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Journal articles on the topic 'Conditional syllogism'

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Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Martin, Christopher. "Denying Conditionals: Abaelard and the Failure of Boethius' Account of the Hypothetical Syllogism." Vivarium 45, no. 2 (2007): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853407x217696.

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AbstractBoethius' treatise De Hypotheticis Syllogismis provided twelfth-century philosophers with an introduction to the logic of conditional and disjunctive sentences but this work is the only part of the logica vetus which is no longer studied in the twelfth century. In this paper I investigate why interest in Boethius acount of hypothetical syllogisms fell off so quickly. I argue that Boethius' account of compound sentences is not an account of propositions and once a proper notion of propositionality is available the argument forms accepted by Boethius are seen to be incoherent. It was Pet

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2

Martin, Christopher J. "‘They had added not a single tiny proposition’: The Reception of the Prior Analytics in the First Half of the Twelfth Century." Vivarium 48, no. 1-2 (2010): 159–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853410x489754.

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AbstractA study of the reception of Aristotle’s Prior Analytics in the first half of the twelfth century. It is shown that Peter Abaelard was perhaps acquainted with as much as the first seven chapters of Book I of the Prior Analytics but with no more. The appearance at the beginning of the twelfth century of a short list of dialectical loci which has puzzled earlier commentators is explained by noting that this list formalises the classification of extensional relations between general terms and that this classification had already be put forward by Boethius in his de Syllogismo Categorico an

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3

Mahmmoud, Yagoubi, and Moussa Fatahine. "The Status of Conditional Syllogism in Syllogistics." Studia Humana 9, no. 1 (2020): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sh-2020-0003.

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AbstractThe form of the conditional syllogism resembles that of the categorical syllogism, while its subject matter is at least a conditional premise, but its conclusion is always conditional conjunctive or disjunctive. This mixed structure to which we apply the rules of the categorical syllogism, is a structure of which Aristotle did not have an idea, and which the Stoics did not conceive, and which the non-Arabian logicians did not know until in modern times. But what we have to notice here is the putting of a conditional matter in the form of the categorical syllogism, and it is this kind o

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Nakagaki, Akira, and Tomoko Itoh. "Reality of cognitive pregnance in conditional syllogism problem." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 78 (September 10, 2014): 1PM—1–098–1PM—1–098. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.78.0_1pm-1-098.

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Schamberger, Christoph. "Der Kettenschluss – eine Verteidigung." Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung 74, no. 4 (2020): 532–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3196/004433020830955941.

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Proponents of conditional logics such as David Lewis and Robert Stalnaker reject inferences containing counterfactuals from "if A, B" and "if B, C" to "if A, C" due to ordinary language counterexamples. Contextualists defend this inference rule called "hypothetical syllogism" or "transitivity" on the basis of a possible word semantics, which, however, assigns implausible truth values to certain counterfactuals. My defence of hypothetical syllogism avoids this problem, as it rests on Nelson Goodman's uncontroversial, metaphysically parsimonious assumption that we accept counterfactuals as true

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Blanco, Jose Miguel, Sandra M. Lopez, and Marcos M. Recio. "The class of all 3-valued natural conditional variants of RM3 that are Plumwood Algebras." Australasian Journal of Logic 20, no. 2 (2023): 188–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/ajl.v29i2.8285.

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Valerie Plumwood introduced in "Some false laws of logic" a series of arguments on how the rules Exported Syllogism, Disjunctive Syllogism, Commutation, and Exportation are not acceptable. Based on this we define the class of Plumwood algebras - logical matrices that do not verify any of these theses. Afterwards we provide conditional variants of the characteristic matrix of the logic RM3 that are also Plumwood algebras. These matrices are given an axiomatization based on First Degree Entailment and are endowed with Belnap-Dunn Semantics. Finally we provide results of Soundness and Completenes

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7

Hale, Bob. "Basic Logical Knowledge." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 51 (March 2002): 279–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100008171.

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At least some of us, at least some of the time—when not in the grip of radical sceptical doubt—are inclined to believe that we know, for example, that if we infer a conclusion from two true premises, one a conditional whose consequent is that conclusion and the other the antecedent of that conditional, then our conclusion must be true, or that we know similar things about other simple patterns of inference. If we do indeed have knowledge of this sort, it is what I mean by logical knowledge. Logical knowledge is, roughly speaking, knowledge about logic—such as knowledge that a certain principle

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8

Tennant, Neil. "Natural deduction and sequent calculus for intuitionistic relevant logic." Journal of Symbolic Logic 52, no. 3 (1987): 665–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022481200029674.

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Relevance logic began in an attempt to avoid the so-called fallacies of relevance. These fallacies can be in implicational form or in deductive form. For example, Lewis's first paradox can beset a system in implicational form, in that the system contains as a theorem the formula (A & ∼A) → B; or it can beset it in deductive form, in that the system allows one to deduce B from the premisses A, ∼A.Relevance logic in the tradition of Anderson and Belnap has been almost exclusively concerned with characterizing a relevant conditional. Thus it has attacked the problem of relevance in its implic

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Rahayu, Dwi Ayu Puji, and Ali Nina Liche Seniati. "Psychometric Properties of The General Sequential Reasoning Verbal Test (GSR-V): Deductive Reasoning Ability Test." Psikostudia : Jurnal Psikologi 13, no. 2 (2024): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/psikostudia.v13i2.15117.

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Deductive reasoning is at the core of rationality and is one of the main components that describe the level of intelligence. However, instruments for measuring deductive reasoning in Indonesia have limited accessibility, with unpublished psychometric properties. This study aims to develop an instrument for measuring deductive reasoning ability, namely the General Sequential Reasoning-Verbal (GSR-V), and examine its psychometric properties (reliability, validity, factor structure). A cross-sectional study was conducted with 163 students in grades 10, 11, and 12 from several senior high schools

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10

Bobzien, Susanne. "A GREEK PARALLEL TO BOETHIUS' DE HYPOTHETICIS SYLLOGISMIS." Mnemosyne 55, no. 3 (2002): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852502760185270.

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AbstractIn this paper I present the text, a translation, and a commentary of a long anonymous scholium to Aristotle's Analytics which is a Greek parallel to Boethius' De Hypotheticis Syllogismis, but has so far not been recognized as such. The scholium discusses hypothetical syllogisms of the types modus ponens and modus tollens and hypothetical syllogisms constructed from three conditionals ('wholly hypothetical syllogisms'). It is Peripatetic, and not Stoic, in its theoretical approach as well as its terminology. There are several elements of early Peripatetic hypothetical syllogistic preser

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Mewada, Shivlal. "Perspectives of Fuzzy Logic and Their Applications." International Journal of Data Analytics 2, no. 1 (2021): 99–145. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijda.2021010105.

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Fuzzy logic is a highly suitable and applicable basis for developing knowledge-based systems in engineering and applied sciences. The concepts of a fuzzy number plays a fundamental role in formulating quantitative fuzzy variable. These are variable whose states are fuzzy numbers. When in addition, the fuzzy numbers represent linguistic concepts, such as very small, small, medium, and so on, as interpreted in a particular contest, the resulting constructs are usually called linguistic variables. Each linguistic variable the states of which are expressed by linguistic terms interpreted as specif

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Lubin, A. F. "Forensic Science: Features of Didactics Versioned Thinking." Juridical science and practice 17, no. 3 (2021): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0410-2021-17-3-84-93.

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The article examines the essence of versioned thinking of the subjects of detecting and investigating crimes. The author cites – with his comments – a number of definitions of the not yet established concept of “forensic thinking”. At the same time, it turns out that the essence of this concept is becoming more and more blurred and more and more abstract. The author claims, it is argued that there is no special forensic thinking, since the basis of any thinking is knowledge from different branches of science, however, we can talk about a versioned style of information analysis. Developing this

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Рафаэль оглу Джафаров, Ниджат. "Definition and content of the right to freedom of conscience." SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, no. 05 (2021): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/145-148.

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It can be accepted that the classification of human rights, its division, types, and groups, is of particular importance. The syllogism for human rights can be taken as follows: law belongs to man; human beings are the highest beings on earth like living beings. Therefore, the regulation prevails. The right to freedom is conditional. Man is free. Consequently, human rights are dependent. Morality is the limit of the law. Morality is the limit and content of human actions. Therefore, the law is the limit of human activities. Morality is related to law. Law is the norm of human behavior. Thereby

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Barrouillet, Pierre, and Jean-François Lecas. "Content and context effects in children's and adults' conditional reasoning." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 55, no. 3 (2002): 839–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980143000587.

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We have recently shown that children interpret conditional sentences with binary terms (e.g., male/female) in both the antecedent and the consequent as biconditionals (Barrouillet & Lecas, 1998). We hypothesized that the same effect can be obtained with conditionals that do not contain binary terms provided that they are embedded in a context that restricts to only two the possible values on both the antecedent and the consequent. In the present experiment, we asked 12-year-old children, 15-year-old children, and adults to draw conclusions from conditional syllogisms that involved three ty

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15

MECHOUET, Terkia, and Farid ZIDANI. "LUKASIEWICZ’S APPROACH TO SYLLOGISTIC: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS STUDY." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 04, no. 04 (2022): 491–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.18.32.

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There is no theory which has received a big interest historically as Aristotelian syllogistic, despite the criticisms to which the theory was exposed by philosophers and logicians like Francis Bacon and Jean Stuart mill in their philosophical and logical works, they considered it as an epistemological obstacle to the development of scientific knowledge, and there is a need to get over it to new method and process, but It is still an interesting subject of study and updated by many logicians to nowadays. The most prominent attempts: the Intentional approach opposite to the comprehensive one, th

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16

Walters, Lee. "Conditionals, Modals, and Hypothetical Syllogism." Thought: A Journal of Philosophy 3, no. 1 (2014): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tht3.115.

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17

Karimullah, Kamran. "ALFARABI ON CONDITIONALS." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 24, no. 2 (2014): 211–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423914000022.

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AbstractI examine the theory of conditional propositions (qaḍāyā šarṭiyya muttaṣila) and conditional syllogisms (qiyāsāt šarṭiyya) in the logical works of Alfarabi (d. 950). I contextualize Alfarabi's logical doctrines related to conditional reasoning against the backdrop of the context-theory of logic, which was developed by Aristotle's ancient commentators. I show that Alfarabi thought that conditional propositions have truth-conditions. I provide conjectural truth-conditions for conditional propositions, and conjectural validity-conditions for connective conditional syllogisms. These truth-

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18

Mizrahi, Moti. "Why Hypothetical Syllogism is Invalid for Indicative Conditionals." Thought: A Journal of Philosophy 2, no. 1 (2013): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tht3.56.

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19

Bobzien, Susanne. "Wholly Hypothetical Syllogisms." Phronesis 45, no. 2 (2000): 87–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852800510144.

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AbstractIn antiquity we encounter a distinction of two types of hypothetical syllogisms. One type are the 'mixed hypothetical syllogisms'. The other type is the one to which the present paper is devoted. These arguments went by the name of 'wholly hypothetical syllogisms'. They were thought to make up a self-contained system of valid arguments. Their paradigm case consists of two conditionals as premisses, and a third as conclusion. Their presentation, either schematically or by example, varies in different authors. For instance, we find 'If (it is) A, (it is) B; if (it is) B, (it is) C; there

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20

Kemp, Róisín, Siew Chua, Peter McKenna, and Anthony David. "Reasoning and delusions." British Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 5 (1997): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.5.398.

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BackgroundDelusions are assumed to reflect disordered reasoning, but with little empirical support. We attempted to study this in 16 relatively intelligent deluded patients and 16 normal volunteers.MethodStandard tests were used which required subjects to choose between logically fallacious and valid responses, both of which were plausible. The tests were: (a) conditional statements (if… then), (b) syllogisms (e.g. no A are C, some B are C, some C are not A), and (c) judgements of probability. All three tasks incorporated neutral and emotive content.ResultsBoth normal and deluded subjects freq

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21

Chow, Siu L. "The Popperian framework, statistical significance, and rejection of chance." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (2000): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00282447.

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That Haig and Sohn find the hypothetico-deductive approach wanting in different ways shows that multiple conditional syllogisms are being used in different stages of theory corroboration in the Popperian approach. The issues raised in the two commentaries assume a different complexion when certain distinctions are made.

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22

Mahmmoud, Yagoubi, and Moussa Fatahine. "Theory of Syllogisms with Categorical, Conditional and Disjunctive Connectives Developed by Arabian Logicians." Studia Humana 9, no. 1 (2020): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sh-2020-0004.

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AbstractIn this paper, we are trying to summarize the peak of achievement of the Arabian logicians of the fifteenth century by making a classification and sketching in familiar terms the conditional and subjunctive syllogisms in Muḥammad Ibn Yusūf al-SSinūsī’s (1426-1490) work, i.e. in his explanation of Kitāb al-Muḫtaşar fī al-Manṭiq of al-Imām Muḥammad Ibn ʿArafa (1316- 1401).

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Schaeken, Walter, and Walter Schroyens. "The effect of explicit negatives and of different contrast classes on conditional syllogisms." British Journal of Psychology 91, no. 4 (2000): 533–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000712600161970.

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24

Higuera, José. "A arte Luliana e a recepção medieval dos Tópicos de Aristóteles." Filosofia Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto 35 (2019): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/21836892/fil35a2.

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The aristotelian opposition between demonstrative and probable arguments is reflected in the medieval commentaries that distinguish between dialectical syllogisms, used by the art of persuasion, and the demonstrative syllogisms based on necessary principles, whose knowledge is immediate and per se notum. In a manuscript of Ars demonstrativa, attributed to ramon Llull, there is a remark about the usage of probable arguments, although they are based on necessary principles. about that, Llull added that naming this work as «demonstrative» might sound slightly «scandalous». However, Llull seems to

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25

Haars, Venant J. E., and Emanuel J. Mason. "Children's Understanding of Class Inclusion and their Ability to Reason with Implication." International Journal of Behavioral Development 9, no. 1 (1986): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548600900104.

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Fifty-six Dutch school children (aged 6-0 and 14-4 years) participated in a study designed to investigate the relationship between class inclusion and reasoning with logical implication. Subjects each answered a total of 32 syllogisms containing conditional implication premises. Before or after each question they were asked a class inclusion question. Results suggested a high degree of correspondence between class inclusion responses and reasoning with logical implication. The child's understanding of the subordinate and superordinate characteristics of the premises appeared to contribute to e

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Haze, Tristan Grøtvedt. "Sufficient Conditions for Counterfactual Transitivity and Antecedent Strengthening." American Philosophical Quarterly 60, no. 3 (2023): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21521123.60.3.02.

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Abstract This paper is about two controversial inference-patterns involving counterfactual or subjunctive conditionals. Given a plausible assumption about the truth-conditions of counterfactuals, it is shown that one can't go wrong in applying hypothetical syllogism (i.e., transitivity) so long as the set of worlds relevant for the conclusion is a subset of the sets of worlds relevant for the premises. It is also shown that one can't go wrong in applying antecedent strengthening so long as the set of worlds relevant for the conclusion is a subset of that for the premise. These results are then

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Жақан, М. Қ., Ф. Б. Худойдодзода, and Р. Иманжүсіп. "Logical teachings of Ibn Sina and features of syllogisms." Bulletin of the Karaganda university History.Philosophy series 3, no. 103 (2021): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021hph3/137-145.

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It is well known that Greek philosophy was at the center of attention of medieval thinkers, including Muslims. The latter were particularly interested in the teachings of Plato and Aristotle. Science in the Caliphate from the very beginning of its emergence and development was associated with the translation of the scientific heritage of other peoples into Arabic. One of these sciences was logic. It satisfied the urgent need for a rationalistic methodology that organizes scientific thought, and was applied in a wide variety of areas of Arab culture. For the majority of Muslim scholars who have

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Yagoubi, Mahmoud. "La Contribution des Anciens Logiciens Arabes à l’Extension des Formes de la Déduction : La Théorie du Syllogisme Connectif Conditionnel." المخاطبات, no. 15 (2015): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0028372.

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29

Olimpia, Matarazzo, and Baldassarre Ivana. "Probability and Instruction Effects in Syllogistic Conditional Reasoning." July 21, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1077379.

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The main aim of this study was to examine whether people understand indicative conditionals on the basis of syntactic factors or on the basis of subjective conditional probability. The second aim was to investigate whether the conditional probability of q given p depends on the antecedent and consequent sizes or derives from inductive processes leading to establish a link of plausible cooccurrence between events semantically or experientially associated. These competing hypotheses have been tested through a 3 x 2 x 2 x 2 mixed design involving the manipulation of four variables: type of instru

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Van Rooij, Robert, and Patricia Mirabile. "Dynamic Probabilistic Entailment. Improving on Adams' Dynamic Entailment Relation." Logic and Logical Philosophy, December 23, 2021, 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/llp.2021.022.

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The inferences of contraposition (A ⇒ C ∴ ¬C ⇒ ¬A), the hypothetical syllogism (A ⇒ B, B ⇒ C ∴ A ⇒ C), and others are widely seen as unacceptable for counterfactual conditionals. Adams convincingly argued, however, that these inferences are unacceptable for indicative conditionals as well. He argued that an indicative conditional of form A ⇒ C has assertability conditions instead of truth conditions, and that their assertability ‘goes with’ the conditional probability p(C|A). To account for inferences, Adams developed the notion of probabilistic entailment as an extension of classical entailme

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31

Buzduga, Vicențiu. "A new method for the graphical verification of all 256 syllogistic moods." April 5, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10967911.

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This paper introduces a fast and efficient graphical method (arrows with symbols and distribution signs) to verify all 256 syllogistic moods, including conditional ones. By emphasizing the role of distribution signs, the method achieves high accuracy and offers an intuitive approach, making it accessible to a large audience interested in logical analysis.

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Tkaczyk, Marcin. "The Principle of Explosion in the Stoic Logic." Logic and Logical Philosophy, March 8, 2024, 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/llp.2024.012.

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I argue that the Stoic logic is explosive. The claim applies to the Stoics' syllogistic in the strictest sense, because there is a provable syllogism which qualifies as a principle of explosion. It applies also to the general consequence operation, in the sense that every sentence is derivable from any pair containing both a sentence and the negation of the sentence. Finally, it applies to the connective of implication (conditional), in the sense that any conditional is derivable, providing its antecedent is a conjunction of a sentence and the negation of the sentence. All three claims allow w

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Øgaard, Tore Fjetland. "Non-Boolean classical relevant logics II: Classicality through truth-constants." Synthese, March 19, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-021-03065-z.

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AbstractThis paper gives an account of Anderson and Belnap’s selection criteria for an adequate theory of entailment. The criteria are grouped into three categories: criteria pertaining to modality, those pertaining to relevance, and those related to expressive strength. The leitmotif of both this paper and its prequel is the relevant legitimacy of disjunctive syllogism. Relevant logics are commonly held to be paraconsistent logics. It is shown in this paper, however, that both E and R can be extended to explosive logics which satisfy all of Anderson and Belnap’s selection criteria, provided t

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El-Rouayheb, Khaled. "Mixed Conditional-Categorical Syllogisms from Avicenna to Urmawī." History and Philosophy of Logic, October 25, 2021, 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01445340.2021.1978174.

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Meyer‐Grant, Constantin G., Dorothea Poggel, and Karl Christoph Klauer. "Surface Cues Explain the Logic‐Liking Effect in Disjunctions." Cognitive Science 48, no. 7 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13482.

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AbstractThe finding that people tend to prefer logically valid conclusions over invalid ones is known in the literature as the logic‐liking effect and has traditionally been interpreted as evidence for the notion of so‐called logical intuitions. Results of more recent empirical studies investigating conditional and categorical syllogisms suggest, however, that previous instances of the logic‐liking effect can be accounted for by a confound in terms of surface‐feature atmosphere. But the true nature of this atmosphere effect has so far remained largely elusive. Here, we address this issue and i

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Valerjev, Pavle. "Stabilnost efekata pristranosti i efekta tematskog materijala u Wasonovom izbornom zadatku." Papers on Philosophy, Psychology, Sociology and Pedagogy 39, no. 16 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/radovifpsp.2537.

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The aim of this paper was to demonstrate bias effects (Evans, 1989) and the effect of thematic material (Griggs and Cox, 1982) on reasoning in Wason’s selection task and also, to investigate the stability of diese effects in respect to experience got in the same and similar types of tasks. Bias effects influence some typical errors in reasoning, and the effect of thematic material is the phenomena that bias effects are stronger in the situation of abstract tasks solving than in the situation of concrete tasks solving. Different theories of deductive reasoning try to explain these phenomena. In

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Kiklewicz, Aleksander. "Typology of pragmatic implications from the point of view of interaction between pragmatics and semantics." Russian Journal of Linguistics, February 17, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-26538.

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The subject matter of the study is communicative implications as one of the forms of implementation of speech acts. The starting point is the well-known theory of H. P. Grice, in which pragmatic implications are based on the principle of cooperation. The author shows the limitations of Grices theory, which presents the communicative conditions of implications, but does not present the communicative consequences. As an alternative, the author proposes the concept of pragmatic implications, taking into account the premises and consequences of indirect speech acts. Considering implication as a tw

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