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Mohamedsadakathulla, Sanof. "Minimization of Sum-of-Conditional-Decoders Structures with Applications in Finite Machine EPLD Design and Machine Learning." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5158.
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In order to achieve superior speed in sequencer designs over competing PLD devices, Cypress brought to market an innovative architecture, CY7C361. This architecture introduced a new kind of universal logic gate, the CONDITION DECODER (CDEC). Because there are only 32 macrocells in the chip, saving only one CDEC gate can be quite important (the well-known "fit/no-fit problem"). A problem that is related to the fitting problem of the Cypress CY7C361 chip is the SOC Minimization. Due to the limited low number of macrocells in CY7C361, a high quality logic minimization to reduce the number of macrocells is very important. The goal of this thesis is, however, more general, since we believe that CDEC can be used as a generalpurpose gate for standard cell structures with few levels, and also for new PLD structures. We depart, therefore, from the Cypress chip as a sole motivation of our work, and we present a generic logic synthesis problem of SOC minimization. In this thesis, we formulate the SOC minimization problem and present a new kind of approach using graph coloring to solve it. A Cube Splitting algorithm is also presented, whereby the input cubes are split in such a way, that the generated cubes are lower in number than the minterms, and when these cubes are used as nodes in graph coloring algorithm, gives near exact solutions. The algorithms used in the SOC minimization program, SOCMIN, have been designed for Strongly Unspecified functions, defined by ON and OFF sets, and hence finds important applications for Machine Learning and Pattern theory, where there is a high percent of don't cares. The approach to solving the covering problem, the Conditional Graph Coloring, can be used in other similar problems such as PLA minimization, or Column Minimization Problem in Curtis-like decomposition of Multi-valued Relations. We found also the Muller method very efficient for ON,OFF data representation: it can be used to extend any other single-output minimizer for incomplete functions to a multi-output one.
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Zeytun, Serkan. "Risk Measurement, Management And Option Pricing Via A New Log-normal Sum Approximation Method." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615148/index.pdf.
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In this thesis we mainly focused on the usage of the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) in
risk management and on the pricing of the arithmetic average basket and Asian options in
the Black-Scholes framework via a new log-normal sum approximation method. Firstly, we
worked on the linearization procedure of the CVaR proposed by Rockafellar and Uryasev. We
constructed an optimization problem with the objective of maximizing the expected return
under a CVaR constraint. Due to possible intermediate payments we assumed, we had to deal
with a re-investment problem which turned the originally one-period problem into a multiperiod
one. For solving this multi-period problem, we used the linearization procedure of
CVaR and developed an iterative scheme based on linear optimization. Our numerical results
obtained from the solution of this problem uncovered some surprising weaknesses of the use
of Value-at-Risk (VaR) and CVaR as a risk measure.
In the next step, we extended the problem by including the liabilities and the quantile hedging
to obtain a reasonable problem construction for managing the liquidity risk. In this problem
construction the objective of the investor was assumed to be the maximization of the probability of liquid assets minus liabilities bigger than a threshold level, which is a type of quantile hedging. Since the quantile hedging is not a perfect hedge, a non-zero probability of having
a liability value higher than the asset value exists. To control the amount of the probable deficient
amount we used a CVaR constraint. In the Black-Scholes framework, the solution of
this problem necessitates to deal with the sum of the log-normal distributions. It is known that
sum of the log-normal distributions has no closed-form representation. We introduced a new,
simple and highly efficient method to approximate the sum of the log-normal distributions using
shifted log-normal distributions. The method is based on a limiting approximation of the
arithmetic mean by the geometric mean. Using our new approximation method we reduced
the quantile hedging problem to a simpler optimization problem.
Our new log-normal sum approximation method could also be used to price some options in
the Black-Scholes model. With the help of our approximation method we derived closed-form
approximation formulas for the prices of the basket and Asian options based on the arithmetic
averages. Using our approximation methodology combined with the new analytical pricing
formulas for the arithmetic average options, we obtained a very efficient performance for
Monte Carlo pricing in a control variate setting. Our numerical results show that our control
variate method outperforms the well-known methods from the literature in some cases.
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Åslund, Anders. "Power Estimation of High Speed Bit-Parallel Adders." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2390.
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Fast addition is essential in many DSP algorithms. Various structures have been introduced to speed up the time critical carry propagation. For high throughput applications, however, it may be necessary to introduce pipelining. In this report the power consumption of four different adder structures, with varying word length and different number of pipeline cuts, is compared.
Out of the four adder structures compared, the Kogge-Stone parallel prefix adder proves to be the best choice most of the time. The Brent-Kung parallel prefix adder is also a good choice, but the maximal throughput does not reach as high as the maximal throughput of the Kogge-Stone parallel prefix adder.
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Zlatos, Andrej Simon Barry. "Sum rules and the Szego condition for Jacobi matrices /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2003. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-05222003-114151.
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Nacci, Dominique, and n/a. "Video ergo sum : the legitimisation of the post-colonial condition." University of Canberra. Professional Communication, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060824.092736.
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Anchang, Julius. "Locally Optimized Mapping of Slum Conditions in a Sub-Saharan Context: A Case Study of Bamenda, Cameroon." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6447.
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Despite being an indicator of modernization and macro-economic growth, urbanization in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa is tightly interwoven with poverty and deprivation. This has manifested physically as slums, which represent the worst residential urban areas, marked by lack of access to good quality housing and basic services. To effectively combat the slum phenomenon, local slum conditions must be captured in quantitative and spatial terms. However, there are significant hurdles to this. Slum detection and mapping requires readily available and reliable data, as well as a proper conceptualization of measurement and scale. Using Bamenda, Cameroon, as a test case, this dissertation research was designed as a three-pronged attack on the slum mapping problematic. The overall goal was to investigate locally optimized slum mapping strategies and methods that utilize high resolution satellite image data, household survey data, simple machine learning and regionalization theory.
The first major objective of the study was to tackle a "measurement" problem. The aim was to explore a multi-index approach to measure and map local slum conditions. The rationale behind this was that prior sub-Saharan slum research too often used simplified measurement techniques such as a single unweighted composite index to represent diverse local slum conditions. In this study six household indicators relevant to the United Nations criteria for defining slums were extracted from a 2013 Bamenda household survey data set and aggregated for 63 local statistical areas. The extracted variables were the percent of households having the following attributes: more than two residents per room, non-owner, occupying a single room or studio, having no flush toilet, having no piped water, having no drainage. Hierarchical variable clustering was used as a surrogate for exploratory factor analysis to determine fewer latent slum factors from these six variables. Variable groups were classified such that the most correlated variables fell in the same group while non-correlated variables fell in separate groups. Each group membership was then examined to see if the group suggested a conceptually meaningful slum factor which could quantified as a stand-alone "high" and "low" binary slum index. Results showed that the slum indicators in the study area could be replaced by at least two meaningful and statistically uncorrelated latent factors. One factor reflected the home occupancy conditions (tenancy status, overcrowded and living space conditions) and was quantified using K-means clustering of units as an ‘occupancy disadvantage index’ (Occ_D). The other reflected the state of utilities access (piped water and flush toilet) and was quantified as utilities disadvantage index (UT_D). Location attributes were used to examine/validate both indices. Independent t-tests showed that units with high Occ_D were on average closer to nearest town markets and major roads when compared with units of low Occ_D. This was consistent with theory as it is expected that typical slum residents (in this case overcrowded and non-owner households) will favor accessibility to areas of high economic activity. However, this situation was not the same with UT_D as shown by lack of such as a strong pattern.
The second major objective was to tackle a "learning" problem. The purpose was to explore the potential of unsupervised machine learning to detect or "learn" slum conditions from image data. The rationale was that such an approach would be efficient, less reliant on prior knowledge and expertise. A 2012 GeoEye image scene of the study area was subjected to image classification from which the following physical settlement attributes were quantified for each of the 63 statistical areas: per cent roof area, percent open space area, per cent bare soil, per cent paved road surface, per cent dirt road surface, building shadow-roof area ratio. The shadow-roof ratio was an innovative measure used to capture the size and density attributes of buildings. In addition to the 6 image derived variables, the mean slope of each area was calculated from a digital elevation dataset. All 7 attributes were subject to principal component analysis from which the first 2 components were extracted and used for hierarchical clustering of statistical areas to derive physical types. Results show that area units could be optimally classified into 4 physical types labelled generically as Categories 1 – 4, each with at least one defining physical characteristic. Kruskal Wallis tests comparing physical types in terms of household and locations attributes showed that at least two physical types were different in terms of aggregated household slum conditions and location attributes. Category 4 areas, located on steep slopes and having high shadow-to-roof ratio, had the highest distribution of non-owner households. They were also located close to nearest town markets. They were thus the most likely candidates of slums in the city. Category 1 units on other hand located at the outskirts and having abundant open space were least likely to have slum conditions.
The third major objective was to tackle the problem of "spatial scale". Neighborhoods, by their very nature of contiguity and homogeneity, represent an ideal scale for urban spatial analysis and mapping. Unfortunately, in most areas, neighborhoods are not objectively defined and slum mapping often relies in the use of arbitrary spatial units which do not capture the true extent of the phenomenon. The objective was thus to explore the use of analytic regionalization to quantitatively derive the neighborhood unit for mapping slums. Analytic neighborhoods were created by spatially constrained clustering of statistical areas using the minimum spanning tree algorithm. Unlike previous studies that relied on socio-economic and/or demographic information, this study innovatively used multiple land cover and terrain attributes as neighborhood homogenizing factors. Five analytic neighborhoods (labeled Regions 1-5) were created this way and compared using Kruskal Wallis tests for differences in household slum attributes. This was to determine largest possible contiguous areas that could be labeled as slum or non-slum neighborhoods. The results revealed that at least two analytic regions were significantly different in terms of aggregated household indicators. Region 1 stood apart as having significantly higher distributions of overcrowded and non-owner households. It could thus be viewed as the largest potential slum neighborhood in the city. In contrast, regions 3 (located at higher elevation and separated from rest of city by a steep escarpment) was generally associated with low distribution of household slum attributes and could be considered the strongest model of a non-slum or formal neighborhood. Both Regions 1 and 3 were also qualitatively correlated with two locally recognized (vernacular) neighborhoods. These neighborhoods, "Sisia" (for Region 1) and "Up Station" (for Region 3), are commonly perceived by local folk as occupying opposite ends of the socio-economic spectrum.
The results obtained by successfully carrying the three major objectives have major implication for future research and policy. In the case of multi-index analysis of slum conditions, it affirms the notion the that slum phenomenon is diverse in the local context and that remediation efforts must be compartmentalized to be effective. The results of image based unsupervised mapping of slums from imagery show that it is a tool with high potential for rapid slum assessment even when there is no supporting field data. Finally, the results of analytic regionalization showed that the true extent of contiguous slum neighborhoods can be delineated objectively using land cover and terrain attributes. It thus presents an opportunity for local planning and policy actors to consider redesigning the city neighborhood districts as analytic units. Quantitively derived neighborhoods are likely to be more useful in the long term, be it for spatial sampling, mapping or planning purposes.
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Thanopoulos, Sotirios. "Condition Monitoring of MV Remotely Controlled Distributed Disconnectors." Thesis, KTH, Elektroteknisk teori och konstruktion, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215947.
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During the last decades, the power grid is getting rapidly digitalised in order to contribute to theestablishment of Smart Grids and evaluate efficiently the extracted bidirectional data from the powersystem infrastructure. This thesis focuses on the MV grid, since its design and operation have changedmainly because of distributed generation installations and the increased demand of information fromstakeholders. Thus, asset management constitutes a significant tool that can increase the reliability ofthe MV network’s operation and its level of control. Studies have shown that a maintenance planbased on condition monitoring of power system apparatuses would be more effective compared to theimplemented time-based scheduled maintenance.This project focuses on MV remotely controlled disconnectors since studies have shown that theirnumber of failures is double compared to manually operated ones. Since maneuverability andsecondary function are the causes of a major failure with the highest occurrence rate, motor currentmonitoring is studied in this thesis. Some devices that have the capability to monitor disconnectors’motor current, are presented. Additionally, the obtained max motor current measurements areevaluated through a parametric and a non-parametric statistical test. The main challenge of this thesisis to show whether the behaviour of motor current can be an indicator regarding to the disconnector’scondition status.Hence, the impact of different factors on the behaviour of motor current is investigated. It is concludedthat disconnectors without a failure during the studied period are more likely to have max motorcurrent measurements higher than 8A and especially in the interval [10-12]A. The difference in motorcurrent of disconnectors with a work order and without failure is more significant in 2015/2016. Itseems that under the aforementioned values of max motor current, a disconnector is more probable tohave the capability to operate properly. It is also concluded that in case of malfunction “Mellanläge”,the value of max motor current is lower than 8A with higher probability and it maybe indicates aproblem of the studied disconnector.Through the comparison in pairs, it could be concluded that the effect of the external environmentalconditions is not so high on the behaviour of disconnectors’ max motor current measurements. Incontrast, it seems that the implementation of a work order, the number of operations and if adisconnector is installed more northerly in Zone 3 play a more significant role on the behaviour of thisdisconnector’s max motor current measurements. Consequently, based on the aforementioned results itis shown that some of the investigated factors could constitute an indicator whether a disconnector ismore or less probable to have the capability to operate properly.Finally, it is calculated the reduction in the interruption cost that could be achieved in case ofimplementation of motor current monitoring on Vattenfall’s remotely controlled distributeddisconnectors.Under de senaste årtiondena har kraftnät blivit snabbt digitaliserad För att bidra till upprättandet hosSmart Grids och effektivt utvärdera de extraherade dubbelriktade data från kraftsystemetsinfrastruktur. Denna exjobbsrapport fokuserar på MV-nätet, eftersom dess design och drift harförändrats främst på grund av distribuerade produktionsanläggningar och ökad efterfrågan påinformation från intressenter. Därför utgör ”asset management’’ ett viktigt verktyg som kan öka elnätstillförlitligheten och styrning. Studier har visat att elnäts underhåll baserad på tillståndsövervakningpå kraftsystemkomponenter skulle kunna vara effektivare jämfört med tidsbaserade schemalagdaunderhåll.Detta exjobb fokuserar på MV-fjärrstyrda frånskiljare eftersom studier har visat att deras felfrekvensär dubbelt högre jämfört med manuella. Eftersom problem i manövrerbarhet och sekundär funktionkan orsaka allvarliga fel med hög frekvens, har studien fokuserats på motorströmövervakningen idetta exjobb. Vissa produkter som har förmåga att övervaka frånskiljares motorström, presenteras.Dessutom utvärderas de maximala motorströmsmätningarna genom både parametriskt och ickeparametrisktstatistiskt test. Huvudutmaningen i denna avhandling är att utreda om motors strömmarkan vara en indikator för frånskiljares tillstånd.Olika faktorer hos motorströmmar har också undersökts. Det dras slutsatsen att frånskiljare utanmisslyckande manövern under den studerade perioden är mer benägna att ha maximalamotorströmmar högre än 8A och speciellt i intervallet [10-12] A. Skillnaden i motors strömmar hosfrånskiljare med arbetsorder och utan fel är mer signifikant under åren 2015/2016. Det verkar som attenligt ovan nämnda värden på max motorström, är en frånskiljare mer sannolikt att fungera korrekt.Det kommer också fram till att i händelse av "Mellanläge" är värdet av max motorströmmar lägre än8A med högre sannolikhet, detta kan kanske indikera ett problem hos frånskiljaren.Genom jämförelsen kan man dra slutsatsen att effekten av de yttre miljöförhållandena inte är så högpå maximala motorströmmar hos frånskiljare. Däremot verkar det som om genomförandet av enarbetsorder, antalet operationer och om en frånskiljare är installerad i zon 3 spelar en viktig roll föruppförandet av denna frånskiljares maximala motors strömmen. På grundval av det ovan nämndaresultatet framgår det att några av de undersökta faktorerna kan utgöra en indikator på att om enfrånskiljare är mer eller mindre sannolikt att ha förmågan att fungera korrekt.Slutligen visar beräkningar att minskningen av avbrottskostnaden kan uppnås vid genomförande avmotorströmövervakning på Vattenfalls fjärrstyrda distribuerade frånskiljare.
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Chen, Jiangtao. "La pauvreté rurale dans le montagnes karstiques de la Chine du sud-ouest : diagnostic, causes et tendances actuelles : (exemples de deux villages de la province de Guizhou)." Bordeaux 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR30018.
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Depuis la Grande réforme de la campagne chinoise, il y a presque 30 ans, qui a coïncidé avec l’ouverture du pays, le monde rural chinois a connu de profonds changements ; une région pauvre et montagneuse comme le Sud-ouest du pays s’est elle aussi transformée, même si le rythme de son développement a été nettement moins soutenu que celui des régions de l’Est. La présente recherche porte sur deux communes de la province du Guizhou, dans le dit Sud-ouest, Raolan et Pojiao ; elle s’intéresse, au travers de l’analyse des paramètres économiques et sociaux qui leurs sont propres, au sens à donner aux directions antagonistes que leur développement a pris. Raolan illustre la situation des communes qui ont su sortir de la pauvreté : la plupart de ses jeunes actifs sont partis travailler en ville, une concentration de ses terres s’est opérée et des secteurs d’activité non-agricoles sont apparus ; au contraire, Pojiao illustre l’absence de stratégie soutenue pour sortir de la pauvreté de certaines campagnes : la mise en place des politiques démographiques n’a pas été encouragée, la forte croissance d’une population peu éduquée a inscrit cette commune dans le cercle vicieux de la misère car la surpopulation a non seulement empêché un développement durable mais a aussi accru la pression sur les faibles ressources dont disposaient ses habitants. Cette recherche a identifié le contrôle des naissances et le développement de l’éducation publique comme les deux facteurs les plus déterminants pour pouvoir mettre en œuvre la modernisation d’une région rurale pauvre. La nécessité de créer une forme de sécurité sociale dans les campagnes chinoises semble, par ailleurs, aujourd’hui, une condition de la pérennité et de la qualité du développement rural. En tenant compte des déséquilibres entre villes et campagnes, entre les régions de l’Ouest et celles de l’Est, ainsi que du soutien que l’État apporte aux campagnes, et plus particulièrement à celles des régions de l’Ouest, le chercheur offre aussi une perspective générale de la poursuite de la modernisation du monde rural chinoisChina’s economic reform and opening up has given Chinese villages drastic changes in past decades. These changes are especially noticeable in eastern China with significant improvements in economy. Compared to the eastern regions, the Karst mountainous areas in southwestern China, which are still under less development, have undergone revolutionary changes. This study has closely analyzed economical and societal aspects about two villages in Guizhou Province, Raolan Village and Pojiao Village, and has revealed the gradual evolution of the poor villages in China under the effect of China’s economic booming. Financial growth has helped Raolan Village overcome economical hardships. The financial and community status in Raolan Village represents most of the situations of the villages in Guizhou Province. Almost all of the agricultural labor has gone to cities, especially in the East, to find jobs. Under this circumstance, farming lands have to be rented to other villagers, who stay in the village, for farming, but later, most of the lands are combined and circulated to only a few villagers for forming. Agricultural production system is being adjusted. Non-agricultural enterprises also started to spring up and their production chain has gradually become matured. However, Pojiao village did not abide by the family planning policy. Population augment dramatically. As a result, less people became educated due to the poor financial situations. Therefore, the village gradually fell into an economic depression through an unfortunate cycle: less educated people tend to have more children who will likely get less educated due to financial problems and in turn, these new generations will are highly likely under poor situations simply because of their less educated. Limited farming lands became more divided among the increased populations with less per capital occupation. Consequently, some families can hardly feed themselves. This study proposes that the restrictions on population growth and developments in public education are the top priorities for villages to get rid of poverty and improve financial conditions. Taking into account the difference between urban and rural areas as well as between western and eastern regions, the author has provided the future perspectives for Chinese rural regions
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Isoardi, Delphine. "Les populations protohistoriques du Sud-Est de la France : essai d'approche démographique." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01413079.
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Modéliser le niveau des populations protohistoriques du Sud-Est de la France : entreprise séduisante, inédite, mais ardue. Quatre étapes l'ont structurée. D'abord une démarche historiographique, nécessaire sur le plan méthodologique comme pour réfléchir aux apports spécifiques d'une telle approche. Ensuite, les nouveaux protocoles se sont appliqués à réduire la distance entre données archéologiques et démographie des vivants, tout en testant les limites. L'analyse qui a suivi s'est basée sur de nouvelles grilles de lecture, pour travailler avec des concepts manipulés par les géographes et démographes. Enfin, les résultats obtenus ont été confrontés au contexte historique et économique tels que les supports matériels et textuels le restituent. Les enseignements de ces différentes voies de connaissance ont pu être discutés, via un éclairage réciproque. L'approche démoraphique et de l'intensité du peuplement a été l'occasion de renouveler notre connaissance sur ces sociétés.
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Bordas, Lise. "Mondialisation et modernité en Inde du Sud : l'exemple de Coimbatore." Bordeaux 3, 2008. https://extranet.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/memoires/diffusion.php?nnt=2008BOR30067.
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En Inde, les villes participent fortement à la prospérité du pays, contribuant presque au ¾ du produit intérieur brut. Pour qu’elles restent attractives, les autorités aspirent désormais à contrôler leur développement. La valorisation du potentiel des villes dites secondaires,s’accélère, leur émergence comme nouveaux pôles régionaux devant assurer une meilleure répartition des richesses et prévenir le risque de saturation du marché des capitales d’Etat. Dans ce contexte, Coimbatore seconde plus grande ville duTamil Nadu, fait l’objet d’une attention renouvelée. Carrefour économique de plus en plus actif, elle détient une longue tradition industrielle et la diversité de ses activités est gage de dynamisme. Soumise comme ailleurs, à l’avancée de la modernité, l’agglomération traverse une phase d’ascension décisive. La question se pose quant à savoir si ses atouts permettront la mise en place d’une stratégie efficace de développement à long terme. Cette thèse propose un coup de projecteur sur cette ville provinciale qui démontre, en ces temps de mondialisation, une habileté rare pour renforcer sa position de centre urbain progressiste. Au coeur du sujet, l’étude de ses recompositions socioéconomiques et culturelles, fournit des indices révélateurs des principauxdéfis que le pays va devoir surmonterIn India,cities contribute vigorously to their country’s prosperity. In order to remain attractive, authorities tend to control their development. Thus, they speed up valorization of secondary cities’ potential, their emergence as new regional urban centres should initiate abetter wealth’s distribution and prevent metropolis’ market from reaching saturation point. In this regard, Coimbatore second biggest city of Tamil Nadu, is the subject of renewed attention. More and more active economic city, Coimbatore holds a long industrial tradition and the variety of its activities is guaranteeing its dynamism. As anywhere in India, the town is entering into a decisive phase, subdued by the impact of the modernity. The question arises to know if its assets will allow the implementation of an effective strategy to achieve longterm development. This thesis enlightens a conservative city which is demonstrating in this era of globalization, an exceptional skill to strengthen its position as a progressive urban city. Study its cultural and social and economic changes, supplies revealing indications about main challenges which the country is going to have to surmount
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Cabral-Dominguez, Carlos Antonio Mayovanex 1963. "Sub-surface drip irrigation uniformity under spatially variable conditions." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277999.
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Spatial variation of soil moisture content under a sub-surface drip irrigated field was studied. Conventional statistics and geostatistical methods were used to analyze the relation between four soil variables: % sand, % silt, % clay, and soil moisture content. The soil moisture content was measured before, during, and after irrigation using tensiometers. The samples were collected from 63 sites on a 180 by 244 meters (4.45-hectare) cotton field. The pre- and post-irrigation soil moisture content shared the same spatial structure, differing only by the magnitude of their variances. After any irrigation the soil wetter points remained wetter and the drier points remained drier. It was found that the spatial patterns of soil moisture content appear to be stable over time. The ranges obtained from the variograms before and after an irrigation had the same magnitude of influence. The coefficient of uniformity obtained using the gravimetric method was 92.4 %, however, using tensiometers values ranged from 84.4 to 87.3%.
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Rangwala, Udeet Yatin. "Experimental Evaluation of Combustion Performance at Sub-Idle Conditions." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1571833821599461.
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Thompson, Christine Audra. ""Constructive critic" or "donor agency": does the World Bank have a role to play in sub-Saharan Africa's development beyond that of providing economic aid?" Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003045.
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This thesis attempts to evaluate the role of the World Bank in Sub-Saharan Africa's development. It argues that the World Bank has stepped beyond the boundaries of a typical lending institution by linking its aid to political reform. The study argues that in this capacity the Bank has contributed to the halting democratization process currently underway in Africa. The economic effects of the World Bank's Structural Adjustment Programmes have been less successful. As yet, the programmes have not produced the expected results and there is no evidence of long-term, sustainable economic recovery in Sub-Saharan Africa. These programmes are, however, long-term strategies and it may therefore be too premature to reach a final conclusion. They may also have been affected negatively by unfavourable political environments. This study, noting the negative effects of the international terms of trade and prices for African exports, concludes that although economic recovery in Sub-Saharan Africa will be facilitated by domestic political and economic policy reform, there is also a need for reform of the international economic order. The World Bank has correctly identified the need for domestic improvement, but it has a tendency to disregard the negative consequences of the existing structure of the international economy.
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Gehlen, Ivaldo. "Terres de lutte et luttes pour la terre : étude sur le mouvement social pour la terre et la réforme agraire au sud du Brésil." Paris 10, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA100066.
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Cette étude porte sur la lutte pour la terre, résultant de conflits d'intérêts divergents, voire contradictoires ; sur la formation des groupes et classes sociales et sur leur intégration dans un mouvement au sud du brésil. La recherche menée montre la complexité de la construction d'une société en quête d'identité. L'étude met en évidence les spécificités locales et régionales à partir du dynamisme des acteurs sociaux ruraux ancrés dans le processus historique. La méthodologie comporte l'analyse de trois cas d'installations ("assentamentos") des sans-terres prenant en compte la gestation d'un projet social relevé à partir des représentations des acteurs sociauxThe central object of this study is the struggle for the land which is a result of divergent and contradictories interests in conflict. The study includes the analysis of the formation of groups and social classes and their integration in a social movement in the south of Brazil. The research indicates how complex can be the construction of a society that is looking for its own identity. Local and regional specificities are revealed through the dynamism of the social rural actors in the historical process. The methodology comprehends the analysis of three landless peasants’ settlements. The gestation of a social project is observed through the social representations of those respective actors
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Parakala, Shilpha R. "EIS Investigation of Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion Under Film Forming Conditions." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1125871582.
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Brochier-Puig, Joëlle. "Urbanité et usages de l'eau, un "patrimoine socio-environnemental" oasien au Nefzaoua, Sahara tunisien." Montpellier 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON30038.
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Koto, Bernard. "Relations ville-campagne dans le sud-ouest de Madagascar : exemple de Tuléar." Bordeaux 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR30044.
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La ville de tulear, sur le littoral sud-ouest de madagascar polarise une vaste region (161405km2), peu peuplee, au climat semi-aride, qui a longtemps eu comme activite principale l'elevage extensif des boeufs. Souvent delaissee par le pouvoir central, la region subit, depuis le debut des annees quatre vingt, une crise sans precedent due a la conjonction de multiples facteurs parmi lesquels predomine l'aggravation de l'insecurite et de la secheresse qui a severement fragilise les systemes de production. Pour beaucoup, la migration vers tulear constitue la moins mauvaise solution. Les communautes de migrants a tulear manifestent une forte cohesion interne et une grande mobilite sociale et geographique. Elles ont souvent reussi a s'integrer dans les activites urbaines en modifiant tres peu leurs habitudes et leurs comportement. C'est souvent la ville qui donne l'impression d'avoir le plus change sous l'influence de ces habitants temporaires qui sont restes de veritables ruraux et qui continuent, en ville, a pratiquer des activites ruralesTulear, a city on the south-western coast of madagascar, is the focal point of a vast region (161405km2) scarcely inhabited, with a semi-arid climate, having for a long time been devoted to extensive stock-breeding (oxen). The region has often been left aside by the central government and experiments, since the beginning of the eighties an unprecedented crisis, due to the conjunction of numerous factory among which stand out the worsening of elements of unsecurity and of drought, all having heavily weakened the production systems. For many people, emigrating to tulear is doing the less unfavourable thing that canbe done. Communities of migrante constituted in tulear show a strong inner cohesion and a great social and geographical mobility. They often succeeded their integration in the urban activities while modifying very little their habits and behaviours very often, one rather gets the impression that the town itself has been changed through the influence of these temporary new-comers who still behave a true rural people and carry on, though they live in town, their rural activities
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Velontsoa, Laurent. "Dynamiques des milieux ruraux dans le sud-ouest de Madagascar." Aix-Marseille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX10023.
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Le but de cette these est d'analyser les dynamismes de la population rurale du sud-ouest face a la crise economique. Elle comprend tout d'abord les contraintes physiques d'une region tropicale seche, en particulier l'insuffisance et l'irregularite de la pluviometrie. Ensuite, l'isolement des villages visites sera explicite, suivi du retard technologique avec ses consequences sur le developpement regional. La deuxieme partie tend a faire le le point sur la societe du sud-ouest en signalant l'evolution et et la repartition de la population, mais egalement sur les activites traditionnelles. En effet, ces pratiques traditionnelles sont encore adoptees par la majorite des habitants malgre la forte remontee de la scolarisation. La derniere partie traite des amenagements existants et de la vie rurale (l'habitat. . . ). Enfin, quelques suggestions sont proposees compte tenu de la problematique regionale.
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Grafström, Anton. "Comparisons of methods for generating conditional Poisson samples and Sampford samples." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för matematik och matematisk statistik, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-51321.
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Methods for conditional Poisson sampling (CP-sampling) and Sampford sampling are compared and the focus is on the efficiency of the methods. The efficiency is investigated by simulation in different sampling situations. It was of interest to compare methods since new methods for both CP-sampling and Sampford sampling were introduced by Bondesson, Traat & Lundqvist in 2004. The new methods are acceptance rejection methods that use the efficient Pareto sampling method. They are found to be very efficient and useful in all situations. The list sequential methods for both CP-sampling and Sampford sampling are other methods that are found to be efficient, especially if many samples are to be generated.
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Akpaki, Soumon Roger. "Dynamique économique des femmes et mutations socio-politiques au sud du Bénin et au sud-ouest du Nigéria de 1946 à 1990." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA070011.
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Les thèmes étudiés dans cette thèse sont à la fois économiques, politiques et sociaux et portent sur les femmes du sud de Bénin et du sud-ouest du Nigeria. L'analyse met en relief le poids important des femmes dans les activités économiques, notamment le commerce et l'artisanat, avant de s'interroger sur l'impact de cette dynamique économique sur les transformations sociales et la participation des femmes à la vie politique de leur Pays. Au niveau des marchés - "espace féminin par excellence" - les femmes, regroupées en diverses associations, travaillent et assurent une gestion efficace de ces lieux. S'agissant des mutations sociales, cette recherche a essentiellement abordé l'évolution de la scolarisation féminine, et les changements qui s'opèrent au niveau du rôle et de la place des femmes dans la vie religieuse des femmes au sein des sociétés. De même, il a été question du combat quotidien des femmes, dans le contexte de la "citadinité" yorouba, face aux pesanteurs des traditions et au mirage de la modernité : polygamie, gestion des ménages et économie domestique. Enfin d'autres aspects démographiques et sociologiques liés au milieu ont été évoqués. Les femmes ont démontré leur capacité à affronter les situations de crise économique et sociale, souvent mieux que les hommes. .The subjects studied in this thesis are at the same time economic, political and social and concern women of the south Benin and southwest Nigeria. The analysis underlines the presence and the influence of women in economic activities, such as business and craft industry, before wondering about the impact of this economic dynamism on the social transformations and on the participation of women in politics. In market places -" the feminine space par excellence"-, women are grouped together in different associations where they work together and therefore ensure an effective management of these spaces. Concerning the social transformations, this research essentially approached the evolution of feminine schooling, as well as the changes occurring in women's role and place inside the religious life of societies. It also stressed on women's daily fight against traditions (heaviness) in yoruba urban area and the mirage of modernity : polygamy, household management and expenses. Finally, other demographic and sociological aspects connected to the environment were developed. Women also demonstrated their capacity to face situations of economic and social crisis, and often better than men. They were very active and eager to fight in the 1940s and 1950s especially in the southwest of Nigeria. Their resourcefulness allowed them to resist better than men to the numerous effects of the 1970s and 1980s plural crisis. Finally, if men, political parties and authorities often used them as a huge pool of votes, women begin to realize the importance of their capacity and, from now on, they want to contribute as much as possible to the management of public affairs in their country
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Foster, Timothy. "From cash flows to water flows : an assessment of financial risks to rural water supply sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bb4e0aeb-c5c4-40a5-bf9b-231c5afdf730.
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This research examines the collective action and financial dimensions of rural waterpoint sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa. Four interlinking papers empirically evaluate the nature and drivers of financial risks, and how they in turn impact the operational performance of community water supplies. The research is grounded in conceptual and theoretical frameworks pertaining to collective action and common-pool resource management, in particular Ostrom's social-ecological systems framework (Ostrom, 2007), Musgrave & Musgrave's economic good framework (Musgrave & Musgrave, 1973), and Marwell & Oliver's critical mass theory (Marwell & Oliver, 1993). The first paper analyses data extracted from national waterpoint inventories in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. The remaining three papers draw on primary data from rural Kenya comprising 229 years' worth of water committee financial records, a census of 571 waterpoints, and a survey of 3,361 households. These data were collected during extensive field work campaigns in Kwale, Kenya. Quantitative analyses were carried out by way of advanced statistical techniques, including logistic regression, linear mixed (repeated measure) models, and generalised estimating equations. Results suggest collection of user fees is a significant determinant of waterpoint sustainability, alongside other institutional, technical, geographical and environmental variables. However, monthly payment arrangements are beset by non-payment and late payment, particularly if rainfall levels are high, group size is large, households are far away, and water is aggressive and unpalatable. Although monthly contribution levels remain relatively stable above a collective payment rate of 60%, there is little evidence of self-sustaining growth beyond this point, and revenue collection is prone to collapse below this collective payment threshold. In comparison, pay-as-you-fetch fees are associated with increased revenue and improved operational performance, but result in a higher proportion of households opting for an unimproved water source. If the Sustainable Development Goal of universal access to safe water supplies is to be achieved in rural sub-Saharan Africa, strategies are needed to strengthen revenue collection systems and bolster payment incentives. External support and professionalised service delivery models present potential pathways to advance these goals. Policymakers may also need to introduce carefully designed subsidies, or promote self-supply approaches that realign lifecycle costs with users' willingness-to-pay.
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Nzengue, Godefroy. "Crises, contextes de crise et dynamiques démographiques au sud du Gabon (Ngounié), 1926-1993." Pau, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PAUU1002.
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De la fin des années 1920 au début de la décennie 1990, la région méridionale du Gabon (Ngounié) connait des crises récurrentes; elle sont conjoncturelles ou structurelles mais surtout multiformes : épidémiques, alimentaires, sociopolitiques, économiques, démographiques, etc. Ces différentes crises façonnent notablement l'évolution des dynamiques dans cette région, une situation extensible à l'ensemble du pays au regard de son histoire et des données disponibles. Les principales dynamiques démographiques dont l'évolution est corrélée aux crises sont : la mortalité, la natalité, la fécondité, les migrations circulaires et pendulaires. Toutefois, le poids de la "modernité", une dimension de ces crises, et les divers contextes gangrènent la société traditionnelle et ses repères culturels, malgré la réactivité des populations et une transition démographique amorcée. C'est une histoire démographique originale qui résonne jusqu'à nos joursSince 1920 to the biginning of 1990, southern region of Gabon( Ngounié) has known recurrent crisis ; they are short-term or structural but especially multiform : infectious, food, economic, demographic, etc. These different crisis manufacture significantly the evolution of demographic dynamics in the region, a dynamics evolution of which is correlate in crisis in this study are : mortality, natality, fecundity, circular or pendular migrations. Nevertheless, the weight of the "modernity", a dimension of these crisis, and various contexts corrupt the traditional society and its cultural landmarks, in spite of the reactivity of populations and a begun demographic transition. It is an original history which resounds until our days
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Zeigermann, Philipp, Muslim Dvoyashkin, Roger Gläser, and Rustem Valiullin. "Self-Diffusion in mesoporous solids at sub- and supercritical conditions." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-185505.
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Zeigermann, Philipp, Muslim Dvoyashkin, Roger Gläser, and Rustem Valiullin. "Self-Diffusion in mesoporous solids at sub- and supercritical conditions." Diffusion fundamentals 16 (2011) 63, S. 1-2, 2011. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13806.
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Tonnerre, Noël-Yves. "Naissance de la Bretagne : les structures territoriales, économiques et sociales de la Bretagne méridionale, Nantais, Vannetais de la fin du VIIIe à la fin du XIIe siècle." Paris 10, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA100124.
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En relation avec le bassin de la Loire et l'Aquitaine, la Bretagne méridionale (Nantais, Vannetais) présente une réelle originalité généralement peu mise en valeur tant est forte la traditionnelle opposition entre la haute et la basse Bretagne. L'objectif a été ici, à partir d'une documentation écrite complétée par les acquis de la recherche archéologique, de la palynologie, de la toponymie, de reconstituer la géographie historique et les structures sociales sur une longue durée depuis le VIIIe siècle, c'est-à-dire depuis la mise en place de la domination carolingienne, jusqu'à la fin du XIIe siècle où, sous l'action des Plantagenêts, l'influence française va devenir prépondérante. Dans cette perspective longue les continuités ont été soulignées, au niveau de l'occupation du sol, sur le plan de la dispersion du peuplement et de la stabilité de certaines unités territoriales. La permanence du sacré depuis l'Antiquité, la vitalité de l'institution des Principes Plebis ou Machtierns, une originalité bretonne, ont été également étudiées. Il reste ussi que des tournants majeurs sont à mettre également en évidence. L'époque carolingienne en est une incontestablement avec la mise en place d'une nouvelle géographie politique, la création d'une administration de type franc, des progrès décisifs dansConnected with the Valley of Loire and Aquitania, the Southern Brittany (Nantais, Vannetais) presents a real originality usually neglected, so much is strong the traditional opposition between upper and lower Brittany. The target her been here, from a written documentation completed by learnings of archeology, palynology, toponymy, to restore a historical geography and social structures during a long time, from the 8th century when begins carolingian submission up to 13th century under the Plantagenets's rule when the French influence becomes essential. Following this long prospect the continuity has been underlined as for the ground occupation, the scattered peopling and stability of some territorial districts. The continuity of religious sites from Antiquity, the curious institution of the Machtierns, Principes Plebis, a Breton originality, have been studied. We have found also three major turning points. The Carolingian period has been determined by a new political geography, the birth of a new administration near Frankish administration, the network of the parishes, the growth of salt production. The second third part of the 11th century (1030-1060) has been determined by the
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Etoundi, Joseph. "L'enseignement et son évolution dans la province du Centre (Cameroun) : contribution à l'étude géo-historique." Rouen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ROUEL500.
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Romdhane, Abderrazak. "Evolution des systèmes agro-pastoraux et dynamiques locales dans la délégation d'El Hamma-Gabès Sud tunisien." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100045.
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La délégation d'El Hamma située au Sud-Est de la Tunisie a subi des transformations socio—économiques orientées par les traditions agro—pastorales de ses habitants les "Beni-Zid". Ces transformations se sont traduites par la privatisation partielle des terres collectives, la création des périmètres irrigués aux dépens des terres de parcours, l'aménagement de certains secteurs de steppes en plantation avec création des micro—terroirs, plantation d'oliviers et autres arbres fruitiers derrière des "tabia", l'installation des grands projets produisant des légumes primeurs destinés à l'exportation et la création d'habitats d'un type nouveau. . . Les nouvelles stratégies de production agro—pastorales dans le sud tunisien sont dominées par l’orientation des jeunes vers d'autres activités extra—agricoles, l'achat d'aliments concentré, la vente de l'eau pour l'abreuvement des animaux, la transhumance vers le Nord du pays etc. Cette étude n'est qu’une tentative d'analyser et d'évaluer l'ensemble de ces transformations. Les enquêtes réalisées sur le terrain ont permis d'identifier les systèmes de production reflétant la diversité des stratégies ; il se dégage en particulier l'importance primordiale du revenu de l'élevage des ovins et caprins. Les exploitations agricoles se distinguent par des revenus inférieurs à IOOO Dinars tunisiens, elles sont souvent en difficulté et leur viabilité ne parait guère assurée. . . Les conceptions socio—juridiques n'ont pas été prises en compte dans les différentes actions d'aménagement. Néanmoins, la bonne gestion de l'eau, la mise en défens des parcours, les travaux de conservation des eaux et sols, la mise en valeur des plaines de Oglet El Marteba, El Bhaier et les petits objets intégrant les métiers non agricoles seraient susceptibles d’améliorer les revenus, éviter l'exode rural et lutter contre la désertificationThe district of el Hamma in the north east of Tunisia has known socio-economic changes reflecting the agro-pastoral customs of the beni-zid people. The changes found expression in the privatization of land collectives, the creation of new irrigated perimeters and the expense of the covered lands, the planning of some steppes where we can see olivers and fruit trees behind the tabias near the jebels and the construction of many habitations. New strategies of agro-pastoral production in the south of Tunisia are dominated but next ways of managing natural resources like buying animal feeds, sale of water for animals and transhumance towards the north of the country. This investigation is an attempt to analyses and value all these changes "pastoral breeding continues of play an important economic role». Agriculture in the frequent difficulties for farmers whose viability never seems assured. The climatic conditions and the tribal traditions were not considerate in the different actions of management. Nevertheless, the improve use of water, better defense of animals and showing the advantages of Oglet Marteba and el Bhaier could be able to augment the revenues and prevent further exodus from rural areas and defend against desertification
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Anseeuw, Ward. "Reconversion professionnelle vers l'agriculture marchande et politiques publiques en Afrique du Sud : cas des mineurs du Northern Cape." Grenoble 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE21012.
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La question de la reconquête de l'agriculture par des " noirs " est un enjeu symbolique de la transition politique de l'Afrique du Sud, elle est également devenue une question d'importance économique en raison de la hausse considérable du chômage. Depuis la fin de l'apartheid, divers responsables politiques et syndicaux sud-africains ont émis l'idée que l'agriculture marchande, activité jusque-là principalement réservée à la population " blanche ", pourrait constituer un secteur d'accueil pour les licenciés " noirs " des autres secteurs d'activité. L'objectif de cette recherche est d'analyser l'articulation des situations socio-économiques des personnes circulant entre le secteur minier et le secteur agricole, afin d'éclairer les conditions d'émergence de nouvelles trajectoires professionnelles économiquement viables vers l'agriculture marchande. Ce travail d'inspiration régulationniste montre à partir d'une étude des trajectoires professionnelles de mineurs licenciés que la reconversion vers l'agriculture marchande reste - dix ans après la fin de l'apartheid - toujours difficile, voire impossible. Le modèle de développement libéral retenu par les autorités sud-africaines ne se limitant principalement qu'à une intervention publique sous forme d'une dépense limitée pour l'installation dans l'agriculture ne suffit pas pour dépasser les inégalités foncières et l'insuffisance en capital initial dont pâtissent les " noirs ". La transition, du moins du point de vue économique, était relativement peu transformatrice puisque basée sur la reconduction des rapports sociaux concernant le travail et le développement d'activités qui constituaient depuis longtemps le sous bassement de l'économie. L'ajustement entre les institutions en place et les intérêts divers ne s'est pas encore réalisé depuis la fin de l'apartheid : la transition effective de l'agriculture impliquerait, au-delà de l'adoption de nouveaux instruments de politique économique principalement de forme réglementaire, une remise en cause du compromis politique institutionnalisé de la fin de l'apartheidThe re-conquest of the farming sector by " black " populations is a symbolic question of South Africa's political transition, it has also become an important economic issue due to the significant rise of unemployment. Since the end of apartheid, several South African political and trade-union leaders have put forward the idea that commercial farming, an activity until then mainly reserved to the " white " population, could constitute a solution to the retrenchment problems in other activity sectors. The aim of this work is to analyse the links between the socio-economic situations of the people circulating between the mining and farming sector, with the aim to identify the economic conditions for new, viable professional trajectories towards commercial farming to emerge. This regulation theory inspired work shows through the analysis of the professional trajectories of retrenched mineworkers that - ten years after the apartheid era - the conversion towards commercial farming remains difficult or even impossible. The liberal development model retained by the South African authorities, mainly representing limited financial public interventions in relation to farm resettlement, is not sufficient to surpass the land inequalities and the lack of initial capital from which the majority of the " black " population suffers. South Africa's transition, at least from a economic point of view, represented little transformation capacity since is was based on the reconduction of the fundamental social relations concerning work and activity development which constituted for long the fundaments of the economy. The adjustments between the existing institutions and the different interests did not take place: the effective transition of South Africa's farming sector implies, beyond the implementation of new - mainly regulation - economic policy instruments, the questioning of the political institutional compromise of the end of apartheid
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Han, Yu. "Intelligent partial discharge diagnosis using SOM for turbogenerator condition monitoring." Thesis, Brunel University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249950.
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Sahaab, Abdalratha. "Paleoenvironmental conditions and diagenetic evolution of the mishrif formation (Nasiriyah oil field, Iraq)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10196.
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Le but de cette étude est de comprendre les relations entre les roches carbonatées et les paléofluides qui les traversent. Les études paléogéographiques et les descriptions géologiques ainsi que les analyses géochimiques des roches réservoirs ont été réalisées sur la Formation de Mishrif dans le champ pétrolier de Nasiriya (sud-est de l’Iraq). Les données de 5 forages carrotés (NS-1 à NS-5), les rapports de prospections et les données de production du champ de Nassiriya, ont été utilisés. Les analyses des microfaciès montrent que la Formation de Mishrif contient une grande variété d’organismes tels que des formaminifères, des coraux, des rudites ainsi que des algues, microbialites, des pellets, des peloides, des grains aggrégé et des grains arrondis. Par conséquent, la formation de Mishrif serait représentative d’un environnement d’eau de subsurface de la zone évaporitique jusqu’à la zone de récif arrière. Le système de transport des fluides dans la Formation de Mishrif se fait au travers des réseaux de stylolite, des fractures ainsi que du réseau poral. Les inclusions des fluides aqueuses sont composées du système H2O-MgCl2. Les températures homogènes des inclusions des fluides aqueuses varient entre 150 et 175 °C. Les températures homogènes des inclusions des fluides pétrolières représentent les degrés élevés de 225 à 250 °C. Les processus de cimentation indiquent quatre phases d’évènements. La première phase a eu lieu avant la migration d’hydrocarbure. La seconde phase s’est produite pendant la migration de ces hydrocarbures. La troisième phase arrive après le processus de migration. Enfin, la quatrième phase est représentée par la distribution du bitumeThe aim of the present study is related to understand the paleofluid-rock interactions in carbonate rocks and its relation with oil potential during upper Cretaceous. Paleogeography studies, geological descriptions and geochemistry analyses of the reservoir rocks were conducted on the Mishrif Formation of the Nasiriah oil field (south-east of Iraq). The data of drill cores from 5 drillholes (NS-1 to NS-5), exploration reports and production data of the Nasiriyah oil field have been used. The microfacies analyses show that Mishrif includes foraminifera, coral, ruddiest, algae, microbialite, favreina microcoprolite, pellets, peloids, aggregate grains and rounded clastic grains. Therefore, shallow-water environments represent Mishrif paleoenvironments, included evaporitic zone to the back-reef zone of the interior carbonate platform shelf. Transport system in the Mishrif contains stylolite networks, fractures and porosity systems. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows the balanced distribution of the transport systems regardless of the microfacies type. The aqueous fluid inclusions are mainly composed of H2O-MgCl2 system. Homogeneous temperatures of the aqueous fluid inclusions range from 150 to 175°C. Homogeneous temperatures of the petroleum fluid inclusions in the latter fractures represent high degrees from 225 up to 250°C. Cementation process exhibits four phases of the cementation events. The first phase took place before the hydrocarbon migration. The second occurred during the hydrocarbon migration. Third phase happened after process of the hydrocarbon migration and the last phase represented the thermochemical sulfate reduction by the distribution of bitumen
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Hadisi, Basingene Serge. "Is economic growth without human development sustainable? : Sub-Saharan Africa’s recent growth acceleration in context." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013137.
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The purpose of the study has been to assess the question of sustainability of economic growth and human development, particularly using sub-Saharan Africa in context. Sub-Saharan Africa is an interesting case study because, on the one hand, it has been mired in poverty and remains the least developed region in the world, and on the other, it has experienced a revival in economic growth since the mid-1990s. Economists tend to use the term economic development and economic growth interchangeably. However, questions have been raised about whether Africa’s latest growth episode is indeed ‘development’. Although there are many issues at stake, the key question, and the focus of this thesis, is whether sub-Saharan Africa’s revival is sustainable. The paper sets out the debate between the ‘World Bank view’ and the ‘alternative view’. The main debate lies around how genuine development should be achieved. Firstly, the ‘World Bank view’ claims that economic growth is necessary and sufficient condition to achieve development. Economic growth will be generated by ‘orthodox’ policies and this growth will automatically trickle-down and stimulate development. Secondly, the ‘alternative view’ argues that economic growth is necessary but it is not sufficient to stimulate sustainable development. Economic growth without ‘qualitative’ change is not ‘sustainable’. Indeed, human development shortfalls (as well as other, social, political and structural problems), if not addressed through appropriate policy interventions, can undermine economic growth. The ‘alternative view’ appears to be strongly supported by evidence from other developing regions such as Latin America and East Asia. The empirical study conducted in this thesis reinforces doubts about ‘sustainability’. Even though there are signs of convergence in some indicators; this is not the case for all indicators. More importantly the gap between sub-Saharan Africa and other developing regions remains very wide. Sub-Saharan Africa’s development path remains uncertain. The intention in this study is not to be conclusive that sub-Saharan Africa cannot achieve sustainable development. Rather the study attempts to identify potential hindrances to sub-Saharan Africa’s development and to provide a solid foundation for further research in the same direction.
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Mookkan, Maria. "La base sociale du conflit entre les basses castes (Mukkulathor) et les intouchables (Thazhthapattor) en Inde du Sud : l'exemple de l'affrontement entre Maravar et Pallar au Tamil Nadu." Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0044.
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L'affrontement entre Maravar et Pallar, qui mine le Sud de l'Inde, n'a pas encore été analysé avec toute la rigueur nécessaire. Les Maravar occupent une place dominante dans la hiérarchie sociale, alors que les Pallar représentent la plus basse catégorie sociale. En fait, ces derniers sont qualifiés d'impurs et traités comme Intouchables. En accumulant progressivement le capital économique et le capital scolaire, en éveillant leur conscience à l'iniquité de leur position sociale, ces derniers se révoltent aujourd'hui contre la hiérarchie sociale traditionnelle et les pratiques d'intouchabilité. Les Maravar essaient quant à eux de maintenir leur position dominante en déclenchant de nombreuses violences contre les Intouchables afin de les maintenir dans leur place traditionnelle. Ainsi les Pallar, en se révoltant, provoquent-ils une situation conflictuelle. Cette thèse utilise le concept de "champ" de Pierre Bourdieu pour analyser les facteurs fondamentaux du conflit et pour en identifier la base socialeThe caste conflict between Maravar and Pallar, well known in South India, is not yet analysed by sociologists and anthropologists. One of the castes in the conflict, the Maravar, occupies a position of domination in the social hierarchy, whereas the Pallar are considered as an inferior caste. In fact, Pallar are qualified as impure and treated as untouchables. Accumulating progressively economic capital and elaborating their knowledge about the modern world by education, the Pallar protest against the traditional social hierarchy and the practice of untouchability. The Maravar, who are superior and dominant to the Pallar, unleash violence against them to put them back in their traditional place in the social hierarchy. Thus, the Pallar by their protest and non submision to the Maravar, create a conflictual situation. This thesis uses the concept of "field" of Pierre Bourdieu to analyse the various fondamental factors and to identity the social basis of the conflict
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McNiel, Patrick Dean. "The utility of CRT-a sub-scales for understanding and predicting aggressive behaviors." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52297.
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The purpose of this study is to re-analyze existing findings in order to demonstrate and summarize relationships between criteria and the sub-scales/dimensions of the Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression (CRT-A): Externalizing, Internalizing, and Powerlessness. A CRT-A sub-scale was expected to relate more strongly with criteria categorized as being more relevant to the dimension that is represented by that sub-scale. For criteria that were categorized as relevant to only a subset of the dimensions represented by CRT-A sub-scales, the regression of a criterion on all three sub-scales was expected to create a better fitting model than the regression of a criterion on the CRT-A total score alone. Scales were also expected to interact to predict criteria. This was expected to be most likely when multiple dimensions of implicit aggression were activated by environmental factors to influence specific behaviors. Support was found for all expectations
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Chamseddine, Oussama. "Les fondements de l'évolution des activités économiques dans la région d'Iqlim El Kharroub, Liban." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010627.
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Depuis 1975, la guerre civile a transformé la géographie du Liban ; cette guerre a provoqué un morcellement de l'espace géographique libanais et une nouvelle organisation de l'espace est née. Iqlim el Kharroub qui est touchée par les évènements a connu un déplacement forcé de ses habitants , particulièrement les habitants chrétiens. Ces évènements ont touché tous les phénomènes démographiques : une baisse de natalité, une hausse du taux de mortalité, un flux migratoire stimulé, et enfin, une homogénéisation confessionnelle. Ce changement a été accompagné par la création de nouvelles activités industrielles et commerciales et l'exploitation abusive et destructive de l'infrastructure et de l'environnement. L'espace habité a également souffert d'une construction illégale et non contrôlée et d'une destruction organisée de certaines communesSince 1975, the civil war has transformed the Lebanese geography. This war broke up the Lebanese geographic space and a new organization of this land is born. Iqlim el Krarroub is one of the regions which have been affected by the events, and have known a forced displacement especially of the Christian residents, these events affected all of the demographic phenomenon: a decrease in the natality, an increased in the mortality rate, a stimulation of the migratory flow finally a confessional homogenization. This change was accompanied by the creation of new industrial and destructive exploitation of the infrastructure and the environment. The occupied space suffered also from an illegal and uncontrolled construction and from an organized destruction of some communes
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Coll, Jérôme. "Les sociétés rurales du Mali en pôles : pouvoirs, coton et développements au village à l'heure de la décentralisation (cercle de Koutiala et Sikasso)." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0144.
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Les sociétés rurales du sud du Mali évoluent entre quatre "mondes": les villages, l'Etat, le coton et le développement. Cette thèse synthétise deux ans de recherches de terrain en anthropologie des pouvoirs et du développement, au moment où le pays entrait dans une vaste réforme de décentralisation. A partir d'enquêtes sur un échantillon de multiples villages et d'acteurs aux niveaux régional et national, j'analyse ces mondes sous l'angle de leurs interactions et des configurations de pouvoirs qui en découlent au niveau local. Les villages s'organisent autour de pôles de pouvoir empilés fondés sur un ensemble de légitimités coutumières et nouvelles. A l'interface des stratégies d'intervention et de ces dynamiques locales naissent, ici et là, des formes d'équilibrages et des contradictions qui, à l'heure de la décentralisation, révèlent toute la richesse sociologique, la complexité et les enjeux actuels des paysans de la région de Sikasso et des sociétés rurales du MaliRural societies of South Mali move between four "worlds": villages, state, cotton economy and development. This thesis synthesizes two years of field research in anthropology of politics and development, when the country entered into a wide decentralization reform. On the basis of investigations on a sample of various villages and social actors at the regional and national levels, I analyse these worlds focusing on their interactions and the configurations of powers occurring at the local level. Villages are organized around multiple stacked poles founded on a set of customary and new legitimacies. At the interface of the intervention strategies and these local dynamics are appearing, here and there, forms of balancings and discrepancies that reveal, at the time of decentralization reform, all the sociological worth, complexity and actual stakes of the Sikasso region's peasants and rural societies of Mali
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Barnes, Mallory L., M. Susan Moran, Russell L. Scott, Thomas E. Kolb, Guillermo E. Ponce-Campos, David J. P. Moore, Morgan A. Ross, Bhaskar Mitra, and Sabina Dore. "Vegetation productivity responds to sub-annual climate conditions across semiarid biomes." WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/616989.
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In the southwest United States, the current prolonged warm drought is similar to the predicted future climate change scenarios for the region. This study aimed to determine patterns in vegetation response to the early 21st century drought across multiple biomes. We hypothesized that different biomes (forests, shrublands, and grasslands) would have different relative sensitivities to both climate drivers (precipitation and temperature) and legacy effects (previous-year's productivity). We tested this hypothesis at eight Ameriflux sites in various Southwest biomes using NASA Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from 2001 to 2013. All sites experienced prolonged dry conditions during the study period. The impact of combined precipitation and temperature on Southwest ecosystems at both annual and sub-annual timescales was tested using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). All biomes studied had critical sub-annual climate periods during which precipitation and temperature influenced production. In forests, annual peak greenness (EVImax) was best predicted by 9-month SPEI calculated in July (i.e., January-July). In shrublands and grasslands, EVImax was best predicted by SPEI in July through September, with little effect of the previous year's EVImax. Daily gross ecosystem production (GEP) derived from flux tower data yielded further insights into the complex interplay between precipitation and temperature. In forests, GEP was driven by cool-season precipitation and constrained by warm-season maximum temperature. GEP in both shrublands and grasslands was driven by summer precipitation and constrained by high daily summer maximum temperatures. In grasslands, there was a negative relationship between temperature and GEP in July, but no relationship in August and September. Consideration of sub-annual climate conditions and the inclusion of the effect of temperature on the water balance allowed us to generalize the functional responses of vegetation to predicted future climate conditions. We conclude that across biomes, drought conditions during critical sub-annual climate periods could have a strong negative impact on vegetation production in the southwestern United States.
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Breysse, Serge. "Édition et roman : conditions et ressorts de l'innovation dans la nouvelle littérature en anglais de l'Afrique du Sud démocratique : le cas de Kwela, Cape Town, 1994-2004." La Réunion, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00462353/fr/.
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L'avènement de l’Afrique du Sud démocratique libère la fiction de ses sujets imposés par l'urgence et, en rendant possible – ou nécessaire – une rupture d'allégeance au politique, ouvre des perspectives innovantes pour le champ romanesque en anglais, un espace investi d’abord, notamment au plan esthétique, par la recherche de formes en adéquation avec la nouvelle et multiple identité nationale. Les modalités d'une interaction inédite entre le fait littéraire et le fait national sont ici examinées selon une perspective qui intègre la dimension éditoriale comme acteur indirect de la création littéraire. Le cas de Kwela, une petite maison d'édition fondée au Cap en 1994, dans un espace qui était jusque là plutôt celui des éditeurs alternatifs, permet une analyse approfondie en ce sens qu'il reste stable à travers une décennie où l'édition nationale connaît des ajustements structurels majeurs. Les romans empruntés aux publications de Kwela à travers une période qui couvre les deux premiers quinquennats de la jeune démocratie, sont mis en regard des publications des multinationales de l'édition ou de leurs filiales selon une démarche qui s'attache à mettre en évidence le caractère spécifique de leurs innovations respectives et à dégager, par ce biais, les courants au sein desquels ils s'inscrivent. Les questions explorées par le roman en anglais s'organisent plus ou moins directement autour des effets de la construction nationale sud-africaine et de ses multiples facettes selon des modalités variées mais dont la dynamique commune s'appuie sur l'exploration du paradoxe formel constitutif d'une identité sud-africaine en mouvement, entre une unité nationale affirmée et la diversité reconnue mais complexe de ses composantes. C'est, semble-t-il, pour l'essentiel, à travers cette dynamique que le roman sud-africain en anglais trouve, durant la décennie, les principaux ressorts de sa créativité, au plan esthétique comme dans sa mise en perspective de l'Histoire ou dans son appréhension de l'Afrique du Sud contemporaineThe advent of a democratic South Africa released fiction from topics imposed by the emergency and, making possible –or necessary– the end of an allegiance to politics, opened the way for innovative prospects in the scope of novel writing in english, a gap first occupied, especially in terms of aesthetics, by the quest for new forms suitable for an emergent multiple national identity. This study goes into the conditions of an original interaction between literature and nation in a way that takes into consideration the editorial dimensions that play an indirect role in literary creation. The case of Kwela, a small publishing house founded in Cape Town in 1994, in a market that was rather, until then, occupied by alternative publishers, makes possible a thorough analysis in the sense that the publisher remains stable through a decade during which national publishing goes through major structural adjustments. The novels published by Kwela through a period that covers the first two five-year terms of the young democracy are put side by side with those published by multinational publishers or their subsidiaries, paying particular attention to the specificity of their respective innovations in order to discover the trends to which they belong. The issues explored by the novel in english are more or less directly organized around the effects of the multi-facetted nation building of South Africa, in a variety of different modes but with a common dynamic based on the exploration of a changing South-African identity, the formal paradox of the asserted national unity and the acknowledged but complex diversity of its components. For the most part, the South-African novel in english of this decade seems to find the main source of its creativity in that dynamic, in terms of aesthetics but also in its view of history and its grasp of contemporary South Africa
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Trừng, Nguyễn Thanh. "La situation de la femme dans la société du Sud-Vietnam vue à travers la production littéraire des auteurs du terroir de 1858 à 1945 : essai de construction d'une anthropologie culturelle et historique de la Vietnamienne du Sud." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX10040.
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On constate au Vietnam, qu'il y a une différence entre la femme vietnamienne du Sud et son homologue du Nord. Pourquoi cette différence ? La marche vers le Sud et la partition du Dai Viêt en deux pays distincts ont accentué le clivage culturel entre le Nord et le Sud. L'osmose des cultures, le nouvel environnement sont des éléments contribuant à créer la nouvelle situation de la femme mériodionale. Le mouvement féministe, né de la prédominance de la culture française, conforte cette "domination féminine" relevée dans la création littéraire du Sud. Pour la comprendre, il convient de se tourner vers le passé lointain du peuple viêt, de s'interroger sur le système du matriarcat, dans les temps préhistoriques, dans la société cham et chez les minorités ethniques. L'étude présente tente d'éclairer cette particularité et cette spécificité de la femme du Sud et de comprendre cette différence.
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Kossi, Ankou. "Association de ressortissants au Togo : enjeux de développement, enjeux socio-culturels et politiques : étude de cas dans le groupe ethnique Akposso." Paris, EHESS, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EHESA016.
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Nous proposons une etude des associations de ressortissants surtout celles de village, suivant une approche methodologique de l'anthropologue travaillant dans son propre milieu, c'est-a-dire du point de vue d'un acteur, membre de plusieurs associations de ressortissants akposso et d'un praticien du developpement. Leur dynamique ne peut pas etre comprise sans une etude historique approfondie de l'organisation sociale, economique, culturelle et politique des communautes d'origine. Les akposso forment un peuple localise dans le centre sud-ouest du togo. Le nombre important de villages, l'absence de villes et le manque d'organisation politique centralisee pre-coloniale, temoignent d'une societe a dynamique lignagere et segmentaire. Chaque village constitue une entite socio-politique autonome et independante, malgre les administrations etatiques ou ecclesiastiques. Villageois residents et non-residents en associations developpent diverses strategies de construction identitaire au togo, les associations de ressortissants ont servi de reseaux de mobilisation ethnique et regionale au regime de parti unique. En 1996, 62 associations akposso dont 48 de village sont en activite a lome. L'importance de ces dernieres, reflete les particularismes villageois caracteristiques du pays akposso. A partir du cas de kpete-bena, nous avons montre les logiques associatives de carte de membre et de frere de village, de dynamique individuelle de big man et celle du collectif associatif. La creation d'une association de ressortissants n'est ni automatique, ni definitive. Elle intervient sur fond de competition et lutte entre villages pour le pouvoir et le commandement local. Les activites developpementistes, culturelles et politiques qui se realisent suivant de logiques d'alliance et d'affrontement inter-villageois, permettent aux associations de se constituer en une force socio-politique et aux villages d'acquerir plus de legitimite, mais aussi suivant des logiques assistancialistesIn this thesis, we are propose a study of ethnic associations, especially those of village with an endo-ethnologie or anthropologist working in his own social background approach; that is to say a point of view of an actor, member of many akposso ethnic associations, and of a professional in development. A study of the dynamic of ethnic associations implies an historic approach of the social, economic, cultural and political organization of their own communities. The akposso form a people in middle western center in togo. Their societies are characterized with many small villages, any town, any central politic organization. Each village form a sociopolitical, autonomic and independent entity. Villagers and members of associations try to construct their villager identity. In togo, ethnic associations are used as political means to mobilize people in each ethnic or regional group. In 1996, 62 akposso ethnic association whose 48 were operator in lome. The importance of the last reflect the organization of the akposso country. We are attempted to show with kpete-bena case, how member card and brother of village, and how individual dynamic for example big man and collective dynamic are all important in associative logic. The creation of an ethnic association is not automatical nor definitive. In akposso ethnic association, it takes place in competition to get to local power and commandment. Associative activities in development, cultural and sociopolitical activities carry out inter-villager logic alliance and confrontation. Associations try to be come a sociopolitical force and so their villages gain new legitimacy
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Thiam, Assane. "L'étude des conditions thermodynamiques et cinétiques du procédé de captage de CO2 par formation d'hydrates de gaz : Application au mélange CO2-CH4." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00297183.
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Le travail de thèse réalisé rentre dans le cadre de la lutte contre les émissions de gaz à effet de serre en trouvant des solutions de piégeage du CO2 moins coûteuses en énergie que les procédés conventionnels (absorption aux amines et les procédés TSA/PSA). L'objectif est d'étudier les conditions thermodynamiques et cinétiques d'un procédé de captage de CO2 par formation d'hydrates de gaz. Les hydrates de gaz présentent des propriétés de sélectivité et une capacité de stockage importantes pour une séparation de gaz.L'étude des aspects thermodynamiques a consisté à la détermination des diagrammes de phase permettent de juger la faisabilité de la technique. Nous avons montré que les pressions opératoires peuvent être importantes dans le cas où la phase liquide est uniquement constituée d'eau. Pour limiter les coûts de compression, nous avons utilisé le TBAB (TetraButylAmmoniumBromide) comme additif. L'utilisation de cet additif permet de réduire considérablement les pressions opératoires avec un gain pouvant aller jusqu'à un facteur 16. Cependant ce gain de pression s'accompagne d'une perte de capacité de stockage. Nous avons également montré que le modèle de van der Waals et Platteeuw permet de décrire les diagrammes de phase obtenus. L'effet du TBAB sur la solubilité des gaz est également déterminé avec des comportements différents selon les gaz.
Pour la partie cinétique, nous avons montré expérimentalement une consommation préférentielle du CO2 dans les premiers instants de la cristallisation. Un modèle cinétique reposant sur un couplage des bilans matière et bilans de population adapté pour les mélanges de gaz est proposé. Le modèle décrit parfaitement l'évolution de la consommation totale de gaz et le phénomène de consommation préférentielle du CO2 au début de la cristallisation. Ce modèle avec les paramètres cinétiques adéquats permet de suivre la granulométrie qui est une caractéristique importante pour les aspects de transport des hydrates de gaz.
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Monawar, M?nica Deitos Stedile. "If the lights are on, this is an epistemic indicative conditional : a study on modality." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6159.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
This dissertation aims to discuss current Kratzerian approaches on modality and a few of its related features while contextualizing them ontologically as well as illustrating them with the analysis of Brazilian Portuguese epistemic indicative conditionals. This work consists of three chapters arranged interdependently. The first chapter provides ontological foundations concerning language and its connections with thought, mind, evolution and the world. Possible worlds theory, as well as knowledge and belief are also adressed in this chapter. Modality is approached as a phenomenon of the mind that is expressed in natural language in many ways, one of them, conditionals, is the focus of the analysis of this work. Chapter two concerns the formal approaches to the semantic analysis of modality in natural language, following the framework proposed by Kratzer (1977, 1979, 1981, 1986, 1991, 2012) with added discussions concerning evidentiality, epistemic modals, context and temporal and aspectual relations. Chapter three discusses the notions adressed in the previous chapter concerning their application in the analysis of Brazilian Portuguese epistemic indicative conditionals. This work seeks to provide theoretical improvements to the analysis of modality in natural language, as well as to expand the formal linguistic analysis of modality in Brazilian Portuguese.
Esta disserta??o busca discutir abordagens Kratzerianas atuais da modalidade e algumas de suas caracter?sticas relacionadas enquanto contextualizando-as ontologicamente, bem como ilustrando-as com a an?lise dos condicionais indicativos epist?micos do portugu?s brasileiro. Este trabalho consiste em tr?s cap?tulos organizados de forma interdependente. O primeiro cap?tulo fornece as funda??es ontol?gicas a respeito da linguagem e as suas conex?es com o pensamento, a mente, evolu??o e o mundo. A teoria de mundos poss?veis, bem como conhecimento e cren?a s?o abordados nesse cap?tulo. Modalidade ? tratada como um fen?meno da mente que ? expresso em linguagem natural de v?rias formas, uma delas, condicionais, ? o foco da an?lise nesse trabalho. O cap?tulo dois trata das abordagens formais ? sem?ntica da modalidade em linguagem natural, seguindo o arcabou?o proposto por Kratzer (1977, 1979, 1981, 1986, 1991, 2012) acrescido de discuss?es acerca da evidencialidade, modais epist?micos, contexto e rela??es temporais e aspectuais. O cap?tulo tr?s discute as no??es abordadas no cap?tulo anterior em rela??o as suas aplica??es na an?lise dos condicionais indicativos epist?micos em portugu?s brasileiro. Esse trabalho busca fornecer melhorias te?ricas ? an?lise da modalidade em linguagem natural, bem como expandir a an?lise lingu?stica formal da modalidade em portugu?s brasileiro.
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Faro-Hanoun, Violette. "Études des conditions optimales de développement de la diffusion du français dans le cône sud hispanophone (Argentine, Chili, Paraguay, Uruguay)." Paris 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA030098.
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A une periode de rayonnement linguistique et culturel observe, au tournant de ce siecle, dans les pays du cone sud hispanophones (argentine, chili, paraguay, uruguay), en raison de forts courants migratoires francais et de l'engouement des elites locales pour la culture francaise, succede, au debut des annees 1970, une periode de declin. Sont tour a tour etudies, du point de vue de leur influence sur la diffusion du francais, les lycees francais, les alliances francaises, les professeurs de francais, les politiques linguistiques de la france, les questions d'image et de representations entre l'amerique du sud et la france, ainsi que les marches alternatifs. Un renouvellement de la diffusion du francais pourrait alors s'articuler autour de trois points. D'un part, l'option interculturelle et la relation a l'alterite, d'autre part, une communication institutionnelle interne et externe renovee, enfin, une presence particulierement forte dans les medias audiovisuelsAfter a period of french linguistic and cultural influence observed at the turn of the century, in spanish-speaking argentina, chile paraguay and uruguay, due to important migratory movements and an inflatuation of the local elite for french culture, a period of decline came in the early seventies. French lycees, alliances francaises, french teachers, french language policies, reciprocal images and representations between south america and france, and alternative markets will be studied. A renewal in the promotion of french could be structured around three points: first the intercultural option and the relationship to "the other", then a new internal and external institutional communication, finally a reinforced presence in the audiovisual media
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Grimault-Bigo, Stéphanie. "Vulnérabilité et pauvreté sur le marché du travail en Afrique du Sud." Bordeaux 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR40020.
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Les actifs sud-africains n'échappent pas à la pauvreté au lendemain de l'apartheid : même si les chômeurs sont les plus confrontés à ce fléau, les actifs occupés ne sont pas épargnés. Lutter contre la pauvreté nécessite alors de comprendre l'organisation du marché du travail. L'étude des conditions d'emploi des sud-africains révèle des situations précaires et appelle une segmentation du marché du travail en quatre goupes, autant en milieu urbain que rural. Chaque groupe est homogène en termes de vulnérabilité dans le sens où il rassemble les actifs disposant du même risque de voir leur conditions de vie se dégrader. Une analyse économétrique met en évidence les populations à risque ainsi que les moyens de réduire ce risque. De même, les populations les plus exposées au chômage et donc au risque de dégradation des conditions de vie sont recherchées. Une seconde étape consiste à étudier en détail ces conditions de vie des actifs sud-africains. . .
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N'djafa, Ouaga Hubert. "Crises, mutations des espaces ruraux et stratégies paysannes d'adaptation : cas de la sous-préfecture de Mandélia... (Département de Hadjer-Lamis au Tchad)." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010510.
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Depuis son independance en 1960, le tchad dont l'economie repose sur l'agriculture et l'elevage, est connu sur le plan africain et international comme un pays constamment en guerre et a une secheresse aggravee par des deficits pluviometriques persistants. Ces contraintes ont bouleverse tout ou partie de son systeme de production. Les populations de la partie septentrionale du pays sont les plus touchees. Elles ont migre vers des regions plus hospitalieres et au climat plus favorables. La sous-prefecture de mandelia est une de ces regions vers laquelle ont converge de tres nombreux migrants, ce qui s'est traduit par des conflits de cohabitation et des luttes accrues pour l'acces a la terre. Une mutation demographique. Sociale et economique s'est emparee de la region. Les ressources ne suffisent plus. La cartographie diachronique l'a revelee. Les changements structurels, le developpement de l'economie de marche. Les systemes de production. Les modes d'appropriation foncieres et de partage de l'espace dans un contexte de rarete ont contraint les paysans a mettre en uvre des strategies d'adaptation : la diversification des productions constitue une solution de sortie de crise. De plus, la proximite du marche de la capitale et la frontiere internationale avec le cameroun ne font qu'accelerer les mutations en cours. Les enquetes socio-economiques realisees au sein des unites de production familiale ont permis d'elaborer une typologie de groupes d'acteurs (agriculteurs. Agropasteurs. Agro-commercants, agro-pecheurs, agro♭ ouvriers, agro-agro-retraites. Particuliers ou prives et groupements villageois). Les donnees collectees sont analysees, integrees et restituees dans un systeme d'information pour le suivi des unites de production familiale (si-upf).
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Agbo, Valentin Akpadji. "Civilisation et agriculture paysannes en pays Adja-Mono (Bénin) : rites, production, réduction des risques et gestion de l'incertitude." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05H061.
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La crainte et l'inquietude des calamites imprevisibles creent l'angoisse au sein des unites domestiques du groupe ethnique adja. L'accent est porte sur les traits essentiels de la culture, qui constituent les supports de l'agriculture : pratique rituelles pour attirer les pluies sur les cultures. C'est une civilisation agraire au sein de laquelle les populations utilisent des systemes de connaissances andogenes : indicateurs biologiques et astraux pour elaborer leur calendrier agricole en vue de gerer avec davantade de certitude les aleas de l'agriculture traditionnelle. Pour comprendre l'approche paysanne de reduction de risques et de gestion de l'incertitude, il a ete procede : - a la determination quantitative du deficit et ou du surplus dans les unites domestiques. - au reperage des phenomenes incertains dans le paysannat adja (aleas - angoisse, magico-religieux, technico-economique). Ces donnees ont ete expliquees selon la theorie des organisations pour deboucher sur la definition de la zone d'incertitude. Selon les zones ecologiques de localisation, le groupe ethnique adja elabore et met en jeu des strategies specifiques pour reduire les risques. .The uncertainty from unpredictable disasters makes out anguish into adja ethnic group homehold unities. The main points are around the caracteristics of culture which are the agriculture supports : ritual uses to get down rains in breedings. It is an agrarian civilization into which people use indegenous knowledge : the astral and biological sings to elaborate their lunar agriculture calendar to manage with more certainty traditional agriculture risks. To understand peasant approch of risks evasion and uncertainty magement we : - determinate a deficit (gap) or surplus of crops into homehold unities - have a reference marks about uncertainty phenomenons in adja peasant-area. All those datas are explained bottom the theory of organization and power. Each ethnic group about his ecological place and context makes specific strategies to risks evasion and uncertainty management
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Hoerner, Jean-Michel. "Contribution géographique à l'étude du sous-développement régional du sud-ouest de Madagascar." Paris 8, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA080295.
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Le sud-ouest de Madagascar, caractérisé par des potentialités agricoles assez réduites, correspond à un vaste espace de quelque 75 000 km2, sous-peuplé et sous-urbanisé. Malgré l'occupation coloniale, sa mise en valeur est restée très limitée et les stratégies paysannes, héritées en partie de l'époque précoloniale, définissent largement l'économie régionale. L'élevage bovin, charge de valeurs socioreligieuses indéniables, y reste l'activité essentielle. Cependant, au sein d'une formation sociale originale, le mode de production domestique s'articule avec un mode de production marchand dominé par une minorité d'immigrants indiens, qui profitent au maximum des tendances spéculatives de l'économie régionale. Tandis que l'intégration du paysannat dans l'économie moderne se solde par un échec cuisant et un certain repli des communautés domestiques sur elles-mêmes, une explosion démographique sans précédent, remontant à une ou deux décennies bouscule l'organisation sociale traditionnelle. Les conflits jeunes anciens, les vols de bœufs et l'exode rural vers Tuléar sont les principales réponses à cet état de crise. . . (Doc Thèses)@The south-west of Madagascar, whose features are a marked semi-aridity and rather limited agricultural potentialities, corresponds to a vast of approximately 75,000 square kilometres, under-populated and under-urbanized. Despite the colonial occupation, its development has remained very limited, and the rural methods, partly inherited from pre-colonial time, to a large extent define the regional economy. Cattle-breeding, which undeniably connotes various social and religious values, remains the basic activity. However, within a social unit which is rather original, the domestic mode of production is jointed with a commercial mode of production monopolized by a minority of Indian immigrants, who fully take advantage of the speculative trends of the regional economy. Whilde the integration of the peasantry into modern economy boils down to a complete failure and makes the domestic communities somewhat fall back within themselves, an unprecedent demographical explosion, which has been traced back for one or two decades, upsets the traditional social organisation. The conflicts between the young and the old, the cattle theft, and the urban drift to Tulear are the main responses to this state crisis. The attempt at maintaining the social cohesion in the village communities is but a makeshift solution
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Elamin, Obbey Ahmed. "Nonparametric kernel estimation methods for discrete conditional functions in econometrics." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/nonparametric-kernel-estimation-methods-for-discrete-conditional-functions-in-econometrics(d443e56a-dfb8-4f23-bfbe-ec98ecac030b).html.
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This thesis studies the mixed data types kernel estimation framework for the models of discrete dependent variables, which are known as kernel discrete conditional functions. The conventional parametric multinomial logit MNL model is compared with the mixed data types kernel conditional density estimator in Chapter (2). A new kernel estimator for discrete time single state hazard models is developed in Chapter (3), and named as the discrete time “external kernel hazard” estimator. The discrete time (mixed) proportional hazard estimators are then compared with the discrete time external kernel hazard estimator empirically in Chapter (4). The work in Chapter (2) attempts to estimate a labour force participation decision model using a cross-section data from the UK labour force survey in 2007. The work in Chapter (4) estimates a hazard rate for job-vacancies in weeks, using data from Lancashire Careers Service (LCS) between the period from March 1988 to June 1992. The evidences from the vast literature regarding female labour force participation and the job-market random matching theory are used to examine the empirical results of the estimators. The parametric estimator are tighten by the restrictive assumption regarding the link function of the discrete dependent variable and the dummy variables of the discrete covariates. Adding interaction terms improves the performance of the parametric models but encounters other risks like generating multicollinearity problem, increasing the singularity of the data matrix and complicates the computation of the ML function. On the other hand, the mixed data types kernel estimation framework shows an outstanding performance compared with the conventional parametric estimation methods. The kernel functions that are used for the discrete variables, including the dependent variable, in the mixed data types estimation framework, have substantially improved the performance of the kernel estimators. The kernel framework uses very few assumptions about the functional form of the variables in the model, and relay on the right choice of the kernel functions in the estimator. The outcomes of the kernel conditional density shows that female education level and fertility have high impact on females propensity to work and be in the labour force. The kernel conditional density estimator captures more heterogeneity among the females in the sample than the MNL model due to the restrictive parametric assumptions in the later. The (mixed) proportional hazard framework, on the other hand, missed to capture the effect of the job-market tightness in the job-vacancies hazard rate and produce inconsistent results when the assumptions regarding the distribution of the unobserved heterogeneity are changed. The external kernel hazard estimator overcomes those problems and produce results that consistent with the job market random matching theory. The results in this thesis are useful for nonparametric estimation research in econometrics and in labour economics research.
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Cardellach, i. Redon Mar. "Study of interfacial water at the nanoscale at ambient conditions with SPM." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/107707.
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La tesi que es presenta es veu emmarcada dins l’àrea de ciència de superfícies. Dos dels grans temes desenvolupats en aquesta tesi estan relacionats amb l’estudi de superfícies amb constants de xarxa (distàncies atòmiques que componen la molècula) properes a la del pla basal de la fase hexagonal del gel (Ih) (el gel més comú a l’escorça terrestre). L’objectiu d’aquesta premissa és veure com superfícies que tenen la constant de xarxa propera a la del gel (Ih) provoquen que l’aigua d’origen atmosfèric s’adsorbeixi a sobre en forma d’aigua en estat sòlid (gel) i no en forma d’aigua líquida a temperatures relativament altes. Aquest tipus de superfícies tindrien grans utilitats en processos meteorològics tals com la inducció de pluja, comercialització de productes propulsors de neu artificial o simplement per a conèixer els límits de congelació de l’aigua en sistemes biològics.
En el capítol 3, es presenta el BaF2 com a possible nucleador de gel sobre la seva superfície, ja que la seva constant de xarxa difereix només un 4% de la del gel (Ih). Amb l’ajuda d’un microscopi de forces atòmiques (AFM) s’ha pogut observar com les molècules d’aigua difonen fàcilment sobre la seva superfície, i a més a més aquestes tenen preferència en la seva acomodació. S’ha observat que els esglaons de BaF2 i les zones que tenen un excés de càrrega degut al clivatge, són els defectes ideals per l’aigua, ja que s’hi sent molt més còmode. Aquests esglaons generats durant el clivatge tenen unes direccions cristal·logràfiques concretes i ben definides, i l’aigua no té una preferència aleatòria per ells sinó que, contràriament del que pensàvem, les molècules d’aigua tenen en general més afinitat per aquells esglaons menys energètics, amb menys densitat d’àtoms al descobert. El BaF2 no és un bon nucleador pel que fa al creixement de gel tridimensional, ja que la conformació que adopten les molècules d’aigua paral·lela al pla no afavoreix la formació de gel tridimensional, però gràcies a la seva constant de xarxa i als defectes ocasionats durant el clivatge resulta que és un nucleador bidimensional. S’ha seguit el mateix patró pel CaF2, un compost isoestructural del BaF2, amb la diferència que té una constant de xarxa més petita, que difereix un 14% respecte la cara basal del gel (Ih). Els experiments realitzats mostren com l’aigua s’hi adsorbeix de manera aleatòria i més caòtica, tot i que té certa preferència pels esglaons com en el cas del BaF2. Podem concloure doncs, que la constant de xarxa és un paràmetre molt important, però no és l’únic.
En el capítol 5, es planteja l’opció d’obtenir una superfície de manera artificial, amb les característiques que busquem per tal que l’aigua s’hi adsorbeixi en forma de gel (Ih) fàcilment. La tècnica utilitzada per aquest propòsit és la Langmuir-Blodgett, la qual ens permet fer monocapes en l’interfase líquid-gas, i es poden transferir a una superfície sòlida. Depenent de la superfície, obtindrem monocapes hidrofòbiques o hidrofíliques. Tot i que l’objectiu llunyà és formar una monocapa ideal i observar a través de l’AFM com s’adsorbeix l’aigua a sobre, fins ara s’ha aconseguit formar superfícies hidrofíliques a partir de substrats hidrofòbics (grafit) i també formar superfícies hidrofòbiques a partir de substrats hidrofílics (mica). Les molècules utilitzades per a la formació de les monocapes són alcohols alifàtics de cadena llarga, estudiats a la bibliografia com a possibles bons nucleadores de gel.
En el capítol 4, l’atenció es veu desviada per l’investigació de la càrrega residual que es produeix a sobre de les superfícies. Per les propietats electròniques que té el grafè, es va creure convenient fer-lo servir de superfície model. A través de la punta d’AFM s’ha injectat càrrega a una làmina de grafè sobre òxid de silici, i s’ha vist com la càrrega provocada per la punta es va dissipant cap a l’òxid de silici en funció de la humitat relativa. Amb aquest estudi es va poder analitzar l’efecte de càrrega residual en superfícies i el rol que hi juga l’aigua. En aquest treball també es va fer pal·lesa que les dimensions de la punta determinaven fortament les mesures electroestàtiques en AFM.This thesis is framed into the surface science area. Two main chapters developed in the present work are related to the study of surfaces with lattice constant near to the basal plane of the hexagonal ice (Ih) (the most common ice on Earth). The main goal of this topic is observe how these surfaces induce water adsorption on its surfaces as solid water at high temperatures. These surfaces could be used in meteorological processes such as rain induction, snow making industry or the knowledge of the freezing limits of water in biological systems. In chapter 3, BaF2 is presented as a possible ice nucleation because its lattice constant differs only 4% respect to the basal plane of the hexagonal ice (Ih). With the help of an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) it can be observed how water molecules easily spread on the surface and showing adsorption preferences. It was observed that steps and charge excess zones on BaF2 surface are perfect defects to water molecules anchoring, where water molecules feel more comfortable. Steps generated during the cleavage have specific and well defined crystallographic directions, and water molecules have preference and more affinity for the less energetic steps (with less atomic density). Finally, it is concluded that BaF2 is not a good three-dimensional nucleator because the conformation of water molecules onto the plane does not promote the ice formation, but the lattice constant and defects caused during the cleavage make it a good two-dimensional ice nucleator. The same studies were performed on CaF2, an isostructural compound of BaF2 but with a different lattice constant, which differs 14% from basal plane of the hexagonal ice (Ih). The experiments show chaotic and random water adsorption on CaF2 but with a certain preference to the steps. It can be concluded that the lattice constant is an important parameter to consider but is not the only parameter to take account. In chapter 5, the construction of an artificial surface with specific characteristics is proposed. The goal is to create a surface capable to induce water freezing. The technique used for this purpose is the Langmuir-Blodgett trough, which allows a monolayer formation in the liquid-gas interface that can be transferred to a solid substrate. Depending on the surface, hydrophilic or hydrophobic monolayers are obtained. Although water adsorption with AFM was studied yet in this thesis, we were able to form hydrophobic surfaces from hydrophilic substrates (mica) and hydrophilic surfaces from hydrophobic substrates (graphite). The molecules used for this purpose are long chain aliphatic alcohols, studied in the bibliography as probably good ice nucleators. In chapter 4 our attention is diverted to the study of residual charge produced on the surfaces. Due to the electronic properties of graphene, it was thought appropriate to use it as a model surface. Using the AFM tip charge was injected onto a graphene sheet deposited on a silicon oxide wafer, and discharging of the graphene sheet was observed. The charge spreading to the silicon oxide depends on the relative humidity. The role of adsorbed water in the discharge of surfaces was analysed. This work also demonstrated that the probe dimensions have critical influence on the electrostatic measures in AFM.
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Bonadio, Ígor. "Algoritmos eficientes para análise de campos aleatórios condicionais semi-markovianos e sua aplicação em sequências genômicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45134/tde-15102018-193536/.
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Campos Aleatórios Condicionais são modelos probabilísticos discriminativos que tem sido utilizados com sucesso em diversas áreas como processamento de linguagem natural, reconhecimento de fala e bioinformática. Entretanto, implementar algoritmos eficientes para esse tipo de modelo não é uma tarefa fácil. Nesse trabalho apresentamos um arcabouço que ajuda no desenvolvimento e experimentação de Campos Aleatórios Condicionais Semi Markovianos (semi-CRFs). Desenvolvemos algoritmos eficientes que foram implementados em C++ propondo uma interface de programação flexível e intuitiva que habilita o usuário a definir, treinar e avaliar modelos. Nossa implementação foi construída como uma extensão do arcabouço ToPS que, inclusive, pode utilizar qualquer modelo já definido no ToPS como uma função de característica especializada. Por fim utilizamos nossa implementação de semi-CRF para construir um preditor de promotores que apresentou performance superior aos preditores existentes.Conditional Random Fields are discriminative probabilistic models that have been successfully used in several areas like natural language processing, speech recognition and bioinformatics. However, implementing efficient algorithms for this kind of model is not an easy task. In this thesis we show a framework that helps the development and experimentation of Semi-Markov Conditional Random Fields (semi-CRFs). It has an efficient implementation in C++ and an intuitive API that allow users to define, train and evaluate models. It was built as an extension of ToPS framework and can use ToPS probabilistic models as specialized feature functions. We also use our implementation of semi-CRFs to build a high performance promoter predictor.
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Loeffler, Christian. "Localisation des investissements directs étrangers, dynamique des avantages compétitifs et rôle de l'État : application à l'Asie du Sud-Est." Grenoble 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE21006.
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L'objet de ce travail est de tenter de determiner comment l'action de l'etat a travers la creation de biens publics peut parvenir a faire evoluer les avantages competitifs d'un pays afin de les faire correspondre aux besoins des firmes. Dans un premier temps, ce travail cherche a determiner les criteres de localisation des investissements directs etrangers. Ces derniers sont hierarchises en fonction du degre de developpement du pays d'accueil afin de mettre en evidence la relation existant entre les differents types d'investissements directs etrangers, les avantages concurrentiels recherches par les firmes etrangeres et les possibilites offertes par les pays d'accueil en termes d'avantages de localisation. Dans un second temps, cette grille d'analyse sequentielle est completee par l'identification des differents types de facteurs (generiques puis specifiques) qu'un pays doit creer pour permettre le developpement de nouvelles activites productives sur son territoire. Il s'agit de mettre en evidence la necessite de passer d'une logique d'allocation vers une logique de creation ainsi que le role joue par l'etat dans la creation de facteurs necessaire a la dynamique des avantages competitifs tout au long du processus de developpement. Sans faire de l'action de l'etat l'unique determinant de la dynamique des avantages competitifs, ce travail est complete par une analyse statistique en coupe portant sur un echantillon de 75 pays appartenant aux differentes phases de developpement. Cette etude tente de determiner comment evoluent differents indicateurs de capital humain, d'infrastructures et de potentiel d'innovation en fonction du revenu par habitant en parite de pouvoir d'achat. Dans un dernier temps, une analyse statistique portant sur 8 pays d'asie du sud-est et sur des series de 30 ans tente de determiner s'il existe un sens de causalite entre la creation de facteurs et les investissements prives domestiques, puis etrangers. Ries de 30 ans tente de determiner s'il existe un sens de causalite entre la creation de facteurs et les investissements prives domestiques, puis etrangersThe purpose of this thesis is to determinate how the action of the state, through the creation of public goods, can favour the evolution of competitive advantages of nation to make them correspond to the needs of firms. In a first time, this work determinate the criters of localisation of foreign direct investments. They are hierarchized according to the degree of development of the host countries to show the relation existing between the different kinds of foreign direct investments, the specific advantages seeking by foreign firms and the location advantages offered by the host country. In a second time, this sequential analysis is completed with the indentification of the different kinds of factor (generic and specific) that a country must create to allow the development of new productive activities in his territory. The purpose is to show the necessity to pass from an allocation logic to a creation logic, and the role of the state in this factor creation necessary for the dynamics of competitive advantages of nations along the development process. Without consider the action of the state as the only determinant of the dynamics of the competitive advantages of nations, this work is completed with a statistical analysis on a sample of 75 countries in different stages of development. This study try to determinate how evolve different indicators of human capital, infrastructures and innovation potential according to the gross domestic product per capita. At least, a statistical analysis of 8 countries of south-esast asia and statistical series of 30 years try to determinate the sense of casualty between factor creation and private domestic investments in a first time, and foreign direct investments in a second time