Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Conditions économiques – Angola – 1975-'
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Santos, Egídio Sousa. "La ville de Malanje dans l'histoire de l'Angola : de la fin du XIXe à 1975." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0054.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to the study of the city of Malanje in the history of Angola, the end of XIX-th century in 1975. It is about a city of Africa situated in the centre - North of Angola. Angola counts several regions and important cities, but one of these cities often draws attention, seen the level of the development of economic and commercial activities of the country : it is Malanje and the region. The choice to make a study on the history of the mode of political, commercial and social organisation of the city of Malanje seems to us of a major importance, contrary to most of the known Angolan cities today by their different activities Malanje represents a town or another a conglomeration of which creation is the fact of the Portuguese storekeepers, the luso-Angolan half-bloods, Afro-brésiliens and finally Brazilians. The development of Malanje joins in the dynamics on one hand, former (ancient) commercial networks organized by the luso-African traders, on the other hand, of the development of the agricultural colonization. Alliances among agricultural Angolan producer’s local and itinerant (mobile) storekeepers of the region contributed to the implementation of strategies and powerful enough relation’s afin to control exchanges. The organization of the city of Malanje results not only from turnovers registered (recorded) in the political, economic, commercial and social organization précoloniale, but also of the dependence of specific political conditions in Portugal. In the crossroads of commercial main roads of the North of the country, Malanje knew a continuous evolution, resisting to European and Portuguese interventions, when the autochthons of the region (Ngola, Njinga, Imbangala and the others) tried to give themselves political means, and especially economic, to face the new requirements of international trade, after the abolition of the draft négrier. Malanje took up this challenge above all due to the products which fed the "justifiable" business, production of his(its,her) very fertile lands, but also those of all the region. We know indeed that first Portuguese intentions were not those of the conquest with the aim of a territorial activity (occupation); they were short of means and even of the will in front of the opposition of the populations met in the zone and at their level of social organization. How did one arrive it at a situation where the city of Malanje translates Portuguese power in its entire rigor at the same time as in its politics (policy) of spatial discrimination and impoverishment of the African populations in this city? How, bit by bit, is reduced the field of African exercise of power to Malanje ? By cultivating the discriminatory attitudes and racists, Portuguese authorities carefully maintained antagonism between the "white" city and the "black" city to Malanje. How shows itself this antagonism and, in spite of some rare organizations, which are the stages of it until the independence of Angola in 1975 ?. These main preoccupations are translated by two essential hypotheses:-First hypothesis tries to examine origin and development of the city of Malanje towards the dynamics luso - African transforming this city, following the desolation of Kasanje's fair in 1861, in mission control of economic activities of the region. -The second hypoyhèse considers Malanje as the symbiosis of two cities, African and white, of which dynamic joint (articulation) and growth answered the Portuguese political, economic and social rationality
Tshingi, Kueno Ndombasi. "Le chemin de fer de Benguela (1903-1953) : le capital privé et la colonisation portugaise en Angola." Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA070092.
Full textThe thesis is made with british and belgian archives. It is about the origin and the financing of the project, building and running of the benguela railway. The benguela railway has been constructed by a british company with private funds, in a portuguese colony (angola) fo the working of the mines of katanga (belgium congo). The benguela rai way aroused conflicts between the railway companies of the region and the colonial interets. It is also about the role of africans in this project and the benefit of the benguela railway
Djimeu, Wouabe Eric. "Essays on Civil War, HIV/AIDS, and Human capital in Sub-Saharan African Countries." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00599616.
Full textWatfa, Mohammad. "Capitalisme, confessionnalisme et État : cas du Liban, 1945-1975." Paris 8, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA080296.
Full textCapela, Dombaxi Tepa. "L'économie angolaise et les firmes multinationales (FM)." Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010026.
Full textThe main goal of our thesis is to, on one hand, contribue to a better knowledge of the Angolan economy through a brief presentation of the present economic situation of angola. This presentation is designed to provide new multinational firms (MF) that are planning to settle in Angola, with a reference document. On the other hand, this thesis has allowed us to propose a se of measures that have to be implemented in order to facilitate the entry and the control of MF in Angola. After a presentation of the different sectors of the angolan economy, the framework within which mf work, we have analyzed and applied the determinants of multinationalization and those of delocalization and the strategies of the mf that are present in angola. Futhemore, in the last part of our thesis, we attempt to analyze the influence and, the importance of mf in the Angolan economy, through an emphasis on their contribution to the gross national product and to employment. Our study has shown that mf are centralized in the only really profitable sector (the petroleum sector), thus marginalizing others sectors (the manufacturing sector. . . ) Which promote job creation. Even though the number of jobs created by the mf is smaller than the level of investment conducted, one needs to underline the considerable importance of their contribution to the national income(1). This is the reason why, we have to encourage their entry in Angola
Huang, Chu-Hsiung. "La formation du Sujet sous l’emprise du pouvoir économique : Comparaison entre Shanghai et Taipei." Paris 9, 2007. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2007PA090022.
Full textThis thesis looks at the ways in which a contemporary Subject, born in Taiwan, raised in Chinese culture yet also influenced by Western thought, can on one hand, re-evaluate the domination exerted upon them by the surrounding economic power, and on the other hand, tend towards more modern goals which come from within this Subject’s own identity. This is but one of the essential themes which has justified this work. For mainland China, 1978 constitutes a kind of watershed which marks the separation between two very different social paradigms emanating from very different systems of economic power. Prior to 1978, the State apparatus emphasised collective distribution, whereas after this date, individual development was stressed. Sociology centered on the Subject, does not only imply that an individual, as a desiring-machine, must have the freedom to come into their own ; it also implies that the community, i. E. All the desiring-machines taken as a whole, must develop along similar lines. The distribution of economic power networks thus plays a crucial role in the sustainable growth of these Subjects
Husseini, Moussaoui Salma. "Redistribution de la population du Liban pendant la guerre civile : 1975-1988." Paris, EHESS, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992EHES0041.
Full textWar-related conflicts and tensions have shattered the communitie's coexistence in lebanon. The whole of the country has undergone huge population mouvement of forced displacement. The lebanese communal space has thus been reshaped, while the population has been redistributed according to criteria that could best be defined as "political-confessionnal". This new distribution has engendered different reactions in the different communities. The country has broken off with its tradition of pacific inter communal coexistence. The religious map has been redrawn and simplified. Mixity (plurality) has disappeared, leaving lebanon divided up into religiously homogeneous territories
Septsault-Gouellain, Abel. "Science économique et convergence : le cas de l'Espagne franquiste (1936-1975)." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1998EHES0136.
Full textThis work is looking for the links between economical culture and democratic transition in spain (1936-1975)
Garasa, Fausto. "Politique et mutations socio-économiques dans le monde de l'élevage aragonais à l'époque franquiste (1936-1975)." Reims, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REIML003.
Full textRahal, Moedad. "L'émigration des compétences libanaises et son impact sur le développement du Liban (1975-1990)." Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA070132.
Full textPaquet, Emmanuelle. "Le système économique vietnamien 1979-2000 : de la réforme à la transformation." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA070085.
Full textWe study the transformations of the Vietnamese economy from 1979 to 2000. It raises two main questions. The first one deals with the nature of the changes: is it a process of reform or a process of post-socialist transformation? The second one is about the economic system in 2000 : is it a form of socialism or a form of capitalism ? With the evolutionary and institutionalist approach that we have chosen, we use three elements in order to characterize an economic system: the political regime, the property rights configuration and the coordination mix. Thus, we emphasize how economic changes have an impact on bureaucratic hierarchy and on the waning of political power. This approach leads us to the conclusion that, from 1979 to 2000, the Vietnamese economic system has changed from socialism to a form of authoritarian capitalism. The Vietnamese experience is an example of an evolutionary path away from socialism, through economic reforms
Eglinger, Jean-Philippe. "Genèse, situation actuelle et perspectives d'avenir des compagnies générales (Tông công Ty) en République socialiste du Vietnam à travers les sources vietnamiennes." Paris, INALCO, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INAL0009.
Full textThe reform policy of the state owned enterprises was politically stressed in 1986, by the Đồi móʾi policy. Eager to better determine the role, the nature, and the structure of these organizations within the global framework of the reorganization of the public sector in Vietnam, I gathered the data coming from various Vietnamese open sources, which allowed me to better understand both the political and the social dimension that the Vietnamese authorities placed in such state owned enterprises, especially in the State Corporations (Tổng công ty). Inherited from a political system, placed at the center of a global process of transformation, the “State Corporation” had to be described and explained by the authorities to the various components of the Vietnamese society. This research focuses on the systematic treatment of Vietnamese open information to make it possible to apprehend a subject placed in the dynamics of evolution determined by the Vietnamese authorities. This study thus aims at presenting the structuring of the newspaper industry making it possible to determine the environment and the techniques of use of open information facilitating the treatment of a Vietnamese contemporary subject. Then we will try to include/understand the organization and the role of these companies in the Vietnamese system; to underline the first difficulties with which these structures are confronted (difficulty in combining "socio politico-economic" objective assigned against their fall of economic profitability on less and less protected markets); to identify the management of reforms of these structures recommended by the Vietnamese authorities within the framework of world economic integration
Martinsen, Mari. "Oiling Development? A critical analysis of Norway's petroleum assistance to Angola." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6815.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: African affairs have traditionally not occupied a central place in Norway’s official foreign policy, and relations with countries in West Africa have been limited. However, in recent years, resource-rich countries such as Angola – Africa’s largest oil producer – have become the focus of Norwegian strategic interests. Private and public investments are increasing rapidly, paralleling a larger focus on aid. Today, Angola is a core country within Norway’s most prominent petroleum-related assistant programme, Oil for Development (OfD). This thesis will aim to contribute, by means of a critical political economy analysis, to a better understanding of Norway’s role in Angola through OfD. Specifically, this study aims to question who and what structures Norway really is aiding in Angola. Such an objective will be achieved by firstly using critical theory to demonstrate Norway’s role as a traditional middle power – through which Norway seeks to export an altruistic perception of a ‘do-good- image’ – is underpinned by a deeper national self-interest. Secondly, the thesis questions the theoretical foundation of OfD, and, thirdly, it attempts to identify whom the OfD programme is aiding. Ultimately, the thesis questions whether Norway is promoting sustainable development in Angola, or whether, instead, it is contributing to maintaining a status quo, from which Norway as a middle power continues to benefit. The study illustrates that Norway, as a middle power, has neither the capacity nor the national self-interest to achieve fundamental change in Angola. Norway’s commitment to the good governance agenda, and the belief in solutions offered by the resource curse thesis, is tackling the symptoms of Angola’s underdevelopment, rather than its root causes. OfD adopts a state-centric approach, which accepts the political economy structures in Angola, and gives limited attention to global structures and civil society. The thesis offers an alternative analysis, which illustrates how OfD is masking a neo-liberal development approach by incorporating Norwegian business interests and development goals in the same programme.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Afrika sake het tradisioneel nie 'n sentrale plek in Noorweë se amptelike buitelandse beleid beklee nie, en verhoudings met die westelike deel van die Afrika-kontinent is beperk. Tydens die afgelope jare het olie-ryk lande, soos Angola, egter die fokus van Noorweegse strategiese belange geword. Angola is vandag 'n kern land binne Noorweë se mees prominente petroleum-verwante hulpverleningsprogram, Oil for Development (OfD). Hierdie tesis het ten doel om, deur middel van 'n kritiese politieke ekonomie ontleding, by te dra tot ’n beter begrip van Noorweë se rol in Angola deur die OfD. Spesifiek bevraagteken hierdie studie aan wie en watter strukture in Angola Noorweë hulp verleen. Dit sal gedoen word deur eerstens gebruik te maak van kritiese teorie om te demonstreer dat Noorweë se rol as 'n tradisionele middelmoondheid – waardeur Noorweë poog om 'n altruïstiese persepsie van die staat uit te dra – onderskryf word deur 'n dieper nasionale selfbelang. Tweedens sal hierdie studie die teoretiese begronding van OfD bevraagteken, en derdens poog om te identifiseer wie deur die OfD program ondersteun word. Laastens sal die tesis bevraagteken of Noorweë volhoubare ontwikkeling in Angola bevorder, en eerder bydra tot die instandhouding van die status quo, waaruit Noorweë as 'n middelmoondheid voordeel trek. Die studie sal illustreer dat Noorweë, as ‘n middelmoondheid, nie die kapasiteit of die nasionale selfbelang het om fundamentele verandering in Angola te weeg te bring nie. Norweë se ondersteuning van die ‘good governance’ agenda, en oplossings wat deur die sogenaamde ‘hulpbronvloek’ tesis aangebied word, spreek die simptome van Angola se onder-ontwikkeldheid aan, eerder as die kernoorsake. OfD funksioneer op grond van ‘n staat-sentriese benadering, wat die politieke ekonomiese strukture in Angola aanvaar, en beperkte aandag aan globale strukture en die burgerlike samelewing gee. Hierdie tesis bied ‘n alternatiewe analise, wat wys hoe OfD eintlik ‘n neoliberale ontwikkelingsbenadering volg wat Noorweegse besigheids- en ontwikkelingsdoelwitte in dieselfde program inkorporeer.
Franco, Michel. "Le Liban : l'Etat impossible ?" Toulouse 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU10065.
Full textThe study deals with the failure of the Lebanese State system, its impossibility to tackle the crisis and the demographic consequences of the conflict in Lebanon from the early stages of the Lebanese conflict in 1975 up to 2009. The interest of the subject consisted in dealing with the consequences of the different Lebanese wars (from 1975 to 1990) between the different communities and this through the concept of State and the way it was understood within the different communities. Our study is part of a sociological, demographic, political and historic study. The chronology has not been systematically respected. We went to back and forth on the political history of Lebanon trying to better understand the reasons of these different conflicts. After a necessary introduction to situate the question in its context recalling thus the main outlines of the Lebanese contemporary history, the State as a legal entity, the utmost step of accomplished societies, will be studied. The study will then focus on its incapacity to face the crisis to finally concentrate on the internal and external migrations of the different communities and the demographic consequences of the conflict. We will also consider Lebanon in its geographical frame and political environment as this country can only be understood through the Israeli-Arab conflict that remains in a certain way the background of the issue. We will then study the 1990-2009 period that can be called "the years of reconstruction" and about which a lot has been discussed in goods or bad terms. A linguistic section will also be considered so as to provide the author's vision on the way to express political concepts in classical Arabic as well as on peculiar expressions in dialectal Arabic. Additionally, the 33-day war from 2006 will compose a part that appeared as being necessary
Henriques, Isabel de Castro. "Commerce et changement en Angola au XIXe siècle : Imbangala et Tshokwe face à la modernité." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010510.
Full textAfter the 16th century, Angola history linked both trade and slavery for commercial purposes and could not fonction without the merchandise considered legitimate by the europeans. Thus the angolan transition to modernity, in the 19th century, follows the evolution of slave trading and as this trade is subject to questioning and progressively abolished in Europe, the Angolan structures develop in an attempt to maintain african hegemonies against various challenges. The african production now proposes new merchandise, imposing new relations to the europeans. The long distance trade, first african then international, beings about changes as well as the modernization of the production agents, whilst exerting influence on political organizations. Of such, the imbangala and the tshokwe, both of lunda origin, are the perfect example. They become the agents of change and the europeans' privileged interlocutors, thus making way for the definition of the conditions of african hegemony as well as its, inevitable, wasting away
Druet, Anne-Cécile. "La psychanalyse dans l’Espagne post-franquiste (1975-1985)." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040040.
Full textThis work studies the situation of psychoanalysis in the post-Franco Spain in the 1975 -1985 period. In the first part, we present the history of the introduction of Freudism in Spain and the history of the condition of psychoanalysis inside the domains of psychiatry and psychology during Franco Spain. After that, we address the question of the psychoanalytical groups from 1975 on, we study the evolution of the group linked to the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) and the various stages of the origin, the development and the institutionalization of the lacanian movement during the same period. The role played by the Argentinean analysts exiled in Spain, particularly Oscar Masotta, as well as the history of the first lacanian institution in Spain, the Biblioteca Freudiana de Barcelona, are dealt with in extension. In the third part, we analyse the bonds between psychoanalysis, culture and society in Spain’s democratic transition; the main guidelines are the introduction of Lacanism in the cultural field and its social outcome
Mira, Feliciano de. "Les élites et les entreprises au Mozambique : globalisation, systèmes de pouvoir et reclassements sociaux (1987-1999)." Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0073.
Full textThe thesis was written, according to a multi-field approach of the parameters preset by the variables and the assumptions of research, in order to constitute a widened analytical grid. The social figure of the elites is characterized starting from the explanatory variables of the institutions and their holders, within the historical process. The internal dynamics of the power are of crucial importance for the transformation of the powers and of the elites, just as the reproduction of the elites depends on the positioning of each elite during the most outstanding moments of the construction of the Mozambican modern State. The selection and the reproduction are intrinsic with the material facts of the recent history, in which (where) the “politician- entrepreneur ” plays a determining part. The structure of the political and economical power of the elites is relatively autonomous compared to the Mozambican social dynamics. The social formation of the market is a network of controversial routes, where the economical modernity is replaced by certain aspects of the Western modernization, under the supervision of the globalisation and in the name of the African rebirth
Domingues, Patrick. "Guerre civile et capital humain : le cas du Mozambique." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010063.
Full textTrinh, Thi Thu. "Le transport multimodal comme facteur d'insertion du Vietnam dans le commerce international." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211074.
Full textChauvin, Sophie. "Problèmes liés à l'instauration d'une monnaie nationale et d'une politique monétaire indépendante pour un PVD : le cas de la Namibie." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010029.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the problems linked to the establishment of a national currency and of an independent monetary policy for a small country. The political independence of a country is generally followed by the issue of a national currency. The setting up of a sound monetary system as well as the establishment of a suitable exchange rate regime is thus required. Central banks are normally the institutional bodies responsible for the management of monetary and exchange policies, though a recourse to other means institutional or otherwise is possible. Member states of the imf have a large choice of exchange regimes. They can either peg their currency to a single currency or to a basket of currencies or decide to let their exchange rate float according to the market forces or to other adjustment mechanisms. Moreover, the interest in an optimal currency area has been revived with the creation of a common european currency unit. The choice of an exchange rate regime depends on the structural and economic characteristics of a country as well as the origin of internal and external shocks faced by it. These topics will be analysed on a theoretical level and applied to the namibian case. Being a member of the rand monetary area and later of the common monetary area, namibia could have only a limited control over its monetary policies
Richard, Jean-Luc. "Dynamiques démographiques et socio-économiques de l'intégration des jeunes générations d'origine immigrée en France : étude à caractère longitudinal (1975-1990) réalisée à partir de l'échantillon démographique permanent." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997IEPP0030.
Full textThis thesis is based on the longitudinal (1975-1990) analysis of a population of 15,345 children aged 4 to 18 years in 1975 and raised in a family whose head had taken French nationality or was foreign on this date. Because of its size and its original data, the French permanent demographic sample (edp, an INSEE longitudinal data base which is the French equivalent to the English ls) enables the study for both migrants' children populations : young foreign-born people who grew up in France and young people of foreign origin who are born in France. The research highlights the temporal dimension of the integration process. The thesis has been written at INED and INSEE. Taking into account cultural and family contexts in which young people of foreign origin are living enables to exceed the only consideration of the optimization of individual decisions and to consider the quasi-contractual dimensions of the integration process (acquisition of French citizenship, electoral behaviour, nuptiality, fertility, occupation) who often have demographic characters. The study of subjects such as nuptiality, fertility, labour force participation, job-seeking is made by using economic and socio-demographic analysis. The author tries to identify the mechanisms which explain duration of situations (unemployment). Theories which enable to apprehend those facts are presented: the economics of migration, female labour force participation (linked with fertility), theory of the discrimination, behaviour on the labour market. The importance of the demographic dimension of the integration process is demonstrated. The utility of longitudinal studies can't be dissociated from the conceptualisations, theories and methods (reflexion about efficiency of logit models with heterogeneous populations, for example)
Abboud, Hammou Naji. "Les déterminants de l'épargne dans les pays du Tiers-Monde : l'expérience 1975-1984." Nancy 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN20008.
Full textIn the third world countries, the role of classical savings determiners seems to be more limited. Additional structural determiners play a part in the creation and the mobilisation of savings. The formation of savings depends not only on the income and the patrimony but also on the demographic structure or the social organisation. Hence, the nature of the income, its importance, its distribution or its variations seem to have a more limited impact on the value of savings. Because the national resources are not sufficient, the use of external capitals has become more and more important, leading to an indebtment crisis particularly, when substituted to and completing the national savings. "imported" inflation has led to the same resource transfer to the prejudice of the third world and only fiscality can force the nation to reach a surplus. This specificity is very well illustrated by voluntary mobilisation through financial intermediation. An important informal sector has then developed to meet the needs non covered by the organised sector. This latter being deprived from a paramount mobilisation lever because the savings yield has been neglected
Vuong, Quan-Hoang. "Essays on Vietnam's financial markets: databases and empirics." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211078.
Full textCrague, Gilles. "Économies d'agglomération : De la spécialisation à la commutation." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ENPC0014.
Full textConord, Fabien. "Les rets de la modernité." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF20025.
Full textLandry-Desaulniers, Joany. "L'intégration socioéconomique des populations des régions montagneuses au sud du Laos : le cas de la province de Champassak : 1981-2015." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32687.
Full textDuring the past 35 years, like other countries in Southeast Asia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic went through major changes, especially as the Pathet Lao took control over the country, becoming the official Government. Many steps were taken by the new government to build the Lao nation, such as the ‘collectivization’ program. In 1986, after the failure of previous measures, the Communist Party implemented free-market reforms in a way to increase economic growth. This was done by encouraging foreign investment and the country’s economic development. Over the last three decades, Lao citizens had to adapt to these changes; especially in mountainous areas, where agrarian changes occurred. Among them, cash crops, monocropping and plantations have modified the landscape and the socioeconomic geography of the territory. From these findings, questions emerge, such as: Who is motivating socioeconomic and territorial integration of mountainous and marginal regions to different levels? What are the goals pursued by the actors of the socioeconomic and territorial integration and which strategies are adopted? What are the factors that contribute to various paces in the rhythm of adaptation? Where do people acquire their knowledge to adapt to the changes generated by integration policies and strategies? A better understanding of the process underlying the socioeconomic regional integration of the country into the global market, from 1981 to 2015, is the general objective of this research. Based on a case study of Bachieng Chaleunsouk and Pathoumphone districts, located at the margins of the Bolaven Plateau, in Champasak region, this research demonstrates how development generates new dynamics between the people, the state and the market.
Yammine, Jamilée. "Le coût d'opportunité de la guerre : application au cas du Liban." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020049/document.
Full textNowadays, many countries live in a constant state of war and violence. They suffer from both direct and indirect costs that will have a long term impact on their economic development and progress. In this thesis, we are going to analyze the opportunity-cost of war. This analysis stresses both the value of human beings as well as the cost of material damages. Many economists have tried to define and estimate the opportunity-cost of wars. These estimations take into consideration several hypotheses on how the economy would have functioned in the absence of war. However, these calculations were never elaborate. Our work focuses on the calculation of the opportunity cost of the Lebanese civil war which started in 1975 and lasted for sixteen years. We will examine how the Lebanese economy functioned during the civil war as well as after it was done. The methods of calculation that we used are inspired from the work of Jean Baptiste Say and the World Bank
Alary, Pierre. "Dynamique monétaire et développement des échanges marchands." Phd thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00652946.
Full textMoney has a paradoxal statute in economic. It appeared to solve barter constraints and once instituted, it has an accessory role. Regarding to this point, the Phongsaly province case (Lao PDR ) is from a major interest. From 1975 to 2000, the local monetary field changed. The rural autarkic communities turn into a market model where goods exchanges are vital. In this context does a dynamic between moneys is necessary for market development ? Our results show that the State imposed its money (kip) through a new tax system. Therefore peasants were obliged to trade goods to pay taxes and the markets emerged. Nevertheless, even if the kip became the ordinary currency traditional moneys kept their role for transactions undertaken by specifics agents and foreign currencies appeared with importations and exportations development, organised by traders. Kip and traders are the angular stone of this evolution. The kip, as a common unit of account, gives a generally shared norm to make the price system possible. Then the sustainable goods exchange system become concrete. Traders organised goods and currencies transfers, then supply and demand have been linked and markets are developing