Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Conditions environnementales et opérationnelles'
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Ezzeddine, Wajih. "Dispositif de fiabilisation de la mesure d’une sonde de Pitot par prise en compte de l’évolution des conditions opérationnelles et environnementales." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0168/document.
Full textSafety is the primary consideration in the air transportation sector. According to various accident reports, it seems that 75% of these accidents are related to human factors such as pilots, air traffic controllers, maintenance managers and even design engineers. This study is derived from an aeronautic problem defined following the crash of the Airbus 330 in the Rio-Paris flight, in 1 June 2009. Investigations concluded that the accident was due to the aircraft’s pitot tubes failure, after which the crew reacted incorrectly. In order to overcome the problem of Pitot sensors measurements inaccuracy and incoherence, we propose a technical solution which consists in setting up a fourth retractable probe to assess the Pitot sensors measurement accuracy during the flight. The implementation of this new technical solution implies a need to know the different variables that can affect the Pitot sensors measurements quality. From these variables, it is possible to model the Pitot sensors measurements quality degradation. Subsequently and thanks to these models, periodic and sequential inspection policies are proposed by considering the measurement quality degradation as a decision criterion. Optimization of these inspection policies will be carried out using numerical procedures or meta-heuristics. The current research work aims to propose an original contribution for operational safety of Pitot sensors
Ezzeddine, Wajih. "Dispositif de fiabilisation de la mesure d’une sonde de Pitot par prise en compte de l’évolution des conditions opérationnelles et environnementales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0168.
Full textSafety is the primary consideration in the air transportation sector. According to various accident reports, it seems that 75% of these accidents are related to human factors such as pilots, air traffic controllers, maintenance managers and even design engineers. This study is derived from an aeronautic problem defined following the crash of the Airbus 330 in the Rio-Paris flight, in 1 June 2009. Investigations concluded that the accident was due to the aircraft’s pitot tubes failure, after which the crew reacted incorrectly. In order to overcome the problem of Pitot sensors measurements inaccuracy and incoherence, we propose a technical solution which consists in setting up a fourth retractable probe to assess the Pitot sensors measurement accuracy during the flight. The implementation of this new technical solution implies a need to know the different variables that can affect the Pitot sensors measurements quality. From these variables, it is possible to model the Pitot sensors measurements quality degradation. Subsequently and thanks to these models, periodic and sequential inspection policies are proposed by considering the measurement quality degradation as a decision criterion. Optimization of these inspection policies will be carried out using numerical procedures or meta-heuristics. The current research work aims to propose an original contribution for operational safety of Pitot sensors
Mountassir, Mahjoub El. "Surveillance d'intégrité des structures par apprentissage statistique : application aux structures tubulaires." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0047.
Full textTo ensure better working conditions of civil and engineering structures, inspections must be made on a regular basis. However, these inspections could be labor-intensive and cost-consuming. In this context, structural health monitoring (SHM) systems using permanently attached transducers were proposed to ensure continuous damage diagnostic of these structures. In SHM, damage detection is generally based on comparison between the healthy state signals and the current signals. Nevertheless, the environmental and operational conditions will have an effect on the healthy state signals. If these effects are not taken into account they would result in false indication of damage (false alarm). In this thesis, classical machine learning methods used for damage detection have been applied in the case of pipelines. The effects of some measurements parameters on the robustness of these methods have been investigated. Afterthat, two approaches were proposed for damage diagnostic depending on the database of reference signals. If this database contains large variation of these EOCs, a sparse estimation of the current signal is calculated. Then, the estimation error is used as an indication of the presence of damage. Otherwise, if this database is acquired at limited range of EOCs, moving window PCA can be applied to update the model of the healthy state provided that the EOCs show slow and continuous variation. In both approaches, damage localization was ensured using a sliding window over the damaged pipe signal
Mountassir, Mahjoub El. "Surveillance d'intégrité des structures par apprentissage statistique : application aux structures tubulaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2019_0047_EL_MOUNTASSIR.pdf.
Full textTo ensure better working conditions of civil and engineering structures, inspections must be made on a regular basis. However, these inspections could be labor-intensive and cost-consuming. In this context, structural health monitoring (SHM) systems using permanently attached transducers were proposed to ensure continuous damage diagnostic of these structures. In SHM, damage detection is generally based on comparison between the healthy state signals and the current signals. Nevertheless, the environmental and operational conditions will have an effect on the healthy state signals. If these effects are not taken into account they would result in false indication of damage (false alarm). In this thesis, classical machine learning methods used for damage detection have been applied in the case of pipelines. The effects of some measurements parameters on the robustness of these methods have been investigated. Afterthat, two approaches were proposed for damage diagnostic depending on the database of reference signals. If this database contains large variation of these EOCs, a sparse estimation of the current signal is calculated. Then, the estimation error is used as an indication of the presence of damage. Otherwise, if this database is acquired at limited range of EOCs, moving window PCA can be applied to update the model of the healthy state provided that the EOCs show slow and continuous variation. In both approaches, damage localization was ensured using a sliding window over the damaged pipe signal
Bouzoubaa, Maryem. "Stratégies de maintenance intégrée à la production d'énergie dans un parc éolien sous contraintes opérationnelles et environnementales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. https://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/DDOC_T_2021_0351_BOUZOUBAA.pdf.
Full textGlobally, the development of wind farms is experiencing exceptional growth, visible through the increase of wind power installed annually and global wind power production. 2020 was the best year in the history of the global wind industry and it is estimated that wind turbine installation should grow three times faster over the next decade. Any energy production system is subject to random breakdowns which trouble production plans. Aging, breakdowns and maintenance times are examples of random phenomena often observed in those systems. In the particular case of wind turbines, the highly volatile and uncertain nature of the wind means that the duration of maintenance actions must be minimized in order to maximize the availability of the wind turbine and therefore its energy production. In addition to this, the risks associated with maintenance make it the major cause of accidents in the wind energy sector. Considering the lack of training for maintenance technicians and the absence of a prevention plan, a maintenance plan optimizing the number of interventions and their duration and considerably reducing the technical, economic and human consequences linked to these operations is essential. Maintenance and production are two main functions for any type of production. In practice, these two functions are often managed separately despite being in reality so close. Indeed, integration policies can improve productivity and reduce costs considerably. In this context, the research work proposed in this thesis consists in determining new maintenance policies integrated into energy production for a wind farm. Two integrated maintenance strategies were tested: perfect then combined imperfect / selective coupled to energy production, satisfying a service rate while taking into account environmental and operational constraints and. Indeed, for each strategy developed, the goal is to simultaneously determine an economical energy production plan and an optimal maintenance plan minimizing a total cost of energy production and maintenance. The particularity of this study is to consider the impact of the variation in energy production on the degradation of the wind turbine. The problem was modeled by the development and optimization of analytical models, then validated by numerical examples and sensitivity studies proving the robustness of the analytical models developed
Hamdi, Seif Eddine. "Contribution au traitement du signal pour le contrôle de santé in situ de structures composites : application au suivi de température et à l'analyse des signaux d'émission acoustique." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770664.
Full textAlameddine, Asmaa. "Dysfonction vasculaire et conditions environnementales dans des modèles expérimentaux chez l’homme et l’animal." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0037/document.
Full textGravity is a major environmental factor. This force that shaped the life and the functioning of our body is closely related to gravity. To remain healthy, we should benefit from the daily influence of gravity and a food intake adapted to our physical activity. The objective of this thesis is to study vascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction in sedentary models and metabolic disorders and to explore ways of countermeasures. 60 days of head down bed rest in healthy male induce a macrocirculation remodeling at the femoral artery and an endothelial dysfunction at the microcirculation level. Daily intake of complex plant extracts from traditional Chinese medicine (Taikong Yangxin) helped to prevent endothelial dysfunction. In a diabetic rat model with vascular dysfunction (GK rats), we tested the salidroside, an important compound from the Taikong Yangxin. Although it has no effect on diabetes, this compound showed a beneficial effect on endothelial -dependent and -independent vasodilation. In the last part of our work, we studied the involvement of type 2 angiotensin receptor and estrogen receptor in cardiovascular dysfunction induced by a high calorie diet in mice. Physical inactivity induces morphological and functional remodeling in the vascular tree, making it a major risk factor independent of cardiovascular diseases. Simple or complex plant extracts have beneficial effects on endothelial function. Angiotensin type 2 receptor and its interaction with the estrogen receptor could be a pharmacological target as a countermeasure against vascular damage related to the environment
Sicot, Cathy. "Le pointage locomoteur de sujets âgés sous différentes conditions visuelles et environnementales." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10954.
Full textHamdi, Seif Eddine. "Contribution au traitement du signal pour le contrôle de santé in situ de structures composites : application au suivi de température et à l’analyse des signaux d’émission acoustique." Thesis, Le Mans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LEMA1017/document.
Full textStructural health monitoring (SHM) of materials is a fundamental measure to master thedurability and the reliability of structures in service. Beyond the industrial and human issuesever increasing in terms of safety and reliability, health monitoring must cope with demandsincreasingly sophisticated. New health monitoring strategies must not only detect and identifydamage but also quantify the various phenomena involved in it. To achieve this objective, itis necessary to reach a better understanding of the damage process. Moreover, they frequentlyoccur as a result of mechanical and environmental stresses. Thus, it is essential, first, to developsignal processing methods for estimating the effects of environmental and operational conditions,in the context of the analysis of precursor events of damage mechanisms, and on theother hand, to define the damage descriptors that are the most suitable to this analysis. Thisstudy proposes signal processing methods to achieve this goal. At first, to the estimation ofexternal effects on the scattered waves in an active health control context, in a second step, tothe extraction of a damage indicator from the signals analysis of acoustic emission in a passivehealth monitoring context.In the first part of this work, four signal processing methods are proposed. These allow takinginto account the variation of environmental conditions in the structure, which in this thesis,were limited to the particular case of temperature change. Indeed, temperature changes have theeffect of altering the mechanical properties of the material and therefore the propagation velocityof ultrasonic waves. This phenomenon then causes a dilation of the acoustic signals that shouldbe estimated in order to monitor changes in temperature. Four estimators of dilation coefficientsare then studied: the intercorrelation sliding window, used as reference method, the stretchingmethod, the minimum variance estimator and the exponential transform. The first two methodshave already been validated in the literature while the latter two were developed specificallyin the context of this study. Thereafter, a statistical evaluation of the quality of estimates isconducted through Monte Carlo simulations using synthetic signals. These signals are basedon a scattered signal model taking into account the influence of temperature. A raw estimateof the computational complexity of signal processing methods also completes this evaluationphase. Finally, the experimental validation of estimation methods is performed on two types ofmaterial: First, in an aluminum plate, homogeneous medium whose characteristics are known,then, in a second step in a highly heterogeneous environment in the form of a compositeglass/epoxy plate. In these experiments, the plates are subjected to different temperatures in acontrolled thermal environment. The temperature estimates are then faced with an analyticalmodel describing the material behavior.The second part of this work concerns in situ characterization of damage mechanisms byacoustic emission in heterogeneous materials. Acoustic emission sources generate non-stationarysignals. The Hilbert-Huang transform is thus proposed for the discrimination of signals representativeof four typical sources of acoustic emission in composites: matrix cracking, debondingfiber/matrix, fiber breakage and delamination. A new time-frequency descriptor is then definedfrom the Hilbert-Huang transform and is introduced into an online classification algorithm. Amethod of unsupervised classification, based on the k-means method, is then used to discriminatethe sources of acoustic emission and the data segmentation quality is evaluated. Thesignals are recorded from blank samples, using piezoelectric sensors stuck to the surface of thematerial and sensitive samples (sensors integrated within the material)
Casal, Aimée. "Usines d'assainissement des eaux et phénomène Nimby : les conditions environnementales, sociales et individuelles de l'acceptabilité." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05H035.
Full textThe Nimby or Not In My Back Yard is a phenomenon that is commonly observed in the vincinity of new facilities that one recognizes as serving the public interest, but does not wish to see set up near one's home. This research consisted ub updating the environmental, social and individual condtions of the Nimby pheonomen with specific regard to waste water purification plants. The two sites, located in the suburbs of Paris, differ with regard to environmental and population charactersitics, and to the state of advance of each project. 106 esidents were questionned in situ, using a semi open-ended questionnaire and mental maps. Main results show the effect of envrionmental variables (proximity and view on the plant), of social variables (impact of communication), and of individual variables (personnal stress factors and sociodemographic characteristics)) on the aceeptability of rejection of the plant
Cleuziou, Christophe. "Cinétique de VO2 à l'exercice modéré et intense : influences de l'entraînement et des conditions environnementales." Orléans, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ORLE2015.
Full textDeslongchamps, Gabrièle. "Impacts des conditions environnementales sur la nitrification, l'assimilation et l'ammonification dans l'Articque canadien." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25614.
Full textDe, Echave Trilce. "Etude des mécanismes d'altération des verres nucléaires sous radiolyse alpha et en conditions environnementales." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS051/document.
Full textThis work intends to provide a better understanding of the alteration of R7T7-type nuclear waste glass in a complex environment such as the deep geological repository. This approach aims to progressively complexify the glass leaching environment in order to better understand the mechanisms involved on the alteration of a radioactive glass in contact with the Callovo-Oxfordian groundwater (COx groundwater) and an iron source, simulating the glass carbon steel overpack. First, the study focusses on the impact of groundwater on the glass alteration under the residual rate regime at 70°C. Results show that magnesium present in the Callovo-Oxfordian groundwater contributes, over a pH threshold, to the precipitation of magnesium phyllosilicates consuming the passivating gel and thus increasing the glass alteration. This work confirms previous studies and brings new data at 70 °C. Thereafter, an iron source was introduced in the leaching environment (glass – COx groundwater) in order to simulate the carbon steel overpack. The experiments were performed in an anoxic environment with a glass monolith and an iron foil, facing each other with an 80 µm gap, and then immerged in the COx groundwater at 70 and 90 °C. On these conditions, a weak impact of the temperature was perceived on the kinetics and the reactions controlling glass alteration. The iron corrosion led mainly to the precipitation of siderite (an Fe2+-carbonate) and aragonite (a calcium carbonate). Furthermore, an increase of glass alteration was observed while using an iron foil. The main cause explaining this phenomenon is the formation of iron silicates, as seen with magnesium silicates, precipitating at the expense of the passivating gel. These phases were identified mainly at the oxidation state III, indicating an iron oxidation near the glass. It should be noted that in this case, magnesium precipitation is suppressed and only iron silicates precipitate. Finally, the influence of irradiation on glass alteration was studied. Water radiolysis induces the production of oxidizing species such as H2O2 at the glass/water interface. Therefore, a first study focused on glass alteration in the COx groundwater in the presence of H2O2 under the residual rate regime. Results showed that this specie decomposition was higher at the surface of the glass grains and seemed to have a very local impact, favouring the magnesium silicate precipitation and the enhancement of glass alteration. This prompt effect was only observed locally on grains at the surface of the reactor. However, globally, the data showed that H2O2 does not have a significant impact on glass alteration in this residual rate regime and this geometry. At last, this work came to experiments using a radioactive glass, doped with 238Pu, altered in the COx groundwater at 70 °C in the presence of an iron source, and using the same geometry than the one conducted with the non-radioactive glass. The glass characteristics allowed us to focus only on the α-dose rate effect. Comparing with the non-radioactive reference, a higher iron oxidation was noticed, with the precipitation of iron oxides at the oxidation state III, such as goethite and ferrihydrite. This can be explained by the reaction between H2O2 and iron, favouring the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+. From solution analysis and the first SEM observations, it seems that globally, the glass alteration thickness is the same regardless the α-irradiation field. Nevertheless, supplementary data on solid characterisations must be performed in order to understand and be conclusive about the mechanisms involved on the glass alteration mechanisms under these conditions
Troudi, Asma. "Contribution au dimensionnement d'un parc de drones de livraison urbaine et de son système de maintien en conditions opérationnelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080054.
Full textDelivery in the urban environment is an important issue that cities want to put in place. The aim is to try to improve the activity of urban delivery (last mile delivery) and find faster delivery methods that adapt to market requirements (e-commerce).In our study, we are interested in using a fleet of drones in an urban environment to transport parcels. This use raises questions that are related to logistical support of this park in an operating environment and which are little discussed in the research. Our goal, in this thesis, is to propose approaches to size the drone park and the appropriate logistic support system. We will, first of all, focus our study on the specificities of drone and determine the scope of its logistic support system. We then propose a mathematical model that describes the delivery missions of drones and takes into account temporal, energy and capacity constraints. This model solves a sizing problem related to the UAV delivery activity. This sizing is based on the nature of the delivery activity (delivery tasks), the type of drone and also on the adopted battery charging strategy (s) which must be respected during their operations. . Finally, using simulation and based on the results of the digital resolution, we were able to have a global vision on the operation of a fleet of delivery drones as well as its logistic support system
Rochex, Alice. "Effet des conditions environnementales sur la formation des biofilms : Application à l'industrie papetière." Compiègne, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002COMP1391.
Full textBoualem, Khadidja. "Influence de conditions environnementales sur la conidiation et les propriétés de surface de Penicillium camemberti." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS012.
Full textConidiation is an universal asexual reproduction mechanism enabling filamentous fungi to reproduce and propagate in the environment as conidies. This process is used to produce conidies that are employed in the manufacturing of fermented food, like cheese, in biotechnologies with the production of enzymes and compounds of interest and biological control. Conidies are generally produced in surface of solid-state culture because conidiation of submerged filamentous fungi in liquid medium is usually not possible or not controlled. This is particularly true for Penicillium camemberti, a very popular fungi in the food industry but that has not been much studied at the physiological or genetical levels. This microorganism was the subject of our study. The objective was to investigate its behaviour in solid- or liquid-state culture by modifying some medium parameters such as the nitrogen composition and the growth temperature. Based on mechanisms and bio-informatic data from model fungi such as Aspergillus, key genes involved in conidiation (brlA, wetA) and surface properties (rodA) were cloned and characterised for the first time in P. Camemberti, and their expression was studied by quantitative RT-PCR in different types of culture. The absence of conidiation in submerged liquid culture is correlated with the very weak expression of the rodA gene encoding a hydrophobin, a hydrophobic protein essential for the filamentous fungi biology. Modifications of the nitrogen composition of the medium resulted in conidiation in submerged liquid-state culture with a modification of the surface properties and a new phenotype for the conidies obtained in this way. Finally, this work showed for the first time that some growth temperatures, for specific nitrogen compositions, induced growth in liquid medium of conidiation microcycles with a massive production of conidies (5. 108. Ml-1 of medium)
Beziat, Pierre. "Effets des conditions environnementales et des pratiques culturales sur les flux de carbone et d'eau dans les agrosystèmes." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00447499.
Full textBéziat, Pierre. "Effets des conditions environnementales et des pratiques culturales sur les flux de carbone et d'eau dans les agrosystèmes." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/733/.
Full textAgrosystems represent an important proportion of terrestrial ecosystems (more than one third in Europe) and play a key role in sustainable development issues. For instance, they produce green house gasses (GHG) that contribute to climate changes whose feedback on agrosystem functioning and management are still difficult to predict. Therefore, studies on biogeochemical cycle in agrosystems and their GHG production are essential. The main objective of this PhD thesis was the study of cropland carbon and water cycles using 1) micro meteorological measurements of mass and energy fluxes at the soil/vegetation and atmosphere interface and 2) data describing crop dynamics (phenology, biomass, leaf area) for two experimental crop sites located near Toulouse in South West France. This work showed that micro meteorological measurements of fluxes by the eddy covariance method (EC) are well suited to quantify agrosystem carbon and water budgets and to study the main physical and ecophysiological processes driving the different fluxes. From these measurements, carbon and water fluxes were analysed. A methodology to compute GHG budgets at plot scale considering GHG emissions associated with farm operations was developed at our sites and applied to the CarboEurope-IP cropland sites, representing an important range of crop species and management regimes. Annual net CO2 fluxes measurements between the soil/vegetation system and the atmosphere showed that agrosystem act mostly as atmospheric carbon sinks. However, accounting for carbon inputs through organic fertilisation and seeds and outputs through harvest together with vertical CO2 fluxes measurements showed that cropland are rarely carbon sinks and most often act as carbon sources (127 ± 243 g C m-2 y-1 for 41 site-years of the CarboEurope-IP network). .
Brouard, Olivier. "Les communautés microbiennes des phytotelmes des Broméliacées : structure et influence de l'habitat, des conditions environnementales et des interactions biologiques." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00741962.
Full textMarin, Carbonne Johanna. "Composition isotopique de l'oxygène et du silicium des cherts Précambriens : implications Paléo-environnementales." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL086N/document.
Full textCherts, which are siliceous rocks, are considered as possible proxies of paleo-environmental conditions of the Early Earth. These rocks contain various forms of quartz, microquartz being the predominant one. The study of oxygen and silicon isotopic composition in the various forms of silica in cherts of different ages, from 3,5 Ga to 1,9 Ga, allowed to better understand the origin and the formation of these rocks and allowed to try to reconstruct paleo-temperatures for Precambrian seawater. Isotopic measurements were obtained with the ims 1270 multicollector ion microprobe with a precision better than 0,2 ‰ for [delta]18O and of ˜ 0,3 ‰ for [delta]30Si. These analyses were combined with the measurement of traces elements concentrations (B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, Fe) with the ims 3f ion microprobe, with a petrographical study of microquartz and with the study of fluid inclusions in quartz veins. The major result is the existence at a micrometer scale of a large range of variations for [delta]18O (between 1 ‰ to 14?‰) and [delta]30Si (between 2‰ to 5‰). In the Gunflint cherts, the range of [delta]18O variation has been interpreted as due to diagenesis and has been used to reconstruct oceanic paleo-temperatures. The calculated temperatures range from +37°C to +52°C, suggesting an hot ocean during the Precambrian era if Gunflint cherts are representative of global environmental conditions. The [delta]30Si variations associated with that of trace elements concentrations allow to constrain the various origins of these cherts. The effect of fluid circulations on the isotopic compositions has been characterized by [delta]18O and [delta]30Si analyses and by fluid inclusions study. It is shown that in some cases the [delta]18O value of microquartz can be totally re-equilibrated with the hydrothermal or metamorphic fluids. The approach developed in this thesis will be decisive in future studies of Archean cherts for paleotemperature reconstructions
Bachar, Keira. "L'intégration des dimensions environnementales et sociales dans les pratiques urbaines en Algérie : enjeux et perspectives." Thesis, Le Mans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LEMA3002/document.
Full textSince 2001, the notion of sustainable development becomes one of the essential reference table in new political orientations and legislative framework in Algeria. Many urban improvement projects, housing and equipments, as well as important projects are launched, seeming to prove that the will of public authorities to improve living conditions of citizens isreal. However, the question remains as to the relevance and the coherence of choices, particulary regarding urban planning and built frame management, with the objectives of sustainable development witch taking into account not only the economic dimension, but also environmental and social ones. This work proposes, based on the observation of three cities contexts representing the three major geographical areas of the country (the coast, the highlands and the Sahara) to highlight the conditions of elaboration and production of urban planning in Algeria, particularly through two research areas: - The first one concerns harmonization between urban and natural environments, by analyzing the citie from its ecological situation, angle of understanding and study not really explored, which could provide opportunities for innovation and improvement in urban development. – The second one advocates research of housing and urban planning process including broader view ofmeaning for the term social, which can overtake standard model of housing for deprived social group, and move towards a concept improving the recognition of aspirations and social specifities of populations by promoting notions such as well-being, quality of lived spaces, or residential satisfaction
Ahmad, Waed. "Formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires dans l'oxydation du limonène et des méthoxyphénols : Etude de l'influence des conditions environnementales." Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0441/document.
Full textAtmospheric chemistry models frequently diverge from measurements of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) concentrations by a factor ranging from 8 to 100 in different environments. The gap between measured and modeled SOA could be explained by many formation processes that are still not well understood nor well incorporated into the models as well as the influence of environmental parameters on these processes. In this context, this research work focuses primarily on the formation of SOA in the ozonolysis of limonene through experiments carried out in a flow reactor (SAGE) and in a simulation chamber (LPCA). The particulate phase was characterized in terms of aerosol yield, size distribution, mass and nucleation threshold. The influence of the presence of different compounds : butanol, toluene, acetone, acetic acid and methylamine on these parameters has been described and reported and thus, the role of Criegee intermediates and OH radicals in SOA formation process is investigated. The second part consist of studying the SOA generated during the OH oxidation of 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol) and 2,6-dymethoxyphenol (syringol). The IR spectra of these two methoxyphenols, the SOA formed through their oxidation and the nitro compounds derived from guaiacol and syringol have been studied experimentally by IRTF-RTA spectroscopy and/or theoretically by anharmonic DFT calculations. Finally, the hygroscopic character of these aerosols has been reported for the first time in a hydration cell
Vyslouzilova, Barbora. "Steppes ou forêts ? : les conditions environnementales de la formation et de l'évolution des chernozems en Europe Centrale." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAH014/document.
Full textChernozem became the crucial soil for the beginnings of soil science through the work of Dokuchaev from 1883. Since then the genesis of chernozems in Central Europe has raised many questions among soil scientists, botanists and paleo-environmentalists. While in Eastern Europe chernozems have been described as zonal soils, that are typical for continental steppe and forest-steppe areas, there are areas in Central Europe which are predisposed by their climatic characteristics to the presence of woodlands. The goal of this dissertation is to enrich the discussion about the genesis of chernozems by restoring the environmental conditions that were prevalent during the formation of chernozem soils in Central Europe. Chernozems are usually developed on loess with a very thick and dark organic surface which passes directly to a calcareous horizon. The organic matter underwent a polymerization in dependence on climate contrasts. However, in Central Europe, the climatic characteristics of the areas of chernozems are a bit different. These chernozems are supposed to have been formed under the climatic conditions that dominated Central Europe during the Late Glacial and the Early Holocene. The climatic nuances may contribute to the explanation of the differences in distribution of chernozems ("drier") and luvisols ("more humide") at a regional level, but they are no help at a local level with the same environmental conditions where the boundaries between chernozems and luvisols are very sharp. There is a theory about their persistence that considers the agriculture since the Neolithic being the reason for the fact that their progression to other types of soil was blocked. This theory would explain their distribution in the form of mosaic, alternating with luvisols and phaeozems. This study is focused on questioning of the memory of soils and especially of their organic matter. Some soil organic matter has the ability to persist in soils for thousands of years. Such organic matter has a purely local origin. That is why it is possible to reconstruct the vegetation from the period of time of the formation of soils. There is qualitative near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) applied for the analysis of the soil organic matter. This method is an innovative approach to the studying of the paleoenvironments of chernozems. This approach is accompanied by a anthracological study of some paleosols and of a micromorphological analysis of a catena chernozem - luvisol on a very local scale (300 m). The NIRS analysis has proved that some chernozems developed under grassland. Other chernozems have a recent forest history, but they had also existed under grassland vegetation before. There were found some chernozems with a source of heterogeneous organic material. The charcoals studies of paleochernozems of the Pleistocene and of the Holocene have revealed the presence of woods. The micromorphological analysis of a catena between chernozem and luvisol has shown a chernozem which developed from a luvisol. That contrasts with the usual models of the degradation of chernozems into luvisols. This dissertation confirms that the vegetation cover of chernozems can be both: grassland or woodland. Certainly, chernozems also developed under forest during a period of time. This result is inconsistent with the prevailing hypothesis that claims chernozems develop and preserve exclusively under steppe
Černozemě se staly díky Dokučajevově dizertaci z roku 1883 významné pro počátky vědy o půdě. Geneze černozemí ve Střední Evropě se dodnes těší velkému zájmu pedologů, botaniků a paleoenvironmentalistů. Zatímco ve Východní Evropě byly popsány jako zonální půdy, které jsou typické pro kontinentální stepi, existují ve Střední Evropě oblasti, jež jsou svými klimatickými vlastnostmi predestinovány pro přítomnost lesních porostů. Předkládaná dizertační práce si klade za cíl přispět k diskuzi o vzniku černozemí tím, že pojednává o environmentálních podmínkách, které byly určující při formování černozemních půd ve Střední Evropě. Černozemě se obvykle vyvíjely na spraši, jsou charakteristické svým mocným povrchovým organickým horizontem, který přímo přechází do horizontu vápenatého. Organický materiál prošel díky meziročním klimatickým rozdílům pomalou polymerizací. Ve Střední Evropě jsou ale klimatické vlastnosti černozemních oblastí odlišné. Zdejší černozemě se patrně formovaly v klimatických podmínkách, které převládaly v pozdní době ledové a raném holocénu. Klimatické nuance sice mohou na regionální úrovni přispět k osvětlení rozdílů v distribuci „suchých“ černozemí a „spíše vlhkých“ hnědozemí, ale rozhodně neřeší problematiku na lokální úrovni, kde při stejných klimatických podmínkách existují ostré přechody mezi černozemí a hnědozemí. Teorie o zachování černozemí praví, že zemědělská činnost v neolitu zabránila jejich přeměnám v další půdy. Tato teorie nabízí uspokojivé vysvětlení k rozmístění černozemních půd ve formě mozaiky, kde černozemě alternují s hnědozeměmi či šedozeměmi. Práce se zaměřuje na otázku paměti půd a jejich organického materiálu. Některý organický materiál může v půdě existovat po tisíce let, je výhradně lokálního původu, a proto je možné z něj určit vegetaci z doby formování půd. Pro analýzu půdního organického materiálu je užívána metoda infračervené spektroskopie (NIRS). Tato metoda představuje inovativní přínos ke studiu paleoenvironmentálních prvků u černozemí. Mimoto práce obsahuje i paleoantrakologickou studii vybraných pohřbených půd a mikromorfologickou analýzu katény černozem – hnědozem na malém území (300m). NIRS prokázala, že některé černozemě vznikaly pod travnatým povrchem. Jiné černozemě mají nedávnou lesní historii, ale původně se nacházely pod travnatou vegetací. Nalezeny byly i černozemě s heterogenním organickým materiálem. Výzkum uhlíku z paleočernozemí z období pleistocénu a holocénu prokázal přítomnost dřevin. Mikromorfologická analýza katény mezi černozemí a hnědozemí demonstruje, že jsou i černozemě vzniklé z hnědozemě, což kontrastuje s obvyklými modely degradace černozemí na hnědozemě. Tato dizertační práce dokazuje, že vegetace pokrývající černozemě může být dřevinné nebo travnaté povahy. Zcela jistě se černozemě vyvíjely také pod lesem. Výsledky dizertace jsou v rozporu s převládající hypotézou o tom, že černozemě vznikají a poté trvale existují výhradně pod stepí
Zeyen, Nina. "Etude de microbialites lacustres actuels du Mexique : traçage de l’activité biologique et des conditions environnementales de formation." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066710/document.
Full textThe processes leading to the formation of microbialites, which are organo-sedimentary rocks, are not well understood. The main goal of this thesis is to better understand the environmental conditions allowing the development of modern microbialites. Here we performed geochemical analyses of water solutions and mineralogical analyses of microbialites in 10 Mexican volcanic lakes. We found a large diversity of microbialites in terms of mineralogical composition, with occurrence of diverse carbonate phases as well as the frequent presence of authigenic magnesium silicate phases. From this study, we infer a minimum alkalinity value for the formation of lacustrine microbialites. Moreover, we observe a positive correlation between the alkalinity and the sodium content of the lakes. This may relate to variations in evaporation intensity and/or various degrees of weathering of the surrounding silicates. The study of Mg-silicates revealed that this phase is similar to kerolite, a poorly crystalline hydrated talc phase, and has a strong potential for the fossilization of microorganisms and organic matter. These silicates are sometimes associated with iron, the origin of which remains uncertain in these alkaline and oxidized environments. By the mineralogical study of several microbialites, we found several phases bearing iron: layered double hydroxides (hydrotalcites), Mg-silicates, oxy(hydroxi)des and sulfides. We propose more specifically that hydrotalcite could be the by-product of basalts weathering by groundwater. We propose more generally that hydrotalcite could be a precursor phase of Mg-silicates abundantly observed in modern microbialites
Zeyen, Nina. "Etude de microbialites lacustres actuels du Mexique : traçage de l’activité biologique et des conditions environnementales de formation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066710.pdf.
Full textThe processes leading to the formation of microbialites, which are organo-sedimentary rocks, are not well understood. The main goal of this thesis is to better understand the environmental conditions allowing the development of modern microbialites. Here we performed geochemical analyses of water solutions and mineralogical analyses of microbialites in 10 Mexican volcanic lakes. We found a large diversity of microbialites in terms of mineralogical composition, with occurrence of diverse carbonate phases as well as the frequent presence of authigenic magnesium silicate phases. From this study, we infer a minimum alkalinity value for the formation of lacustrine microbialites. Moreover, we observe a positive correlation between the alkalinity and the sodium content of the lakes. This may relate to variations in evaporation intensity and/or various degrees of weathering of the surrounding silicates. The study of Mg-silicates revealed that this phase is similar to kerolite, a poorly crystalline hydrated talc phase, and has a strong potential for the fossilization of microorganisms and organic matter. These silicates are sometimes associated with iron, the origin of which remains uncertain in these alkaline and oxidized environments. By the mineralogical study of several microbialites, we found several phases bearing iron: layered double hydroxides (hydrotalcites), Mg-silicates, oxy(hydroxi)des and sulfides. We propose more specifically that hydrotalcite could be the by-product of basalts weathering by groundwater. We propose more generally that hydrotalcite could be a precursor phase of Mg-silicates abundantly observed in modern microbialites
Hénault, Richard Julien. "Influence des perturbations anthropiques, des conditions environnementales et des traits individuels sur l'utilisation de l'espace d'un ongulé alpin." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25310.
Full textSpace use studies allow a better understanding of the spatial distribution of individuals and how they interact among themselves and with their environment. We studied space use of mountain goats in relation to three main factors: anthropogenic disturbances, environmental conditions, and the reproductive period. During a project on the potential impacts of the development of a ski station, we showed that mountain goats spatially avoided anthropogenic disturbances linked to recreational activities. Regarding the influence of environmental conditions, our results revealed that recently fallen snow limits mountain goat space use substantially more than cumulative snow depth. Finally, during the reproductive period, males increased movements but age and mass did not affect space use. Our results underline how space use studies can inform wildlife conservation.
Georges, Jean-Yves. "Stratégies maternelles de l'otarie à fourrure de l'île Amsterdam, Arctocephalus tropicalis : relations avec les conditions environnementales." La Rochelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LAROS041.
Full textSanhueza, Daniel. "Effets des conditions environnementales sur la croissance et l'expression génique de Mycobacterium ulcerans, agent causatif de l'ulcère de Buruli." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT054.
Full textMycobacterium ulcerans (MU), the causative agent of Buruli ulcer (BU), an emerging human infectious disease, is associated with tropical aquatic environments, particularly those modified by human activities. The ecology of this mycobacterium is still poorly understood, and questions remain about its transmission cycle within ecosystems and from nature to humans. Nowadays the research orientation is to show the existence of a multitude of host taxa carrying the bacillus in both aquatic and riparian ecosystems. Thus, it is likely to think that one or a few common factors might contribute and explain the presence and development of this bacillus across distinct localities and regions.In this context, we have developed experimental approaches in the laboratory to analyze the effects of several environmental parameters, selected as being important in the definition of the MU ecological niche and in its growth and persistence in natural ecosystems. Considering ranges of values encountered in endemic and non-endemic regions where BU occurs, we first tested the effect on MU growth of two polysaccharides widely present in nature (chitin and starch) and five chemical components (iron, calcium, zinc, phosphate and sulfate) representing essential nutrients for bacteria. Our work shows that chitin increases significantly the growth of MU. Conversely, the presence of starch does not favor its development with time. Calcium is the only chemical element contributing to increase MU cell number over time, but this effect remains very marginal. The lack of effect exerted by iron, zinc, sulfate and phosphate on the in vitro growth of MU suggests that values used in our experiments correspond to the limit values to explain the geographical distribution of MU in tropical aquatic ecosystems.Secondly, given the few existing information about the role of pH on the presence and development of MU in natural settings, we have reproduced in the lab some environments to study the growth of MU depending on different pH values encountered in regions of Cameroon and French Guiana where the mycobacterium can be present or absent. Our results show that pH has a significant effect on MU growth with a greater effect at pH values close to 6.0. In addition, there is a strong interaction between pH and chitin as to the same pH bacterial growth is 10 times greater in the presence of medium with chitin. These results also suggest that pH too acidic, lower than 5.0 are unfavorable for MU growth.Finally, we looked at gene expression of different MU cultures from different experimental frameworks. Here, and by making use of a new RNA sequencing approach, we studied the genetic expression of MU in differents environments. We are especially interested in the expression of genes implicated in the metabolic pathways of mycolactone production, the peptide toxin responsible of ulcerations in human. Specific environmental contexts could lead to an over-expression of these genes by MU populations, thus pinpointing the fact that MU ecology and epidemiology could be (micro-) context-dependent having some pathological and clinical implications. Taken together, our results participate in a research allowing to better understand the key parameters of the ecological niche of MU, and beyond helping to identify the aquatic ecosystems favorable or not to the maintenance and development of this mycobacterium responsible for Buruli ulcer
Théoret-Gosselin, Rachel. "Effets des soins maternels, du développement moteur et des conditions environnementales sur la survie des jeunes chèvres de montagne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29391/29391.pdf.
Full textGritsaenko, Tatiana. "Modifications de la matrice extracellulaire osseuse dans des conditions pathologiques ou environnementales : caractérisation et conséquences sur les cellules osseuses." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2019AZUR6034.
Full textBone tissue undergoes constant remodeling during which osteocytes, cells acting as mechanosensors, coordinate the function of osteoclasts (OCL), resorbing old and damaged bone, and of osteoblasts (OB), synthesizing new mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition to serving as a support for mineral deposits, the protein network of bone ECM is involved in regulating the behavior of bone cells by modulating their proliferation, differentiation and/or function. The aim of my thesis project was to study bone matrix alterations induced by various pathological or environmental conditions and to explore their consequences on bone cell behavior and/or on bone health.In the first part of my project, RECQL4 deficient mice were used as a model of bone pathology. In humans, bi allelic mutations in the RECQL4 gene, a DNA helicase, are responsible for type II Rothmund Thomson syndrome (RTS II), a rare progeroid disorder associated with a range of skeletal anomalies, including premature bone loss. We first characterized the bone phenotype of Recql4 / mice. We found that bone loss associated with normal aging is accelerated and more pronounced in Recql4 / animals. Next, we performed ex vivo experiments using primary bone cells (OCL and OB) from elderly mice. ECM produced by Recql4 / OB tends to be less mineralized and is significantly stiffer compared to control ECM, suggesting osteoblast dysfunction. Stiffening of ECM is a general feature of aging tissue and is believed to promote bone resorption. This is consistent with our histological data, which show increase in bone surface covered by the OCL in Recql4 / mice compared to control. Proteomic analysis of ECM enriched extracts derived from Recql4 / and Recql4+/ primary OB identified 204 differentially expressed proteins, supporting the hypothesis that Recql4 / OB synthesize a modified bone matrix. Among these proteins, we focused in particular on those important for matrix organization as well as for cell matrix communication. Additional studies are now necessary to explore their possible implication in the accelerated bone loss seen in RECQL4 deficient mice and to examine the behavior of bone cells on Recql4 / bone ECM.A second part of my thesis work was aimed at evaluating the effect of natural uranium trapped in the bone matrix on bone cells. Uranium (U) is a naturally occurring heavy metal widespread in the environment. While its radioactive activity is low, uranium exhibits a strong chemical toxicity. The bone matrix is the main site of U long term retention. In vivo and epidemiological studies have shown that natural U impairs bone metabolism. However, the mechanism of its action and its effects on bone cells, in particular on osteoclasts, remain largely unexplored. We examined for the first time in vitro the effects of natural U on osteoclasts. We first showed that the presence of U in the culture medium stimulates or inhibits osteoclastic function, depending on the U concentrations used. We then examined the effect of U immobilized in bone like matrices on OCL. For this purpose, we developed two model systems: a bone synthetic biomimetic surface onto which U has been adsorbed and “biological” matrices synthetized by OB cultured in the presence of U. By using these models, we demonstrated for the first time that embedded U can be remobilized from the matrix through osteoclastic resorption. Moreover, our data suggest that U released by resorption could stimulate osteoclastogenesis. In conclusion, my work led to the characterization of a new mouse model of premature bone aging, and provided the first evidence of the effect of uranium on osteoclast behavior. In doing so, this work illustrates the importance of bone matrix alterations on bone cell function. In addition, the development of three dimensional bone cell culture systems that mimic normal or defective bone microenvironments will be useful in identifying new mechanisms essential to bone health
Besnault, Catherine. "Influence de la simulation in vitro des conditions environnementales intra-orales sur l'adhésion des restaurations esthétiques, directes et indirectes." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077023.
Full textHagin, Vincent. "Influence des conditions environnementales sur les perceptions d'effort, de fatigue et d'anxiété : observations en navigation extrême ou en laboratoire." Thesis, Besançon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BESA1034.
Full textThe problem of performance in extreme sailing navigation has been very little studied using rigorous scientific methods consistently and at an angle of view in global environmental conditions. Our work sought to evaluate human behavior in ecological conditions with environmentalist and transactional approach. The main objective of this thesis was to understand what the impact of environmental factors such as wind strength and the amount of sleep as well as cognitive stimulation using a video self-modeling on perception of anxiety, fatigue and exercise tolerance in maximal aerobic speed. The results of the first study, ecological condition, where the influence of wind and sleep deprivation were modeled using the tool transfers functions, has to understand that the sailor makes a time- dependent regulation of its commitment and efforts and hardships such as that of sleep. This regulation is related to the perception of anxiety and intensity of perceived fatigue and is influenced by environmental factors such as wind or sleep deprivation. This study also showed that there is a relationship between the duration of the engagement, as measured by the number of days at sea, and the amount of sleep needed, allowing withstand environmental conditions. A second study in extreme conditions, this time with a crew of two people using the same protocol confirmed that the amount of sleep was the best activator can act on anxiety and allow its better regulation. A third study, we showed that the tolerance to stress, as measured by perceived exertion, was not exclusively coupled to a physiological response but also cognitive factors. The main result of this pilot study was to show that the use of video feedback as cognitive stimulation significantly reduces the perception of effort from 50 % of the duration of the event. Contrary to what might be expected, no effect was observed on heart rate. All of these results suggest the importance of the interaction environment - individual in extreme environments, and in a test conducted to the limits of exhaustion. These results open interesting perspectives in the fields of sports training and rehabilitation
Rouquet, Géraldine. "Etude du rôle de l'opéron métabolique frz dans la virulence d'escherichia coli et dans son adaptation aux conditions environnementales." Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR4008.
Full textThe metabolic frz operon codes for three subunits of a PTS transporter of the fructose sub-family, for a transcriptional activator of PTS systems of the MgA family (FrzR), for two type II ketose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases, for a sugar specific kinase (ROK family) and for a protein of the cupin superfamily. It is highly associated with Extra-intestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. We proved that frz promotes bacterial fitness under stressful conditions, (such as oxygen restriction, late stationary phase of growth or growth in serum or in the intestinal tract). Furthermore, we showed that frz is involved in adherence to and internalization of E. coli in several eukaryotic cells by regulating the expression of type 1 fimbriae. The FrzR activator is involved in these phenotypes. Microarrays, experiments allowed the identification of several genes under the dependence of the frz system. Our data suggest that frz codes for a sensor of the environment allowing E. coli to adapt to a fluctuating environment by regulating some virulence and host adaptation genes. A regulation model is presented
Boisclair, Louis. "La poursuite du processus d'intégration des Plateaux centraux au Vietnam : des transformations démographiques et environnementales majeures, 1990-2010." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/29893/29893.pdf.
Full textFor the last sixty years, Vietnam’s Central Highlands have experienced major demographic and environmental transformation induced by a massive influx of Viet migrants. They have incarnated the agricultural colonization process and extended the Viet distribution, inducing a massive deforestation and a loss of power for the Natives. This formerly isolated region is now closer to Hanoi and the rest of the world and is being integrated to their economic systems. This integration process comes with a new system of values for the Viet and Native inhabitants in this region. Understanding the mechanisms of the integration of those populations to the national and international systems is the contribution of this study. Results of the analysis of interviews conducted with smallholders in a rural district of Lam Dong province will be presented as well as land use data which demonstrates the scope of the transformations induced by the recent agricultural development.
Abdallah, Marwan. "Étude et caractérisation de l'effet antibactérien de désinfectants sur les biofilms de Pseudomonas aeruginosa et de Staphylococcus aureus." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10010.
Full textThe biofilm formation in food and medical sectors represents a significant source of infections worldwide such as the foodborne and nosocomial ones. To prevent infections, the the first part of this PhD thesis has dealt with the effect of growth temperature of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, cells on the theoretical prediction of bacterial adhesion to stainless steel and polycarbonate. The results showed that the bacterial background influenced the surface properties of bacterial cells and therefore the bacterial adhesion to the two selected surfaces. However, the mathematical theories seem to be inadequate to predict the bacterial adhesion to abiotic surfaces. Thereafter, a static biofilm reactor was established. This system has served to study the effect of the growth temperature, surface type and incubation time on the biofilm resistance to disinfectants. In order to understand the mechanisms of biofilm resistance to disinfectants, the investigations were carried out at a microscopic and macroscopic level. In fact, the three-dimensional structure of biofilms was investigated under the conditions selected for this study. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative studies of the biofilm matrix were also realized. In addition, the membrane fluidity of sessile cells was investigated through the study of membrane fatty acid profiles. The results showed that the biofilm resistance is a complex phenomenon and depends on several parameters. The results also showed that the biofilm matrix cannot always explain the biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. In fact, other factors related the physiological states of sessile bacteria are involved in this resistance
Perier, Virginie. "Etude de l'influence des conditions environnementales sur le comportement en fretting, fatigue et fretting-fatigue des câbles du génie civil." Phd thesis, ECOLE CENTRALE DE LYON, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00969179.
Full textDI, MEGLIO NATHALIE. "Distribution comparee des cetaces et des oiseaux marins de mediterranee nord-occidentale en periode estivale. Relation avec les conditions environnementales." Paris, EPHE, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EPHE3048.
Full textTauveron, Grégoire. "Propriétés de surface des spores de Bacillus cereus et capacité de contamination des équipements agro-industriels : influence des conditions environnementales." Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1650.
Full textBacillus cereus, responsible for food toxi-infections, frequently contaminates heated-processed foods. Indeed, beyond its resistance to heat and chemical treatment, the B. Cereus spore possesses a strong capacity to adhere to inert materials such as steel and therefore may be considered as a major food contamination risk. Mastery of equipment hygiene requires a deeper knowledge of factors which influence B. Cereus spores' adhesion capacity and their resistance to cleaning techniques. The adhesion of micro-organisms is linked to their surface properties, which may vary according to the environmental conditions they encounter. Ln the course of this study, we reveal a wide variability in surface properties (morphology, hydrophobia, surface protein content) from one spore strain to another. These differences are associated with a significant variability in each strain's capacity to adhere to steel and in its resistance to cleaning-in-place (CIP). Close examination of these data has shown that the longer their appendages, the stronger the spores' adhesion, whereas resistance to cleaning-in-place is inversely proportional to the size of the exosporia. The use of mutants (from B. Cereus and B. Anthracis) allowed us to show that brush-like exosporial filaments (made up of BclA) inhibit resistance to cleaning. An absence of the ExsY protein stops the exosporium from developing and leads to a consequent decrease in adhesion and an increase in resistance to cleaning. Thus, surface contamination risk is higher for strains with long appendages and small exosporia. Furthermore, spores' surface properties are affected by the conditions encountered by the bacteria. We have studied the influence of conditions likely to be encountered by spores in the agro-food industry. Sporulation at high temperature and sporulation in a liquid environment respectively affect the exosporium's size and integrity and result in lesser adhesion. Ln addition, the application of hydrodynamic conditions close to those encountered in the agro-food industry, induces greater or lesser damage to the exosporia according to the conditions in which they sporulated. This damage leads to a decrease in spore adhesion coupled with an increase in their resistance to eleaning. These behavioural differences must therefore be taken into account in analytical procedures applied in the determination of risk associated with the presence of B. Cereus
Laparie, Mathieu. "Succès invasif de deux insectes introduits aux îles Kerguelen : le rôle des ajustements morphologiques et écophysiologiques aux nouvelles conditions environnementales." Phd thesis, Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S125.
Full textThe success of invasive species depends on the adequacy between their life history traits and the environmental characteristics (biotic and abiotic) of their new habitats. The invasive success may then rely on pre-adaptation, be triggered by the release of some selection pressures, perturbations, or quick responses of the organism to the new selection pressures. Phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary processes are then prime components in biological invasions, so that invasive species can be considered as key models for monitoring ecological and evolutionary processes in real time. We thus investigated morphological and ecophysiological responses produced in time and space during the invasion of the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands by the predatory ground beetle Merizodus soledadinus and the saprophagous blowfly Calliphora vicina, which possess contrasted life strategies. We show morphological differentiation among populations of M. soledadinus depending on their residence time, as well as rapid changes of the C. Vicina's wing morphology in these islands where flightlessness is the rule. The invasion of M. soledadinus was studied with special emphasis on the role played by phenotypic plasticity in colonizing habitats that differ from native ones (physiological plasticity to salinity) and maintaining durable populations despite the negative feedback of this predator on the availability of its own prey (trophic plasticity). As they spread and encounter novel selection regimes, these adjustments at different timescales are of paramount importance in the invasive success of both these insect species
Laparie, Mathieu. "Succès invasif de deux insectes introduits aux Îles Kerguelen : le rôle des ajustements morphologiques et écophysiologiques aux nouvelles conditions environnementales." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00670533.
Full textAmmar, Ahmed. "Simulation numérique du comportement et de l'endommagement d'un matériau composite à fibres courtes : application au PA6/GF30 sous conditions environnementales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AMIE0080.
Full textThis thesis work aims at developing a powerful numerical tool based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to simulate the hygro-thermo-mechanical behaviour of a short glass fibre composite material. The proposed discrete modelling is performed in the case of a Polyamide 6 composite material reinforced with 30% of glass fibres (PA6/GF30). First of all, mechanical properties as well as damage mechanisms of PA6/GF30 are evaluated using experimental campaign. Then, a 3D Discrete Element (DE) model based on an original methodology is developed and validated by comparison with micromechanical approaches and experimental results in terms of elastic behaviour of PA6/GF30. Furthermore, the developed discrete model is exploited to simulate delamination process on mode I, II and mixed mode using a 3D cohesive zone model with a bilinear tractionseparation law. The fibre/matrix interfacial decohesion under mechanical stress,respectively in the case of a single-fibre and multi-fibre composite is also studied. Given the hydrophilic nature of PA6, the introduction of the decohesion model is interesting in order to take into account the interfacial damage due to water absorption at the fibre/matrix interface in the presence of moisture. Therefore, hygro-thermo-mechanical parameters are integrated into the discrete model in order to take into account the hygroscopic swelling and the damage of PA6/GF30 material under a wide range of environmental conditions. Comparisons with the Finite Element Method (FEM) have been established to check out the validity of the proposed DE model
Hinnewinkel, Christelle. "La montagne convoitée : contribution à l'étude des dynamiques environnementales et sociales dans les Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu, Inde)." Bordeaux 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR30044.
Full textThe land use of the Nilgiri Plateau in South of India has been totally changed since last century. When population wasn't large, the communities shared the land according to their activities : only the lands near the villages were cultivated. The others were grassland for buffaloes or under forest. Since the coloniale time, the area development (english vegetable and tea plantations) has caused immigration from the plain. At the same time, reservoirs were built in order to stock water for the agriculture in plain. The development schemes try to match up the area development with the need to preserve water ressources
Villain, Maud. "Bioréacteur à membranes pour le traitement d'eaux usées domestiques : influence des conditions environnementales et opératoires sur l'activité des biomasses et le transfert de matière." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4330/document.
Full textFor several years, membrane bioreactor for urban wastewater treatment has been booming. Nevertheless some issues still slow down its expansion. This work tries to answer some of the brakes to its progression. First one concerns the choice of the suitable sludge adge which guarantee maximal removal rates of ammonium and organic matter, by an active biomasse where fouling is limited and slude production low. 50 days is fulling all the criteria. An other concern is about the lack of data allowing extrapolation from laboratory to wastewater treatment plant. One key step is to detremine the impact of influent nature (synthetic or real) on process results and fouling. Use of recent fluorescence method allows determining the implication of proteins and humic substances-like from soluble extra polymeric substances on fouling
Debrie, Juliette. "Traçage des conditions environnementales et de l'activité microbienne dans des stromatolites formés en contexte évaporitique : stromatolites actuels de Sardaigne et stromatolites du Messinien (6Ma)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS454.pdf.
Full textStromatolites are laminated organo-sedimentary structures formed by microbial activity. Documented for more than 3.5 billion years, they are among the oldest known traces of life on Earth and they provide precious information on paleobiodiversity and paleoenvironments. Modern marine and lacustrine stromatolites are well-studied and they often use as references for the interpretation of ancient stromatolites. However, little is known about coastal and lagoonal stromatolites whereas they can record significant chemical, biological and mineralogical features. Yet, some ancient stromatolites, such as the Messinian ones (~6 Ma), abundantly present throughout the Mediterranean basin, are considered to have been formed in a coastal and/or lagoon environment subject to salinity variations. The main objective of this thesis is to understand how the formation environment (including abiotic and biotic factors) is recorded in modern sardinian stromatolites, formed in coastal ponds subjected to strong salinity variations. These stromatolites are mainly composed of magnesian calcite. A multi-scale correlative approach revealed a diversity of mineralogical phases including various carbonates, authigenic clays, sulfate phases, and some detritism. We observed variations and specific distribution of Mg/Ca and Mn/Fe ratios in the calcites. Calcites with the highest Mg enrichment and Mn/Fe ratio were systematically distributed around the microbial remains. We assumed that microbial activity had a major control on Mg substitution in calcite and that the dynamic of microbial populations, was influenced by the salinity variations. Similarly, Mn/Fe variations in calcite were interpreted as indicators of local oxic/anoxic variations in the biofilms. Thanks to the geochemical monitoring of lagoon waters, we proposed that, on a large scale, the mineralogical distribution was related to salinity variations induced by evaporation in lagoons. Meanwhile, the evaluation of the spatial distribution of visible fluorescence signals showed the exceptional preservation of chlorophyll/phycocyanin pigments in Sardinian samples. It also revealed the potential preservation of degraded photosynthetic pigments related to microbial activity in Sardinian and Messinian samples
Casamajor, Marie-Noëlle de. "Comportement migratoire de la civelle d'anguille (Anguilla anguilla L. ) dans l'estuaire de l'Adour en fonction de la variabilité des conditions environnementales." Pau, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PAUU3017.
Full textCharouli, Angeliki. "Les considérations sociales et environnementales dans la passation des marchés publics." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010257.
Full textAs a fundamental driving force of public economy, public procurement has traditionally been an area of diverse and often competing interests. Such contradictory interests are the efficiency of budgetary management and transparency in public life within national legal systems, free competition and open access of financial stakeholders in award procedures within the European regulatory framework. At the same time, the instrumentalisation of public procurement in order to serve political goals not directly linked to it has triggered considerable debate. The attempt of conciliation of social and environmental considerations with the financial requirements of public procurement law aims at enhancing this legal and financial instrument. The role and the legal means for the integration of social and environmental considerations in public procurement, which serve general interest purposes and overriding European law objectives, have not yet been clarified. The regulatory interventions of the Member States, on the one hand, and the harmonization attempts of the European Union, on the other, create a constantly changing political climate. In that context, the role of social and environmental policies is redefined both within the framework of primary objectives of public procurement law, as well as outside this regulatory framework which is used as a policy tool in this context
Van, De Walle Joanie. "De la naissance au sevrage : influence des conditions environnementales et des caractéristiques individuelles chez le phoque commun (Phoca vitulina) du St-Laurent." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29843/29843.pdf.
Full textIn mammals, birth date and maternal care can affect offspring survival probabilities. This project aimed to assess the impact of environmental (e.g. climate, oceanography and food availability) and individual (e.g. offspring sex) factors on birth phenology, pre-weaning growth and milk intake in the St. Lawrence harbour seal. A meta-analysis on 7 cohorts revealed a positive impact of water temperature during winter on birth dates and a positive correlation between rearing success and herring abundance. This study revealed different patterns of space utilisation for nursing and biased maternal cares towards males that we explain by their greater energy expenditure and solicitation compared to females. This study shows the harbour seal sensitivity to environmental change and the importance of behavioural considerations when assessing the energy budget of pups during lactation.
Vigroux, Martin. "Influence de la microstructure et de la minéralogie sur l'endommagement mécanique des pierres du patrimoine bâti sous l'effet de conditions environnementales sévères." Thesis, CY Cergy Paris Université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CYUN1081.
Full textThis study focuses on the alteration of natural building stones used in historical monuments when exposed to extreme environmental conditions. The two severe thermal loads addressed during this thesis correspond to high temperatures (fire) and freeze-thaw cycles.The first part of this work concerns the study of the high temperature behaviour of various natural stones, used as building materials in the built heritage. Firstly, experimental measurements under high temperature allowed the identification of physico-chemical phenomena occurring during heating and cooling. Thus, the influence of mineralogy on the thermo-chemical stability of limestones and sandstone has been discussed. In addition, thermal deformation measurements up to 1050 °C have highlighted the role of certain petrophysical parameters on the mechanical behaviour of these stones at high temperatures. The evolution of thermal properties during heating has been determined. In addition, the evolution of residual properties (compressive strength, tensile strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, total porosity, water capillary coefficient) of these stones after heating-cooling cycles up to 800 °C was experimentally determined. Microscopic observations, coupled with mercury porosimetry analyses, allowed the assessment of the porous network modification. The results of this study, obtained using different experimental methods, contribute to the diagnosis of stone-heritage structures that have suffered a fire. On the one hand, the consequences of the post-fire structural capacity have been established and, on the other hand, the consequences on its durability facing various environmental attacks have been analyzed.The second part deals with previous work already initiated by [Walbert, 2015] on the durability of limestones subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Two stones have been integrated in order to extend the range of intrinsic properties and therefore study their influence on the weathering kinetics. A multi-scale methodology of observation and characterization of stone degradation is used to study the relative influence of mineralogical composition, microstructure and physico-mechanical properties on stone durability and damage kinetics. In order to generalize the results to all stones, the development of a predictive analytical model was particularly interesting. In this perspective, a model involving the initial intrinsic properties has been developed, and allows to estimate the kinetics and amplitude of alteration of building stones that have undergone freeze-thaw cycles. In addition, an experimental simulation of a masonry wall thickness, loaded unifacially with freeze-thaw cycles was conducted. The results obtained highlight the evolution of the temperature profile within the wall and provide a concrete understanding of the physical phenomena occurring in the stones of historical monuments facing weathering issues related to frost action
GENOUD, GOURICHON CATHERINE. "Effets de différentes conditions environnementales sur l'enracinement et le fonctionnement photosynthétique du rosier "Madame Delbard" var. Deladel issu de la culture in vitro." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CLF21821.
Full textRey, Hervé. "Utilisation de la modélisation 3D pour l'analyse et la simulation du développement et de la croissance végétative d'une plante de tournesol en conditions environnementales fluctuantes (température et rayonnement)." Montpellier, ENSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0023.
Full textIn order to analyze and to model effect of tempe rature and light on leaf area expansion of sunflower plants, numerical 3D plants are constructed using AMAPsim software. These plants are used to estimate evolution of radiative balance of the culture (MlR-MUSC-RADBAL) in several experimental conditions. Plant architecture edification and evolution of radiation absorption (which cannat be experimentally observed) are analyzed at organ, plant and stand levels. Absorbed radiation by plant is used to model variability of leaf expansion rates and development durations and to simulate leaf expansion in changing tempe rature and light conditions. This model demonstrates the importance of coordination phenomena between reduction in expansion rates and lengthening in expansion durations for low incident radiation