitting the study of gene loss-of-function in this vertebrate model. Nevertheless, to assess the role of certain loci it might be required a precise spatiotemporal control of gene inactivation. The rst part of my thesis describes a novel strategy for tissue-specific gene disruption based on the CRISPR/Cas9 and the Gal4/UAS systems. The described technique allows the induction of somatic mutations in genetically labeled tissues, cell clones or single cells, making it possible to follow the effect of gene disruption in vivo via reporter gene expression. The second part of the thesis focuses on the functional analysis of the role of the meteorin gene family during neuronal development and axonal targeting in zebra sh. Meteorin family is conserved among vertebrates and its members have been shown to be involved in neuronal progenitor proliferation and differentiation and axonal elongation, in vitro. We used the zebrafish nervous system as a model to dissect the role of Meteorins during embryonic development, focusing on their potential role as novel guidance molecules. Interestingly, we found that genes belonging to the meteorin family are expressed along the midline of the larval central nervous system and at the floor plate in the hindbrain and spinal cord. We generated CRISPR/Cas9 mutant lines carrying out-of-frame deletions in the coding sequence of each member of the zebrafish meteorin family and we performed a comprehensive analysis of the establishment of axonal projections in the mutants. Our data pointed out that metrns loss-of-function affects the earliest process of axonal development, demonstrating a crucial role in the process of axonal outgrowth for this new family of evolutionary conserved guidance molecules
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Santa, Gabor. "Conditions for adopting an irregular defense strategy." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/42722.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedFrom small countries’ perspectives, the four general defensive postures—conventional military build-ups, WMD acquisition, alliance formation, and neutrality—are not always viable choices, and are often unaffordable. So these countries must seek more effective and less expensive solutions. From more powerful countries’ perspectives, there is something to be changed, too, since the conflicts of the last few decades have indicated that conventionally waged wars against contemporary opponents have often led to failure. Given that ongoing conflicts differ from classical conventional warfare, two major questions arise: (1) Is irregular warfare still really irregular, or has it now replaced conventional warfare and become regular? (2) Is it wise to consider a professional irregular warfighting capability in defense strategy? Recent research proved the effectiveness of irregular warfare, and concluded that a combination of one of the general conventional models with irregular warfare techniques is desirable. Through analysis of the major dominant irregular leaders’ ideologies and their theories, and the case studies of three recent irregular wars, this research was conducted to provide a clearer understanding of the conditions necessary for waging a successful irregular campaign.
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Brown, Gordon S. "Sperm competition and male forceps dimorphism in the European earwig Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulina)." Thesis, St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/409.
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Jansson, Alexander. "Strategic conditions for negotiation progression." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413153.
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This thesis investigates conditions for formal negotiation onset. The cases that are investigated are found in the overarching conflict between the Government of Colombia and the guerilla group, Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN). The thesis argues that ideology and ecological rationality set the framework for disputant negotiation strategies and that disputants decide whether to progress negotiations to an elevated stage based on their perceived relative strategic position. It is hypostasized, firstly, that the disputants go to formal negotiations when the guerilla perceives itself in a favorable entrapment position, and the government perceives that the guerilla is not in a favorable entrapment position. Secondly, it is hypothesized that disputants go to formal negotiations when there are no perceptions of opponent devious objectives. The findings show weak support for the hypotheses.
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Viñes, Gimeno Vicenta. "Grammar learning through strategy training: A classroom study on learning conditionals through metacognitive and cognitive strategy training." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9779.
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SUMARYThe main aim of this doctorate research is to design an instructional model- a macro-grammar strategy- which combines grammar and strategy researchers' contributions to help foreign language learners learn an L2 more autonomously. However, this research is specially motivated by our concern about the poor results which Spanish secondary school students achieve in Spanish schools in their written exams, since passing a written exam to get into university is these students' main objective. The reasons for this failure may be due to an excessively communicative approach and too wide a variety of students sharing the same classroom. Therefore, though the purpose of this research is to help all students to learn grammar more autonomously thanks to their acquisition of metacognitive (selective attention, self-monitoring and self-evaluation) and cognitive strategies (elaboration, induction, translation, deduction, repetition and transfer), this study is specially concerned about unsuccessful learners who lack or do not apply the metacognitive and cognitive strategies necessary to learn grammar and transfer their acquired knowledge to the acquisition of new grammatical structures, since this model may enable students to learn on their own and improve their attitude towards foreign language learning. Our research is based on cognitive theory of learning. The theoretical background which supports our research attempts to demonnstrate how cognitive theory of learning manages to explain how learning, an L2, grammar and strategies, are learnt; and how the automatization of grammar and strategies helps students learn an L2. According to this approach the learner becomes an active organizer of incoming information and an L2 acquisition is seen as the acquisition of a complex, cognitive skill in which the learning of grammar plays an important role and LS facilitate its learning (McLaughlin, Rossman, and McLeod, 1983). This cognitive approach also states that grammar and learning strategies (LS) are complex skills; and explains how a skill is learnt so that the learning of an L2, grammar and LS can be understood. Thus, Anderson's (1980) theory of knowledge acquisition, McLaughlin's (1987), Schmidt's (1990), Sharwood-Smith's (1993), Long's (1998), Dekeyser's (1998), and Skehan's (1999) position on grammar learning and Wenden's (1987) and O'Malley et al.'s approach to LS manage to complement each other and offer an appropriate theoretical framework for designing an instructional model in which strategy training enables students to learn a grammatical structure and transfer this knowledge to the learning of other structures. The automatization of grammatical items is believed to take place when formally learned grammatical items have been explicitly noticed, have been structured into working hypotheses and have been proceduralized/automatized through practice in context (e.g. McLaughlin, 1987; Schmidt, 1990; Johnson, 1994; Batstone, 1994). And by using metacognitive strategies- planning, monitoring and evaluating strategies- students can come to understand that they have power over their own learning (Chamot and O'Malley, 1996: 266); and the combination of these metacognitive strategies with cognitive strategies- mental steps which involve interacting with the material- will also facilitate learners to learn grammar on their own. The two main hypothesis of this research are that students, specially fair and poor learners, following the grammar strategy instruction will acquire the 2nd conditional structure better than the students who do not follow this instruction: that is to say, their results in the 1st post-test, 2nd post-test, and final post-test will be better. And that the experimental group students, specially poor and fair learners, will transfer their way of acquiring 2nd conditionals to another grammatical structure, in this case the 3rd conditionals, better than the students who do not follow this instruction. Next, the method to be followed in our empirical work is explained. This research in which 60 subjects- 30 experimental subjects and 30 control subjects- participated has been conducted in "Luis Vives" secondary school in Valencia during the school year 2000-2001. Their textbook, their teacher and the conditions under which they study English are the same and their standard is low-intermadiate. Due to the great range of results which students get in the pre-test and their last year's results participants are ranked into three subgroups- good, fair and poor (Izumi and Bigelow, 2000: 248). Students also fill in three metacognitive questionnaires, which analyse students' characteristics, objectives, difficulties, and strategies used to learn grammar, before instruction takes place so that the homogeneity of both groups can be established. Our instructional model combines the explicit training of metacognitive and cognitive strategies when practising comprehension, consciousness-raising, controlled and spontaneous written grammar activities- filling in the blanks with the right tenses, correcting mistakes, rewriting, translating from Spanish into English and writing- on the learning of 2nd conditional sentences in the foreign language classroom. Since it is acknowledged that neither a forms-based instruction nor meaning-based instruction alone can lead to SLA (Doughty and Williams, 1998: 11), our approach is eclectic and combined. Our strategy training is provided in four sessions in three weeks running in January. The declarative knowledge about the 2nd conditional, their induction, practice in controlled and spontaneous written activities, and immediate feedback is provided in each session, while metacognitive and cognitive strategies are practised. Students' answers in the metacognitive questionnaires and their results in the pre-test and four post-tests are analysed following statistical procedures so that we can be more certain of the reliability of the results. A previous pilot study (Viñes, 2000) was also carried out so that possible deficiencies could be avoided, and results could be compared. The results obtained in the two short-term and long-term post-tests confirm our first hypotheses; our instructional model helped learners, specially unsuccessful learners, to learn the 2nd conditional. And the results of the "Discovering the 3rd conditional" test confirms our 2nd hypothesis; our instructional model helped experimental, specially unsuccessful learners, to transfer the knowledge acquired in learning the 2nd conditional to the learning of the 3rd conditionals. However, the results which students get are not 100% correct in all the different activities, that it is why, it is considered that they are still in the associative stage of learning in relation to their learning of 2nd and 3rd conditional sentences, and metacognitive and cognitive strategies. More spontaneous written activities and more strategy training sessions should have been provided in order to help them get to the autonomous stage of learning. Thus, the results of the four post-tests offer relevant empirical evidence on the effectiveness of our instructional model to help learners, specially unsuccessful learners to improve their inductive ability, acquire declarative knowledge, and transfer the declarative knowledge acquired in learning the 2nd conditional to the learning of the 3rd conditional. Finally, some pedagogical implications, which can be specially useful to help secondary school students learn an L2, are suggested. First of all, encouraging students to work on their own in silence may aid poor learners in performing activities. Secondly, providing strategy training which combines metacognitive and cognitive strategies is essential. Thirdly, adapting the material to student's level, and allowing the L1 to be used in the classroom when needed may encourage students to learn. Fourthly, providing smaller amounts of new information in meaningful contexts, but allowing students to discover it, make it explicit, practise it immediately and get feedback, may allow students to perceive learning grammar as a rewarding game because they can be aware of their success. Moreover, repeating this material applied in different contexts within long intervals of time may help all learners to acquire the new structures since different opportunities for their learning are provided. This doctorate research presents the findings of an empirical study carried out in a Spanish secondary school to test the effectiveness of an instructional model designed to help these secondary school students, specially the unsuccessful ones, learn grammar more autonomously and improve their attitude towards foreign language learning. First, the theoretical background which supports our empirical work is described. Anderson (1980, 1981, 1982, 1983), Anderson and Fincham (1994) and Anderson et al.'s (1997) theory of knowledge acquisition, McLaughlin (1987), Schmidt (1990), Sharwood-Smith (1993), Long (1998), Dekeyser (1998), and Skehan's (1999) position on grammar learning and Wenden (1987) and O'Malley and Chamot's (1990) approach to learning strategies complement each other, and offer an adequate framework for designing an instructional model which combines the explicit training of metacognitive and cognitive strategies when practising controlled and spontaneous written grammar activities on the learning of 2nd conditional sentences in the foreign language classroom. Second, the description of our empirical work follows. The experimental and control subjects' characteristics, the description of our instructional model, its instruction, the short-term and long term post-tests taken, and the statistical tests applied on the students' answers make up this description. Third, relevant empirical evidence on the effectiveness of our instructional model to help learners, specially unsuccessful learners to improve their inductive ability, acquire declarative knowledge, and transfer the declarative knowledge acquired in learning the 2nd conditional to the learning of the 3rd conditional are presented and discussed. Finally, some pedagogical implications, which can be specially useful for secondary school teachers when helping secondary school students learn an L2, are suggested.
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Kim, Jungsoo. "Reassurance strategy incentive for use and conditions for success /." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/dissert/2010/Mar/10Mar%5FKim%5FPhD.pdf.
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Dissertation (Ph.D. in Security Studies)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.Dissertation supervisor: Knopf, Jeffrey. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 28, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Reassurance Strategy, Deterrence Strategy, Contingent Generalizations, "Structured, Focused Comparison," Level of Analysis, Tit-for-Tat, GRIT, Leader's Perceptions, Domestic Politics, Alliance Politics, Balance of Power, Interdependence, Identity, Motivating Factors, South Korea, North Korea, Sunshine Policy, Six-Party Talks, Gorbachev, Reagan, the End of the Cold War. Includes bibliographical references (p. 474-516). Also available in print.
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Chen, Xun. "Strategy for the selection of grinding wheel dressing conditions." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1995. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4948/.
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Vincent, Susan. "An analysis of income strategy in the central Andes of Peru /." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64480.
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Maier, Johannes. "Embeddedness as condition and strategy in contemporary art and cultural production." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2011. http://research.gold.ac.uk/6516/.
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This thesis examines the concept of ‘embeddedness’ as condition and strategy in contemporary art and cultural production. Identifying embeddedness as a motif of contextual proximity and a strategy in contemporary art, the thesis proposes immediacy to be the result of intrinsic mediation. The project’s main concern is how embeddedness is contextualised by the current conditions that authors and cultural producers engage with. The primary question is whether and how embeddedness can convey a critical relation to the mediation that it undertakes. These concerns inform and arise from my work as an artist, and my participation in events, some of which I organise. The project claims that embeddedness in art is a critical condition and an editorial concept or a strategic plan that can be set up by the artist. The investigation begins by looking at conditions of embeddedness by focusing on concepts of subjectivity and by elaborating strategies that I call ‘auto-direction’. For example, concepts of subjectivity are taken up in relation to Richard Serra’s video Boomerang (1974), in which the performer Nancy Holt reflects on her own spoken words, which are fed back with a short delay via microphone and headphones into her ears. Auto-direction, introduced with the example of Steven Spielberg’s initiative of a video diary exchange project between Israeli and Palestinian children, describes the activity of the producer, who self-directs his situated presence. Taking up idioms of embeddedness from artists like Phil Collins, Christian Jankowski and Erik van Lieshout the project examines embeddedness through a comparative analysis between contemporary art, visual culture, media theory, sociology, art theory, psychoanalysis and philosophy. These practices lead to an identification of embeddedness as an author’s immanent exposure, a claim taken up through analysis of theoretical texts and literature by Rosalind Krauss, Jacques Lacan, Jacques Derrida, Gregory Bateson, Hal Foster, Bernard Williams and Alfred North Whitehead.
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Wooldridge, Stephen C. (Stephen Craig) 1967. "Balancing capital and condition : an emerging approach to facility investment strategy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16798.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, February 2002.Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-152).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Capital facilities - land and buildings - provide a long-standing environment in which public and private enterprise works, communicates, and thrives. Aligning how facilities "fit" with the dynamic demands of enterprise necessitates continual investment in maintenance, modernization, and development. Conventional tools - condition assessment and master planning - provide a means for measuring this "fit" and producing related investment needs. These tools are often applied independently with a singular focus: condition assessment on physical systems and master planning on sizing and function. The resulting investment needs and condition metrics become fragmented elements of a larger (and often unstructured) investment context that must also consider funding realities and other strategic choices. Exceedingly the methods of collecting and managing assessment data are emphasized, while linkages to capital planning and decision-making remain narrowly focused and limited in scope. The result is simply greater volumes of more "bad news", as facility decision-makers are ill equipped to effectively synthesize numerous requirements and objectively understand the effects of investment decisions. This research develops and applies a new approach to facility investment strategy. The approach links the products of condition assessment and master planning, as well as ongoing facility costs, within a dynamic capital planning environment, where tradeoffs between present funding decisions and future conditions can be comprehensively explored.
(cont.) Central to the approach is a conceptual framework that integrates investment needs and condition data within a broader planning context. A prototype tool is developed with the aid of information technology as a step toward implementation. The tool employs system-based cost models, aggregated deterioration models, financial-based condition metrics, and other facility cost modeling techniques to estimate present and future investment requirements and facility conditions. The tool is applied to two real facility portfolios within the U.S. Army Medical Department to demonstrate the feasibility and robustness of developing and evaluating investment strategies that balance capital, condition, and other strategic concerns. The application suggests a new direction for public and institutional capital allocation policy and asset accountability.
by Stephen C. Wooldridge.
Ph.D.
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Rastegari, Ali. "Condition Based Maintenance in the Manufacturing Industry : From Strategy to Implementation." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Innovation och produktrealisering, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-37130.
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The growth of global competition has led to remarkable changes in the way manufacturing companies operate. These changes have affected maintenance and made its role even more crucial for business success. To remain competitive, manufacturing companies must continuously increase the effectiveness and efficiency of their production processes. Furthermore, the introduction of lean manufacturing has increased concerns regarding equipment availability and, therefore, the demand for effective maintenance. That maintenance is becoming more important for the manufacturing industry is evident in current discussions on national industrialization agendas. Digitalization, the industrial internet of things (IoT) and their connections to sustainable production are identified as key enablers for increasing the number of jobs in industry. Agendas such as “Industry 4.0” in Germany and “Smart Industry” in Sweden are promoting the connection of physical items such as sensors, devices and enterprise assets, both to each other and to the internet. Machines, systems, manufactured parts and humans will be closely interlinked to collaborative actions. Every physical object will formulate a cyber-physical system (CPS), and it will constantly be linked to its digital fingerprint and to intensive connection with the surrounding CPSs of its on-going processes. That said, despite the increasing demand for reliable production equipment, few manufacturing companies pursue the development of strategic maintenance. Moreover, traditional maintenance strategies, such as corrective maintenance, are no longer sufficient to satisfy industrial needs, such as reducing failures and degradations of manufacturing systems to the greatest possible extent. The concept of maintenance has evolved over the last few decades from a corrective approach (maintenance actions after a failure) to a preventive approach (maintenance actions to prevent the failure). Strategies and concepts such as condition based maintenance (CBM) have thus evolved to support this ideal outcome. CBM is a set of maintenance actions based on the real-time or near real-time assessment of equipment conditions, which is obtained from embedded sensors and/or external tests and measurements, taken by portable equipment and/or subjective condition monitoring. CBM is increasingly recognized as the most efficient strategy for performing maintenance in a wide variety of industries. However, the practical implementation of advanced maintenance technologies, such as CBM, is relatively limited in the manufacturing industry. Based on the discussion above, the objective of this research is to provide frameworks and guidelines to support the development and implementation of condition based maintenance in manufacturing companies. This thesis will begin with an overall analysis of maintenance management to identify factors needed to strategically manage production maintenance. It will continue with a focus on CBM to illustrate how CBM could be valued in manufacturing companies and what the influencing factors to implement CBM are. The data were collected through case studies, mainly at one major automotive manufacturing site in Sweden. The bulk of the data was collected during a pilot CBM implementation project. Following the findings from these efforts, a formulated maintenance strategy is developed and presented, and factors to evaluate CBM cost effectiveness are assessed. These factors indicate the benefits of CBM, mostly with regard to reducing the probability of experiencing maximal damage to production equipment and reducing production losses, particularly at high production volumes. Furthermore, a process of CBM implementation is presented. Some of the main elements in the process are the selection of the components to be monitored, the techniques and technologies for condition monitoring and their installation and, finally, the analysis of the results of condition monitoring. Furthermore, CBM of machine tools is presented and discussed in this thesis, focusing on the use of vibration monitoring technique to monitor the condition of machine tool spindle units.INNOFACTURE - innovative manufacturing development
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Camilleri, James. "India's energy security : understanding its strategic condition." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186862.
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This thesis considers India's pursuit of energy security. Defining energy security within traditional parameters of supply, delivery, diversification of fuels and suppliers, and affordable prices; the work considers India's energy security condition by surveying the core energy sectors including coal, oil and gas, hydroelectricity, nuclear power and renewables. India's pursuit of energy security is then disaggregated into domestic and international arenas and both are analysed in turn. Considerable attention is paid to the international dimension where India's quest to acquire energy resources is contextualised within bilateral relations with specific countries. What the proceeding analysis makes clear is that the international arena offers considerable opportunities, but also constraints on, the realisation of greater energy security. Chapter one analyses global trends in the main energy sectors of coal, oil, natural gas, hydroelectricity, nuclear power and renewables. Historically, the fortunes of the global energy sectors have mirrored trends in the global economy. Since 2008, most of the world's major industrialised economies have experienced negative or greatly reduced levels of growth. This is primarily due to the proliferation of vast quantities of debt that have capsized several financial institutions and are adversely affecting the liquidity and solvency of many developed governments. The global energy sectors have also been deeply affected by the economic downturn with access to funds for the development of new infrastructure squeezed. The recent poor economic growth of these countries has further accentuated the downward trend they have experienced in energy consumption. Nevertheless, many parts of the developing world, including India, have only been marginally affected by the global economic downturn and continue to develop rapidly. Consequentially most of the growth in demand for energy is coming from developing countries, particularly India. Although there are slight variations depending on sector, this dual trend of stagnation in the developed world and rapid growth in the developing is one ofthe recurring themes in the global energy markets. It is within this context that the second chapter considers India's energy security condition. Detailed analysis of the coal, oil, gas, hydroelectric and renewable sectors demonstrate succinctly that India is experiencing considerable growing pains. While several challenges are unique to each sector the chapter also identifies several systemic problems, including insufficient supply, rampant demand, a tendency to import.
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Adam, Zaeinulabddin Mohamed Ahmed. "Development and Applications of Multi-Objectives Signal Control Strategy during Oversaturated Conditions." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28739.
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Managing traffic during oversaturated conditions is a current challenge for practitioners due to the lack of adequate tools that can handle such situations. Unlike under-saturated conditions, operation of traffic signal systems during congestion requires careful consideration and analysis of the underlying causes of the congestion before developing mitigation strategies. The objectives of this research are to provide a practical guidance for practitioners to identify oversaturated scenarios and to develop a multi-objective methodology for selecting and evaluating mitigation strategy/ or combinations of strategies based on a guiding principles. The research focused on traffic control strategies that can be implemented by traffic signal systems. The research did not considered strategies that deals with demand reduction or seek to influence departure time choice, or route choice. The proposed timing methodology starts by detecting networkâ s critical routes as a necessary step to identify the traffic patterns and potential problematic scenarios. A wide array of control strategies are defined and categorized to address oversaturation problematic scenarios. A timing procedure was then developed using the principles of oversaturation timing in cycle selection, split allocation, offset design, demand overflow, and queue allocation in non-critical links. Three regimes of operation were defined and considered in oversaturation timing: (1) loading, (2) processing, and (3) recovery. The research also provides a closed-form formula for switching control plans during the oversaturation regimes. The selection of optimal control plan is formulated as linear integer programming problem. Microscopic simulation results of two arterial test cases revealed that traffic control strategies developed using the proposed framework led to tangible performance improvements when compared to signal control strategies designed for operations in under-saturated conditions. The generated control plans successfully manage to allocate queues in network links.Ph. D.
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Trovant, Michael. "A boundary condition coupling strategy for the modeling of metal casting processes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0011/NQ35346.pdf.
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Johnstone, Jeffrey Carl, and Patrick Daniel Keavney. "Pricing Strategy, Pricing Stability and Financial Condition in the Defense Aerospace Industry." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/41618.
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Approved for public release, distribution unlimitedAll original copies missing. Best digital copy available.
The purpose of this research is to determine if pricing strategy and pricing stability for products in the defense aerospace industry can be predicted based on a firm's financial condition. The sample for this research includes 17 contractors and 52 missile and aircraft programs. Two separate issues are addressed. The first issue concerns the relationship between financial condition and contractor pricing strategy. The second concerns the relationship between organizational slack and pricing stability. The overall findings are: 1) That a limited amount of variation in pricing strategy can be explained through the use of a linear regression model using financial ratios; and 2) That no apparent relationship exists between organizational slack and pricing stability.
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Johansson, Caroline. "Strategy and Action Plan to ensure buildings and people in extraordinary snow conditions." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-93558.
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During the winter of 2009-2010 it was snowing extraordinary much in Sweden. The Huge load of snow resulted in many collapsing roofs around the country. Snow and ice slips from roofs were also frequent this winter. The purpose of this report is to outline the dangers that large amounts of snow and ice on the roofs means and which accidents that may occur in extraordinary snow conditions. The report will also provide a statement of roofs which, more than others, are in danger of collapsing because of large snow loads. Information for the report is gathered through interviews of people who worked with snow shovelling on roofs during the winter of 2009-2010, and through consultation with a design engineer. Large amounts of snow and ice on roofs can lead to snow slips and icicles falling from roofs and roofs which collapses. Such things can lead to devastating consequences on people nearby. But those things can be avoided if the snow and ice on roofs is being shovelled away in good time. Roofs which have been shown to be at risk of collapsing at large loads of snow and ice are especially flat roofs of large spans and flat roofs with slim constructions.Under vintern 2009–2010 snöade det extraordinärt mycket i Sverige. Den stora belastningen från snön resulterade i att många tak runt om i landet rasade ihop. Snöoch isras från tak var även vanligt förekommande denna vinter. Syftet med den här rapporten är att redogöra för de faror som stora mängder snö och is på tak innebär samt vilka olyckor som kan inträffa vid extraordinära snöförhållanden. Rapporten ska även ge en redogörelse för vilka takkonstruktioner som, mer än andra, riskerar att rasa in vid stora snölaster. Information till rapporten har bland annat inhämtats genom intervjuer av personer som arbetade med snöskottning av tak under vintern 2009–2010 samt genom samråd med en konstruktör. Förekommande händelser som stora mängder snö och is kan leda till är bland annat snöras från tak, istappar som faller från rännor på tak samt tak som rasar in. Sådana händelser kan leda till förödande konsekvenser om människor befinner sig i närheten. Händelserna kan dock undvikas om snön och isen på taken röjs i god tid. De takkonstruktioner som har visat sig ligga i riskzonen för takras vid stora snölaster är i synnerhet platta tak med stora spännvidder samt platta och låglutande tak med slanka konstruktioner.
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Torčík, Václav. "Návrh výroby přední těhlice pro formuli TU Brno Racing." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231742.
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This thesis deals with manufacturing process of a front wheel hub carrier prototype for formula TU Brno Racing Dragon 5 series. The paper starts on foregoing work of design team leading to a proposed model and material. Both material and model are investigated form a manufacturing point of view. Cutting conditions and milling strategy are proposed based on final product analysis. Prototype was manufactured on CNC machining centre MCV 754 QUICK in company BOSCH DIESEL s.r.o. in Jihlava. Retrospective analysis of performed manufacturing process and critical risks is provided with a proposal of more effective manufacturing process. In the closure, there is technical-economical evaluation of chosen manufacture done by milling. Alternative manufacturing options including 3D print and welding are compared in technics and costs.
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Faulkner, David Oakley. "International strategic alliances : key conditions for their effective development." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357350.
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Blomberg, Pernilla, and Johanna Lund. "Äldre med alkoholmissbruk – hur bemöts de inom svensk hemtjänst?" Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-29689.
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Enligt forskning ökar alkoholkonsumtionen bland personer som är 65 år och äldre. Detta antas innebära att hemtjänstpersonal kommer att stöta på alkoholberoende allt oftare i arbetet. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra till en ökad kunskap om hur arbetet kring äldre vårdtagare med problematisk alkoholkonsumtion bedrivs inom hemtjänsten. Som teoretisk grund för studien användes makt, ålderism, synen på människan som objekt/subjekt samt synsätt på alkoholmissbruk. En kvalitativ metod bestående av åtta intervjuer med hemtjänstpersonal genomfördes. Resultatet visar att respondenterna tycker det är viktigt att vara värderingsfri i arbetet. De beaktar även vårdtagarnas rätt till privatliv. Enligt socialtjänstlagen ska verksamheter inom socialt arbete bygga på respekt för människors självbestämmanderätt och integritet, något som respondenterna beaktar i sitt arbete. Svårigheter som respondenterna stöter på i arbetet löser de bland annat genom att diskutera med kollegor, något som nämndes som strategier. Det framkom också att respondenterna anser att de ibland inte har de förutsättningar som krävs för att möta den berörda gruppen.According to research, alcohol consumption among people aged 65 and over increases. This is supposed to mean that homecare staff will encounter alcohol addiction more and more frequently at work. The purpose of this study is to contribute to an increased knowledge of how work on elderly patients with problematic alcohol consumption is conducted within homecare. As a theoretical basis for the study, power, ageism, the view of man as object / subject, and approach to alcohol abuse were used. A qualitative method consisting of eight interviews with homecare staff was conducted. The result shows that the respondents find it important to be value-free at work. They also take into account the patients’ right to privacy. According to the Social Services Act, activities within social work must be based on respect for people's self-determination and integrity, something that the respondents consider in their work. Difficulties encountered by the respondents in the work are solved, among other things, by discussing with colleagues, something that was mentioned as strategies. It also emerged that the respondents believe that they sometimes don’t have the conditions required to meet the relevant group.
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Ahmadov, Anar. "A conditional theory of the 'political resource curse' : oil, autocrats, and strategic contexts." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/618/.
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A burgeoning literature argues that the abundance of oil in developing countries strengthens autocratic rule and erodes democracy. However, extant studies either show the average cross-national correlation between oil and political regime or develop particularistic accounts that do not easily lend themselves to theorizing. Consequently, we know little of the causal mechanisms that potentially link oil wealth to undemocratic outcomes and the conditions that would help explain the ultimate, not average, effect of oil on political regime. This study develops a conditional theory of the “political resource curse.” It does so by undertaking a statistical reassessment of the relationship between oil wealth and political regime and a nuanced qualitative examination of a set of carefully selected cases in order to contribute to developing an adequate account of causal mechanisms that transmit and conditions that shape the relationship between oil abundance and autocracy. It draws on qualitative and quantitative evidence collected over eighteen months of fieldwork in oil-rich former Soviet countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan, and the ‘counterfactual’ oil-poor Kyrgyzstan. Employing a theoretical framework that draws on insights from the rentier state theory, historical institutionalism, and rational choice institutionalism, I trace, compare, and contrast the processes that potentially link oil wealth to regime outcomes in these countries between 1989 and 2010. The findings strongly suggest that political regime differences can be better explained by the interaction of oil wealth with several structural and institutional variables rather than by oil abundance or another single factor alone. A thorough qualitative analysis of the post-Soviet cases shows that the causal mechanisms hypothesized in the ‘resource curse’ literature were neither necessarily present, nor uniform across these cases and throughout the post-Soviet period. This was because a particular interaction of exogenous variables and oil wealth affected the causal mechanisms differently, ultimately entailing different regime outcomes. The spread of alternative political elites, relative size of the ethnic minority with ties to a powerful kin state, and oil production geography were key exogenous factors that consistently interacted with oil in affecting the political regimes.
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Attakora, Joseph. "Protectionism as a policy strategy in Ghana 1957-66." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91077.
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The primary purpose of this thesis is to discuss the protectionist policy of the first Republic of Ghana (1957-66). In particular it attempts to evaluate the performance of the key sectors of the economy under the policy using empirical and statistical data for the period and shortly thereafter. Such discussion is of paramount importance since it provides an insight into what future developmental and growth strategy needs to be adopted for Ghana.
While avoiding the social, political and ideological discussions of the policy, the thesis provides an insight into the political atmosphere at the time and the ideological inclinations of the Leaders.
The thesis begins by looking at the salient features of the economy of Ghana before independence. It then gives a brief background of protectionism in Ghana and the philosophy that led to its adoption. How the policy was implemented is also discussed.
A theoretical background of the effects of protection and a sector by sector analysis and evaluation of the effects of protectionism in Ghana forms the substance of the thesis. While the focus of the discussion is on the first government of Ghana and its protectionist policy, an attempt is made to look at subsequent governments and their deviation, if any, from protectionism.
An assessment of the policy arrived at the conclusion that while the leaders had been nationalistic about the policy, their adoption and implementation of the policy was nothing less than an economic blunder.M.A.
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Rupesinghe, K. "The social and economic conditions of export oriented industrialization as a strategy of development." Thesis, City University London, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374283.
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Duval, Camille. "Is eggshell pigmentation a condition-dependant strategy? : implications for egg crypsis in Japanese quail." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4825/.
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Avian eggshell colouration fulfills multiple adaptive functions, including egg camouflage. The potential role of the two main eggshell pigments in oxidative stress, biliverdin and protoporphyrin, may be behind a relationship between female immunocompetence and eggshell pigment investment strategies. In this study, environmental conditions were manipulated during different life cycle stages, via a variety of methods, including food-restriction and stress hormone exposure in female Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), in order to experimentally test the condition-dependence of eggshell pigmentation, and to give first insights into the possible implications for egg crypsis. I demonstrated that eggshell pigmentation strategy is not only affected by female current body condition, but is also shaped by its early life experience such as exposure to stress, and that eggshell colouration is a key factor involved in egg crypsis in Japanese quail. Eggshell colour and maculation were both independently affected by breeding conditions; which stresses the complexity of the relationship between eggshell pigment concentrations and its appearance. My findings imply that eggshell appearance is a female extended phenotypic trait, and that trade-offs between eggshell pigmentation and immune-functions may lead to inter-females differences in their ability to maximise egg crypsis.
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Labbe, Eric Christopher. "A downtown revitalization strategy for Winamac, Indiana." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1180779.
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Winamac, Indiana is a small, rural town, much like many rural towns. The community is full of pride and heritage, while the downtown is full of vacancies. The National Main Street Program, founded by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, has proven a successful strategy for downtown revitalization. This study examined the current market place for Winamac using an in-depth market analysis. Demographics, trends, perceptions, clusters, sales leakages and many other aspects of the market place were studied. It was found that many aspects of the current market could be improved. The data collected and conclusions drawn from the market analysis lead into a Main Street Winamac Plan. This plan was written to address the four fundamental aspects of downtown revitalization: Design, Organization, Promotion, and Economic Restructuring.Department of Urban Planning
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Sambugaro, Jonathan. "Les conditions d'élaboration et d'énonciation d'une doctrine politico-stratégique dans les organisations pluralistes." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2090/document.
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Cette thèse en stratégie vise à comprendre comment les organisations pluralistes, qui combinent une pluralité de logiques d’action, peuvent conduire la transformation délibérée de leurs doctrines. Elle développe une approche originale du travail politico-stratégique dans les organisations pluralistes, approche qui s’appuie sur les théories pragmatistes de la rationalité et des institutions. Les résultats qu’elle présente sont issus d’une recherche de terrain (ethnographie et intervention) réalisée au sein d’une grande mutuelle d’assurance française, la Macif, qui est un acteur référent dans le champ de l’économie sociale. Le premier volet de la recherche a permis d’identifier et d’analyser les obstacles que rencontrent les organisations pluralistes lorsqu’elles cherchent à transformer leurs doctrines. Le second volet a permis de conceptualiser et d’expérimenter les modalités sous lesquelles elles peuvent parvenir à opérer la transformation souhaitée. La thèse présente pour finir un certain nombre de propositions visant à guider l’élaboration de la stratégie des organisations pluralistesThis doctoral research aims at understanding how pluralistic organizations that combine multiple institutional logics can engage in their deliberate transformation. It draws on pragmatist theories of rationality and of institutions to develop a novel perspective on strategy practices and processes in pluralistic organizations. Its results rely on fieldwork (ethnography and research-action) conducted within a French mutual insurance company, Macif, which is a key actor in the field of social economy. Firstly, this research identifies and analyzes the major obstacles that prevent pluralistic organizations from conducting such a transformation. Secondly, it conceptualizes and experiments ways to do so. Finally, this research suggests some methods for strategizing and organizing in pluralistic contexts
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Liang, Chen. "The study of diversification strategy : drives and conditions of its implementation in China pharmaceutical corporations." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2454932.
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Conley, Jared J. "THE HEALTHCARE SCIENCE AND INNOVATION OF TREATING ACUTE MEDICAL CONDITIONS IN THE OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1397231830.
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Ortiz, Garcia Jose Joaquin. "Strategic planning of highway maintenance : condition standards and their assessment." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366015.
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Holtzhausen, Marguerite. "Swartland social development policy and strategy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97399.
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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research question answered by this study is what policy and strategy would give the necessary direction to Swartland Municipality’s (SM’s) social development programmes to maximise its impact on the social well-being of the community? The motivation for the study is the need to prioritise social development projects in order to improve effectiveness and efficiency in this field. The methodology used was a qualitative study by means of a conceptual analysis of the term social development, a literature study of international, national and local legislation and policies as well as group interviews with internal and external stakeholders.
Social development was defined for the purposes of this study as the process of strengthening the relationships/ partnerships and linkages between people, resources and/or systems within the scope of poverty reduction, expansion of employment opportunities and social integration, with the goal to achieve well-being for individuals, groups and/or communities. Furthermore a literature study explored relevant legislation and policy documents to give clarity on the municipality’s role of social development. Main findings were that the SA Constitution as supreme law, clearly states the municipal objective is to promote social development and states four functions that relate to social development namely child facilities, basic infrastructure, public amenities and sports facilities. Furthermore social development functions in all municipal departments need to co-ordinate to maximise social development resources. Lastly the municipality’s social development programmes must be supplementary and supportive to the work of the Department of Social Development.
Furthermore, engagements were held with internal and external stakeholders of Swartland Municipality and the strategic direction was determined by means of a vision, mission and strategic focus areas. The vision identified is: We build and create sustainable social development partnerships with all our people for strengthening the social fabric of the Swartland community. The social development mission is: We initiate, build and promote social development opportunities with the focus on sustainability, which specifically refers to financial viability in the long term, forming partnerships with the community and service providers, not harming the environment and operating within legal powers and functions.
Five strategic focus areas flowing from the vision and mission were identified. To promote collaboration and co-ordination is the pivotal focus area. Social development has to be co-ordinated by means of a social development forum represented of all sectors (government, NGO, faith-based, business, agriculture). The other focus areas were: promoting child development/establishing child facilities, lobbying for the vulnerable, facilitating access to the economy and promoting youth development. The impact of service delivery according to the five focus areas must be measured in totality by means of the Human Development Index and reflected in the integrated development plan.
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Purdie, Gavin Ernest. "The British Agency House in Malaysia and Nigeria : evolving strategy in commodity trade." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/9021/.
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The thesis compares the business activities of a particular type of British overseas trading company, the Agency House, in two former British colonies, Malaysia and Nigeria. The thesis charts the commercial and political circumstances that heralded the arrival of the Agency House in each colony and the companies’ rapid business growth thereafter while trading under the relative security offered by the British Empire. The thesis then examines the firms’ development in the aftermath of empire as the selected companies struggled to survive in independent nations. Here, each of the London-domiciled boards faced a very different set of commercial conditions overseas, which were largely shaped by politics both home and abroad. Each firm was forced into tough decisions on trade strategy to safeguard interests overseas and thereafter placate an increasingly hostile host regime. After independence, the Agency House, as obvious and symbolic reminders of imperialism, became targets for punitive legislation aimed at redressing imbalances in the private sector and achieving the repatriation of corporate wealth in each of the selected nations. The commodity trade was the basis for the development of the Agency House in each former colony. In Malaysia, a British-financed estate industry spread rapidly in response to escalating demand for rubber at the start of the 20th century. By the 1950s, for a number of reasons, the estate industry moved from rubber to oil palm cultivation, which quickly became a catalyst for a huge expansion in the plantation industry, the evidence of which is etched across the nation’s topography today. In Nigeria, the production of (although not trade in) commodities always remained the remit of indigenes only which was enshrined in law, both colonial and nationalist, despite the lobbying by resident British traders. This was one of a number of factors examined in the thesis to understand why trade there could not keep pace with the British estate development taking place in Malaysia and despite Nigeria’s long history in the export of commodities like palm oil. Examining the commodity trade of each nation helps to explain the growth of the British Agency House to become commercial powerhouses in each nation. The thesis therefore looks at the strategy of each firm, the trade they were engaged in and thereafter how each attempted to survive when confronted by increasingly hostile nationalist legislation. It will also explain why only one of the Agency Houses examined here continues to trade today.
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Dolnicar, Sara, and Roman Freitag. "The influence of interactions between market segmentation strategy and competition on organizational performance. A simulation study." SFB Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2003. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1502/1/document.pdf.
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A computer simulation study is conducted to explore the interaction of alternative segmentation strategies and the competitiveness of the market environment, a goal that can neither be tackled by purely analytic approaches nor is sufficient and undistorted real market data available to deduct findings in an empirical manner. The fundamental idea of the simulation is to increase competition in the artificial marketplace and to study the influence of segmentation strategy and varying market conditions on organizational success. Success/failure is measured using two performance criteria: number of units sold and survival of firms over 36 periods of time. Three central findings emerge: (1) the more competitive a market environment, the more successful the concentrated market segmentation strategy, (2) increased levels of marketing budgets do not favour firms following a concentrated segmentation strategy and (3) frequent rethinking and strategy modification impairs organizations that concentrate on target segments. (author's abstract)Series: Working Papers SFB "Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science"
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Ouedraogo, Aissatou. "Reaching the Chronic Poor and Food Insecure after a Disaster: The Case of Niger." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34029.
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Using a cross section data collected in 2005, this study uses both parametric and semi-parametric methods to investigate key factors associated with household vulnerability to drought and economic downturns from exposure to shocks in Niger, conditioned on household and community assets. The findings provides evidence that factors positively affecting ability to overcome drought and economic condition downturns are the educational levels of the heads of households, livestock ownership, access to income generating activity opportunities, and participation to government decision taking. Household size and dependency ratio are found to negatively impact household ability to cope or manage shocks. Descriptive statistics are also used to determine major shocks faced by households after the drought and common coping strategies after the shocks. The results show that the prevailing shock experienced by Nigerâ s population (especially the rural population) in 2004/05 is drought, followed by important loss of agricultural products. The most common coping strategy employed after these shocks is food aid and receiving assistance from other households.Master of Science
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Yang, Jin. "Gree air conditioner channel analysis : a case study." Thesis, University of Macau, 2006. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637053.
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Pongatichat, Panupak. "The alignment between performance measurement and strategy in central government agencies." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2005. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2601/.
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This research involved an investigation of the alignment between performance measurement and strategy in central government agencies. A review of the literature suggested that, although the topic is of great interest and importance, it has been underresearched. The context of the existing studies appears to be based primarily on for-profits/business rather than not-for-profit/public sector domain. Moreover, the existing research is mainly normative lacking supporting empirical evidence. The objectives of this research were to (1) develop greater understanding of performance measurement in the public sector, and (2) provide supporting empirical evidence in place of the normative arguments regarding the alignment between performance measurement and strategy. This research aimed to answer the question, ‘how, in central government agencies, is the alignment between performance measurement and strategy managed?’ This interpretive multiple-case research comprised of the studies of four central government agencies in Thailand. The primary data source was interview data supported by documentation. The interpretational analyses were conducted both at intra-case and inter-case levels. This research found that public officials often regarded, ‘strategy’ as equivalent to ‘policy’ and that these terms were used interchangeably. The research also found that the existing definitions of fundamental performance measurement/management terminologies did not fit comfortably with public sector management owing mainly to their lack of practical perspectives. This research proposed refined terminologies. Additionally, the research found eight advantages of stategy-misaligned performance measurement despite the absence of their recognition in the existing literature. As a result, misalignment could be preferable in some circumstances. However, public managers were under pressure to demonstrate alignment between performance measurement and strategy thus ‘alignment tensions’ occurred in practice. In order to deal with these tensions, three strategies were identified including (1) neglecting the tensions (as in ‘do-nothing strategy’), (2) attempting to realign performance measurement with strategy (as in ‘realigning strategy’), and (3) directing attention from the alignment issue (as in ‘distracting strategy’).
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Milgate, Michael, University of Western Sydney, and School of Management. "Conditions for the effective formation, management and evolution of cross-border alliances." THESIS_XXX_MAN_Milgate_M.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/523.
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The subject of cross-border alliances, and of cooperative strategy generally, is one that has been growing in importance over the last ten to fifteen years, both for practitioners and for academics. The literature on the subject has increased substantially during this time but, as with all subjects that come into vogue, there is currently no generally agreed body of theory, or even terminology to assist the student in researching and understanding the subject. This thesis, which is exploratory in nature, seeks to contribute to the strategic alliance field by means of research aimed at identifying significant associations between formation conditions, management approaches and evolving decision making taken in the case study alliances and the effectiveness of those alliances as deemed by significant partner members. The concluding chapters present findings from the research, attempt to bring together the overall findings, and arrive at some general conclusions, especially certain implications for management.Master of Commerce (Hons)
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Al-Boushi, Abdoula Hassan. "Implementation of geographic information systems (GIS) in Abu Dhabi Emirate (UAE) : local conditions assessment and implementation strategy." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273687.
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Rusden, Sally Anne 1954. "Management of the community economic base as a strategy for economic development." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276924.
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Application of economic base analysis at a multi-level scale illustrates the usefulness of this approach to tracking and measuring the economic flows and linkages between three defined areas. A census survey of employers in six rural communities of the White Mountain Region of Arizona is used to collect employment and sales data at a high level of specificity. These data serve as the basis for bifurcation of basic and nonbasic components necessary for estimating the multiplier. Measurement of these data determine the extent of economic dependence and spatial interaction which exist between communities, and between the region and the outside world. In addition, the study refines established procedures and applies a full range of adjustments to primary and secondary data sources to produce highly refined multipliers for the region and each community.
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Fletcher, Jeffrey Alan. "Fundamental Conditions for the Evolution of Altruism: Towards a Unification of Theories." PDXScholar, 2004. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1881.
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In evolutionary theory the existence of self-sacrificing cooperative traits poses a problem that has engendered decades of debate. The principal theories of the evolution of altruism are inclusive fitness, reciprocal altruism, and multilevel selection. To provide a framework for the unification o f these apparently disparate theories, this dissertation identifies two fundamental conditions required for the evolution of altruism: 1) non-zero-sum fitness benefits for cooperation and 2) positive assortment among altruistic behaviors. I demonstrate the underlying similarities in these three theories in the following two ways. First, I show that the game-theoretic model of the prisoner’s dilemm a (PD) is inherent to all three theories. While the PD has been used extensively to model reciprocal altruism, I demonstrate that the n-player PD captures fundamental aspects o f multilevel selection and inclusive fitness in that NPD model parameters relate simply to Simpson’s paradox, the Price covariance equation, and Hamilton’s rule. The tension between hierarchical levels that defines a PD reflects the tension between Abstract levels o f selection that is explicit in multilevel selection theory, and im plicit in the other two theories. Second, Ham ilton’s rule from inclusive fitness theory applies to the other theories. As mentioned, I demonstrate that this rule relates to multilevel selection via the NPD. I also show that Queller’s generalization of Hamilton’s rule applies to the conditional strategies of reciprocal altmism. This challenges the selfish-gene viewpoint by highlighting the fact that it is the phenotypes o f others, not their genotypes, that is critical to the evolution o f altruism. I integrate the PD and H am ilton’s rule as follows: the evolution o f altruism in general involves PD situations in which Hamilton’s rule specifies the necessary relationship between 1) the degree of non-zero-sumness within the PD and 2) the degree of positive assortment among altruistic behaviors. Additional contributions of this research include a demonstration that randomly formed associations can provide the necessary positive assortment for strong altruism to evolve, the development of a new selection decomposition that is symmetrical to the Price equation, and a game-theoretic analysis showing the essential similarity of weak and strong altruism under selection.
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Makapela, Nobuntu Unathi B. "A critical evaluation of the preferential procurement strategy and enterprise development strategy of a major motor manufacturer in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007274.
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This research is born out of recognition of the challenges Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) in the private sector faces in South Africa, with preferential procurement being one of the components of South Africa's Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment Strategy. Over the past years, South Africa has witnessed the birth of a new economy, one that allows for investment in its people, makes provision for sustainable growth through skills transfer and development, and ensures economic empowerment. The focus of this research is the Preferential Procurement strategy implemented at DaimlerChrysler South Africa (DCSA) as part of its overall Black Economic Empowerment strategy, the perceptions and expectations of how the current BEE preferential procurement strategy should work versus the perceived performance of how it is working. An official definition of Black Economic Empowerment is presented in the study, followed by barriers to growth of BEE suppliers. The aim of defining Black Economic Empowerment is to provide a good reference point against which an organization like DaimlerChrysler can assess the implementation of its preferential procurement programmes. Having discussed the above, there will be a reflection on government scorecard and a brief discussion of the two charters namely, mining and financial services charter. The study also presents the following requirements for a successful BEE corporate strategy: Strategic intent; External Balanced Scorecard; Financial Assistance; Skills development; Communication. A research methodology for conducting this study and data analysis is presented, followed by limitations of the study and recommendations for further research. It is expected that the knowledge gained from this study will help to I. Demonstrate the need to change perceptions and behaviour regarding Black Economic Empowerment. 2. Assist procurement officials to include BEE objectives into their procurement strategy. 3. Identify policy implications and assist in improving DCSA's Black Economic Empowerment Procurement strategy.
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Ivan, Martin. "Zhodnocení konkurenceschonosti firmy a návrh jejího posílení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222370.
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This master´s thesis is focused on a evaluation of competitiveness of a transportation company. In the theoretical part are described the favourite basic strategy segmentation. In the practical part is made a analysis of external and internal conditions of division DHL Freight and characterized current corporate strategy. On the basis of it is recommended proposals of competitiveness improvement of division.
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Wu, Meng. "Traditions and innovations : an exploration of the governance structure, business strategy and historical development of the Chinese Shanxi piaohao, 1820s to 1930s." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3415/.
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This dissertation examines the Chinese Shanxi piaohao, arguably the most important Chinese indigenous financial institutions in the nineteenth century, which emerged in one particular province. Concentrating on their governance structure, business strategy, and historical development, my thesis explores the emergence, growth and decline of the piaohao, and asks how they solved the commitment problem and developed their business by means of modern economists’ tools, such as path dependency and the principal agent model. This study uses a wealth of microeconomic data, which, although published, had not been digitized and properly analysed before. My work reveals that the emergence of the Shanxi piaohao shows reactive sequence path dependence. In a situation which gave little protection to shareholders’ capital, it imposed a highly centralized management structure, and a tenure- and performancebased incentive structure to discipline distant employees. Moreover, through establishing a widespread branch network, providing services to a wide range of clients, inventing various types of draft, and pricing remittance fees on diverse factors, the Shanxi piaohao were soon successful and controlled the Chinese remittance market for many decades. However, as it expanded and as China’s social and business environment became more unpredictable, the piaohao’s head managers reached the limits of their competence and its centralized management structure began to show diminishing returns. High financial leverage and a narrowed profits margin also indicated the hidden risks to the piaohao. When the 1911 Revolution broke out and ended China’s last feudal dynasty, many piaohao branches encountered immense losses from looting, bad loans and deposit withdrawals. It was during this time that modern Chinese banks and foreign banks penetrated the Chinese remittance market and poached the piaohao’s staff. Because the piaohao shareholders shared unlimited liabilities, when these threats materialized, many of them went bankrupt, while others turned to investments elsewhere and abandoned the piaohao.
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Ntsike, Austeria Letholetseng. "A NEPAD leadership development strategy : the SADC case." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18606.
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Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The overall aim of this study is to shape the future of the SADC through the New Partnerships for Africa’s Development leadership development strategy (NEPAD LDS), including a social responsiveness strategy. It proceeds from the premise that leadership development should be based on the values and interests of an institution, because these represent the institution’s position regarding the context within which it exists. This study pursued the following objectives: • To identify leadership needs in the SADC • To suggest a NEPAD-based leadership development strategy that includes a social responsiveness strategy as a response to identified SADC leadership needs The research therefore viewed the future of the SADC through leadership development. The entry point in this process was to establish the character and qualities of the SADC, considering that the continued existence of this region depends on its ability to transform all its systems in a unified pursuit of common goals. The history and natural resources of the region were thus seen to be the most visible measures of its overall health and strategic direction. The process of stakeholder identification and mapping was then pursued, with the view to help the SADC leadership to assess systematically the nature and impact of groups with which the organisation deals. Following the stakeholder analysis, information on the macro-environment of the SADC was gathered because of the impact the external environment has on the SADC. This large body of information was screened systematically. The scanning taxonomy that was developed included five areas: social, technological, environmental, economic and political (STEEP). This specialised taxonomy helped the researcher to focus on issues of greatest concern to the study. The issues that were scanned are discussed relative to their impact on SADC leadership practice. Based on the leadership challenges in the SADC thus identified, planning assumptions were developed, which are best guesses or predictions about key dimensions of the future given the leadership challenges identified. These assumptions are estimates based on the combination of estimating factors/validation points, which are portrayed in the analysis of the macro-environment of the SADC. The probability, the impact, the proximity and the maturity of these assumptions are interpreted by calculating their weighted positive or negative values. Cross-impact analysis of the validation points is used to guide the SADC decision-makers to adopt policies designed to achieve more desirable leadership futures. Here, the connections between validation points impacting on the probability of one another are illustrated. These specified relationships trace out a distinct, plausible and internally consistent future for the SADC leadership. This analysis gives rise to the identification of key validation points/drivers in the SADC from which emerge the key leadership needs of this region. Further needs that emerged were to make the NEPAD the base upon which the leadership development programme is built, and to incorporate social responsiveness strategy. Based on these key leadership needs in the SADC, it is suggested that a NEPADbased leadership development strategy, including a social responsiveness strategy, be developed and implemented. Furthermore, the NEPAD leadership development strategy (NEPAD LDS) should be based on the premise that linking leadership development with a social responsiveness strategy is critical not only for the SADC, but for the entire world, because this region is part of the global village. It is suggested that the implementation strategy should enable participants to translate the NEPAD LDS into action and to see leadership development and a social responsiveness strategy as key mechanisms for doing so. This study attempts to avoid the worn-out remedies of the past and uses a holistic approach called Common Sense Management, which entails market research, directionsetting, strategy development, implementing strategies and outcome assessment. The findings and the conclusions for this study are organised around the research questions that were the basis of motivation for this study.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die oorhoofse doelwit van hierdie studie is om die toekoms van die Suider- Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (SAOG) te help bepaal deur middel van die Nuwe Vennootskap vir Afrika se Ontwikkeling (algemeen bekend as NEPAD) se leiderskapsontwikkelingstrategie (LDS), insluitende 'n sosiale deelnemendheidstrategie. Dit gaan uit vanaf die veronderstelling dat leierskapsontwikkeling op die waardes en belange van 'n instelling behoort te berus, omdat hulle die instelling se posisie verteenwoordig rakende die konteks waarbinne dit bestaan. Hierdie studie het die volgende doelwitte nagevolg: • Om leierskapsbehoeftes in SAOG te identifiseer • Om 'n NEPAD-gebaseerde leierskapontwikkelingstrategie voor te stel wat 'n sosiale deelnemendheidstrategie insluit as 'n reaksie op die geïdentifiseerde SAOG leierskapsbehoeftes. Daarom betrag die navorsingstuk die toekoms van SAOG deur die bril van leierskapsontwikkeling. Die vertrekpunt in hierdie proses was om die karakter en hoedanighede van SAOG vas te stel met in agneming dat die volgehoue bestaan van hierdie streek van sy vermoë afhang om al sy stelsels in 'n verenigde nastreef van gemeenskaplike doelwitte te transformeer. Die geskiedenis en natuurlike hulpbronne van die streek is dus gesien as die mees sigbare maatreëls in sy oorhoofse gesondheid- en strategiese rigting. Die proses om belanghebbers te identifiseer en te beskryf, is vervolgens aangepak met die oog op bystand aan die SAOG se leierskap om die aard en impak van groepe waarmee die organisasie te doene het, sistematies te beoordeel. Na afloop van die belanghebbersanalise, is inligting oor SAOG se makro-omgewing versamel vanweë die impak van die eksterne omgewing op SAOG. Hierdie groot hoeveelheid inligting is sistematies verwerk. Die verwerkingsistematiek wat ontwikkel is, sluit vyf gebiede in: sosiaal, tegnologies, omgewing, ekonomies en polities (STOEP). Hierdie gespesialiseerde sistematiek het die navorser in staat gestel om op sake wat van die grootste belang vir die studie is, te konsentreer. Die aangeleenthede wat verwerk is, word bespreek in verhouding met hul impak op SAOG se leierskapspraktyke. Op grond van die leierskapsuitdagings in SAOG wat aldus geïdentifiseer is, is beplanningsaannames opgestel wat beste skattings of voorspellings verteenwoordig aangaande sleutelelemente van die toekoms, gegewe die leierskapsuitdagings wat bepaal is. Hierdie aannames word vasgestel op grond van die samestelling van faktore/geldigheidspunte wat in die analise van die makro-omgewing van SAOG voorgestel word. Die waarskynlikheid, die impak, die nabyheid en die rypheid van hierdie aannames word by wyse van die berekening van hul geweegde positiewe of negatiewe waardes geïnterpreteer. 'n Kruisimpakanalise van die geldigheidspunte word gebruik om rigting aan die SAOG besluitnemers te verskaf om hul beleidsrigtings aan te pas om 'n meer gewenste leierskapstoekoms te bewerkstellig. Hier word dan die verbinding tussen die geldigheidspunte uitgebeeld wat 'n invloed op mekaar se onderlinge waarskynlikheid uitoefen. Hierdie aangeduide verhoudings dui 'n duidelike, geloofbare en intern konsekwente toekoms vir die SAOG leierskap aan. Hierdie analise gee aanleiding tot die identifisering van sleutelgeldigheidspunte/aandrywers vir SAOG waaruit die deurslaggewende leierskapsbehoeftes van die streek na vore tree. Verdere behoeftes wat duidelik geword het, was dat NEPAD die basis behoort te verskaf waarop die leierskapsprogram gebou behoort te word, asook om 'n sosiale deelnemendheidstrategie daarby in te begryp. Op grond van hierdie sleutelleierskapsbehoeftes in SAOG, word aan die hand gedoen dat 'n NEPAD-gebaseerde leierskapsontwikkelingstrategie, insluitende 'n sosiale deelnemendheidstrategie, ontwikkel en toegepas word. Verder behoort die NEPAD leierskapontwikkelingstrategie (NEPAD LDS) op die aanname te berus dat 'n aaneenskakeling van leierskapsontwikkeling met 'n sosiale deelnemendheidstrategie krities nie slegs vir SAOG is nie, maar vir die hele wêreld, aangesien hierdie streek deel is van die wêrelddorp. Dit word aanbeveel dat die implementeringstrategie deelnemers behoort in staat te stel om die NEPAD LDS in aksie in om te skakel en om leierskapsontwikkeling en 'n sosiale deelnemendheidstrategie te beskou as sleutelmeganismes in die proses. Hierdie studie poog om die uitgediende redmiddels van die verlede te vermy en om eerder 'n holistiese benadering te gebruik, wat Gesonde Verstandbestuur genoem kan word, wat marknavorsing, rigtingbepaling, strategie-ontwikkeling, die implementering van strategieë en uitkomsgebaseerde assessering insluit. Die bevindings en die gevolgtrekkings in hierdie studie word om die navorsingsvrae gegroepeer wat as motivering vir hierdie studie gedien het.
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Boulbes, Diane-Colette. "Planification du developpement rural dans les d. O. M. Une nouvelle strategie economique : le cas de la guadeloupe." Toulouse 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU20104.
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La guadeloupe est un archipel de 1780 km 2, compose de 2 iles principales (basse-terre et grande-terre) et de 5 dependances plus ou moins eloignees. Une grande diversite des paysages eux-memes soumis a des micro-climats de type tropical, implique une occupation du sol plus ou moins variee et des regions differenciees. Depuis 1946, la politique sociale a represente une priorite gouvernementale pour le developpement rural - autre - autre priorite, celle de l'amenagement de toute une infrastructure economique d'echanges (port, aeroport. . . ) afin de satisfaire aux besoins croissants d'une population de plus en plus integree dans une societe de consommation avec un circuit d'importation qui, bien structure, laisse peu de place a la production locale - comment dans ce cas, promouvoir en guadeloupe le developpement rural ? l'option economique du developpement des d. O. M. Est recente. Les premieres mesures de developpement rural ont cherche a remanier la structure fonciere et la quasi-elimination du systeme juge archaique represente par le colonage, ancien vestige de la colonisation des plans de developpement des productions agricoles tres ponctuels ont dans certains cas permis une relance des activites concernees mais, souvent, ils se sont adresses a des professions non-structurees, non-representatives et leurs objectifs n'ont pas ete atteints - aucune politique regionale de developpement rural planifie n'existe en guadeloupe et la polarite urbaine contribue a accentuer le desequilibre des forces internes ville-campagne et des regions entre elles. Cet ouvrage a mis en evidence les ressources agricoles et agro- industrielles des regions guadeloupeennes assorties des moyens a mettre en oeuvre pour optimiser leur mise en valeur dans un processus de developpement rural - tous les d. O. M. Sont a ce titre concernees -Guadeloupe is an archipelago of 1780 square kilometres, it consists of two main islands (basse-terre and grande-terre) and 5 dependant islands more or less remote - a large variety of landscapes, themselves under the influence of microclimates, implies different kinds of farming and different regions. Since 1946, social policy has been regarded as a priority by the government for rural development - another priority is the sitting up of a complete network of economic exchanges (harbour, airport. . . ) in order to meet the increasing needs of a population belonging more and more to the consumer society with a well structured import channel wich gives a small place at local production - how is it, in this case, possible to have rural development in guadeloupe ? the development of the d. O. M. Has only recent set its goals on economy. First mesures of rural development have changed land structure and the virtually full elimination of the system regarded as archaic and known as share - cropping, a remmant of civilisation. Pinpoint plans of development for productions have sometimes permitted a relance of these activities but, professions were not structured not representative and their objectives were not satisfied - no local rural development policy has been defined in guadeloupe and the attraction for the town is growing unbalance between town and country and regions one with others. The purpose of this work was to point out the agricultural and agro- industrial ressources of the different areas of guadeloupe and suggest how to optimize their reclaiming as part of a process of rural development - in this respect, all d. O. M. Are involved
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Fritiofsson, Thomas. "Conditions and challenges for increased biking as a climate change mitigation strategy. A case study of Östersund, Sweden." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-33915.
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Transfer to non-motorized transportation to the greatest extent possible is an important climate change mitigation strategy. Biking is a sustainable mean of transportation and increased biking is desirable on global, national, regional, local, and individual level. This study use Östersund, located in the middle of Sweden, as a case to analyse the conditions and challenges for increased biking and what role the biking infrastructure system, weather-related factors, and policies and programmes may play. A literature study on weather-related factors and policies and programmes was performed. How biking has developed over time was analysed and a distance analysis, the bike path infrastructures length and continuity, and accessibility was analysed in a geographical information system (GIS) environment. Investments on increased biking in Denmark and the Netherlands has been successful when a lot of effort has been put into development of the bike path infrastructure. The same result has been reached in Malmö, Sweden. However, the time aspect should not be underestimated since reaching high number of bikers seem to take many years, even decades. In the case of Östersund, temperature, wind and precipitation cause a decrease in biking. Number of bikers follow seasonal changes in temperature, the latter two have a temporary influence. Biking in Östersund is increasing even though there are fluctuations every other year. An interesting observation is that during the increased trend of biking the bike path infrastructure has been expanded. The bike path infrastructure is inconsistent with sudden ends every 2,03 km which may create a threshold for the increase of biking. Accessibility of the bike path system is high since over half the population has no longer than 100 m to a bike path. Distance may be a constricting factor since over half of randomised journeys are longer than a considerable comfortable biking distance of 5 km. Urban planning that treats biking as any other mean of transportation, development of a biking culture and individual habits is crucial for biking to increase.20180626
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Abdrakhmanov, Rustem. "Sub-optimal Energy Management Architecture for Intelligent Hybrid Electric Bus : Deterministic vs. Stochastic DP strategy in Urban Conditions." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC020/document.
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Cette thèse propose des stratégies de gestion de l'énergie conçues pour un bus urbain électrique hybride. Le système de commande hybride devrait créer une stratégie efficace de coordination du flux d’énergie entre le moteur thermique, la batterie, les moteurs électriques et hydrauliques. Tout d'abord, une approche basée sur la programmation dynamique déterministe (DDP) a été proposée : algorithme d'optimisation simultanée de la vitesse et de la puissance pour un trajet donné (limité par la distance parcourue et le temps de parcours). Cet algorithme s’avère être gourmand en temps de calcul, il n’a pas été donc possible de l’utiliser en temps réel. Pour remédier à cet inconvénient, une base de données de profils optimaux basée sur DP (OPD-DP) a été construite pour une application en temps réel. Ensuite, une technique de programmation dynamique stochastique (SDP) a été utilisée pour générer simultanément et d’une manière optimale un profil approprié de la vitesse du Bus ainsi que sa stratégie de partage de puissance correspondante. Cette approche prend en compte à la fois la nature stochastique du comportement de conduite et les conditions de circulations urbaines (soumises à de multiples aléas). Le problème d’optimisation énergétique formulé, en tant que problème intrinsèquement multi-objectif, a été transformé en plusieurs problèmes à objectif unique avec contraintes utilisant une méthode ε-constraint afin de déterminer un ensemble de solutions optimales (le front de Pareto).En milieu urbain, en raison des conditions de circulation, des feux de circulation, un bus rencontre fréquemment des situations Stop&Go. Cela se traduit par une consommation d'énergie accrue lors notamment des démarrages. En ce sens, une stratégie de régulation de vitesse adaptative adaptée avec Stop&Go (eACCwSG) apporte un avantage indéniable. L'algorithme lisse le profil de vitesse pendant les phases d'accélération et de freinage du Bus. Une autre caractéristique importante de cet algorithme est l’aspect sécurité, étant donné que l’ACCwSG permet de maintenir une distance de sécurité afin d’éviter les collisions et d’appliquer un freinage en douceur. Comme il a été mentionné précédemment, un freinage en douceur assure le confort des passagersThis PhD thesis proposes Energy Management Strategies conceived for a hybrid electrical urban bus. The hybrid control system should create an efficient strategy of coordinating the flow of energy between the heat engine, battery, electrical and hydraulic motors. Firstly, a Deterministic Dynamic Programming (DDP) based approach has been proposed: simultaneous speed and powersplit optimization algorithm for a given trip (constrained by the traveled distance and time limit). This algorithm turned out to be highly time consuming so it cannot be used in real-time. To overcome this drawback, an Optimal Profiles Database based on DP (OPD-DP) has been constructed for real-time application. Afterwards, a Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) technique is used to simultaneously generate an optimal speed profile and related powersplit strategy. This approach takes into account a stochastic nature of the driving behavior and urban conditions. The formulated energy optimization problem, being intrinsically multi-objective problem, has been transformed into several single-objective ones with constraints using an ε-constraint method to determine a set of optimal solutions (the Pareto Front).In urban environment, due to traffic conditions, traffic lights, a bus encounters frequent Stop&Go situations. This results in increased energy consumption during the starts. In this sense, a relevant Eco Adaptive Cruise Control with Stop&Go (eACCwSG) strategy brings the undeniable benefit. The algorithm smooths speed profile during acceleration and braking phases. One more important feature of this algorithm is the safety aspect, as eACCwSG permits to maintain a safety distance in order to avoid collision and apply a smooth braking. As it was mentioned before, smooth braking ensures passengers comfort
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Pollitt, Keiron. "Exploring the value of engagement mentoring as a preventative strategy with at-risk youth." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1001/.
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Volume 1 comprises five papers, an Introductory Chapter, Papers One and Two which are the main papers in the Volume, a Concluding Chapter and an Appendix Chapter. The Introductory Chapter provides an overview of the overall research enterprise, inclusive of factors influencing the choice of work undertaken and how the research project brief was negotiated with key research partners. Reference is also made to the organisation and general style of in which both of main papers are written. Presenting work within a genre appropriate for the intended target audience is part of the university criteria for Volume 1. Paper One presents an 8000 word Critical Literature Review of the focus area of the research, namely, 'engagement mentoring for marginalised youth'. The purpose of the Review was to inform the research design of the study that followed. The primary research activity undertaken came to be conceptualised as 'Development and Research' (D & R) rather than 'research per se'. Paper Two presents the D & R project which involved two local children's service providers devising and developing a community-based engagement mentoring project through Realistic Evaluation (Pawson and Tilley, 1997) for young children identified as 'at-risk' of offending behaviour. Work was carried out in the Kingstanding area of Birmingham, which might be described as a socially disadvantaged / economically deprived suburb of the city. The Concluding Chapter suggests how engagement mentoring as an intervention might be further developed. Finally, the Appendix Chapter provides a fuller methodological critique of the empirical study, inclusive of the context in which the research was undertaken.
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Zhang, Cheng. "Essays on domestic market integration, government expenditure, and strategic interactions among local governments." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/40410/.
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This thesis contains one literature review chapter and three self-contained empirical studies on different but closely related topics, domestic market integration, public spending, and strategic interactions in China. In Chapter 1, we describe the general background of the Chinese fiscal reforms in the 1980s. In particular we present how the open-door policies has resulted in China’s increasing participation in the global market while at the same time its domestic market seem to still suffer from prevalent border effects and local protectionism. Besides, we outline the nature and source of this fragmentation, which stems from the fiscal and administrative decentralisation, that the fiscal reforms brought about, and the existing political system. As such the fiscal and administrative system give strong incentives for local governments to actively participate in yardstick competition, which often takes the form of the so-called ‘tournament competition‘. Chapter 2 provides a general overview of the existing literature on measuring domestic market integration (DMI). It provides the theoretical underpinnings and empirical evidence of this literature, organising DMI into three main streams of the literature, which are factor-related approach, price-related approach and output and employment-related approach. Chapter 3 adopts a spatial border difference approach and a spatial border econometric approach to estimate the provincial border effects and thus infer the degree of domestic market integration in China. By using a dataset of 48 border counties and 28 2-digit industries in the Yangtze River Delta region over the time period 2005-2009, we find that border effects are present and significant and also varying across provinces and industries. On average Shanghai shows the highest level of local protectionism with its provincial border exerting greater influences on the industry patterns compared with the other two provinces. We also observe the provincial border effects are decreasing over time, albeit over a short time period, which indicates an ongoing process of deepening market integration. Moreover, we also find that Jiangsu exhibits a higher level of border effects against Shanghai and Zhejiang than that with its all surrounding neighbours. Chapter 4 looks into the role of domestic market integration and socio-economic globalisation play in the size and structure of the public sector in China. By employing a dataset of 27 Chinese provinces for the period of 1998-2006, we find that domestic market integration has negligible effects, only showing a small positive correlation with social aspects of spending. On the other hand, the results of international integration provide some support for the ‘efficiency’ hypothesis over the ‘compensation’ view. More specifically, economic integration contributes to the overall expansion of public sector and in particular it increases productive and non-social spending, while social integration results in a reduction in total spending and social spending. Chapter 5 investigates the relationship between strategic interactions and political tournament competition in China. By using the provincial-level data for 28 Chinese provinces over the period of 1998-2005, we provide strong evidence of the spatial autocorrelation in both total spending and its components, though we fail to find evidence supporting the ‘tournament competition’. Besides, the spending level in neighbouring provinces acts as a constraining effect on a local leader’s promotion. Moreover, we found that a higher level of total spending, productive spending and education spending compared with their contiguity neighbours, and a higher level of agriculture spending compared with their GDP-related neighbours would significantly increase the promotion opportunities of provincial governors. In contrast, the level of administration spending relative to local province’s GDP-related neighbours and the level of agency spending relative to geographic-related neighbours are negatively linked with the political turnover rate of provincial governors. Chapter 6 summarises the main findings of the thesis and outline the policy implications of our findings.