Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Conditions sociales – Afrique subsaharienne – 20e siècle'
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Diarra, Setou Mamadou. "Three essays in the microeconomics of development." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27508.
Full textIn this thesis, I investigate factors that undermine children’s life chances in developing countries, with a particular focus on sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries . Three essays comprise this thesis. The first two (Chapters 1 and 2) focus on the life chances of adolescent girls in relation to the issue of child marriage, while the third essay (Chapter 3) focuses on child poverty, in relation to the issue of concordance/discordance between monetary and multidimensional measures of this phenomenon. Child marriage is found in almost all regions of the world, but SSA gets the brunt of it, as it is home to 8 of the 10 countries worldwide reporting the highest prevalence rates of this phenomenon. In 2010, 34% (about 67 million) of young women aged 20-24 globally were married before their eighteenth birthday and about 12% were married by age 15. The United Nation Population Fund (UNFPA) estimates that if present trends continue, 142 million girls will be married before age 18 in the next decade (UNFPA, 2012). Child marriage has been shown to hamper developing countries girls’ life chances both directly and indirectly (UNFPA, 2012). Where it exists as a mass phenomenon, it reflects gendered norms that shape adolescent girls’ lives through constrained choices and capabilities relative to boys, including a higher care work burden for girls, restricted access to education, limited mobility; limited authority in the family for wives ( particularly over sexuality and fertility decisions). Combating child marriage in SSA and elsewhere may thus yield significant positive spillovers for the achievement of the 2030 United Nation’s Agenda for Sustainable Development. The existing child marriage literature highlights the joint role played by supply-side factors — i.e., why parents marry off their underage daughters— and demand-side factors— i.e., why men enter into marital relationships with underage girls— in driving the prevalence rates of child marriage in the developing world. To turn this empirical finding into effective policy action, however, a quantitative assessment of the relative strength of both demandside and supply-side factors in explaining these high prevalence rates is of paramount importance. The first essay of my thesis aims to fill this knowledge gap by measuring the quantitative importance of the intrinsic value Niger’s men attach to having child brides. The second essay follows up on the first, by developing a demand-side model of child marriage with empirical application to Nigeria, to explain why a large proportion of men in developing countries marry underage girls. The third essay explores both theoretically and empirically the causes of the observed mismatch between monetary and multidimensional child poverty. Like the first two essays, it is empirically grounded in the experiences of SSA countries, with a practical application to Tanzania. This essay theoretically links child outcomes, such as nutritional status and schooling achievements to parental and household characteristics including household income and parental education. The model used to formalize this link predicts that parental education influences the level of the mismatch between monetary and multidimensional child poverty. Empirical evidence drawn from Tanzania NPS data is consistent with this prediction. In particular, results show that parental education is a negative predictor of the probability that a monetarily non-poor child suffers some basic deprivations, and a positive predictor of the likelihood that a monetarily poor child suffers no basic deprivations. Overall, these three essays contribute to advancing our knowledge of factors that constraint children’s life chances in SSA. In particular, my thesis suggests that policy interventions that ignores the extent and causes of local resistance to the implementation of child marriage prevention programs may face uncertain results (Essay 1 and Essay 2). It also highlights another channel through which parental education can play an important role in the improvement of children’s life chances in developing countries (Essay 3).
Olowolagba, Claude Agnila. "L'impasse du développement économique en Afrique de l'ouest." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010034.
Full textAfter various and fruitless efforts of development based on economic growth, west africa next issue is henceforth between neglected traditional entreprises and other hardly inaccessible consumerism. Contrary to assumed facts, its failure does not lie wholly on colonisation, on open market, the dictatorial political regimes etc. On this, the example of asiatic countries that were faced with similar problems have today economic performances well pronounced. If Africa is in crises, its is because his social system is still indexed on solidarity (family extension) which is by far the opposite of economic rationality followed by the western world, the system he imitates and critizes at the same time, economic and social problems are dual in nature and to get out of its present situation, the black continent must find a juste equilibrum between these two values
Wetshay, Ikonga. "Crise sociale et valeurs africaines : pour un apport de l'oeuvre de Paul Tillich à la théologie africaine de reconstruction sociale." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0004/NQ43127.pdf.
Full textHousseini, Bouba. "Essays on demographic changes, health and economic development." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30745/30745.pdf.
Full textIn a context of demographic changes, my PhD thesis aims to clarify two main questions: i)how the progress of nations can be evaluated when populations differ in size, longevity and income distribution? and ii)what are the effects of fertility and mortality on economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)? The first part (chapters 1 and 2) elucidates how changes in population size, longevity and income distribution can be socially evaluated while the second part (chapter 3) provides a public policy framework and insights on how the demographic dividend can be captured in the Sub-Saharan Africa context. I adopt two different approaches to analyse these questions. The first part uses a welfarist method that develops and applies (to SSA) intertemporal social evaluation functions and criteria suitable to variable populations. The second part uses an econometric approach that develops and estimates a simultaneous equations model of the determinants of mortality, fertility and economic performance using country-level panel data from SSA. Chapter 1 explores the use of axiomatic and welfarist principles to assess social welfare in an intertemporal framework. It attempts to overcome some of the limits of existing methods in the literature, in particular by avoiding a temporal repugnant conclusion, by neither penalizing nor favoring life fragmentation, and by satisfying critical-level temporal consistency. It does this by characterizing a critical-level lifetime utility function that values life periodically. To address some of the controversies in discounting utilities across time, two alternative versions of the function are developed, one with discounting and one without. Chapter 2 focusses on how the progress of nations can be evaluated when populations differ in size, longevity and income distributions. The framework is applied to the (particular) demographic context of SSA. The findings indicate that the contribution of population size to social welfare depends on ethical considerations regarding the choice of a critical level above which a life is considered to be worth living (or social welfare improving). Length of life does not have a significant effect on social welfare prior to the demographic transition. SSA’s demographic explosion over the last century has worsened social welfare for critical-level values greater than $180 per year, i.e. roughly half the well-known dollar-a-day poverty line. This supports the often heard view that slowing down demographic growth in SSA may not only increase average living standards but may also raise overall social welfare. Chapter 3 develops and estimates an econometric model of the joint determinants of fertility, mortality and economic performance in SSA in order to identify public policy actions to accelerate the demographic transition in the region and consequently to achieve its corollary demographic dividend. The analysis builds on a simultaneous equations econometric model using multi-country panel data for the period 1960 - 2010. To deal with endogeneity, we use the instrumental variable approach, exploiting different sources of exogenous variations of per capita income, fertility and mortality. The results show that each additional year of life expectancy at birth implies a growth of per capita income of 13.1%. Also, a doubling of per capita income leads to a rise in longevity of 6.3 years. However the relationships between fertility and both per capita income and life expectancy at birth appear to be ambiguous probably due to the dependency of SSA economies on natural resources and international trade. Our findings point to the necessity of fostering the structural transformation of SSA economies in order to accelerate the demographic transition in the region and to capture the demographic dividend.
Sène, Jean-Jacques Ngor. "Mythe et rituel dans la production théâtrale de Wole Soyinka ou La matrice d'une conscience sociale toujours en éveil." Rennes 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN20042.
Full textThe @word myth conveys something mysterious and sacred and ritual can be defined as the re-enactment of religious events whose originals are lost in the gloom of time. A committed writer is fully aware of the lyrical power of his art, which is by its very nature a mediium for change. Theater properly responds to the changing pattern of events and to the dynamics of any situation and Wole Soyinka's drama can be seen as the womb of a never-fading social consciousness. The Nigerian dramatist advocates objectivity in literature, the displaying of the other side-the evil side- which, alas, often overtakes human beings. He is deeply rooted in the cosmogony and aesthetics of his people, the Yoruba and also a true disciple of Ogun, the first deity to dare the gulf of transition between the realm of gods and humanity. Soyinka's drama not only aims at the comprehensive world of myth, repetitive history and mores but it also suggests some ways of conquering the effective power of the individual in the actual tragic context of modern Africa social issues. The African artist's mythopoesis calls us to immerse thoroughly within the whirpool of cosmic forces, understand their nature, rescue the combative nature of the will and emerge wiser
Nguedam, Deumeni Sylvie. "Du discours à la pratique des droits de la personne : pour une analyse sociologique de l'individualisme en Afrique subsaharienne : le cas du Cameroun." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25710.
Full textThis thesis analyzes, through the case of Cameroon, the transformations of the social link in sub-Saharan Africa, in a context where the juridico-normative modernity embodied by the universalism of human rights is transforming the social space so as to leave more room to individual choices by loosening community constraints. It is based on a qualitative research with fieldwork carried out in the city of Douala in Cameroon during which thirty life stories of men and women of twenty five years and above were collected. The analysis of the contents of these biographies reveals the complexity of the reconfiguration of the lifestyles whereby, with the advent of human rights discourses, individuals fashion original forms of individualization. These are very different from the loose autonomy that the ideology of human rights confers to the abstract notion of individual and to concepts of rationality and individualism whose universal relevance as categories of thought are taken for granted. This thesis shows how, in sub-Saharan African societies, the consciousness of human rights involving self-consciousness challenges community rules and ascribed identities. However, this does not implies the rejection of the communitarian framework, but rather the evolvement of an individual who manages to forge a place as a subject of rights within a hierarchical and constraining communitarian system. The consciousness of human rights infers a process of individualization in which the individual longing for his/her rights and for a chosen identity constantly navigates between allegiance to community rules and self-fulfillment. It is an individual who asserts himself and assumes more and more responsibility for his/her choices, but at the same time take responsibility for the future communal relationships which are essential to his/her life; because these relationships bring him/her material support, recognition and social integration. Individualization is negotiated without breaking down the dialectics between individual and society, between tradition and modernity, between the subject of the law and community subject in an environment subjected to the dynamics of a singular modernity.
Audette-Chapdelaine, Sophie. "Un tremplin, mais pas nécessairement vers l'Europe : (in)visibilité de personnes originaires d’Afrique subsaharienne au Maroc." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23918.
Full textDiabone, Clédor. "Pratiques et modes de résolution des conflits chez les immigrants subsahariens établis à Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28298.
Full textThe focus of this research study are the interpersonal methods of family conflict management in sub-Saharan immigrant families living in Quebec. It looks at how sub-Saharan African immigrants deal with family conflicts and examines the justifications for the choices that they make in the process. The goal is to gain knowledge of the conflict management practices and methods used by sub-Saharan immigrants living in the Quebec region. For this purpose, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of ten participants (n=10) including three women, one young woman, four men, and two young men. The results obtained indicate that sub-Saharans tend to prioritize ways of dealing with family conflicts that are used in their countries of origin. In matters of family conflict, they refer to four levels of resolution involving the immediate family, the extended family, community leaders, and, only as a last resort, government services. The choice of these management methods seems to show that sub-Saharans apply within a Western cultural context the traditional methods of conflict resolution that are practiced in their countries of origin. This can be damaging to family dynamics because it may generate cultural conflict in addition to the existing family dissensions. Keywords: immigration – sub – saharians – familiy conflicts – social ecology.
Shongedza, Ignatiana. "L' évolution de l'éducation des femmes en Afrique australe." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010572.
Full textDupraz, Yannick. "Le développement économique en Afrique dans le temps long de I'histoire." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0084.
Full textContending that the current economic situation of African countries south of the Sahara can partly be explained by their colonial past, this thesis studies Africa's economic development in the long run of history, notably through the comparison between French and British colonialism. The first chapter studies dynamically the functioning of colonial states in West Africa, using a new database on colonial public finances in 4 British and 9 French colonies. The second chapter analyses French and British colonial legacies in education, using the division of German Cameroon between the French and the British after World War I as a natural experiment to identify the effect of colonizer identity and its evolution throughout the 20th century. The third chapter ask what explains the decline of polygamy in West Africa in the 20th century, using the boom in public education expenditure in Cameroon in the 1950s to identify the effect of women's education on marriage market outcomes
Chabrol, Fanny. "Prendre soin de sa population : le sida au Botswana, entre politiques globales du médicament et pratiques locales de citoyenneté." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00766707.
Full textRamazani, Bishwende Augustin. "Eglise-famille de Dieu, "communion ou société"? : reprise historique de la pensée des théologiens et du magistère africains (1962-1994)." Paris, EPHE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EPHE5034.
Full textUnder the influence of R. Bellarmin and of the theologians of the Roman School, Vatican I which sought to legitimise the pontifical authority of the Bishop of Rome, has left us a legacy of the ecclesiological concept of the Church as a visible, hierarchical and juridical society. Thanks to Möller of the German school of Tübingen and because of the advocates of the “new theology” of the French school (Y. Congar, H. De Lubac, J. Daniélou), Vatican II realised a real hermeneutical turning point. The Church saw itself as a communion and people of God in the history of a people going to God. In the post-conciliar search for a possible synthesis between Vatican I and Vatican II and in the African context, is the Church-family of God, a key concept of the African Synod, really a society or a communion? In a historical and hermeneutical perspective, starting with Vatican II up to the African Synod of 1994, our aim is to take contemporary Catholic theology out of the prism of the obsession of the dialectical synthesis “communion/society”. What is at stake in this study is to encourage a dialectical going-beyond of the societal model and to go out of the binomial “communion/society” in view of creating a really relational Church built on the transcending trinomial ecclesiology of the communion model. The Church-family of God, an African Symbol of the sacred, is not a society but rather a “communion”, a “family”, and a Eucharistic “fraternity” of the baptised gathered around the Risen Christ under the action of the Holy Spirit. In a Eucharistic communion, Christ is there in his fullness as a spiritual food for this life and for eternal life
Hardy, Pascale. "Développement et migrations: une étude appliquée aux pays du Maghreb." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212261.
Full textSadouni, Samadia. "Minorités religieuses, intégrations, transnationalités : les Indiens musulmans de Durban, Afrique du Sud (1860-1994)." Bordeaux 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR40001.
Full textMbouopda, David. "Regards d'écrivains français sur l'Afrique noire dans la deuxième moitié du vingtième siècle : du néocolonialisme à la coopération." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF20012.
Full textAt the edge of the XXIst century, the importance of "imagologie" in comparative literature cannot be ever emphasized. In fact the contact between France and Black Africa has been adversative, consecrating the dualistic Black/White as two singular and insurmountable entities. The representation of French writers on Black Africa try to make an appraisal of the last development of this situation on historical, social, cultural, political and economic plan. This brings out, in the second half of the XXth century, two cruel angles : the French look on Africa and that of Africa on the western world. It was based on conciliating, through a comparative study and an alterity block, the reflexion on motion such as : the north/south dialogue, neo-colonialism, sustainable development Franco-African cooperation; and the constitution of a positive knowledge on unpublished narrative space characterising the reception of black Africa in the imagination of the French. But it is a constellation of (various) diverse and current questions asked in varied forms detective, adventure learning, ethnology. And numerous themes, the mugger's wife, the African intelligentsia, the evolution of language and collective blindness
Bonacci, Giulia. "Pionniers et héritiers : histoire du retour, des Caraïbes à l'Ethiopie (19ème et 20ème siècles)." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0019.
Full textOver three hundred persons who came in majority from Jamaica but as well form the wider Caribbean, the United States and the United Kingdom live at the periphery if Shashemene, a Southern Ethiopian town. They are Rastafarians who say they are repatriated, returned home in Ethiopia. This dissertation studies the history of the relations between Caribbeans and Ethiopia, and the historical processes through which Rastafarians settled on land granted by Emperor Haile Selassie. Based on oral and musical sources, as well as on newspapers and Jamaican, British, American and Ethiopian archives, this research reconstructs the material and immaterial circulations between Ethiopia and the Caribbean, and analyzes the contradictions inherent in the return to Africa and the social practices of Pan Africanism, through a constant dialogue between Africa and its diasporas