Journal articles: 'Conductive Metal Inks'

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Tomotoshi, Daisuke, and Hideya Kawasaki. "Surface and Interface Designs in Copper-Based Conductive Inks for Printed/Flexible Electronics." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091689.

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Silver (Ag), gold (Au), and copper (Cu) have been utilized as metals for fabricating metal-based inks/pastes for printed/flexible electronics. Among them, Cu is the most promising candidate for metal-based inks/pastes. Cu has high intrinsic electrical/thermal conductivity, which is more cost-effective and abundant, as compared to Ag. Moreover, the migration tendency of Cu is less than that of Ag. Thus, recently, Cu-based inks/pastes have gained increasing attention as conductive inks/pastes for printed/flexible electronics. However, the disadvantages of Cu-based inks/pastes are their instability against oxidation under an ambient condition and tendency to form insulating layers of Cu oxide, such as cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and cupric oxide (CuO). The formation of the Cu oxidation causes a low conductivity in sintered Cu films and interferes with the sintering of Cu particles. In this review, we summarize the surface and interface designs for Cu-based conductive inks/pastes, in which the strategies for the oxidation resistance of Cu and low-temperature sintering are applied to produce highly conductive Cu patterns/electrodes on flexible substrates. First, we classify the Cu-based inks/pastes and briefly describe the surface oxidation behaviors of Cu. Next, we describe various surface control approaches for Cu-based inks/pastes to achieve both the oxidation resistance and low-temperature sintering to produce highly conductive Cu patterns/electrodes on flexible substrates. These surface control approaches include surface designs by polymers, small ligands, core-shell structures, and surface activation. Recently developed Cu-based mixed inks/pastes are also described, and the synergy effect in the mixed inks/pastes offers improved performances compared with the single use of each component. Finally, we offer our perspectives on Cu-based inks/pastes for future efforts.

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Aguilar-Banegas, Alejandro David, Fredy David Reyes-Cruz, Jesús Antonio Vargas-Pineda, and Cesar Humberto Ortega-Jimenez. "Literature Review of Gallium: Conductive Ink Alternative?" Materials Science Forum 975 (January 2020): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.975.139.

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Although there are currently different applications for gallium in microelectronics, literature is sparse about its applications in the area of conductive inks. The important characteristics to consider from the ink are viscosity, corrosion and surface tension. The importance of viscosity is a critical parameter in the printing ink mixture, which requires a metal to fulfill the function of conductor, such as gold, copper, and silver. Gallium as a conductor replacement is proposed due to the high cost of such metals currently used. The valence electrons are discussed in this paper due to the direct relation that has with metal conductivity, to provide a justified analysis about gallium application in conductive ink. The application of gallium could mean a significant change in conductive ink elaboration process. Thus, the aim of this research is to analyze the application of gallium as conductive ink, which is done by a literature review on gallium as a semi-conductor because of his valence electrons. Results about gallium as a potential conductive ink show that there is evidence that gallium shares similar properties as the current of materials conductive inks being adopted. This first literature review has some implications on the potential use of gallium as a conductive ink, requiring further experimental research to better test for conducting efficiency.

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Renn, Michael J., Matthew Schrandt, Jaxon Renn, and James Q. Feng. "Localized Laser Sintering of Metal Nanoparticle Inks Printed with Aerosol Jet® Technology for Flexible Electronics." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 14, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.521797.

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Direct-write methods, such as the Aerosol Jet® technology, have enabled fabrication of flexible multifunctional 3-D devices by printing electronic circuits on thermoplastic and thermoset polymer materials. Conductive traces printed by additive manufacturing typically start in the form of liquid metal nanoparticle inks. To produce functional circuits, the printed metal nanoparticle ink material must be postprocessed to form conductive metal by sintering at elevated temperature. Metal nanoparticles are widely used in conductive inks because they can be sintered at relatively low temperatures compared with the melting temperature of bulk metal. This is desirable for fabricating circuits on low-cost plastic substrates. To minimize thermal damage to the plastics, while effectively sintering the metal nanoparticle inks, we describe a laser sintering process that generates a localized heat-affected zone (HAZ) when scanning over a printed feature. For sintering metal nanoparticles that are reactive to oxygen, an inert or reducing gas shroud is applied around the laser spot to shield the HAZ from ambient oxygen. With the shroud gas-shielded laser, oxygen-sensitive nanoparticles, such as those made of copper and nickel, can be successfully sintered in open air. With very short heating time and small HAZ, the localized peak sintering temperature can be substantially higher than that of damage threshold for the underlying substrate, for effective metallization of nanoparticle inks. Here, we demonstrate capabilities for producing conductive tracks of silver, copper, and copper–nickel alloys on flexible films as well as fabricating functional thermocouples and strain gauge sensors, with printed metal nanoparticle inks sintered by shroud-gas-shielded laser.

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Tam, Sze Kee, Ka Yip Fung, Grace Sum Hang Poon, and Ka Ming Ng. "Product design: Metal nanoparticle-based conductive inkjet inks." AIChE Journal 62, no. 8 (May 16, 2016): 2740–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.15271.

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Mendez-Rossal, Hector R., and Gernot M. Wallner. "Printability and Properties of Conductive Inks on Primer-Coated Surfaces." International Journal of Polymer Science 2019 (March 7, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3874181.

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Conductive inks’ performance is affected by the printing conditions and the substrate’s properties. In this study, one graphite-, one polymer-, and two silver-based conductive inks were printed on four primer-coated metal substrates by screen printing. The compatibility and wettability between the inks and the primers were evaluated by infrared spectroscopy and surface energy measurements. The printed structures were characterized by laser confocal microscopy, peel-off tape testing, and four-point probe electrical resistivity testing. In general, silver inks exhibited the best performance in terms of printability and electrical conductivity. The graphite ink presented the worst printing, adhesion, and functional properties. The polymer-based ink revealed poor wettability but good adhesion and functionality. The surface roughness, energy, and polarity of the primer coating had no significant influence on the electrical conductivity of the printed inks.

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Reiser, B., L. González-García, I. Kanelidis, J. H. M. Maurer, and T. Kraus. "Gold nanorods with conjugated polymer ligands: sintering-free conductive inks for printed electronics." Chemical Science 7, no. 7 (2016): 4190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc00142d.

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Kamyshny, Alexander, and Shlomo Magdassi. "Conductive nanomaterials for 2D and 3D printed flexible electronics." Chemical Society Reviews 48, no. 6 (2019): 1712–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00738a.

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This review describes recent developments in the field of conductive nanomaterials and their application in 2D and 3D printed flexible electronics, with particular emphasis on inks based on metal nanoparticles and nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and graphene sheets.

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Lee, Seungae, Jahyun Koo, Seung-Kyun Kang, Gayoung Park, Yung Jong Lee, Yu-Yu Chen, Seon Ah Lim, Kyung-Mi Lee, and John A. Rogers. "Metal microparticle – Polymer composites as printable, bio/ecoresorbable conductive inks." Materials Today 21, no. 3 (April 2018): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.12.005.

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González-Domínguez, Jose M., Alejandro Baigorri, Miguel Á. Álvarez-Sánchez, Eduardo Colom, Belén Villacampa, Alejandro Ansón-Casaos, Enrique García-Bordejé, Ana M. Benito, and Wolfgang K. Maser. "Waterborne Graphene- and Nanocellulose-Based Inks for Functional Conductive Films and 3D Structures." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061435.

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In the vast field of conductive inks, graphene-based nanomaterials, including chemical derivatives such as graphene oxide as well as carbon nanotubes, offer important advantages as per their excellent physical properties. However, inks filled with carbon nanostructures are usually based on toxic and contaminating organic solvents or surfactants, posing serious health and environmental risks. Water is the most desirable medium for any envisioned application, thus, in this context, nanocellulose, an emerging nanomaterial, enables the dispersion of carbon nanomaterials in aqueous media within a sustainable and environmentally friendly scenario. In this work, we present the development of water-based inks made of a ternary system (graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes and nanocellulose) employing an autoclave method. Upon controlling the experimental variables, low-viscosity inks, high-viscosity pastes or self-standing hydrogels can be obtained in a tailored way. The resulting inks and pastes are further processed by spray- or rod-coating technologies into conductive films, and the hydrogels can be turned into aerogels by freeze-drying. The film properties, with respect to electrical surface resistance, surface morphology and robustness, present favorable opportunities as metal-free conductive layers in liquid-phase processed electronic device structures.

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Li, Wei Wei, Lu Hai Li, Li Xin Mo, Xu Wei Hu, Xian Leng, Hua Fang, Wen Bo Li, and Shu Kun Li. "Progress of Printing RFID Antenna Using Water-Based Conductive Ink." Advanced Materials Research 380 (November 2011): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.380.137.

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The RFID antenna is mainly fabricated by metal coil winding, copper or aluminum etching, plating, printing and so on. In this paper, the comparison of above methods is conducted and the progress of the printing method and water-based conductive ink are emphasized. Water-based conductive inks are environmental-friendly, economic, high applicability, and are widely used in screen printing, gravure, flexible printing, inkjet printing, etc. Although starts late and the technology is not very mature, the RFID antenna prepared by printing method has many advantages, such as low cost, high precision, easy operation, variety of substrates, etc. Thus the printing has great potential applications on the fabrication of RFID antenna. Furthermore, water-based conductive inks used in ink-jet printing RFID antenna will be the first choice of printed RFID antenna.

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Fievet, F., J. P. Lagier, and M. Figlarz. "Preparing Monodisperse Metal Powders in Micrometer and Submicrometer Sizes by the Polyol Process." MRS Bulletin 14, no. 12 (December 1989): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400060930.

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One of the newer tendencies in materials science has been to tailor-make classical products (long associated with old applications) with controlled properties for special uses, especially in high technology. Preparing dispersed systems in which all particles have nearly uniform size (monodisperse solids) is a typical example. This goal can be achieved in some cases through cleverly controlled particle growth from a liquid medium. Examples of such preparations include gold colloids prepared by Zsigmondy and later by Turkevich et al., sulfur sols obtained by LaMer, metal oxides and hydrous oxides prepared by Matijević et al., silica, etc. These dispersions have been used either to check theories of colloid science, or to a lesser extent, for industrial purposes. In the case of fine metal particles, a uniform size distribution associated with a low degree of agglomeration, and sometimes the spherical shape, appear as particularly convenient characteristics for certain applications. The production of conductive inks or pastes for electronic materials and for the preparation of conductive paints are particularly good examples.In so-called thick film technology, conductive inks and pastes are screen printed on a ceramic substrate in order to form, after firing, a conductive film with a thickness less than 10 μm. This technique is, for instance, used to form the network in hybrid integrated circuits or the internal electrodes of multilayer ceramic capacitors.Metallic powders in thick film compositions are usually precious metals (Au, Ag, Pt, Pd), their mixtures, or alloys. Cheaper metals such as copper or nickel are tested and may be potential substitutes for precious metals in different specific applications. Powders for thick film composition are mainly obtained through chemical precipitation from aqueous or organic solutions, which yield high purity powders. Modification of precipitation parameters (such as the nature and the concentration of the starting metallic compound and of the reducing agent, reaction temperature, viscosity of the medium) and the addition of additives and surfactants, can often be used to control particle size and agglomeration.Over the past few years, we have developed a new process for preparing finely divided metal powders of easily reducible metals (such as precious metals and copper) or less reducible metals (such as cobalt, nickel, cadmium, or lead) by precipitation in liquid polyols. This reaction will be used as an example in order to discuss the mechanism of formation of uniform micrometer and submicrometer size metal particles by precipitation reactions.

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Agina, Elena V., Alexey S. Sizov, Mikhail Yu Yablokov, Oleg V. Borshchev, Alexander A. Bessonov, Marina N. Kirikova, Marc J. A. Bailey, and Sergei A. Ponomarenko. "Polymer Surface Engineering for Efficient Printing of Highly Conductive Metal Nanoparticle Inks." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7, no. 22 (May 26, 2015): 11755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am508905t.

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Chen, Guang Xue, Yan Yan Cui, Yu Yang, and Qing Wang. "Preparation, Structure and Properties of High Performance Silver-Filled UV-Curable Polyurethane Acrylate Conductive Inks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 469 (November 2013): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.469.59.

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In this paper, polyethylene glycol thioglycolate was prepared by esterfication. Spherical silver nanoparticles were formed from silver nitrate solution by liquid chemical reduction method with hydrazine hydrate as reducant. Based on the previous two steps, the nanoAg was absorbed by the polyethylene glycol thioglycolate trough the deposition. Metal nanoparticles were absorbed by polyethylene glycol thioglycolate with M-S bond to form polymer modified nanoparticle powder. The conductive inks were prepared using modified nanoparticles, other filler and laborator self-made water-borne polyurethane resin as the bonding material. Then the ink was coated on the PET film surface to mold. Catalyst, temperature and time effected esterfication. The esterfication rate was about 55% at 110°C for 3 hours. XRD indicated that the nanoAg prepared were cubic crystals, TEM showed that the size of modified nanoAg was less than 10nm. Metal nanoparticles with M-S bond effectively reduced the surface energy and had better compatibility with organic materials. Cross-cutting tests showed that adhesion between the ink and PET films was well and the conductive inks also showed good wet resistance and thermostability.

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Kraus, Tobias. "Electronic Multiscale Hybrid Materials: Sinter-Free Inks, Printed Transparent Grids, and Soft Devices." Proceedings 56, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020056024.

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Hybrid electronic materials combine the excellent electronic properties of metals and semiconductors with the mechanical flexibility, ease of processing, and optical transparency of polymers. This talk will discuss hybrids that combine organic and inorganic components at different scales. Metallic and semiconductor nanoparticle cores are coated with conductive polymer shells to create “hybrid inks” that can be inkjet-printed and form conductive leads without any sintering step. Transparent electrodes are printed using ultrathin metal nanowires with core diameters below 2 nm. The chemically synthesized wires spontaneously form percolating structures when patterned with a soft stamp; this rapidly yields optically transparent grid electrodes, even on demanding soft substrates. These new hybrid electronic materials enable the fabrication of soft electronics, including flexible sensors on polymer foils, radio-frequency identification (RFID) antennae on cardboard, and soft human–machine interfaces. Selected devices will be covered at the end of the talk.

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Arapov, Kirill, Robert Abbel, Gijsbertus de With, and Heiner Friedrich. "Inkjet printing of graphene." Faraday Discuss. 173 (2014): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00067f.

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The inkjet printing of graphene is a cost-effective, and versatile deposition technique for both transparent and non-transparent conductive films. Printing graphene on paper is aimed at low-end, high-volume applications,i.e., in electromagnetic shielding, photovoltaics or,e.g., as a replacement for the metal in antennas of radio-frequency identification devices, thereby improving their recyclability and biocompatibility. Here, we present a comparison of two graphene inks, one prepared by the solubilization of expanded graphite in the presence of a surface active polymer, and the other by covalent graphene functionalization followed by redispersion in a solvent but without a surfactant. The non-oxidative functionalization of graphite in the form of a donor-type graphite intercalation compound was carried out by a Birch-type alkylation, where graphene can be viewed as a macrocarbanion. To increase the amount of functionalization we employed a graphite precursor with a high edge to bulk carbon ratio, thus, allowing us to achieve up to six weight percent of functional groups. The functionalized graphene can be readily dispersed at concentrations of up to 3 mg ml⁻¹in non-toxic organic solvents, and is colloidally stable for more than 2 months. The two inks are readily inkjet printable with good to satisfactory spreading. Analysis of the sheet resistance of the deposited films demonstrated that the inks based on expanded graphite outperform the functionalized graphene inks, possibly due to the significantly larger graphene sheet size in the former, which minimizes the number of sheet-to-sheet contacts along the conductive path. We found that the sheet resistance of printed large-area films decreased with an increase of the number of printed layers. Conductivity levels reached approximately 1–2 kΩ □⁻¹for 15 printing passes, which roughly equals a film thickness of 800 nm for expanded graphite based inks, and 2 MΩ □⁻¹for 15 printing passes of functionalized graphene, having a film thickness of 900 nm. Our results show that ink preparation and inkjet printing of graphene-based inks is simple and efficient, and therefore has a high potential to compete with other conductive ink formulations for large-area printing of conductive films.

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McGhee, Jack R., Jagdeep S. Sagu, Darren J. Southee, Peter S. A. Evans, and K. G. Upul Wijayantha. "Printed, Fully Metal Oxide, Capacitive Humidity Sensors Using Conductive Indium Tin Oxide Inks." ACS Applied Electronic Materials 2, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 3593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.0c00660.

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Pajor-Świerzy, Anna, Dawid Staśko, Radosław Pawłowski, Grzegorz Mordarski, Alexander Kamyshny, and Krzysztof Szczepanowicz. "Polydispersity vs. Monodispersity. How the Properties of Ni-Ag Core-Shell Nanoparticles Affect the Conductivity of Ink Coatings." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 2304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092304.

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The effect of polydispersity of nickel-silver core-shell nanoparticles (Ni-Ag NPs) on the conductivity of ink coatings was studied. Ni-Ag NPs of various average diameters (100, 220, and 420 nm) were synthesized and utilized for the preparation of conductive inks composed of monodisperse NPs and their polydisperse mixtures. The shell thickness of synthesized Ni-Ag NPs was found to be in the range of 10–20 nm and to provide stability of a core metal to oxidation for at least 6 months. The conductivity of metallic films formed by inks with monodisperse Ni-Ag NPs was compared with those formed by polydisperse inks. In all cases, the optimal conditions for the formation of conductive patterns (weight ratio of monodisperse NPs for polydisperse composition, the concentration of the wetting agent, sintering temperature, and duration) were determined. It was found that metallic films formed by polydisperse ink containing 100, 220, and 420 nm Ni-Ag NPs with a mass ratio of 1:1.5:0.5, respectively, are characterized by the lowest resistivity, 10.9 µΩ·cm, after their thermal post-coating sintering at 300 °C for 30 min that is only 1.6 higher than that of bulk nickel.

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Cankurtaran, Hüsnü, Emel Berber Karadayi, and Sıdıka Sungur. "Conductive composites of serigraphic inks and their usage in heavy metal sensor and biosensor." Progress in Organic Coatings 98 (September 2016): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.04.023.

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Sakurai, Shintaro, Yusuke Akiyama, and Hideya Kawasaki. "Filtration-induced production of conductive/robust Cu films on cellulose paper by low-temperature sintering in air." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 7 (July 2018): 172417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172417.

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Cellulose paper is an attractive substrate for paper electronics because of its advantages of flexibility, biodegradability, easy incorporation into composites, low cost and eco-friendliness. However, the micrometre-sized pores of cellulose paper make robust/conductive films difficult to deposit onto its surface from metal-nanoparticle-based inks. We developed a Cu-based composite ink to deposit conductive Cu films onto cellulose paper via low-temperature sintering in air. The Cu-based inks consisted of a metallo-organic decomposition ink and formic-acid-treated Cu flakes. The composite ink was heated in air at 100°C for only 15 s to give a conductive Cu film (7 × 10 −5 Ω cm) on the cellulose paper. Filtration of the Cu-based composite ink accumulated Cu flakes on the paper, which enabled formation of a sintered Cu film with few defects. A strategy was developed to enhance the bending stability of the sintered Cu films on paper substrates using polyvinylpyrrolidone-modified Cu flakes and amine-modified paper. The resistance of the Cu films increased only 1.3-fold and 1.1-fold after 1000 bending cycles at bending radii of 5 mm and 15 mm, respectively. The results of this study provide an approach to increasing the bending stability of Cu films on cellulose paper.

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Cruz, Bruna, Andreas Albrecht, Philipp Eschlwech, and Erwin Biebl. "Inkjet printing of metal nanoparticles for green UHF RFID tags." Advances in Radio Science 17 (September 19, 2019): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-119-2019.

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Abstract. UHF RFID tags are nowadays widely and successfully implemented in many distinct applications, but unfortunately the traditional production process and incorrect disposal of such devices have a negative impact on the environment. In this work silver and gold nanoparticle inks were printed by a consumer inkjet printer on eco-friendly substrates like paper and PET in order to make the manufacturing process less harmful to the ecosystem. A dipole antenna with matching loop was designed for the RFID chip EM4325 from EM Microelectronics, which has an integrated temperature sensor, at the frequency of 866 MHz. Based on this design, simulations of the greener tags are presented and compared as a proof of concept, without optimizing the designs at first for the different materials. The printings with silver (unlike the gold) were conductive with self-sintering. IPL sintering was conducted to reduce the sheet resistance from the silver ink and to turn the gold ink conductive. First S11 parameter and read distance measurements are shown as well as the simulations with the optimized antenna designs.

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Kanelidis, Ioannis, and Tobias Kraus. "The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (December 7, 2017): 2625–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.263.

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Coinage-metal nanoparticles are key components of many printable electronic inks. They can be combined with polymers to form conductive composites and have been used as the basis of molecular electronic devices. This review summarizes the multidimensional role of surface ligands that cover their metal cores. Ligands not only passivate crystal facets and determine growth rates and shapes; they also affect size and colloidal stability. Particle shapes can be tuned via the ligand choice while ligand length, size, ω-functionalities, and chemical nature influence shelf-life and stability of nanoparticles in dispersions. When particles are deposited, ligands affect the electrical properties of the resulting film, the morphology of particle films, and the nature of the interfaces. The effects of the ligands on sintering, cross-linking, and self-assembly of particles in electronic materials are discussed.

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Datu, Ellaine M., and Mary Donnabelle L. Balela. "In Situ Electrochemical Study of Copper Nanoparticles Stabilized with Food Grade Gelatin." Key Engineering Materials 705 (August 2016): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.705.163.

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Commercially available conductive inks are typically made up of precious metal nanoparticles, such as gold (Au) and silver (Ag). Thus, cheaper metals like copper (Cu) are currently being explored as alternative material. Though Cu has a comparable conductivity to that of Ag, they tend to oxidize easily when exposed to air and water, which could limit their application. In this work, oxidation-stable Cu nanoparticles with mean diameter as small as 57 nm were prepared by simple electroless deposition in water. Food-grade gelatin was used as stabilizer, which makes the process more economical and environment-friendly. In situ monitoring of mixed potential was carried out during synthesis to understand the kinetics of the reaction. The mixed potential of the solution shifted negatively as the amount of gelatin was increased. This suggests faster reduction rate.

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Shabanov, Nabi S., Kamil Sh Rabadanov, Sagim I. Suleymanov, Akhmed M. Amirov, Abdulgalim B. Isaev, Dinara S. Sobola, Eldar K. Murliev, and Gulnara A. Asvarova. "Water-Soluble Copper Ink for the Inkjet Fabrication of Flexible Electronic Components." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 2218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092218.

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The aim of this work is preparation and investigation of copper conductive paths by printing with a different type of functional ink. The solutions based on copper-containing complex compounds were used as inks instead of dispersions of metal nanoparticles. Thermal characteristics of synthesized precursors were studied by thermogravimetry in an argon atmosphere. Based on the comparison of decomposition temperature, the dimethylamine complex of copper formate was found to be more suitable precursor for the formation of copper layers. Structure and performance of this compound was studied in detail by X-ray diffraction, test of wettability, printing on flexible substrate, and electrical measurements.

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Nigusse, Abreha Bayrau, Desalegn Alemu Mengistie, Benny Malengier, Granch Berhe Tseghai, and Lieva Van Langenhove. "Wearable Smart Textiles for Long-Term Electrocardiography Monitoring—A Review." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 4174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124174.

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The continuous and long-term measurement and monitoring of physiological signals such as electrocardiography (ECG) are very important for the early detection and treatment of heart disorders at an early stage prior to a serious condition occurring. The increasing demand for the continuous monitoring of the ECG signal needs the rapid development of wearable electronic technology. During wearable ECG monitoring, the electrodes are the main components that affect the signal quality and comfort of the user. This review assesses the application of textile electrodes for ECG monitoring from the fundamentals to the latest developments and prospects for their future fate. The fabrication techniques of textile electrodes and their performance in terms of skin–electrode contact impedance, motion artifacts and signal quality are also reviewed and discussed. Textile electrodes can be fabricated by integrating thin metal fiber during the manufacturing stage of textile products or by coating textiles with conductive materials like metal inks, carbon materials, or conductive polymers. The review also discusses how textile electrodes for ECG function via direct skin contact or via a non-contact capacitive coupling. Finally, the current intensive and promising research towards finding textile-based ECG electrodes with better comfort and signal quality in the fields of textile, material, medical and electrical engineering are presented as a perspective.

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Xu, Bingbing, Feng Ye, Guangtao Chang, and Ruoxin Li. "A Simple and Cost-Effective Method for Producing Stable Surfactant-Coated EGaIn Liquid Metal Nanodroplets." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 25, 2020): 3753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173753.

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Liquid metals show unparalleled advantages in printable circuits, flexible wear, drug carriers, and electromagnetic shielding. However, the efficient and large-scale preparation of liquid metal nanodroplets (LM NDs) remains a significant challenge. Here, we propose a simple and efficient method for the large-scale preparation of stable eutectic gallium indium nanodroplets (EGaIn NDs). We compared different preparation methods and found that droplets with smaller particle sizes could quickly be produced using a shaking technique. The size of EGaIn NDs produced using this technique can reach 200 nm in 30 min and 100 nm in 240 min. Benefiting from the simple method, various surfactants can directly modify the surface of the EGaIn NDs to stabilize the prepared droplets. In addition, we discovered that shaking in an ice bath produced spherical nanodroplets, and after shaking for 30 min in a non-ice bath, rod-shaped gallium oxide hydroxide (GaOOH) appeared. Furthermore, the EGaIn NDs we produced have excellent stability—after storage at room temperature for 30 days, the particle size and morphology change little. The excellent stability of the produced EGaIn NDs provides a wider application of liquid metals in the fields of drug delivery, electromagnetic shielding, conductive inks, printed circuits, etc.

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Xiao, Peng, Yicong Zhou, Liao Gan, Zhipeng Pan, Jianwen Chen, Dongxiang Luo, Rihui Yao, Jianqiu Chen, Hongfu Liang, and Honglong Ning. "Study of Inkjet-Printed Silver Films Based on Nanoparticles and Metal-Organic Decomposition Inks with Different Curing Methods." Micromachines 11, no. 7 (July 12, 2020): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11070677.

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Currently, inkjet printing conductive films have attracted more and more attention in the field of electronic device. Here, the inkjet-printed silver thin films based on nanoparticles (NP) ink and metal-organic decomposition (MOD) ink were cured by the UV curing method and heat curing method. We not only compared the electrical resistivity and adhesion strength of two types of silver films, but also studied the effect of different curing methods on silver films. The silver films based on NP ink had good adhesion strength with a lowest electrical resistivity of 3.7 × 10−8 Ω·m. However, the silver film based on MOD ink had terrible adhesion strength with a lowest electrical resistivity of 2 × 10−8 Ω·m. Furthermore, we found a simple way to improve the terrible adhesion strength of silver films based on MOD ink and tried to figure out the mechanisms. This work offers a further understanding of the different performances of two types of silver films with different curing methods.

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Zhang, Bowen, Chuantong Chen, Wanli Li, Jeyun Yeom, and Katsuaki Suganuma. "Well‐Controlled Decomposition of Copper Complex Inks Enabled by Metal Nanowire Networks for Highly Compact, Conductive, and Flexible Copper Films." Advanced Materials Interfaces 7, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 1901550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admi.201901550.

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Kawasaki, Hideya, Yuki Kawaguchi, and Ryuichi Arakawa. "Formate-Free Metal-Organic Decomposition Inks of Copper Particles and Self-Reductive Copper Complex for the Fabrication of Conductive Copper Films." Journal of Coating Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (October 13, 2016): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2369-3355.2016.03.02.2.

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Gómez-Monedero, Beatriz, María-Isabel González-Sánchez, Jesús Iniesta, Jerónimo Agrisuelas, and Edelmira Valero. "Design and Characterization of Effective Ag, Pt and AgPt Nanoparticles to H2O2 Electrosensing from Scrapped Printed Electrodes." Sensors 19, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 1685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071685.

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The use of disposable screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) has extraordinarily grown in the last years. In this paper, conductive inks from scrapped SPEs were removed by acid leaching, providing high value feedstocks suitable for the electrochemical deposition of Ag, Pt and Ag core-Pt shell-like bimetallic (AgPt) nanoparticles, onto screen-printed carbon electrodes (ML@SPCEs, M = Ag, Pt or AgPt, L = metal nanoparticles from leaching solutions). ML@SPCEs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results were compared to those obtained when metal nanoparticles were synthesised using standard solutions of metal salts (MS@SPCEs). Both ML@SPCEs and MS@SPCEs exhibited similar cyclic voltammetric patterns referred to the electrochemical stripping of silver or the adsorption/desorption of hydrogen/anions in the case of platinum, proving leaching solutions extremely effective for the electrodeposition of metallic nanoparticles. The use of both ML@SPCEs and MS@SPCEs proved effective in enhancing the sensitivity for the detection of H2O2 in phosphate buffer solutions (pH = 7). The AgPtL@SPCE was used as proof of concept for the validation of an amperometric sensor for the determination of H2O2 within laundry boosters and antiseptic samples. The electrochemical sensor gave good agreement with the results obtained by a spectrophotometric method with H2O2 recoveries between 100.6% and 106.4%.

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Zacharatos, Filimon, Ioannis Theodorakos, Panagiotis Karvounis, Simon Tuohy, Nuno Braz, Semyon Melamed, Ayala Kabla, et al. "Selective Laser Sintering of Laser Printed Ag Nanoparticle Micropatterns at High Repetition Rates." Materials 11, no. 11 (October 31, 2018): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112142.

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The increasing development of flexible and printed electronics has fueled substantial advancements in selective laser sintering, which has been attracting interest over the past decade. Laser sintering of metal nanoparticle dispersions in particular (from low viscous inks to high viscous pastes) offers significant advantages with respect to more conventional thermal sintering or curing techniques. Apart from the obvious lateral selectivity, the use of short-pulsed and high repetition rate lasers minimizes the heat affected zone and offers unparalleled control over a digital process, enabling the processing of stacked and pre-structured layers on very sensitive polymeric substrates. In this work, the authors have conducted a systematic investigation of the laser sintering of micro-patterns comprising Ag nanoparticle high viscous inks: The effect of laser pulse width within the range of 20–200 nanoseconds (ns), a regime which many commercially available, high repetition rate lasers operate in, has been thoroughly investigated experimentally in order to define the optimal processing parameters for the fabrication of highly conductive Ag patterns on polymeric substrates. The in-depth temperature profiles resulting from the effect of laser pulses of varying pulse widths have been calculated using a numerical model relying on the finite element method, which has been fed with physical parameters extracted from optical and structural characterization. Electrical characterization of the resulting sintered micro-patterns has been benchmarked against the calculated temperature profiles, so that the resistivity can be associated with the maximal temperature value. This quantitative correlation offers the possibility to predict the optimal process window in future laser sintering experiments. The reported computational and experimental findings will foster the wider adoption of laser micro-sintering technology for laboratory and industrial use.

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Аnanin, O. "IMPROVEMENT OF PROTECTION AGAINST COUNTERFEITING OF THE PASSPORT OF A CITIZEN OF UKRAINE FOR TRAVEL ABROAD WITH A CONTACTLESS ELECTRONIC MEDIUM." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 66 (2021): 711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2020.66.52.

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According to the requirements of international law, the protective elements of documents confirming an identity or its special status and give the right to cross the state border must correspond to the maximum level of security. Modern expert practice testifies to the presence of a number of shortcomings in the protection of a passport of a citizen of Ukraine for traveling abroad with a contactless electronic carrier. The main way to forge passport documents is to make unauthorized changes to the original data page. The main identifier, on the data page, is the bearer’s photographic image. Therefore, it is subject to unauthorized changes in the first place. The main changes are made in the photographic image of the bearer and the duplicate image. The solution to the problem of their additional protection is possible by introducing additional special means. In particular, destructive holograms and Transparent Window technology (from Trüb, Gemalto Group (Sealys Window Lock)). Making any changes leaves noticeable traces that are easily identified by a simple visual method, without the use of special devices. In addition, for supplemental protection, it is advisable to apply the document number by laser perforation to the bearer’s photographic image. When mechanically interfering with the photographic image, the license plate is damaged, which leaves noticeable traces, which are determined by a simple visual method (look at the clearance). Some of these solutions have already been implemented in today’s passport documents of Lithuania, the Netherlands and Finland. Special attention should be paid to the contactless electronic data carrier based on RFID technology (RFID device). Its disadvantage is an external antenna (RFID antenna), which is performed by traditional technology - copper (copper substrate) engraving. Such an antenna is easily susceptible to mechanical damage if the document is handled carelessly. Because of this, it becomes difficult to verify the identity of the bearer. Offenders, specially disabling the antenna, use this disadvantage. Currently, the most economical way of making antennas for RFID devices is printing with conductive inks (printing method). The cost of conductive paints is lower than that of traditional technologies using metal substrates. In addition, conductive paints have a much higher resistance to mechanical damage than their counterparts from copper substrates. The proposed innovative means of protection, which have already been tested in the identification documents of the states of the European Union. They are capable of preventing unauthorized changes required by offenders. It is advisable to single out the following areas as a direction for further research: laser technologies; holography; printing and technical properties of polymeric materials.

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Alves, H., A. I. S. Neves, W. Gouveia, R. A. L. Silva, and D. Belo. "Conducting films based on single-component molecular metals." Chemical Communications 51, no. 66 (2015): 13117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc05531h.

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Mukai, Yusuke, and Minyoung Suh. "Enhancing the electrical properties of inkjet-printed silver ink by electrolyte sintering, photonic sintering, and electroless plating." Science of Sintering 53, no. 1 (2021): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos2101119m.

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Conductive inkjet printing is an emerging rapid manufacturing technology in the field of smart clothing and wearable electronics. The current challenge in conductive inkjet printing includes upgrading of electrical performance of printed inks to the equivalent level to traditional conductors such as bulk silver and copper, especially for high-performance electronic applications such as flexible antennas and circuits. Post-treatments are commonly employed to enhance the electrical conduction of inkjet-printed tracks. This research discusses the effects of electrolyte sintering, photonic sintering and electroless copper plating on the DC electrical resistance and resistivity of inkjet-printed silver nanoparticles. From experimental results and measurements, it was found that all the post-treatment methods effectively improved the electrical properties of printed silver ink, but in different ways. The lowest resistance of 4.5 ? (in 0.1 mm ? 10 mm) and thickest (4.5 ?m) conductor were achieved by electroless copper plating, whereas the lowest resistivity (7.5?10-8 ??m) and thinnest (1.0 ?m) conductor were obtained by photonic sintering.

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Christenson, Kurt. "Additive Manufacturing of Dielectric Microstructures." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2019, DPC (January 1, 2019): 001064–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4491-2019-dpc-presentation_wp3_045.

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Additive, printed, 3D electrical traces are needed to achieve the desired advances in packaging. Recent advances in silver inks in some cases provide resistivities of 2× bulk silver (3.2E-6 Ohm-cm) when sintered at 120 C, and laser sintering can provide similar performance on substantially room-temperature substrates. Compared to wire bonds, printed traces have smaller heights (no loops) and the trace cross sections can be tailored to carry larger currents. In RF applications, printed traces can be shorter, have lower inductance and crosstalk, and be shaped to form substantially impedance-matched connections. Additive dielectric microstructures are often required to support the additive printing of conductors on 2.5D and 3D electronic structures. For example:A fillet, or at minimum a wall coating, is needed on the conductive sidewall of an unpackaged IC die that is to be connected to an underlying PCB by a printed trace. Large fillets (ca 350 um) are needed on typical single die, <50 um fillets on stacks of thinned die, and <20 um fillets are needed on flexible die.Filling the inter-die gap is necessary when interconnecting closely spaced die.Filling the gap between the substrate dielectric and die is needed when the die is mounted in a cavity in the substrate. Cavity mounting is sometimes used when the floor of the cavity is a thick metal layer that acts as both a ground plane and a heat sink. Dual-cure (UA and/or heat) resins are desirable for creating microstructures as the resins can be “pinned” in-situ to create structures that would normally be impossible due to the flow of the resin. A secondary heating step is normally used to cure any areas shadowed from the UV. These resins can shrink on curing by as much as a few percent causing delamination from underlying structures or stress in the final parts. Much like applying multiple thin coats of paint to avoid the cracking that results from applying one thick coat, applying multiple thin coats of dielectric with simultaneous UV or UV exposure between the coats allows the polymer to be deposited with low stress and without delamination. For example, a method for creating fillets around thick die by multiple layering has been described by Hines et al. It is also possible to create structures with low-shrinkage/CTE materials, but these materials are often compromised in other metrics. Creating micro dielectric structures by conventional syringe dispense methods is difficult due to the size of currently used dispense needles. Even the 190 um OD of a 34 ga needle, which is too small to be used with filled resins, is poorly suited to forming 45-degree fillets on a stack of 35 um-tall die. This work discusses some of the practical aspects and results of creating these micro dielectric microstructures and printed traces using Aerosol Jet® technology.

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Horváth, Barbara, Barbora Křivová, Sami Bolat, and Helmut Schift. "Fabrication of Large Area Sub-200 nm Conducting Electrode Arrays by Self-Confinement of Spincoated Metal Nanoparticle Inks." Advanced Materials Technologies 4, no. 3 (January 3, 2019): 1800652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800652.

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Shen, Guiying, Youwen Zhao, Ding Yu, Jingming Liu, Zhiyuan Dong, and Hui Xie. "Electrical conduction of C-implanted InAs single crystal." Materials Research Express 6, no. 5 (February 22, 2019): 055913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab067b.

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Lopes, Amit J., In Hwan Lee, Eric MacDonald, Rolando Quintana, and Ryan Wicker. "Laser curing of silver-based conductive inks for in situ 3D structural electronics fabrication in stereolithography." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 214, no. 9 (September 2014): 1935–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.04.009.

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Htwe, Y. Z. N., W. S. Chow, G. Suriati, A. A. Thant, and M. Mariatti. "Properties enhancement of graphene and chemical reduction silver nanoparticles conductive inks printed on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) substrate." Synthetic Metals 256 (October 2019): 116120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2019.116120.

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Persons, Andrea Karen, John E. Ball, Charles Freeman, David M. Macias, Chartrisa LaShan Simpson, Brian K. Smith, and Reuben F. Burch V. "Fatigue Testing of Wearable Sensing Technologies: Issues and Opportunities." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 4070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154070.

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Standards for the fatigue testing of wearable sensing technologies are lacking. The majority of published fatigue tests for wearable sensors are performed on proof-of-concept stretch sensors fabricated from a variety of materials. Due to their flexibility and stretchability, polymers are often used in the fabrication of wearable sensors. Other materials, including textiles, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and conductive metals or inks, may be used in conjunction with polymers to fabricate wearable sensors. Depending on the combination of the materials used, the fatigue behaviors of wearable sensors can vary. Additionally, fatigue testing methodologies for the sensors also vary, with most tests focusing only on the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) regime, and few sensors are cycled until failure or runout are achieved. Fatigue life predictions of wearable sensors are also lacking. These issues make direct comparisons of wearable sensors difficult. To facilitate direct comparisons of wearable sensors and to move proof-of-concept sensors from “bench to bedside”, fatigue testing standards should be established. Further, both high-cycle fatigue (HCF) and failure data are needed to determine the appropriateness in the use, modification, development, and validation of fatigue life prediction models and to further the understanding of how cracks initiate and propagate in wearable sensing technologies.

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Steiger, Rolf, Robert Beer, J. F. Fernandez-Sanchez, and U. E. Spichiger-Keller. "Large Area, Nanoparticulate Metal Oxide Coatings for Consumer Nanotechnologies." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 1193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.1193.

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Large area coatings containing nanoparticulate metal oxides dispersed in polymers are manufactured at high speed (up to 200 m2 /min.) by curtain- or cascade coating on flexible substrates near room temperature. Simultaneously coated multilayers, which may contain different metal oxides, show interesting new properties for industrial applications. Thick (40 $m) coatings with rare-earth doped aluminum oxide nanoparticles have been commercialized for waterfast ink-jet media which are dry to touch after printing, show photo-parity and are very stable towards water, light and environment if appropriate inks are used. Strong capillary forces due to nanoporosity allow instant ink-absorption. Experimental techniques used to develop these materials and results related to imaging parameters are discussed. Thin layers (1-10 $m) of nanoparticulate, nanoporous TiO2 and LiMn2O4, dispersed in non-electroactive polymers such as polyethylene glycols, can be used as electrodes for rechargeable Li-ion batteries with very fast charge-discharge cycles and high power performance. The excellent ion-conducting properties of unsintered, nanoparticulate coatings of these metal oxides were unexpected and allow applications of temperature sensitive substrates and organic addenda. By coating very thin, almost or totally polymer-free layers of highly-porous, monodisperse aluminum-oxides with minimum particle size, display devices with improved optical efficiency were prepared. These layers have a low refractive index thus allowing for higher intensities of light emitted by organic electro-luminescers in OLED’s and PLED’s. This property is useful for mobile devices as phones and PDA’s. A hitherto unknown, photo-catalytic chemical reaction of the classical green emitter tris-(8-hydroxychinolino)-aluminum (Alq3) has been discovered in coatings of such optically efficient devices after exposing them to daylight in air. An efficient blue-emitting species of Alq3 with another stereochemical structure was directly formed within these layers at room temperature by photolysis in ambient atmosphere. Interesting new applications of specially designed, large-area coated and transparent nanostructured matrices on flexible substrates for optical gas sensors are discussed in more detail in this paper.

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Deffenbaugh, Paul I., Danielle M. Stramel, and Kenneth H. Church. "Increasing the Reliability of 3D Printing a Wi-Fi Sensor Device." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2016, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 000240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2016-wp11.

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Abstract Printed electronics and 3D printing have proved their viability for manufacturing functional devices. The state of the art is now at a crossroads where yield, reliability, survivability, and longevity improvements will govern its continued success in manufacturing. Currently, 3D printed electronics demonstration parts are either grossly oversized or are meticulously fabricated and involve significant human interaction and repair and ultimately have low manufacturing yield. Presented here are techniques for improving manufacturing yield. Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch problems frequently occur in devices with heterogeneous materials such as bulk metals, thermoplastics, thermosets, conductive pastes and inks, and pourable dielectrics. Controlling the interfaces between these materials in new and creative ways is key to solving these problems during manufacturing and lifecycle. Selecting materials with good properties such as adhesion, surface energy, flexibility, conductivity, and dielectric properties is the path forward to excellence in this field. Certain improvements in the design of 3D printed electronic devices (demonstrated here) show improved ruggedness. A long-lasting 3D printed electronic device that has been operating 24/7 for 21,000 hours is shown, and the techniques of its design and fabrication are described in detail. Several testing procedures evaluate the performance of the devices. Microscope photos show key problem areas, solutions are implemented, and material selections are presented. Overall device function is monitored wirelessly before, during, and after temperature changes.

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Li, Wanli, Lingying Li, Yue Gao, Dawei Hu, Cai-Fu Li, Hao Zhang, Jinting Jiu, Shijo Nagao, and Katsuaki Suganuma. "Highly conductive copper films based on submicron copper particles/copper complex inks for printed electronics: Microstructure, resistivity, oxidation resistance, and long-term stability." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 732 (January 2018): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.10.193.

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Curtis, C. J., D. L. Schulz, A. Miedaner, J. Alleman, T. Rivkin, J. D. Perkin, and D. S. Ginley. "Spray and Inkjet Printing of Hybrid Nanoparticle-Metal-Organic Inks for Ag and Cu Metallizations." MRS Proceedings 676 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-676-y8.6.

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ABSTRACTMetal-organic and hybrid metal-organic/metal nanoparticle inkswere evaluated for use in the inkjet printing of copper and silver conducting lines. Pure, smooth, dense, highly conductive coatings were produced by spray printing with (hexafluoroacetylacetonato)copper(I)-vinyltrimethylsilane Cu(hfa)·VTMS) and (hexafluoroacetylacetonato)silver(I)(1,5-cyclooctadiene) (Ag(hfa)COD) metal-organic precursors on heated substrates. Good adhesion to the substrates tested, glass, Kapton tape and Si, has been achieved without use of adhesion promoters. The silver metal-organic ink has also beenused to print metal lines and patterns with a commercial inkjet printer. Hybrid inks comprised of metal nanoparticles mixed with the metal-organic complexes above have also been used to deposit Cu and Ag films by spray printing.This approach gives dense, adherent films that are much thicker than those obtained using the metal-organic inks alone. The conductivities of the silvercoatings obtained by both approaches are near that of bulk silver (2 μΩ·cm). The copper coatings had conductivities at least an order ofmagnitude less than bulk.

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Abbel, Robert, Jaquelien van den Boomen, Tim van Lammeren, Tom de Koning, Josué J. P. Valeton, and Erwin R. Meinders. "Current Collecting Grids for R2R Processed Organic Solar Cells." MRS Proceedings 1323 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2011.827.

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ABSTRACTExposure to highly focussed flash light (photonic flash sintering) has been developed as a technology to successfully cure printed metal inks on temperature sensitive plastic substrates. In contrast to the traditional approach of thermal oven sintering, conductivities up to 30 % of the value of bulk silver can be achieved within a few seconds without foil deformation. The compatibility of this technology with R2R production has been demonstrated with line speeds up to 5 m/min. As a consequence, our approach is expected to enable the high throughput fabrication of current collecting grids for organic solar cells in order to replace transparent electrodes based on metal oxides such as ITO. Additionally, our new sintering technology has enabled us to process a new generation of conductive inks, based on copper complexes, which cannot be processed by oven sintering.

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Trindade, Gustavo F., Feiran Wang, Jisun Im, Yinfeng He, Adam Balogh, David Scurr, Ian Gilmore, et al. "Residual polymer stabiliser causes anisotropic electrical conductivity during inkjet printing of metal nanoparticles." Communications Materials 2, no. 1 (May 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43246-021-00151-0.

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AbstractInkjet printing of metal nanoparticles allows for design flexibility, rapid processing and enables the 3D printing of functional electronic devices through co-deposition of multiple materials. However, the performance of printed devices, especially their electrical conductivity, is lower than those made by traditional manufacturing methods and is not fully understood. Here, we reveal that anisotropic electrical conductivity of printed metal nanoparticles is caused by organic residuals from their inks. We employ a combination of electrical resistivity tests, morphological analysis and 3D nanoscale chemical analysis of printed devices using silver nanoparticles to show that the polymer stabiliser polyvinylpyrrolidone tends to concentrate between vertically stacked nanoparticle layers as well as at dielectric/conductive interfaces. Understanding the behaviour of organic residues in printed nanoparticles reveals potential new strategies to improve nanomaterial ink formulations for functional printed electronics.

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Pavithran, Sithara Sreenilayam, Ronan McCann, Éanna McCarthy, Brian Freeland, Karsten Fleischer, Stephen Goodnick, Stuart Bowden, Christiana Honsberg, and Dermot Brabazon. "Silver and Copper nano-colloid generation via Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid: Recirculation nanoparticle production mode." ESAFORM 2021, April 2, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/esaform21.2239.

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Metal nanoparticles have unique chemical, physical, electrical, and optical properties that make them attractive for a wide range of applications in sensing, anti-fouling surfaces, medicine, and conductive inks. Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (PLAL) is a green method of nanoparticle colloid production, capable of producing ligand-free nanoparticles in solution without the need for hazardous, environmentally unfriendly chemicals. Control of the process parameters can give control over the resulting colloid properties such as particle size distribution. In this work, silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) with average particle size from 2.04 to 19.3 nm and copper (Cu) NPs with average particle size from 40 to 85.9 nm were produced by PLAL) technique.

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Srikrishnan, Mangalam R., Naganathan Archana, and Joy Niresh. "The Evolution of Smart Wrist Band by Using Sensors." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Engineering & Technologies, August 2020, 525–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1999-494x-0244.

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In recent years, the integration of various electronic components and sensors with textiles aimed at giving additional functions has become more common. In this respect the wrist band can be made functional while retaining the aesthetic appeal and style at lower cost which is in high demand. Smart textiles are fabrics that have been designed and manufactured to include technologies that provide the wearer with increased functionality. Smart textiles can be produced by knitting, weaving and embroidering with conductive threads, conductive metal coating and screen printing that can be used to develop wearable electronic textiles but amongst these, the use of conductive inks onto textiles has gained interest due to the ease of their use and manufacturing scalability. The emergence of wireless technologies and advancement in on-body sensor design can enable change in the conventional healthcare system, replacing it with wearable ones, centered on the individual. Wearable monitoring systems can provide continuous physiological data, as well as better information regarding the general health of individuals. Thus, such vital-sign monitoring systems will reduce healthcare costs by disease prevention and enhance the quality of life. This dissertation is aimed at developing smart band by incorporating vital-sign monitoring systems. Using this assembly, the recent progress in non-invasive monitoring technologies for chronic disease management is reviewed. Devices and techniques for monitoring pulse rate and body temperatures are discussed in particular. For our research conductive ink and conductive fabrics are presented additionally. The main aim of this project is to produce a wearable wrist band which detects vital body parameters like pulse rate and temperature using sensors, conductive ink and conductive fabric. Finally, the recorded temperature and pulse rate readings are sent to mobile app via Wi-Fi

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Gopalakrishnan, S., and Janet K. Lumpp. "Adhesion of Screen Printed Conductors on Laser Reduced AlN." MRS Proceedings 390 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-390-263.

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ABSTRACTAluminum Nitride (AlN) has not attained the type of success alumina has had with thick film materials. This project is aimed at increasing the number of thick film inks compatible with AIN. Excimer laser reduced AIN is metallic, but not sufficiently conductive to act as an interconnection for microelectronic circuits. The reduced surface acts as a bonding layer to promote adhesion of screen printed metal films.Design of Experiments (DOE) plays a critical role in determining the success of a research project. Completely Randomized Nested Classification design strategy is used in these experiments. The Ag-Pd ink formulated for alumina is screen printed on AIN and alumina substrates in a random order and fired. Wires are soldered to the pads and a pull test is done. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is used to compare the adhesion strength of Ag-Pd ink formulated for alumina screen printed on Al2O3 and laser reduced AIN substrates.

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Weise, Dana, Kalyan Yoti Mitra, Enrico Sowade, and Reinhard R. Baumann. "Intense Pulsed Light Sintering of Inkjet Printed Silver Nanoparticle Ink: Influence of Flashing Parameters and Substrate." MRS Proceedings 1761 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.680.

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ABSTRACTInkjet printing of various nanoparticle inks, made from silver or copper nanoparticles, and its transformation into solid functional patterns is of high interest in the field of printed electronics. Liquid materials can be deposited as defined patterns in selected areas with micrometer precision. To convert these printed liquid films, consisting of solvents, additives and nanoparticles, into solid functional patterns a post-treatment is required. To this date, many investigations report on various sintering techniques to achieve e.g. high conductivity from the printed conductive materials.Direct thermal sintering (via furnace or hotplate) requires high temperatures, which makes it not suitable for sensitive polymeric substrates. The novel method of intense pulsed light (IPL) sintering opens the window of opportunity to convert liquid or dried metal layers into solid functional layers within milliseconds without damaging the thermally fragile polymeric substrate.In this work we present and analyze the application of the IPL sintering on inkjet printed silver patterns on various flexible substrates, like Poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), Polyimide (PI) foils and paper.A high dependency of the electrical and structural performance of the printed silver layers on the base substrate was observed when flashing with the IPL technique. Flashing parameters were varied and the resulting sheet resistance is presented.With the analytical comparison of optical and electrical results, the flashing settings could be adapted to achieve highly conductive inkjet printed silver patterns on flexible substrates, when compared to other thermal sintering techniques. Furthermore the first integration of this post treatment methodology into semi-industrial roll-2-roll processing was successfully performed and will be demonstrated.

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Sole-Gras, Marc, Ruitong Xiong, Changxiao Liang, William Roorda, Hitomi Yamaguchi, and Yong Huang. "Study of Overlapping Adjacent Jets for Effective Laser-Induced Forward Transfer Printing." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 143, no. 4 (October 23, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4048440.

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Abstract Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) is a well-established, versatile additive manufacturing technology for orifice-free printing of highly viscous solutions and suspensions. In order to improve the efficiency of point-wise LIFT printing, an optical scanner is integrated into the laser printing system to enable the formation of overlapping adjacent jets used for deposition. The objective of this study is to evaluate the ejection behavior and deposition performance under such conditions during LIFT printing for further improvement. The effects of the overlap of adjacent jets are investigated in terms of jet formation and material deposition processes, capturing the jet tilting phenomenon caused by the perturbance induced by previously formed jet(s). The feasibility of optical scanner-assisted LIFT printing of viscous metal-based ink suspension has been successfully demonstrated during conductive line printing with induced overlapping jets. Investigation of various overlap ratios of adjacent jets found that a 30% jet overlap and a 133 µs time interval between laser pulses are optimal, in terms of deposition quality and ejection stability, even when a tilted jet ejection is present for the laser and material system in this study. Furthermore, multilayer polygonal and interdigitated structures are successfully deposited under these identified printing conditions. With the inclusion of an optical scanner, LIFT printing efficiency for viscous inks can be improved as the usage of higher laser frequencies is enabled, providing a faster orifice-free laser printing methodology.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Conductive Metal Inks'

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