Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Conditions sociales – Marne (France) – 18e siècle'
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Perron, Fabrice. "L'économie du département de la Marne sous le Directoire, crise ou mutations? : l'exemple des cantons des anciens districts de Reims, Châlons et Epernay." Reims, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REIML001.
Full textThe object of this work consists of discussing the founding of the use of the term “crisis” in assessing the economic situation of a micro-region – namely, the ancient districts of Reims, Châlons, and Epernay. It focuses on a research question of studying ways of improving economic activity. It starts by questioning the demographic reality of this period and, with a social contrast approach, distinguishes problematic actors and elites likely to count on gaining advantage during this period. We insist, then, on two axes: on one hand, the factors of improving economic activity without ignoring potential obstacles, and on the other hand, the combination of indicators of recovery and signs of change. Several positive indicators for improvement can be distinguished, including intentions and achievements. Not forgotten are the persistence of difficulties for certain categories of the population. It appears, however, that the Directory, in spite of the difficulties that are generally attributed to it, opens the way in this micro-region to a progress-driven economic situation under the Consulate at the beginning of the Empire
Agay, Frédéric d'. "Les officiers de marine provençaux au XVIIIème siècle : vers la formation d'un corps homogène de la noblesse provençale à la fin de l'Ancien Régime." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040265.
Full textDuring the eighteenth century, Provencal families have provided one thousand and two hundred naval officers including one hundred admirals. Provence is the most represented province in the royal navy. It seemed instructive to draw up a file of those naval officers. This enables us to find biographical elements, other offices, medals and pensions in addition to their naval and military career and to set them back to the Provencal nobility to which nearly all of them belong. This nobility is very peculiar with straight links with the Maltese order and the galleys of Marseille that Louis XIV picked to establish the naval officer corps. The familial pattern looks like a pyramid: at the end of the seventeenth century, the youngest son as a naval officer, then at the next generation, two or three nephews, finally at the end of the century, heads of families so as brothers and cousins. In order to gain ratings, pensions and honours of service, Provencal nobility intended to take up a career in its own corps. To officers with trading, shipping and administration background taking up a career in the royal navy means a step towards nobility
Benoit, Robert. "La mort à Reims au XVIIe siècle (1580-1720) : influence des épidémies sur la population d'une ville moyenne." Reims, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REIML003.
Full textThe impact of epidemics and other demographic crises on the behaviour the people of Reims, a city of some 30,000 inhabitants in the province of champagne, on the course of the 17th century, from 1580 to 1720, these limits being imposed by the documents available in the archives of Reims, after a topographical, sanitary, social and economic survey of Reims, the study focuses on its academic world: the faculty of medecine, its creation its professors and students, its curriculum and thye efficiency of the therapy it recommended. Within these limits the study then nexamines one by one the epidemics of 1635, 1668, 1693-94: their geographical, meteorological, commercial or military origins, the organisation of the fight against death (the active role of surgeons and apothicaries, physicians having only a consulting role, the role played by the city-council the sanitary regulations and the organisation of assistance, the role played by the church, its spiritual aid, public prayers and processions), their demographic, economic and commercial consequences. Conclusion: the relativeyet indeniable efficiency of the administrative and prophylactic measures taken by the different authorities, the economic slump at the end of Louis xiv's reign aggravated by the demographic crises
Zerathe, Philippe. "Les gens de mer du département maritime de Vannes (fin XVIIe-fin XVIIIe siècles) : métiers, statut et identité." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010581.
Full textLemesle, Bruno. "La société aristocratique dans le Haut-Maine aux XIe et XIIe siècles." Rennes 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REN20031.
Full textThis thesis examines the aristocratic society of the Haut-Maine in the context of two powerful neighbouring principalities fighting over the same county. The alliances and rivalries between great lineages enable us to understand what we may call a "culture of war" within its limits. This culture has nothing to do with the now outmoded concept of "feudal anarchy". Before the advent of the nation-state this society, described as violent was in fact endowed with structures which were altered without being radically challenged when the monarchy came back into power in the twelfth century. Despite resistance from part of the aristocraty large monastic estates had been consolidated from the eleventh century onwards. The great lords were able to adapt to such a dual situation while an evolution in attitudes towards religious establishments can be observed between the eleventh and the twelfth centuries
Payen, Michel. "Démographie et société en Hainaut : Gommegnies et Frasnoy, fin du XVIIe siècle - milieu du XVIIIe siècle." Perpignan, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PERP1184.
Full textVassort, Jean. "Une société provinciale face à son devenir : le Vendômois aux 18ème et 19ème siècles." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010635.
Full textBasing my research on the example of the vendomois, I have tried to study the important changes the french provinces went through in the 18th and 19th centuries. I first founded my analysis on a traditional approach i. E. The analysis of the economic and social structures of the region. But I also examined the relation that exists between the populations ans space, through their ways of living and thinking - and i looked into the people's attitude towards school and literacy. I mainly studied how the populations perceived, adjusted and reacted to those changes : for instance, the vision of "cyclic" time recedes and gives place to that of "oriented" time, which incites the most influential people (the "notables") to modernize the region. Yet, this modernization entails disappointing alterations leading the "notables" to yearn for the past
Lambert, Etienne. "Nobles du bocage, nobles de la plaine : au centre de la Normandie (1700-1790)." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN1608.
Full textGhoul, Fayçal El. "La police parisienne dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle (1760-1785)." Rennes 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REN20020.
Full textThe Paris police-force in the second half of the eighteenth century had been deeply marked by the actions of two successive super-intendants, namely Sartine and Lenoir. These succeeded in imparting to their office an optimal efficiency at a time when economic and social unrest heralded the crisis that was to bear on the Ancient regime and bring about its down fall. In order to carry out their missions, Sartine and Lenoir initiated a complete re-organization of the police apparatus and endeavoured to grapple with the issues then weighing on the capital. I. E. Filth, transportation difficulties, the supply and distribution of corn and other foodstuffs, the control of the working classes security, the "disciplining of morals" the framing of public opinion, etc. Concrete examples taken from public records (archives) illustrate both the efficiency and the limitations of police action a body that various national and foreign observers considered as a "well-lubricated machinery" which set a model to be followed
Croq, Laurence. "Les "bourgeois de Paris" au XVIIIe siècle : identification d'une catégorie sociale polymorphe." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010518.
Full textThis essay on the "Bourgeois de Paris" aims at determining meanings and uses of this qualification in literature and political, religious and social Parisian life from louis xiv to the french revolution. Enlightenment's literature distinguishs the "Bourgeois" on one part, nobility and popular classes on the other part, by their socio-cultural practices and their mentalities. There are a lot of groups of "Bourgeois de Paris" which are different because each gather fellows whose profession, degree of integration in the capital. . . Are not similar. When these men have a common status, they are associated to institutions inherited from middle age (municipality, confraternity of notre-dame for the "Bourgeois de Paris"), or they are integrated in legal or fiscal hierarchies (individual privileges, poll-tax). The theorical definition of these groups can be constant since their creation (the wide corporation of "Bourgeois de Paris" has been defined as inhabitants living in Paris since one year and one day, nobles and roturiers take part of it), il has sometimes changes because of financial needings of monarchy or wish of a social group (tradesman of "six corps" monopolize aldermanship). Socio-professionnal groups whose members use their latent status of "Bourgeois de Paris" can too change (nobles and members of parliament are less numerous in eighteenth century as electors of the two aldermen and as colleagues in the confraternity notre-dame). The "Bourgeois de Paris" who qualify themselves then in civil and professionnal acts, essentially notarial, are belonging to professionnal groups which are excluded de facto or de jure from collectives and individual privileges of homonymous groups : servents in work or retired, and others workers (as rents receivers), they choose this title instead of the name of their job
Maillard, Brigitte. "Les campagnes de Touraine au XVIIIe siècle : étude d'histoire économique et sociale." Rennes 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992REN20012.
Full textDuring the 18th century, Touraine was part of the "generalite de Tours and part of the "pays d'elections". Agriculture was its main economic activity. More than 80% of the families lived in the countryside and most of them were conjugal family units. Communal organisation was not very strong and society was not very diversified. Most lords of manor belonged to the nobility and the clergy; they still exercised their rights and dispensed justice but in moderation. At the end of Louis HIV’s reign, the population decreased until 1719-1725; the following increase in population remained limited and irregular. The birth rate started decreasing before the beginning of the revolution; the increases of the death rate were mainly due to the epidemics and could not be stopped by the relief granted by the "intendant". The agricultural production included cereals and wine, part of which was exported. Touraine produced just enough fot its needs. Farmers did not own enough land and cattle; as prices went up fast as from 1765 there was a hard and fast increase in the rents. Whenever prices reached high levels there were social disturbances such as wheat looting, etc. .
Saint-Victor, Jacques de. "Droits historiques et constitution à la fin du XVIIIe siècle : Le programme noir (1788-1791)." Paris 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA020100.
Full textFrom boulainvilliers to montesquieu, from saint-simon to 18th century "parlementaires", many aristocrats tried to curb the growth of absolutism. What was their justification ? the so-called "german antique constitution" that would have enable aristocracy to remain in power. The "historical right" trend - also known as the aristocratic liberalism or aristocratic constitutionalism - has given birth to a liberal theory of manarchy. It is little known that this trend has greatly influenced a majority of the "assemblee constituante" 300 deputies, "noirs" or "aristocrates". The aim of this thesis is to study the deputies program, torn between their fear of the crown and their fear of the crowd
Théré, Christine. "Étude sociale des auteurs economiques : 1566-1789." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010542.
Full textThe signifiance of thought and publications in political economy through the xviith and the xviiith centuries is generally studied through the analysis of economic writings. A sociological study of the authors allows us to improve this approach. Using a "wide" definition of political economy, a group of 2227 personalities is covered in our work. Two main aspects of the economist's social profile give interesting results : the place of living (birth-place, residence, journey) and the profession. The economic author, who is defined by the nature of his writings, could stand for a particular social being. Finally, what was the economic author from 1566 to 1789, a "specialist" or an "amateur"
Caubet, Isabelle. "Approches démographiques et sociales des ménages toulousains entre 1695 et 1790." Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20083.
Full textGorau, François. "La vénalité des charges militaires en France aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040144.
Full textThe purchase of military charges known as the "venality" of military officers' commissions came early into use and was a wide phenomenon in the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries, especially in the royal household. Because of the scarcity of regulative texts, the frequency of illegal acts and the ambiguous attitude of the state towards its deviations, this institution is a complex system with ill-defined limits, which is a characteristic trait of the Ancien regime. The study of notarial records and chroniclers' memorials can help measure the economic and social import of the venality of commissions in officers' circles, be they courtiers or country gentlemen. Although the evolution and the end of this institution were different from those of secular offices, they testify nonetheless to the powerlessness of the monarchy to adapt its reforms to the new ideas of the XVIIIth century
Augustini, Muriel. "Dynamique et stratification sociale des groupes domestiques dans deux villages de Basse-Auvergne au XVIIIe siècle." Paris, EHESS, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992EHES0312.
Full textCombet, Michel. "Jeux des pouvoirs et familles : les elites municipales a bergerac au xviiie siecle." Toulouse 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU20022.
Full textA study of the lives of the families which provided magistrates in a small town of south-west france in the 18th. Century : bergerac. Located half-way up the dordogne-valley, bergerac remained a protestant stronghold from 1598 to 1621. The measures which followed the repeal of the edict of nantes theoretically removed the former elites from positions of reponsability. New, catholic elites were then promoted : they were to rule until 1790. The procedures for appointing town officials favour the emergence of oligarchies. This was to bring about a political crisis, in the middle of the century, with repercussions spreading far beyond the bergerac area. A combination of subservience and resistance considerably restricted the exercise of local power, and magistrates devoted their energies to preserving ancient privileges and protecting the image of power. Socially speaking most aldermen come from the bourgeoisie. Their relatively heterogeneous wealth is not in most cases to be found among the huge local fortunes, often held by protestants. This biographical survey reveals that most magistrates, in fact belong to a small group of kinship networks with numerous branches enabling them to control the various centres of power. They include lawyers, tradesmen, the lesser nobility, both catholic and protestant. The gontier de biran family overshadows all others and reigns supreme over all centres of power during most of the century. The intellectual world of these elites is characterized by cultural mediocrity and religious conformity, with very few individuals standing apart. However, in the second half of the century the creation of clubs contributes to a development of ideas, while a restructuring of the elite is beginning to take shape. The french revolution was to enable the protestant bourgeoisie to be readmitted into the political class which, henceforth includes, till 1870, worthies from the 17th. And 18th. Century magistrates'families
Marquié, Claude. "Les marchands-fabricants carcassonnais dans la seconde moitie du xviiie siecle : etude d'un groupe social dans sa ville et sa region." Toulouse 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU20002.
Full textAbout fifty textile "manufacturers" export their important production to the east-mediterranean countries through marseille. This social group rules carcassonne and its region. That is the reason why its members endeavour to join the nobility. In fact, it appears that these "manufacturers" are merchants rather than industrialists : this could account for their inability to pass from the commercial to the industrial capitalism as well as the disappearance of this activity in the middle of the nineteenth century. On the cultural and political plane, these drapers don't feel personnaly involved in the new ideas of the late eighteenth century and they show little interest in the artistic events of period. As to religion, they seem to be generally very traditionalist
Cousseau, Vincent. "Population et anthroponymie en Martinique du XVIIe s. à la première moitié du XIXe s. : étude d'une société coloniale à travers son système de dénomination personnel." Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0299.
Full textThis study is about historical demography and anthroponymy dealing with the proper nouns which were used to designate people during the colonial and slavery era, from the 17th century to the 1848 abolition. It focuses on the French Carribean colonial space and more specifically on Martinique, with diversified sources, especially parish registers. Different levels of analysis will be dealt with: the family level, the parish level and to finish, the island level. The first part presents the scope of the study, the sources and the methodology of the survey. The next one deals with the construction of the society of Martinique, the examination of the population and the colony’s socioeconomic structure. The social structure is analysed from the demographic pattern and social relations (the family structure, the mixing of people, the choice of godfathers and godmothers. ) In the light of these elements, the naming system is studied through the way the Christian name and the birth name were chosen to bring out the significant similarities and differences of the corpus of individual names according to the different groups of population (white people, free coloured people and slaves). Then, the habits of each group are studied, from the study of the different types of names (Christian names or birth names, common names and nicknames), focusing on the way they were chosen, on the way they spread and on the way they were used. Bringing out the lines of solidarity of exchange and of tensions, the analysis of the results fits into the study of the social relation system of this colonial society and the way it works
Turcot, Laurent. "Le promeneur à Paris au XVIIIe siècle : construction d'une figure sociale." Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0083.
Full textAt the begining of the 17th century, Parisian high society engaged in "honnete" promenade. A preserve of the elite, this promenade in all its civility, was a fashionable social ritual. It allowed a stroller to "see", and, most importantly, "to be seen". Yet, at the end of the century, various disruptions set in motion the construction of a new form of promenade. Casting aside the rules of modern civility, this new promenade granted a newly individualized and subjective relationship between the stroller and the city. This transformation of the strollers' appreciation for and perception of the city was made possible by the establishment of a new social role : the urban stroller. The act of promenading allows the stroller to take in the city all the while granting a sense of autonomy. There is an individualization of both the practice of promenading and of the urban space. There is an intersection, complementarity and mutual influence between the theory and practice of the promenade. This allows us to understand the genesis of the urban behavior of the stroller
Bruzulier, Jean-Luc. "La société, les pouvoirs et la pauvreté : les hôpitaux généraux en Bretagne : (1676-1724)." Rennes 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996REN20033.
Full textThe French monarchy, in 1676, laid down the "enfermement" as wellfare political. Some pious men would like diffuse this reform. First generals hospitals (workhouses) were create in Brittany. During fifty years, the generals hospitals lost the role of urban wellfare centralizator. They shut again theyself and the poors was cut from the society
Vigouroux, Bernard. "Chinon au XVIIIe siècle, étude sociale." Tours, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR2030.
Full textIn the 18th century, Chinon is a town that has been sound asleep since the beginning of the Middle Ages. It's first of all an administrative and judiciary town whose laws are inherited from the Ancien Régime. The poor textile production is in jeopardy. The main trade activity is in the sale of local agricultural products : although the production is diversified, it is not exported enough. Overcounty trade is not the driving activity of the town. The leading class is made of privileged orders, middle officers, noblemen, commoners, lawyers, doctors, a few bourgeois and one or two tradesman. They represent 5% of the inhabitants. The middle class is made of people who are economically independent and have a professional activity ; they represent 25 % of the inhabitants and are the most numerous tax payers. The other two-thirds of the inhabitants are the people : daily labourers, unskilled workers, wage-earners and servants. Most artisans, who belong to this class, are organised in communities. All family members need to have more than one activity. During hard years, old age and widow(er)hood may lead to pauperism. The lack of upward mobility is the main feature of this society ; this makes the emerging of a new leading class which could revive the town impossible
Levasseur, Olivier. "Les usages de la mer dans le Trégor du XVIIIème siècle." Rennes 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN20045.
Full textPitou, Frédérique. "Métiers et boutiques à Laval au XVIIIe siècle : place du groupe des marchands, artisans et ouvriers dans une ville textile." Le Mans, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LEMAA001.
Full textMiffre-Viton, Marie-Laure. "Mobilité et sédentarité : itinéraires familiaux et évolution sociale et économique,le cas d'Orcemont au dix-huitième siècle." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS002S.
Full textOrcemont is a small village located in ' Ile de France '. Like many other villages in the region its population is composed mainly of mobile families about which we have little information. In order to address this deficiency, the following study tackles the analysis of the village population on an economic and social basis. This approach allows us to collect data about the heads of the household, as a whole while also collectiong more specific data on the transient 0rcemontois or 0rcemontois by adoption and especially which geographical area they come from, their rythm of migration, their ability to sign documents, their influence and integration in the village
Pedrero, Jean-Pierre. "Assistance et charite a narbonne sous l'ancien regime (dix-septieme et dix-huitieme siecle)." Toulouse 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU20069.
Full textA study of the administrative and medical evolution of relief in hospitals in narbonne from the seventeenth to the eighteenth century. In the eighteennth century, wefare takes chart's place, yet religions motivations are not inconsidrable. Increasing enfluence of central authority on the financial and administrative organization of hospitals from the seventeenth to the eighteenth century. The attitude of narbonne seociety, of the cyhurch and of the town council towards disease and mendicity
Pige, Frédéric. "Les seigneuries du Montargois au XVIIIe siècle : vie économique et rapports sociaux : les enseignements de la pratique notariale." Tours, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOUR2046.
Full textAn investigation into the 18th century fiefdoms and estates of Montargois reveals their particularly diverse historical situation. Widely ranging rights and obligations are found, due to the varied customs of two separate jurisdictions: Lorris-Montargis and Orleans. These rights are ensured by the presence of two realities: a feudal tradition asserting the influence of the lord, and a financial dimension which makes land an instrument of production and wealth. A separate right to justice holds an important place as well. The variety of lords contributes to the diversity of fiefs and estates, as anyone may become the owner of an estate. Thus, the nobles’ goods market is chiefly driven by laic elites, seeking honours and/or pursuing real-estate investments. In contrast to what other sources have suggested, old nobility is not divested from its land, but it slowly dies out, leaving a vacant space to newly initiated members striving for integration. Lordly dwellings are brought in line with current tastes and fortified castles lose their defensive attributes when they do not altogether give up their place to mansions combining comfort and prestige. The exploitation of fiefs and estates experiences numerous changes too, which must be qualified. The general increase in income results to a large extent from the constant rise in the procurement prices for cereals during the entire 18th century, as technical innovations remain scarce. The diagnostic is different concerning feudal and seigniorial rights. In the second half of the 18th century, dedicated personnel pursue their former rights and dues. Their purpose is to reassert the eminent role of the lords, to insure the conservation of all their rights and to increase the lords’ as well as their tenants’ income. It is a difficult task to present a financial and human balance of these operations. However, it can be observed that these elements contributed to the lords’ tendency to dissociate themselves from village life
Pigoullié-Rodulfo, Isabelle. "L'organisation de l'assistance à Avignon de 1750 à 1830." Montpellier 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON30055.
Full textToday assistance is well structured insitution whose competence belongs to the state and the local government. Il seemed interesting to me to study the birth of this phenomenon in a town such as avignon, which knows economical problems during the eighteenth century which consequently will lead to an increase of the number of the beggars and the poor. Moreover, avignon, which is under a french ascendancy all along the old reime, will be definitely connected with france in 1793. The prosperousness of the town is greatly threatened with the concordat, settled in 1734 with france, which henceforth forbids it to grow tobacco and make prints. Those economical problems will have consequential effects on the town demography since the population of the comtat venaissin and avignon will remain steady until the beginning of the nineteenth century avignon is a town which keeps a pleasant appearance and has a very brillant society. Many hospitals have been created since the middle-age to shelter the passers-by. In the eighteenth
Letiembre, isabelle. "Maîtres d'oeuvre et commanditaires de la demeure privée en Bretagne au XVIIIe siècle : les constructions du bassin rennais et de l'arrière-pays malouin." Rennes 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN20015.
Full textIn the 18th century in Brittany a good number of private residences were erected mainly initiated by members of Parliament and merchants. First it was necessary to wonder about the initiators of the project -civil engineers and local architects- in charge of giving plans and of building these edifices ; it clear y appears that these persons where gathered within a socioprofessional group unrecognized until then : training, tools, financial conditions ; professionnal relationships ; social life ; family links. . . The Breton members of Parliament -who moreover belonged essentially to the old nobility of Brittany- and the freshly ennobled merchants of Saint-Malo where the main owners of these private edifices- country et private mansions. The fact that they belong to the same social category and friendly relations favoured the awareness of a cast within these groups. However the part of their fortune that they devoted to this realisations was not necessarily important. It is telling of the architecture of the Age of the Enlightment in Brittany : we are not faced with real architectural programms in the province. The edifices of the actual region of Ille-et-Vilaine certainly show the general characteristics of the French architecture of the 18th century but don't particularly distinguished themselves
Cérino, Christophe. "Sociétés insulaires, guerres maritimes et garnisons : Belle-Île-en-Mer au siècle de Louis XV." Rennes 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN20005.
Full textIn the early years of Louis XV's reign, the royal domain expanded with the acquisition of a seigniory of about 8500 hectares, an outpost of the littoral cast in the Atlantic Ocean. The harbour of ships sailing from India or the West Indies, Belle-Ile-en-Mer was on the route of coasters connecting the french ports and arsenals of the Atlantic Ocean : it thus acquired a momentous strategic dimension. The second metropolitan island in the whole kingdom, the largest one in Brittany, it became, in the course of an odd hundred years, an outstanding position in the eyes of the central power. The tranfer to royal rule indeed occurred at an administrative level ; but it was mostly characterised by intensive militarisation of the site. It is the object of the present work to appraise the latter's social and economic consequences and the gap it brought about in the long-term history of the island. The recurrent pressure of events entailed intricate relationships beween sea and mainland ; accordingly, the social framework of Belle-Ile reveals micro-identities the outlines of which are minutely tackled in the present doctoral thesis so as to put forward a systemic model of island and littoral societies
Plourde, Andrée-Anne. "La circulation des enfants abandonnés en Lorraine à la fin du XVIIIe siècle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30622/30622.pdf.
Full textLamy, Jérôme. "Archéologie d'un espace savant : l'observatoire de Toulouse aux 18e et 19e siècles : lieux, acteurs, pratiques, réseaux." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0023.
Full textThe study of the observatory of Toulouse, of its foundation in 1734 at the departure, in 1908, of Benjamin Baillaud, the director who completed the reforms of the third republic, allows to apprehend, through the various regimes of knowledge which are successively spread, the evolutions of a place of knowledge in its multiple dimensions. The changes of the figure of the astronomer, of the spaces of observation and the technical tools constitute a first axis of analysis to discern the historical process in progress. The examination of the scientific practices, of the gestures of the observer to the publication of the results, makes it possible to locate the processess of validation of the achieved results. Finally the Toulouse astronomers of the 18th and 19th centuries fit at the same time in the scientific community and the "garonnaise" city : by their will to be integrated into it, they reveal the access modes and the tensions which are established between science and the social request. The transition from a regime of knowledge to another is visible in each dimension of the place of knowledge. Partial continuities make it possible to establish the link and ensure the permanence of the observatory
Abdela, Sophie. "Formes et réformes : la prison parisienne au XVIIIe siècle." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC012/document.
Full textWe know very little about the Parisian prison of the XVIIIth century. Historians have been fascinated by the XIXth century penitentiary but they have largely neglected the Ancien Régime prison. The period was not entirely ignored, of course: it sees the birth of Beccaria's writings which question the relevance of physical punishment and set in motion the penal reform. It's also the time of the Grand Renfermement of paupers and asocials, of which the Hôpital général and the dépôt de mendicité are the clearest incarnations. However, the prison, which was an integral part of the judicial procedure, was discarded. The present research aims to fill a part of this gap by exploring the world of prepenal prison in XVIIIth century Paris. Far from forming an isolated object, this Ancien Régime jail must be fully integrated in the history of prisons which leads all the way to the penitentiary.The demonstration is articulated in three parts between which the links are numerous. The first takes as its basis the structure of the prison, its framework, its buildings, its material constitution. It addresses the detention facilities first and foremost as tangible and concrete objects. The second part leaves the structure of the Parisian prison to dive into its financial circuits. It explores two large questions: where does the money come from and where does it go? Finally, the third part penetrates even deeper in the prison world by targeting the men who compose it. The prison, after all, is made up of human relations
Charpentier, Emmanuelle. "Le littoral et les hommes : espaces et sociétés des côtes nord de la Bretagne au XVIIIe siècle." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00458863.
Full textGenand, Stéphanie. "Le modèle libertin et la fin de l'Ancien Régime, 1782-1802." Paris 4, 2002. https://acces.bibliotheque-diderot.fr/login?url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/book/10.3828/9780729408677.
Full textThe object of this thesis is to highlight the existence of a connection between the libertine aesthetics, as it appears under the Regency, and the abolition of principles inherited from the Ancien Régime. Indeed libertinage cannot be dissociated from the existence of aristocracy, as it appears in mondain circles in the 1730s, and among idle nobles who practice the art of seduction. It is worth examining the evolution of the libertine aesthetics at the turn of the century, in a context where the French Revolution, and before that stronger values of the bourgeoisie, both tend to question all aspects of the aristocracy's prerogatives. .
Roux, Pascal. "Société militaire, société civile à Toulouse au XVIIIème siècle : de l'Ancien Régime à la Révolution (vers 1740-1799)." Toulouse 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU20029.
Full textToulouse which ranked among the main administrative provincial cities in the eighteenth century had only few direct contacts with the military institution before 1792. This institution played a part at essentially three levels in the life of the city. From the war of succession in Austria onwards, the army became the favoured instrument of the state in its fight against the municipal craving for autonomy. It was also at the centre of the debate about security which troubled France during the age of the Enlightment. In the "Pink city", this meant a militarization of the watch which gradually came to be controlled by a commander-in-chief of the province, to the great displeasure of the "Capitouls". Concerning these two aspects, the revolution did but put the finishing touches to the work started by the bourbons. Last but not least, Toulouse was at the same time the starting point of military careers and a centre of attraction for soldiers on leave or retired from service. The officers in Toulouse, on whom we have focused our essay, were in an uncomfortable situation for two reasons. Their careers were generally second-rate because of several drawbacks: recently acquired nobility, isolation, distance from the capital city. In Toulouse, they were overshadowed by the magistrates of the parliament who controlled the local cultural, intellectual and social life. Therefore, in order to carry some weight in the city, they tried to control some places of sociability or even to create new ones. During the revolution, most of them emigrated or left service, leaving room for new military elite, mainly composed of former soldiers. Although the republican officers stood out on the battlefields more than their predecessors, they disappeared completely from the foreground of the Toulouse scene because of their humble origins
Burstin, Haim. "Une révolution à l'oeuvre : le faubourg Saint-Marcel (1789-1794)." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010644.
Full textPellas, Frédéric. "Misère et charité : une économie de l'assistance dans les diocèses d'Embrun et de Gap de 1600 à 1800." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALH015.
Full textThis work examines the processes of poverty, charity and assistance in the dioceses of Embrun and Gap from 1600 to 1798 along three axes. The first focuses on the forms of poverty, i.e. those relating to the territory, individuals and the community. The categories of the poor are divided into those who had a home, beggars and nationals from Italian states, with particular attention being paid to their forms of mobility. The financial aspects related to poverty are the payment of capitation, professions and work. The second axis is devoted to the study of relief structures; the evolution of those in the urban environment was the most important because they were able to rely on both economic fabrics and socio-professional networks. From the second half of the 17th century onwards, royal directives established general hospitals, which tended to differ from the structures in rural areas; in the latter, civil structures and religiously inspired structures constituted two different and complementary categories. The third axis took into account the challenges posed by marginal populations, i.e. Protestants and mobile populations. The denominational issue was centred around the confessionalization of charity until 1685, and then the confessionalization of assistance after that date. The territory was also a constant preoccupation of the representatives of the royal power towards beggars, vagrants, pilgrims and gypsies. Finally, this work ends with a reflection on the changes and permanence of forms of charity in the Hautes-Alpes department from 1789 onwards, as institutional forms replaced the civil or ecclesiastical initiatives of the Ancien Régime. The fight against begging and vagrancy was replaced by the law of 1791, which associated vagrancy and banditry, however the introduction of the passport illustrates the predominant place that the territory continued to occupy in Haut-Dauphiné at the end of the 18th century
Couture, Rachel. ""Inspirer la crainte, le respect et l'amour du public" : les inspecteurs de police parisiens, 1740-1789." Thèse, Caen, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5599/1/D2465v1.pdf.
Full textOuellet, Marie-Ève. "L'envers de l'immigration coloniale : le retour en France des habitants du Canada (1632-1750)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19538.
Full textChu, Hui Ming. "Tableau de la Chine au XVIIIe siècle dans les "Lettres édifiantes et curieuses"." Grenoble 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE39033.
Full textThe letters and documents sent from china by french jesuits between 1699 and 1820 (lettres edifiantes et curieuses, published under the direction of m. L. Aime-martin, paris, 1843, t. Iii, and t. Iv), provide useful information on the chinese empire in the 18th century. These letters, which come from beijing as well as provincial capitals or other minor cities, reveal the attitude of missionaries as regards imperiam power. Not only are they indispensable for the awareness of christianism in these regions through the establishment of the catholic church, its development, the persecutions it underwent, but they also provide a unique contribution concerning various features of chinese history : 1) the emperer and his court, the central administration and the army, the local and provincial administration; 2) chinese religions traditions other religions existing in china (islam, judaism); 3) justice, courts and punishment; 4) education and schooling; 5) handcrafts, country life and economic crises; 6) aspects of social life, the organisation and role of the family. One notes particularly precise information on the scientific contribution in the fields of medicine, geography, astronomy and mathematics by jesuits sent from paris by the academie des sciences
Streletski, Gérard. "Hector Berlioz et Edme-Marie-Ernest Deldevez : étude comparée de leur formation et de leur insertion dans la société du XIXe siècle (1803-1897) : contribution à l'histoire sociale de la musique en France." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040197.
Full textUnder the title Hector Berlioz and Edme-Marie-Ernest Deldevez : compared study of their training and of their insertion in the 19th century society (1803-1897), this is in France one of the first attempts that can be found of compared biographies. It concerns two composers and conductors from the romantic century. Through this contribution to the social history of music in France which leans firmly on historical chronology, it reports the constructive elements of the training and insertion of two outstanding musicians in the true setting of the society that they moved in. Furthermore for the second one of them, who is today almost unknown, this is the first important monograph that has ever been dedicated to him. The other musician, who is almost the only reflect of the romanticism of French music, this is a revision, sometimes not without surprises, as for the clichés that he is more often the subject of. One enlightens the other. From the birth of Berlioz (1803) to the death of Deldevez (1897) nearly a century passes during which the French society born of the revolution is built, organized and torn apart turn and turn about. It is in this context, that was fundamental for them, that Berlioz, the new Cellini, creates a works in which his volcanic genius seizes every opportunity to construct a destiny which is shown by posterity. It is here also that Deldevez, pupil of Berton, Habeneck and Halevy, as well as being a friend of Gounod and Ambroise Thomas, builds a career in which he can be seen conducting the Société des concerts, inaugurating the Palais-Garnier and, what is more, becoming the first official pedagogue of orchestral conducting, proselyte of his elder's music. One remains; the other one has been forgotten. The descriptive catalogue of his musical works is attached to de principal book
Gervasi, Laurène. "La liberté dans les mémoires féminins au XVIIe siècle." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC267.
Full textMadame de Motteville and the Duchess of Montpensier were two contemporary aristocrats. The former was a lady-in-waiting to Anne of Austria; the latter was a first cousin of Louis XIV. They witnessed the upheavals caused by the Regency and the Fronde and shared a passionate interest in the history of their times. It led them to explore similar issues. They each chose a form of spinsterhood and made life choices which distinguished them from the common run of women and contributed to their desire for liberty. The main reason why they can be regarded as litterary 'sisters' is the writing of Memoirs. History made them both question their aristocratic identity, though in different ways: La Grande Mademoiselle took the opportunity of the Fronde to fight for values threatened by political changes while Madame de Motteville supported the legitimate power of the Regency through her Memoirs. They also both questioned their feminine identity. Theydealt with the oppression women suffered as a result of a patriachal society. After Louis XIV took power in 1660, hopes of feminine liberation were dashed. Hence both memorialists' tendency to seek and write about a personal experience of freedom. They could not achieve the status of 'liberated' women in the public sphere but they could try to do so in the private one. They fought their way to freedom by reinventing women's destiny in their own ways, but without defending feminist views as such, as their values remained tinged withtraditionalism. The writing of Memoirs allowed them to define within the private sphere a space in which their quest for freedom couldflourish
Guyard, Lucie. "Itinérance féminine et institutions : le vagabondage féminin dans la généralité de Rouen au XVIIIe siècle." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR140.
Full textThis research aims to approach the crime of female vagrancy by observing it as it is constructed by different currents of thought, and as it is experienced by the people and the vagrants themselves. The aim here is to promote an analysis of the women's movement outside any legal framework, and before its arrest. This practice is part of a daily life practiced by men and women, but which the law seeks to define in order to better punish it. The monarchy in the 18th century reorganized its maréchaussée, and established a general police maintenance, particularly in Rouen. These two institutions and their coexistence until the Revolution gave rise to the archives essential to our study, and their scope, extended to the Rouen generality, defined the geographical area. The image of the homeless woman is shaped at the crossroads of several analyses. It emanates from more general reflections on women in society, their place and the role they are assigned at a time when the monarchy is trying to stabilise individuals. In addition to these ideas, there is the perception of indigence and what it represents in the minds of contemporaries. Finally, the image of the femal vagrant is also built around the conception of the transient, and what it represents for the communities residing in the places where she passes. These conceptions are confronted with a reality that repressive policies fail to eradicate: women wander alone or with support. Through their words transcribed in the archives of the institutions that have to call them out, their own explanations of their movement can be seen. And these last ones give us some information about their reality
Pétré-Grenouilleau, Olivier. "Milieu maritime nantais et monde moderne : le milieu négrier nantais du milieu du 18e siècle à 1914 : contribution à l'étude des rapports entre dynamique sociale et histoire." Rennes 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN20018.
Full textThere are three problems that have been analysed : that of the link between the great colonial commerce, capitalism and industrial expansion, that of the formation and reproduction of power, and that of the continuation of the ancient regime. The first part studies the beginning of the maritime vocation in Nantes and the focuses on the motivation of commercial ship owners and the means and consequences of their success. The following parts analysed the way in which the maritime circle reacts when faced with new events (the French revolution, the economic, social and cultural changes of the 19e century). A comparison is made between other French maritime circles, leading to a synthesis. The extremely varied references have been taken above all from the Nantes town and county archives. But the work was made possible thanks to the discovery of numerous hitherto unpublished family documents. The Paris archives along with these of various banks were equally consulted. The method, inspired by the prosopographic analysis, is that of a statistical representation of the history of many families and individuals. An ambiguity appears with the first generation of ship owners. Their thirst for success generated an impetuous dynamism, but the means used and their desire to belong to the dominant classes of the time oriented them towards tradition. The generation of unrest (1789 to the 1840's) began iddising a long-gone past which it tried to regain. The epigones (from 1840-1914) participated in the consolidation of that became a certain conservatism. In 1914, the Nantes maritime circle still kept its strong position. Its ascendancy over the city explains the insufficient and limited local capitalism and the blinkered economic climate of Basse Loire
Vion, Caroline. "La dynastie bordelaise des Barberet : le notaire, son activité et sa clientèle de 1715 à 1799." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR30062.
Full textThe thesis originality lies in the viewing of the story of a Bordeaux family around two notaries. Barberet Dynasty shows many interests for historians: activity, customers, pursuit of power and social advancement. Léon and Michel Barberet, father & son are in practice from 1715 to 1799. Bordeaux then experiences its golden age and appears as the wine capital. Their activity is mainly oriented towards economy and private and social life of their customers. Trade relations established between Bordeaux, Germany, Holland and Ireland have developed a strong network materialized by the Bordeaux-Amsterdam-Hamburg major route. Another network is particularly developed, the one that Bordeaux has with French colonies, especially West Indian for sugar. The advantage of studying those notarized funds finds its importance in the diversity of processed and recorded acts. They thus contribute to a better understanding of the eighteenth century society in Bordeaux
Paquet, Lucie. "Pêcheurs du Saint-Laurent, 1713-1763 : les engagés à Québec pour la région de la rive sud du fleuve et du golfe." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29189.
Full textPeralez, Peslier Bénédicte. "La Littérature et son public d’amateurs au XVIIIe siècle : contribution des correspondances féminines." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA122/document.
Full textIn the XVIIIth century, women’s correspondences were representative of the emergence of a new readership whose judgment had progressively been acknowledged in the course of the previous century ― namely, that of the “amateurs of Letters”. We still know comparatively little about the role played by these people ; they cultivated their taste for Letters without aspiring to earn a living by writing or acting, in an era when the discipline of Letters, that had emerged as such in the XVIIth century, was undergoing significant changes. Writings by women had long been restricted to anonymous or confidential publication; women now elected epistolary intercourse as a locus for their cultural practice as amateurs, thus contributing essential knowledge on the subject.This study focuses on the letters by eight letter writers : Mmes de Graffigny, du Deffand, du Châtelet, d’Épinay, de Charrière, Roland, and Mlles de Malboissière et de Lespinasse. The first section is about the aspects of these ladies’ domestic and social conditions which facilitated their access to the literary culture that was indispensable to the birth of their taste for Letters. The next section concentrates on these women’s apprenticeship and their appropriation of this culture according to their reading and theatre-going experiences. Our research then shifts to the women letter writers’ role in the transmission and the assessment of texts, to the point that they became the prime agents in the mediatization of the literary life of their time.Their daily acquaintance with the texts that they submitted to their critical judgment turned out to nourish their writing practices. These practices are placed under scrutiny in the last section of our study ; they rely on borrowing, which favours banter with one’s interlocutors, as well as on numerous composing initiatives, which push back the boundaries of the letter as a genre. By challenging their writers’ tastes through the practice of writing, the correspondences thus prove to be a cornerstone of the women of Letters’ literary knowledge and sensibility, a place for expression and, in line with the letters of the marquise de Sévigné, the space par excellence for an amateur’s creativity
Pierre-Louis, Jessica. "Les Libres de couleur face au préjugé : franchir la barrière à la Martinique aux XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0847/document.
Full textIn Martinique in the eighteenth century, the "free people of color", both those free by birth and freedmen, black or mixed race, form a legal category, which was distinct from those of whites and slaves. Comparative studies with Spanish or English territories show that no legal regulation formalized a shift - from the category of free colored people to that of White - in the French colonies between the late seventeenth century and the French Revolution. Also, this thesis proposes to show the informal process that enabled some people - the "assimilated" - to cross the color barrier. I analysed the color prejudice, a racist system, whose ideology, supported by local regulations, legitimized the collective construction of a public and social order. In a second step, I examined the development of the color bar. The free colored people were the first to bear the brunt of the impermeability of the demarcation line and of the problems posed by the purity of blood; but some whites, through interracial unions, and Native Americans have also been targeted. Finally I thought about what made the whiteness, and the strategies to achieve whiteness, change in status. Notarial acts and 33,000 acts of parish registers treaties led to the reconstitution of genealogies, in order to examine individuals and families over generations; I observed the importance of the phenotype, whitening, legitimacy relations, privileged partners, choice of networks, wealth levels and the use of space
Cron, Adélaïde. "Mémoires féminins de la fin du XVIIe siècle à la période révolutionnaire : enquête sur la constitution d'un genre et d'une identité." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030065.
Full textStarting in the 1670s and throughout the 18th century, memoirs written by women, more so than those written by men, undergo important mutations. After the turmoil of the Fronde, as the political role of women tends to decline, they emphasize private life but also the personal itinerary of women who are thus creating an original form centred on the definition of their identity: these works develop a true autobiographic dimension. The influence and mediation of the memoir-novel play a crucial part in this women-led transformation of the memoirist genre, leading to the original creation of hybrid texts halfway between fiction and diction. But these texts are not mere imitations of the memoir-novel: by borrowing from diverse influences and traditions, women express their wish to write in an oblique manner, without labelling themselves as “learned ladies” or “women authors”. They also construct new representations of the female identity, both submissive and critical, most of the time indirectly, of the female roles which were deemed traditional at the time. The thesis examines the social profiles of this new kind of memoirists, as well as the formal and enunciative complexity of their texts, and the ambiguous representations of women and their personal identity which they develop