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Academic literature on the topic 'Conductivitat tèrmica'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Conductivitat tèrmica"
Ferrando, Villalba Pablo. "Thermal characterization of Si-based nanostructures." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399339.
Full textThermoelectricity is a promising technology for scavenging energy from environmental temperature differences. The development of materials that transform heat into electricity in a more efficient way making use of this principle is necessary for opening new application niches. Nanostructuring a material has been demonstrated to increase the thermoelectric figure of merit of crystalline materials via a thermal conductivity reduction driven by enhanced phonon scattering. This thesis is committed to give a better insight into the processes that affect thermal transport in potential Si-based nanomaterials for thermoelectric generation. In Chapter 1, a general introduction exposes the need for reducing fossil fuel consumption and generally using renewable energies. Also, the benefit of tuning the thermal conductivity of materials for thermal management applications is discussed. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the theory behind thermal transport. First, the heat equation is derived from the classical irreversible thermodynamics framework. Then, phonons are introduced as heat carrying quasiparticles. The application of the Boltzmann Transport Equation to both phonons and electrons allows understanding the effect of different scattering mechanisms on the thermoelectric properties of materials. Finally, several strategies for enhancing the figure of merit of materials are reviewed. In Chapter 3, the necessary tools for measuring the thermal conductivity of nanomaterials are developed. Two cryostats are set up along with the temperature control systems that allow measuring at stable temperatures. Later, three sensors are developed for measuring the thermal conductivity of different materials. First, suspended structures intended for measuring the in-plane thermal conductivity of suspended membranes and nanowires are fabricated, and the errors and uncertainties produced in such measurements are characterized. Second, the 3ω method is introduced, allowing the measurement of the out-of-plane thermal conductivity in thin films. The emergence of the 3ω voltage is demonstrated, and the relation between this voltage and the thermal conductivity of the substrate and the thin-film is found. Finally, a sensor for the 3ω-Völklein method is developed, which allows characterizing the in-plane thermal conductivity of thin-films during the layer growth. In Chapter 4, the thermal conductivity of suspended Si membranes is measured, finding the expected reduction in thermal conductivity due to phonon surface scattering, as well as confinement effects in the 17.5 nm thick membrane. Moreover, the nanopatterning of these Si membranes with focused ion beam (FIB) is optimized through a systematic study of its amorphization finding an optimal spatial resolution of 200 nm when using 50 μC/cm2. In Chapter 5, the thermal conductivity of porous Si nanowires is studied for wires with different porosity, length and diameters, showing an unexpected dependence on its diameter that suggests that the wire core is generally less porous than the shell. The structural Si thermal conductivity is found to be one fiftieth of that of the bulk, promising a good thermoelectric figure of merit. In Chapter 6, the thermal conductivity of a novel SiGe graded superlattice is measured, showing a considerable reduction in its thermal conductivity, even below the thin-film alloy limit. The measurement of the thickest superlattice confirms the absence of coherent phonon effects. In Chapter 7, the thermal conductance of a suspended SiNx membrane is measured with a high precision while depositing on it organic (TPD) and metallic (Indium) materials. The results show an initial conductance reduction that cannot be explained with the Fourier law. This reduction is found to be related to an increased diffusive boundary scattering, which could be easily extrapolated to other thermoelectric nanomaterials, reducing their thermal conductivity. Also, the growth dynamics of both materials are characterized through their signal in the conductance.
Massaguer, Colomer Albert. "Electrically tunable thermal conductivity and exhaust heat recovery applications of thermoelectric materials." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663668.
Full textAquest treball se centra en dues àrees relacionades amb la termoelectricitat: (i) l'estudi de la capacitat de controlar la conductivitat tèrmica dels materials termoelèctrics i (ii) el desenvolupament, assaig i millora d'un generador termoelèctric per automoció (ATEG).La primera part de la tesi proposa un nou enfocament sobre l'ús dels materials termoelèctrics, tractant-los com a aïllaments variables en sistemes tèrmics.La segona part d'aquesta investigació se centra en el desenvolupament de la recuperació de calor en tubs d’escapament
de, Tomás Andrés Carla. "On thermal transport by phonons in bulk and nanostructured semiconductor materials." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285571.
Full textThe aim of this theoretical work is twofold. First, to contribute to a better understand- ing of phonon heat transport in bulk and nanostructured semiconductors, like thin-films or nanowires, in a wide range of temperatures, paying special attention to phonon-phonon col- lisions. Second, to improve the prediction capability of the thermal conductivity of the most common semiconductors. To achieve this, it becomes necessary the formulation of a new model allowing us to overcome the diculties associated to the existing models, with the aim to fulfill two desirable conditions: to provide a general expression for the thermal conduc- tivity, valid for several materials with di↵erent size-scales and geometries in a wide range of temperatures, and to have the smallest number of free adjustable parameters to assure the reliability of the model. The potentiality of such model would be to serve as a useful tool to design more ecient thermoelectric devices. The fruit of our study is the Kinetic-collective model which is developed in the framework of the Boltzmann transport equation as a natural generalization of the Guyer-Krumhansl model. Since phonon interactions are the source of thermal resistance, they deserve a special discussion in any thermal conductivity study. Precisely, the keystone in our work is the treatment of phonon-phonon collisions regarding their di↵erent nature. The prediction capability of the model need to be tested on several materials. In particular, we study five materials with thermoelectric interest. In first place, silicon, because it is an ideal test material due to the considerable amount of experimental data available in the literature, and because of its inherent scientific and technological importance. Secondly, we extend our study to other materials with the same lattice structure as silicon, that is the family of group IV element semiconductors (germanium, diamond, silicon and gray-tin), which also have been object of intense study, specially germanium, due to the recent and fast development of SiGe alloys and superlattices. Finally, we finish our study with a more complicated material regarding its lattice structure, bismuth telluride, which is known to be a very ecient thermoelectric material due to its high figure of merit. The Thesis is arranged in eight Chapters. The lay out is as follows: Chapter 1 con- textualizes the topic of the work and briefly introduces the basic physics related to phonon transport. In Chapter 2 the fundamental quantity necessary for considering any thermal property, the phonon dispersion relations, have been obtained for the materials under study. For this purpose, two lattice dynamics models are used: the Bond-charge model for group-IV semiconductors (silicon, germanium, diamond and gray-tin), and the Rigid-ion model for bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3). Along with their corresponding phonon dispersion relations, phonon density of states and specific heat results are also presented. The phonon relaxation times that suit these materials are discussed in Chapter 3, where new expressions to account for the phonon-phonon collisions are also presented. In the first part of Chapter 4 the most represen- tative thermal conductivity models to date are introduced and discussed, in the second part, a new model to predict the thermal conductivity, the Kinetic-collective model, is presented and its conceptual di↵erences and advantages with respect to previous similar models are discussed. In Chapter 5 the Kinetic-collective model is applied to silicon bulk samples with di↵erent isotopic composition and several nanostructured samples with di↵erent geometries (thin-films and nanowires) obtaining predictions for their thermal conductivity in a wide in- terval of temperatures. Some novel aspects of phonon transport arising from these results are discussed. In Chapter 6 the Kinetic-collective model is applied to the other group-IV materials using theoretical expressions to predict their relaxation times and, eventually, their thermal conductivity. Results for several samples with di↵erent isotopic compositions in a wide range of temperature are presented and discussed. In Chapter 7 the Kinetic-collective model is applied to Bi2Te3, providing thermal conductivity predictions for nanowires with several diameter values, and the results are discussed in view of possible applications in ther- moelectricity. Finally, in Chapter 8 the main conclusions of this Thesis are summarized and possible future lines of work stemming from its several results are discussed.
Arrighi, Aloïs. "Thermal and thermoelectric properties of two-dimensional materials." Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670380.
Full textLa gestión térmica es un problema crítico en el diseño de dispositivos nanoelectrónicos. Las soluciones de enfriamiento avanzadas y la recolección eficiente de energía son clave para mantener la tendencia de productos electrónicos cada vez más pequeños y rápidos. Esta tesis se centra en la gestión térmica y el uso de calor disipado en materiales emergentes para la electrónica. En particular, los materiales bidimensionales (2DM) y las heteroestructuras basadas en ellos son candidatos muy interesantes para el futuro de la electrónica y se están investigando intensamente. La tesis trata dos temas principales: (i) el transporte térmico de 2DMs suspendidos, incluido el grafeno CVD, dicalcogenuros de metales de transición (TMDC) y heteroestructuras de TMDC con nitruro de boro hexagonal (hBN); y (ii) las propiedades térmicas y de termoelectricidad de películas delgadas de (Bi1-xSbx)2Te3(BST). Estos materiales están siendo considerados para interconexiones y transistores hasta THz (grafeno), electrónica digital (TMDCs) y aislamiento eléctrico (hBN) y son bien conocidos como generadores termoeléctricos, como también lo son materiales recientemente identificados como aislantes topológicos (BST). En primer lugar, el objetivo fue medir la conductividad térmica de 2DMs utilizando el método de espectroscopia Raman de dos láser, recientemente desarrollado. El desafío fue el uso de membranas relativamente pequeñas obtenidas y su alta conductividad térmica. Demostramos que la conductividad térmica del grafeno CVD es de aproximadamente 300 W/(m·K). Aunque menor que en el grafeno exfoliado, esto podría deberse a los bordes de grano y al desorden en grafeno CVD. Demostramos también que las conductividades térmicas de MoS2 y MoSe2 exfoliados (dos TMDC) son 12 a 24 W/(m·K) y 60 W/(m·K), respectivamente. Y que para membranas delgadas (pocas monocapas) la conductividad incrementa con su grosor. Agregando una membrana de hBN exfoliada sobre una muestra de MoS2 previamente caracterizada nos permitió demostrar un notable aumento de la conductividad térmica en la heteroestructura de hBN/MoS2, cuando se introduce calor en MoS2. Esta presenta una conductividad térmica de 185 W/(m·K), casi un orden de magnitud mayor que para MoS2. En segundo lugar, se estudiaron películas delgadas de BST crecidas mediante epitaxia de haz molecular con el objetivo de correlacionar sus propiedades termoeléctricas con su nivel de Fermi, que sintonizaría el peso relativo del transporte de volumen y de los estados topológicos de superficie (TSS). Primero demostramos que es posible diseñar la estructura de la banda y ajustar el nivel de Fermi desde la valencia hasta la banda de conducción simplemente controlando la concentración de Sb. Para ello se utilizó espectroscopia de fotoemisión con resolución angular en combinación con conductividad eléctrica y mediciones de Hall en películas relativamente delgadas (10 nm). También se identificó la concentración de Sb a la que los TSSs dominan el transporte y se llevaron a cabo experimentos termoeléctricos en las mismas películas. No se encontró una correlación clara entre la energía termoeléctrica y la naturaleza de los portadores de carga cuando los TSSs eran dominantes, indicando que el transporte de los TSSs tiene una influencia limitada en las propiedades termoeléctricas de este material y que para observar los efectos de superficie se necesitarían películas más delgadas. Finalmente, una caracterización de las películas delgadas de BST usando espectroscopia Raman demostró variaciones específicas en el comportamiento asociado a la concentración de Sb. En particular, el aumento de la potencia del láser dio lugar a la aparición de picos Raman no activos de origen indeterminado. Estos picos pueden indicar la ruptura de simetrías estructurales, modos de fonón de superficie u otros efectos tales como resonancias plasmónicas que son de alto interés, una respuesta que debería motivar investigaciones adicionales.
Thermal management is becoming a critical issue in the packaging and design of nanoelectronics. Advanced cooling solutions and efficient energy harvesting are key aspects to help keep the trend for ever smaller and faster electronics. This thesis is focused on thermal management and the use of heat waste in emerging materials for electronics. In particular, two-dimensional materials (2DM), and related heterostructures, are amongst the most intriguing prospects for future electronics and are being intensively investigated. Here, two main subjects were explored. First, the thermal transport of suspended 2DMs, including CVD graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and heterostructures of TMDCs with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and, second, the thermal properties and thermoelectricity of (Bi1-xSbx)2Te3 (BST) thin films. These materials are being considered for interconnects and THz transistors (graphene), digital electronics (TMDCs) and electrical insulation (hBN) and are well known as thermoelectric generators, as are also materials that have recently been identified as topological insulators (BST). In the first part, the objective was to demonstrate the measurement of the thermal conductivity of 2DMs using the recently developed two-laser Raman spectroscopy method. Its implementation was rendered difficult by the relatively small exfoliated flakes of the materials investigated and their high thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of CVD graphene was found to be about 300 W/(m·K). Although smaller than exfoliated graphene, it is argued that this could be due to grain boundaries and disorder. Exfoliated MoS2 and MoSe2 (two well-known TMDCs) presented thermal conductivities of 12 to 24 W/(m·K) and 60 W/(m·K). Measurements on different membranes of MoS2 further showed that the conductivity increases with the thickness in thin membranes (few monolayers). Furthermore, stacking an exfoliated hBN membrane on top of a previously characterized MoS2 sample allowed us to demonstrate a notorious increase of the thermal conductivity in the hBN/MoS2 heterostructure, when heat is introduced on MoS2. Indeed, when compared with MoS2 alone the thermal conductivity is found to be almost one order of magnitude larger, 185 W/(m·K). For the second part, BST thin films were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The main objective was to investigate the correlation of the thermoelectric properties of these materials with the Fermi level, which would tune the relative weight of bulk and topological surface state (TSS) transport. It was first demonstrated that controlling the concentration of Sb we could engineer the band structure and tune the Fermi level from the valence to the conduction band. Such demonstration was achieved by using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy in combination with conductivity and Hall measurements in relatively thin (10 nm) films. The Sb concentration at which TSS dominated the transport was also identified. Thermoelectric experiments on the same films were then carried out but no clear correlation between the thermopower and the carrier nature was found when the TSSs were dominant. These results indicate that TSS transport has limited influence on the thermoelectric properties. Further studies should be carried our using even thinner films. Finally, a side characterization of the BST thin films using Raman spectroscopy demonstrated specific variations in the behaviour associated to Sb concentration. An increase of the laser power showed the emergence of non-active Raman peaks of undetermined origin. However, they can indicate the presence of broken structural symmetries, surface phonon modes or other effects such as plasmonic resonances. This interesting response is worthy of for further investigation.
Universitat Autònoma de Barelona. Programa de Doctorat en Física
Isarn, Garcia Isaac. "New epoxy composites with enhanced thermal conductivity keeping electrical insulation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668084.
Full textLa tendencia de la industria electrónica de crear dispositivos cada vez más pequeños, más ligeros y que trabajen más rápido lleva a un aumento en la producción de calor generado por efecto Joule, debido al aumento de la frecuencia de paso de los electrones. Eliminar este exceso de calor lleva a la necesidad de mejorar la conductividad térmica de los materiales ya existentes, ya que limitar la temperatura de trabajo de los dispositivos está directamente relacionada con su eficiencia, su tiempo de vida útil y previene la aparición de fallos prematuros de los equipos. Algunos elementos de estos dispositivos están recubiertos de resina termoestable epoxídica. Por esta razón, aumentar la conductividad térmica de estas resinas, aislantes por naturaleza, resulta de gran importancia en varias industrias como la electrónica y la eléctrica. El método más simple y económico para alcanzar este propósito es mediante la adición de partículas a la matriz polimérica. En esta tesis doctoral se han utilizado diferentes tipos de partículas en varias matrices epoxídicas: nitruro de boro (BN), alúmina (Al2O3), nitruro de aluminio (AlN), carburo de silicio (SiC), grafito expandido (EG) y nanotubos de carbono (CNTs). Se ha determinado experimentalmente la influencia de cada material añadido en las propiedades finales de los materiales compuestos, especialmente en sus características mecánicas, térmicas y eléctricas. El mejor resultado obtenido en cuanto a los objetivos propuestos ha sido la combinación del 70 % en peso de BN y un 2.5 y 5 % en peso de EG, alcanzando más de un 1600 % de mejora en conductividad térmica respecto al material de partida. Las conductividades térmicas alcanzadas han sido de 2,08 y 2,22 W/m·K respectivamente. Además, estos materiales han mantenido unas resistividades eléctricas suficientes, alrededor de 10^10 y 10^6 Ω·m, respectivamente.
The tendency in electronics to produce smaller and lighter devices with higher power output causes an increase of the generated heat (Joule effect) by the increase in the frequency of electrons. Evolve this exceeding heat cause the need to improve some properties that existent materials do not meet, since keeping the working temperature of these devices is directly related to efficiency, useful lifetime and prevention of premature equipment failures. Some elements of these devices are coated by epoxy resins and this is the reason why enhance the thermal conductivity of them, insulators by nature, is of great importance in several industries such as electronics and electrical. The most economic and simple technique to face this issue is still today through the addition of high thermal conductive fillers. In this doctoral thesis, boron nitride (BN), alumina (Al2O3), aluminum nitride (AlN), silicon carbide (SiC), expanded graphite (EG) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used. Experimentally, the influence of each filler has been determined in the final composites, especially in the thermal, mechanic and electric characteristics. The materials with the best performances in the proposed objectives were those of homopolymerized cycloaliphatic epoxy resin with the combined addition of 70 wt. % of BN platelets and 2.5 and 5 wt. % of EG. The values of thermal conductivity improved by more than 1600 % in reference to the neat epoxy and were 2.08 and 2.22 W/m·K, respectively. These materials also kept enough electrical insulation, in the range of 10^10 and 10^6 Ω·m, respectively.
Sánchez, Rodríguez Daniel. "Obtaining advanced oxide thin films at low temperatures by chemical methods. Thermal analysis of thin films." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/328723.
Full textThe aim of this work is to analyse chemical methods as a route to synthesise advanced oxides at low cost and low temperatures. In particular, we have explored the combustion synthesis of a catalytic perovskite-type oxide from heteronuclear cyano complex powders. We have also explored heat transfer to synthesise films via VCS and concluded that thin films will hardly experience combustion. In particular, we have analysed the conditions needed for a thermal explosion to occur in a solid sample reacting without any gas exchange with its surroundings. For that purpose, we have extended the Frank-Kamenetskii relationship to continuous heating systems and to cylindrical reactors. The experimental component of this work is based on thermal analysis methods (TA). We have developed a new method to measure thermal conductivity of powders by DSC. Finally, we have developed two analytical relationships to check the reliability of the sample temperature in TA experiments.
Chávez, Ángel Emigdio. "Confined acoustic phonons in si nanomembranes: impact on thermal properties." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284871.
Full textThe miniaturization trend of the technology has led to power level densities in excess 100 watts/cm2, which are in the order of the heat produced in a nuclear reactor. The need for new cooling techniques has positioned the thermal management on the stage the last years. Moreover, the engineering of the thermal conduction opens a route to energy harvesting through, for example, thermoelectric generation. As a consequence, control and engineering of phonons in the nanoscale is essential for tuning desirable physical properties in a device in the quest to find a suitable compromise between performance and power consumption. In the present work we study theoretically and experimentally the thickness-dependence of the thermal properties of silicon membranes with thicknesses ranging from 9 to 2000 nm. We investigate the dispersion relations and the corresponding modification of the phase velocities of the acoustic modes using inelastic Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy. A reduction of the phase/group velocities of the fundamental flexural mode by more than one order of magnitude compared to bulk values was observed and is theoretically explained. In addition, the lifetime of the coherent acoustic phonon modes with frequencies up to 500 GHz was also studied using state-of-the-art ultrafast pump-probe: asynchronous optical sampling (ASOPS). We have observed that the lifetime of the first-order dilatational mode decreases significantly from ∼ 4.7 ns to 5 ps with decreasing membrane thickness from ∼ 194 to 8 nm. Finally, the thermal conductivity of membranes was investigated using three different contactless techniques known as single-laser Raman thermometry, two-laser Raman thermometry and transient thermal gradient. We have found that the thermal conductivity of the membranes gradually reduces with their thickness, reaching values as low as 9 Wm-1K-1 for the thinnest membrane. In order to account for the observed thermal behaviour of the silicon membranes we have developed different theoretical approaches to explain the size dependence of thermal properties. The simulation of acoustic dispersion was carried out by using models based on an elastic continuum approach, Debye and fitting approaches. The size dependence of the lifetimes was modelled considering intrinsic phonon-phonon processes and extrinsic phonon scatterings. The thermal conductivity was modelled using a modified 2D Debye approach (Huang model), Srivastava-Callaway-Debye model and Fuchs-Sondheimer approach. Our observations have significant consequences for Si-based technology, establishing the foundation to investigate the thermal properties in others low-dimensional systems. In addition, this study would provide design guidelines and enable new approaches for thermal management at nanometric scales.
Castellví, Fernández Quim. "Non-focal non-thermal electrical methods for cancer treatment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/586217.
Full textLa majoria del mètodes físics d'ablació tumoral es basen en produir dany tèrmic de manera focalitzada. Tot i ser considerats una alternativa habitual a la resecció quirúrgica, el principi tèrmic de funcionament, comporta un risc per la preservació d'estructures vitals adjacents a la zona de tractament, tals com grans vasos o nervis. A més, el fet de ser focals, fa impracticable la seva aplicació en cas de múltiples nòduls o tumors de difícil accés. Aquesta tesi explora tractaments elèctrics no basats en temperatura, capaços de ser aplicats de manera no focal. S'han investigat dos tractaments: El primer, proposat per altres fa pocs anys, està basat en aplicar permanentment camps elèctrics alterns de baixa magnitud a través d'elèctrodes superficials. Aquí, aquest tractament s'ha estudiat in vivo tant per avaluar la seva eficàcia com per discernir si aquesta resideix en la temperatura. El segon tractament es basa en el fenomen d'electroporació i persegueix el tractament de nòduls hepàtics. En els tractaments basats en electroporació, s’apliquen breus camps elèctrics de gran magnitud per tal de permeabilitzar la membrana cel·lular. Això permet la penetració d’agents quimioterapèutics o produeix directament la mort cel·lular. En lloc d'utilitzar, com és habitual, agulles per tal d'aplicar el tractament, aquí s'explora tractar tot el fetge de forma no localitzada, fent servir grans elèctrodes plans i paral·lels. Utilitzant solucions d'alta conductivitat elèctrica, es pretén magnificar selectivament el camp elèctric sobre els tumors, sent així capaços de destruir tots els tumors i alhora preservar el teixit sà. El tractament proposat per els tumors hepàtics, requereix d'un equip generador actualment no disponible. El presentat treball inclou el disseny d'una nova topologia de generadors capaç de complir amb els requisits.