Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Conductivité hydraulique'
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Sirois, Philippe. "Estimation de la conductivité hydraulique des sables granitiques saturés." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25445.
Full textCôté, Jean. "Conductivité hydraulique de matériaux de fondations de chaussées partiellement saturés." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq25538.pdf.
Full textKonrad, Pierre-Alain. "Étude comparative sur la conductivité hydraulique du till de fondation du barrage Sartigan." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30398/30398.pdf.
Full textThériault, Pascal. "Étude de l'influence des métaux lourds sur la conductivité hydraulique de couches sable/bentonite." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0024/MQ51164.pdf.
Full textBrault, Jean-Simon. "Développement d'une cellule de conductivité hydraulique permettant d'évaluer l'anisotropie des tills compactés du nord québécois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26917/26917.pdf.
Full textCompacted tills are widely use as core of embankment dams in northern Quebec. It is expected that placement method in successive layers may result in a permeability anisotropy different from unity. Various experimental techniques are available to assess the permeability anisotropy for different types of materials. However, these methods have two principal disadvantages: i) the anisotropy rapport is evaluated on separate samples and ii) the experimental procedure could potentially disturb the sample by inappropriate manipulations. In order to improve the characterization of the anisotropy rapport of compacted tills, a new square cell was built. This new cell is able to quantify the anisotropy rapport in both states, saturated and almost saturated conditions. The permeability under vertical and horizontal flow is assessed on a single sample and a new experimental procedure has been developed to minimize preferential seepage paths along the porous stones. Injection of bovine gelatin is used to temporarily seal the porous stones perpendicular to the flow path (unused). Continuous hot water flow is used to extract the gelatin once the permeability testing is done. This new device and procedure have been successfully tested to evaluate the effect of placing method and stone content on the permeability anisotropy of compacted tills. For an analysis in quasi-saturated state, the anisotropy rapport is greater than 3 or 7 for a dry compaction. On the wet side, the anisotropy rapport is close to one. However, the procedure developed in the saturated condition should be used to confirm these results. In conclusion, this project has helped to build a useful tool to quantify the anisotropy rapport of tills, an important issue in the evaluation of embankment dams. Key words: permeability, anisotropy, square permeability cell, compacted tills, embankment dam.
Djeran-Maigre, Irini. "Etude des diffusions thermique et hydraulique dans une argile soumise à un champ de température." Marne-la-Vallée, ENPC, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ENPC9108.
Full textThe thermal conductivity of clays is the fondamental parameter which governs the thermal diffusion and the pore pressure of the rock mass under thermal loading. Experiments have been untertaken in a reduced model, respecting representative boundary conditions. They show that the thermal conductivity depends on temperature in an unfavorable sense to the decrease of heat. On the other hand, the outflow of pore water, from the source to the exterior, has a low amplitude. A simple model of porous medium allows the observations and illustrates the effects of the variation of conductivity on the behaviour of rock mass. Finally, thanks to the numerical formulations specially developed, we examine the incident of the particularities of proposed models on the thermohydromechanical behaviour of geometricallysimple structures subjected to a given thermal loading
Mourad, Aya. "Identification de la conductivité hydraulique pour un problème d'intrusion saline : Comparaison entre l'approche déterministe et l'approche stochastique." Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0465/document.
Full textThis thesis is concerned with the identification, from observations or field measurements, of the hydraulic conductivity K for the saltwater intrusion problem involving a nonhomogeneous, isotropic and free aquifer. The involved PDE model is a coupled system of nonlinear parabolic equations completed by boudary and initial conditions, as well as compatibility conditions on the data. The main unknowns are the saltwater/freshwater interface depth and the elevation of upper surface of the aquifer. The inverse problem is formulated as the optimization problem where the cost function is a least square functional measuring the discrepancy between experimental interfaces depths and those provided by the model. Considering the exact problem as a constraint for the optimization problem and introducing the Lagrangian associated with the cost function, we prove that the optimality system has at least one solution. The main difficulties are to find the set of all eligible parameters and to prove the differentiability of the operator associating to the hydraulic conductivity K, the state variables (h, h₁). This is the first result of the thesis. The second result concerns the numerical implementation of the optimization problem. We first note that concretely, we only have specific observations (in space and in time) corresponding to the number of monitoring wells, we then adapt the previous results to the case of discrete observations data. The gradient of the cost function is computed thanks to an approximate formula in order to take into account the discrete observations data. The cost functions then is minimized by using a method based on BLMVM algorithm. On the other hand, the exact problem and the adjoint problem are discretized in space by a P₁-Lagrange finite element method combined with a semi-implicit time discretization scheme. Some numerical results are presented to illustrate the ability of the method to determine the unknown parameters. In the third part of the thesis we consider the hydraulic conductivity as a stochastic parameter. To perform a rigorous numerical study of stochastic effects on the saltwater intrusion problem, we use the spectral decomposition and the stochastic variational problem is reformulated to a set of deterministic variational problems to be solved for each Wiener polynomial chaos
Ben, Baaziz Khaoula. "Modulation de la conductivité hydraulique foliaire par la lumière chez le Noyer (Juglans regia) : approches écophysiologique et moléculaire." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00735808.
Full textComeau, Sylvain. "Caractérisation géotechnique et étude de la conductivité hydraulique verticale des barrières étanches d'un site d'enfouissement à Red Pine, NB." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0008/MQ33861.pdf.
Full textEhlert, Christina. "Importance de la conductivité hydraulique racinaire pour le contrôle de la croissance foliaire chez le maïs (Zea mays L. )." Montpellier SupAgro, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSAM0007.
Full textIn maize, leaf growth reduction by increased evaporative demand appeared to depend on either plant water status (Hsiao et al. , 1998) and/or soil-to-root hydraulic conductivity (Bouchabke et al. , 2006). Difficulties in controlling soil-to-root characteristics has hindered to evaluate their role in plant responses to evaporative demand. The discovery of aquaporins and the recent insights into their gating properties offered the possibility to assess the role of root water uptake characteristics, in particular hydraulic conductivity of the roots (Lpr) for leaf growth rate and water flow in intact plants. In this thesis, Lpr reductions were induced by a range of treatments which affected Lpr by aquaporin down-regulation such as acid root loading, anoxia and hydrogen peroxide. These treatments were combined with a range of evaporative demands, and short term responses of leaf elongation rate, water flow and water potentials were followed. It was concluded that, firstly, aquaporins controlled an important part of the water transport across maize roots with primary impacts on water potential gradient rather than on water flow. Secondly, the Lpr controlled the responsiveness of leaf elongation rate to fluctuating evaporative demand. Thirdly, turgor pressure of growing cells responded like leaf elongation rate to combined changes in root hydraulic conductivity and plant transpiration rate, and could therefore explain the interactive effects of water availability and evaporative demand on leaf growth. A modelling approach was developed to further support this conclusion. Lastly, on a short term time scale, anoxia inhibited maize leaf growth following the same hydraulic signalling cascade as induced by pharmacological treatments targeting root aquaporin inactivation. We conclude that environmental conditions affecting Lpr, such as anoxia, class this variable as a putative strong determinant for whole plant adaptation to environmental stresses
Limousin, Jean-Marc. "Vulnérabilité du chêne vert (Quercus Ilex L. ) à une augmentation de la sécheresse : quels ajustements fonctionnels ?" Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0029.
Full textIn the Mediterranean basin, precipitation is expected to decline as a consequence of climate change, and so will induce summer drought duration and intensity increase. The responses of a Quercus ilex coppice to such a decline in water availability were studied for several years within a throughfall exclusion experiment. This study focuses on the ecophysiological and morphological responses that modify transpiration and productivity. The main mechanisms regulating transpiration under decreasing water availability were assessed: stomatal control, twig and stem hydraulic conductance and leaf area adjustment. The decline of transpiration due to the reduced water availability was mainly driven by a reduced leaf area. In the meantime, other hydraulic traits were not significantly modified by the increased drought severity. The phenotypic plasticity of Quercus ilex leaves yielded some modifications of leaf traits, but with slight concurrent consequences on leaf photosynthesis. The decreased water availability reduced carbon assimilation and, in turn, the primary growth and the starch storage of trees. Finally, none of the several adjustments to the long-term experimentally increased drought was observed to reduce the individual vulnerability to water stress
Bentoumi, Okba. "Transfert par infiltration de l'eau dans les sols fins compactes non saturés : Etude de la diffusivité et de la conductivité hydraulique." Lyon, INSA, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ISAL0100.
Full textOne of the conditions that has to fulfill by a barrier in a waste disposal site is to insure a coefficient of permeability less than l0(exp)-9m/s. The measurement of this permeability poses a lot of difficulties to which hydric transfer in unsaturated soils should be able to resolve. In this framework, the experimental results related to study of water transfer by infiltration in a compact unsaturated fine soil under a well defined initial and boundary conditions are presented. Firstly, a parametric study has been performed on the Givors silt; infiltration tests have been realized under various conditions. This study allowed the identification of the different parameters that can influence the hydric transfer in a unsaturated soil and to define an experimental procedure for field measurement of coefficient of permeability. Secondly, this parametric study was completed with a series of infiltration tests realized on a sail column,225mm high, for which the analysis of the hydric profile and suction was possible with the use of a new experimental device. A second procedure for permeability coefficient measurement of in-situ was proposed. The instantaneous profile method has been applied on results of infiltration tests on the soil column,225mm high, to establish the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and volumic water content or suction. Mualem and Van Genuchten model were also applied and verified
Jeanpert, Julie. "Structure et fonctionnement hydrogéologiques des massifs de péridotites de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0047/document.
Full textWater resources of hard-rock (gneisses or granites) aquifers have significantly been studied in the past two decades. The hydrogeological behavior and structure of these aquifers are thus relatively well understood. On the other hand, aquifers in mantle-type basements, such as peridotites, are poorly studied and understood, mainly because they are not common and of limited extent. In this context, New Caledonia is a great laboratory offering unique opportunity to improve the knowledge of these original types of hydrosystems in tropical climate. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to improve the knowledge of these aquifer systems within weathered peridotites. Firstly, the study focuses on the characterization of the weathered layers of the peridotites composed of, from top to bottom, iron oxides/ferricrete, laterite, coarse saprolite and saprock (ie. top of the bedrock, with up to 20 % of weathered material). More than 60 hydraulic tests are performed and results were compiled with existing data. Mean hydraulic conductivity (K) of laterites is estimated around 1.10-7 m/s while mean value in coarse saprolites and saprock is around 8.10-7 m/s. Heterogeneity of this altered layer is high; K varies between six orders of magnitude and hydraulic head data analysis reveals a hydraulic connection with the deep fractured bedrock. Secondly, the fresh rock part of peridotites is studied. Fracture network analysis is derived from outcrop structural measurements and from the description of about 1000 m of cumulated borehole cores. This work highlights the importance of serpentine network, because of its high density and its critical impact on weathering. Moreover, the observations reveal that hydraulic conductivity decreases with depth within the substratum, due to the vertical decrease of weathered fractures density. These new results allow defining a structural framework of the massifs. It is characterized by a primary decimetrical fracture network closely related to the serpentine network. This network is overprinted by a secondary weathering network which reveals decametric spacing (ca. 30 m) and in places K values of 10-5 m/s. At depth, spacing is hectometrical and fractures are sealed by lithostatic pressure and/or subsequent mineral precipitations. These deca- and hectometric fracture networks, which are also visible on the scale effect of hydraulic conductivity, are primarily vertical and are the result of dissolution instabilities occurring during weathering processes. However, low- angle fractures do occur and allow the percolation of the network. Finally, on the basis of these new results and the integration of all existing data from different massifs a new hydrogeological conceptual model is proposed at the scale of a massif. The model includes a homogeneous lateritic aquitard and a coarse saprolite and saprock aquifer which is about 50 m thick. The bedrock is subdivided into three layers whose hydraulic conductivity decreases from 2.10-7 m/s to 2.10-8 m/s, respectively 50 and 250 m below the aquifer base. Numerical modelling validates this unitary conceptual model and reveals that the saturation of the massifs depends on their morphology. At last, several aspects require further research. The role of the ferricrete layer must be specified and considered in the hydrological model. Moreover, distribution of the fracture network remains to be fully addressed and should be studied with care given the potential development of highly permeable structures that could conform to pseudo-karstic drains. The applied results of this work are available in a “Technical guide” and a “Technical report” of the “HYPERK” CNRT Project
Amziane, Sofiane. "Contribution à l'étude des matériaux cimentaires à l'état frais." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Bretagne Sud, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00069705.
Full textLe malaxage en camion bétonnière, la pression sur les coffrages, l'étude de la structuration du matériau et enfin une modélisation théorique du comportement expérimental constituent l'ossature des travaux de recherche exposés dans ce rapport.
Les méthodes expérimentales employées ont permis d'investiguer l'évolution de la rhéologie et de la maturation des matériaux cimentaires à travers l'observation de l'état de l'eau dans la matière. L'étude de l'évolution de la pression interstitielle et de la pression totale exercées par une colonne de matériau sur un coffrage, couplée à des expériences de rhéologie, de retrait endogène et de conductivité hydraulique nous a permis de tirer plusieurs enseignements :
o Il est possible de mesurer correctement à l'aide d'une bétonnière portée (camion toupie) les caractéristiques rhéologiques d'un béton, en appliquant les principes de la rhéomètrie rotative.
o Après malaxage et mise en œuvre dans un coffrage, la pression interstitielle et la pression totale des bétons sont égales jusqu'à annulation de la pression totale. Les contraintes effectives sont nulles sur cette phase. Une dépression interstitielle est ensuite observée. L'annulation de la pression interstitielle se produit à rupture des ponts capillaires.
o Le processus physico-chimique d'hydratation du ciment est à l'origine de la chute de pression interstitielle y compris en zone dépressionnaire. La formation des produits d'hydratation induit ensuite l'annulation de la pression interstitielle.
o Dans le cas des bétons, l'augmentation de la concentration granulaire induit une baisse de la pression maximale initiale, comparée à la pression hydrostatique, d'un fluide de masse volumique équivalente. C'est le résultat de la mobilisation des frottements aux parois des coffrages.
o Le comportement des bétons en termes de cinétique de pression interstitielle est calqué sur celui des pâtes de ciment équivalentes tant que la pression totale est positive. Une influence granulaire sur la zone dépressionnaire due à la reprise d'une partie des contraintes par les granulats est en outre enregistrée.
o La chute de pression interstitielle induit un accroissement de la contrainte seuil de cisaillement et du retrait, ainsi qu'une réduction de la conductivité hydraulique.
o L'analyse des variations instantanées de pression interstitielle consécutives à un cisaillement à taux de déformation constante montre un comportement opposé suivant que le milieu est granulaire (sable dense saturé par exemple) ou analogue à un fluide visqueux (pâte de ciment par exemple). La dilatance induit une chute de pression interstitielle (cas des milieux granulaires). A l'opposé, un accroissement de pression interstitielle est observé lors du cisaillement de la pâte de ciment.
o La modélisation de la variation de la pression interstitielle en phase plastique fondée sur l'adaptation et l'intégration d'une équation d'état de l'eau dans le matériau, a montré la prépondérance d'un terme source qui rend compte du changement de l'état de l'eau lors de la phase d'hydratation du ciment. Ce terme est identifié à une gaussienne dont les paramètres sont déterminés par analyse inverse. Les résultats de la simulation sont majoritairement très proches de ceux de l'expérimentation.
Finalement, l'ensemble des résultats obtenus montre qu'à l'aide du seul capteur de pression interstitielle, il est possible de détecter précisément la structuration des matériaux cimentaires. A ce titre, une des applications possibles concerne la détermination d'une valeur discrète du temps de prise.
Une conclusion incluant mon projet de recherches est enfin présentée.
Leuliet, Jean-Claude. "Comportements hydraulique et thermique des échangeurs à plaques traitant des produits non-newtoniens." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10450.
Full textDescloux, Stéphane. "Le colmatage minéral du lit des cours d’eau : méthode d’estimation et effets sur la composition et la structure des communautés d’invertébrés benthiques et hyporhéiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10190/document.
Full textFine sediment input to the streambeds is a natural phenomenon but in addition to the effects of human impacts may become excessive and lead to disruption of the functioning of the hydrosystem. This excessive intake causes the clogging of river beds and can disrupt water exchange, biogeochemical processes and benthic and hyporheic invertebrate communities. From a methodological point of view, measurement of hydraulic conductivity in the substratum provides a realistic picture of the clogging level of the hyporheic zone and the Bou Rouch pump a good sampling for a qualitative study of the hyporheic fauna. From a biological point of view, the clogging effects on the hyporheos are higher compared to the benthos regarding taxonomic richness, changes in faunal assemblages and biological traits
Zhang, Li. "Grapevine root growth under water stress and its relationship to root water uptake." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0893.
Full textThe subject of adaptation to climate change has become one of the most important contemporary topics in grapevine. Much focus has been placed on the understanding of rootstocks effects on scion growth, nutrient uptake, and tolerance to stress, with the ultimate goal of developing novel rootstocks that facilitate adaptation to a changing climate. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how differences in drought resistance between genotypes could result largely from differences in their ability to maintain root growth under stress. A better understanding of how root structure, growth, and water uptake respond to stress will allow us to better understand what aspects of root physiology contribute to drought tolerance. Previous research focused on root water uptake in grapevine suggested that root water uptake could be tightly coupled to a root’s instantaneous rate of growth (see Gambetta et al. 2013). This observation implies that differences in drought resistance between genotypes could result largely from their ability to maintain root growth under stress. Two grapevine rootstocks with contrasting drought resistance capacity, Riparia Gloire de Montpellier (RGM) and 110 Richter (110R), were selected to study in this thesis. RGM is considered as sensitive to drought, while 110R is highly resistant to drought (Carbonneau 1985). The thesis examined the relationship between root growth and drought resistant capacity by assessing root growth rate, hydraulic conductivity across two rootstock varieties subjected to water deficit. The role of aquaporin gene expression (via qPCR and RNAseq) and their contribution to root hydraulic conductivity were analyzed in fine roots in order to obtain a better understanding on the mechanisms involved in the regulation of root water uptake and hydraulic conductivity across development and in response to water deficit.Prolonged water stress treatment decreased plant water potential. Individual root growth is very heterogeneous, although drought treatment reduces root elongation on average, individual root growth rate still varies enormously. High level of water stress significantly reduced average root growth rate for both RGM and 110R. Globally, average root growth rate showed a decreased trend over plant development. Soil temperature is also a factor that affects root growth. For both RGM and 110R, under both well-watered and water-stressed conditions, average daily root growth rate was positively correlated with average daily soil temperature. Under well-watered conditions, higher root growth rates were constantly observed in 110R compared to RGM, which could be one possible explanation for the higher capacity in drought resistance of 110R.Root hydraulic conductivity (Lpr) was influenced by both water stress treatment and plant developmental stage. Generally, for both RGM and 110R, Lpr was significantly reduced under water stress in early stage. In mid and late stages, no significant differences in Lpr were observedIVbetween well-watered and water-stressed plants. Changes in individual root Lpr in response to pre-dawn leaf water potential (ᴪpredawn) were investigated as well. Lpr showed a fast drop in the beginning of water stress treatment when ᴪpredawn was higher than -0.5 MPa. However, with ᴪpredawn getting more negative, e.g. from -0.4 MPa to -2.0 MPa, the range of Lpr values measured in our study maintained constant. Lpr of well-watered plants decreased as well even though their ᴪpredawn was maintained at a high level (< 0.1 MPa) during the period of the experiment. [...]
Champeyroux, Chloé. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de protéines en interaction avec l'aquaporine PIP2;1." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT120.
Full textThe root hydraulic conductivity (Lpr) reflects the water transport capacity of the root. During its transfer from the soil to the xylem, water can diffuse in the apoplasm or through the cells (cell-to-cell pathway). At the endodermis, the apoplastic diffusion of water is blocked by the Casparian Strip and suberin lamellae. The cell-to-cell pathway mainly relies on aquaporin activity which can be regulated by protein interactions. This study aims at characterizing new interactants of the root aquaporin PIP2;1: the receptor kinase RKL1 and 4 proteins of unknown function belonging to the Casparian Strip membrane domain Protein Like 1 sub-family (CASPL1-B1/B2/D1/D2). RKL1 is expressed in the endodermis, can physically interact with PIP2;1 and stimulates its water transport function in vitro. However a loss-of-function of RKL1 does not affect the Lpr., independently of a putative functional redundancy with its closest homolog RLK902. Concerning CASPL, D1 is expressed in every tissue of the root whereas B1, B2 and D2 appear to be specifically expressed in suberized tissues. This suggests a putative role of these isoforms in aquaporin regulation and suberisation. At the molecular level, D2 does not modulate PIP2;1 water transport activity despite a physical interaction between the two partners. By contrast, B1 interacts with PIP2;1 preferentially in its phosphorylated form and enhances the water transport activity of the aquaporin. At the plant level, disrupting one or two CASPL genes neither impact the Lpr nor affect the suberisation. However, the loss of function of both PIP2;1 and PIP2;2 reveals a negative effect of these aquaporins on suberisation. In conclusion, this study, uncovered novel regulation mechanisms of aquaporins. It also raises the question of the existence of a putative relationship between water transport by the apoplastic pathway and by aquaporins
Alkassem-Alosman, Mohamed. "Caractérisation des irrigations gravitaires au moyen d'un modèle d'écoulement et de mesures in-situ : application à l'optimisation de l'irrigation du foin de Crau par calan." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0679/document.
Full textWorldwide, the irrigation accounts for 70% of all water consumption: understanding therelationship between irrigation and ecosystems and optimizing the irrigation practices cancontribute to the sustainability management of water resources. In the Crau region (southern ofFrance), the flooding irrigation system used for irrigating the hay fields plays an important role inwater cycle: in this system, considerable amounts of water are brought to the hay fields (about 20000 m3/ha/year i.e. 2 000 mm), which participate strongly to the recharge of the Crau aquifer(between 66% and 80% of the recharge). In the future, the pressures on the availability of waterresources that feed this irrigation system (the reservoir of Serre Ponçon) may increase because ofthe climate change and the increase in the another water uses. Thus, it becomes necessary tooptimize the irrigation practices in order to conserve the water and ensure a sufficient rechargefor aquifer of the Crau. This optimization requires i) the knowledge of the amount of waterbrought to the plot that are not currently known, ii) spatialize these amounts over the regionalscale. This work aims to develop a methodology to improve the quantification of these volumesat the field and regional scales. A numerical system that includes a flooding irrigation modelcalled 'Calhy' was developed, takes into account the main processes involved in this irrigationsystem (water infiltration into the soil and the runoff of water slide over the plot surface). Firstly,a sensitivity analysis was conducted in order to classify the Calhy’s parameters according to theirimportance and define an optimal experimental apparatus allowing to estimate them using aninverse approach. Secondly, an inversion procedure based on the proposed experimental297apparatus and the previous model was implemented on several plots in the study area. The resultsshow that the important parameters can be estimated and then Calhy can be used to analyse andoptimize irrigation practices. Then, different optimization scenarios were identified. In parallel,we developed an empirical model of irrigation dose based on the analysis of irrigation practicesin a group of exploitations in the study region. Different empirical models were developed;regressions were used to compute the irrigation dose and duration from geometricalcharacteristics of the borders (length, width and surface) and available water inflow rate. Theempirical model of irrigation dose developed in this work would provide a spatial estimation ofirrigation doses overall plots in the study region, and would contribute to a better quantificationof water recharge of the Crau aquifer and its locations
Govindin, Jean-Claude. "Les plantes de service : une alternative au travail du sol dans les systèmes de culture d’ananas." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0725/document.
Full textFor many crops, direct drilling is a well-tried alternative facing the damaging effects of intensive tillage, mainly for environmental causes. But, pineapple (ananas comosus), presents a fragile rooting system which is very sensitive to soil structure. This leads frequently to intensive soil tillage before planting. Direct drilling is not so evident. The aim of this thesis is to give an answer to the feasibility of a no till system for pineapple cultivation, by using a plant with favorable roots traits for compacted soil (re)structuration. This work consisted in evaluating several candidate species, followed by the study, on the field, of the effects the most promising on soil (Stylosanthes guianensis). Finally, through a field experiment, comparing an innovating no till pineapple cultivation system we studied the use effects of Stylosanthes guianensis on the pineapple crop functioning. In a first experiment, Stylosanthes guianensis compared with eight other species (Arachis pintoï, Brachiaria decumbens, Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria juncea, Cynodon dactylon, Eleusine coracana, Pueraria phaseoloides and corn) showed better roots traits for structuring a compacted soil. Measures of average root diameter and root length density are the main implicated roots traits. In a second experiment, the measures of hydraulic conductivity, of the soil void ratio and the analysis of blocks of resin-impregnated soil on the surface distribution of the different type of porosity, all of this showed that Stylosanthes guianensis had increased the soil void ratio and had caused the creation of large-sized cracked porosity, thus contributing to the improvement of the soil structure. Finally, a third experiment involving a comparison between (i) an innovating cultivation system where pineapple is growing in a no till soil after a structuring crop of S. guianensis and (ii) a conventional system with deep tillage (without structuring crop), showed similar fruit yield. This experiment showed evidence that the rooting of pineapple in no till soil benefited from the previous Stylosanthes
Rossdeutsch, Landry. "Contribution du métabolisme de l'ABA et de la conductivité hydraulique à la réponse de la transpiration en situation de contrainte hydrique chez la Vigne : Variabilité génétique et effets du greffage." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0256/document.
Full textIn the context of climate change, understanding the mechanisms governing the water loss of the vine is necessary to adapt the plant material to maintain the productivity of the vine and wine quality. The adaptation to drought is a complex trait involving physiological mechanisms related to scion and rootstock genotypes. But the effects of the rootstock on stomatal regulation graft are still unknown. Production by roots of chemical signals such as ABA and / or hydraulic ones be involved. Molecular and physiological responses to water stress were analyzed on young cuttings for 7 rootstocks more or less adapted to drought and 2 varieties known for their iso or anisohydric behaviour. Then 23 combinations scion / rootstock from these genotypes were investigated. Metabolic analyses for ABA and its derivatives was conducted in leaves, roots and in the xylem sap. The information was integrated with transcriptomic analyzes for genes involved in ABA metabolism and signaling, and encoding PIP aquaporins. Joint analyses of physiological data, metabolomic and transcriptomic allow the identification of the molecular components discriminating rootstocks according to their genetic background and their adaptation to drought. Global responses to water stress are better coordinated within the same tissue between roots and leaves. At the scale of the grafted plant, a preponderance of the hydraulic signal is likely. Some genes specifically respond to the scion / rootstock interactions
Ed, Diny Saïd. "Étude expérimentale des transferts hydriques et du comportement mécanique d'un limon non saturé." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL073N.
Full textTrinh, Viet Nam. "Comportement hydromécanique de matériaux constitutifs de plateformes ferroviaires anciennes." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00647893.
Full textAmraoui, Nadia. "Étude de l'infiltration dans les sols fins non saturés." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL075N.
Full textJoseph, Romain. "Diversité des réponses écophysiologiques et moléculaires pour un complexe de frênes européens (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl et Fraxinus excelsior L. et leurs hybrides) face à la contrainte hydrique." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0088/document.
Full textThe latest climate change scenarios predict a rise in mean temperature in Europe of 2 to 4°C for 2099 (IPCC, 2007), associated with extreme climatic events such as severe droughts. Knowing adaptation capabilities of tree species is crucial for understanding their responses and forest ecosystem fate in the near future. Our study object is a species complex inside the Fraxinus genus (ash, Oleaceae). In France, F. excelsior and F. angustifolia are autochthonous, form natural hybrid populations and show remarkable phenotypic and ecological plasticity. This could promote the emergence of new individuals (genotypes) more able to deal with fluctuating environments. Our objective is to characterise the capability of adaptation of different Fraxinus populations, representing the three statuses (F.excelsior, F.angustifolia and hybrids) under abiotic constraints (water constraint). To solve this issue, we examine in a low water constraint experiment (-0.9 MPa) ecophysiological and genetic response, using saplings. A second and more severe water constraint experiment (-4 MPa) was used to investigate ash response to the loss of hydraulic conductivity. The most noticeable result was an intermediate and highly variable behaviour of hybrid ash populations in the two experiments (A, gs, WUEi, PLC) linked with they respective introgression degree (closer to F.excelsior or F.angustifolia). This hybrid trees could be used for foresters as a resource and insurance against catastrophic forest stand decline, for a future climate
Bottinelli, Nicolas. "Evolution de la structure et de la perméabilité d'un sol en contexte de non labour associé à l'apport d'effluent d'élevage : rôle de l'activité lombricienne." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00546269.
Full textQuintana, Seguí Pere. "Simulation hydrologique en région méditerranéenne avec SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU : amélioration de la physique et évaluation des risques dans le cadre du changement climatique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00367576.
Full textQuintana, Seguí Pere. "Simulation hydrologique en région méditerranéenne avec SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU : amélioration de la physique et évaluation des risques dans le cadre du changement climatique." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1804/.
Full textThe SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU model is assessed and its physics are improved. The SAFRAN meteorological analysis is first validated in detail. The surface model ISBA is then modified to better describe the hydraulic conductivity in the soil. A strategy of calibration is defined and applied at the scale of France. The improved model is then used to assess the impacts of climate change in the Mediterranean region. A regional climate model is downscaled by two different methods. The study shows that the uncertainties related to the downscaling are important. Uncertainty related to the impact model is smaller, but must be taken into account for the extremes. In this region, the extremes of riverflows, and sometimes the means, will increase during the first half of the twenty-first century. At the end of the century, the scenario indicates a decline of the average of riverflows and the extremes will remain stable, leading to increased variability
Descloux, Stéphane. "Le colmatage minéral du lit des cours d'eau : méthode d'estimation et effets sur la composition et la structure des communautés d'invertébrés benthiques et hyporhéiques." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01002506.
Full textPalmier, Cédric. "Oil Mobility Estimation and Recovery Optimization." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BOR30053/document.
Full textThe overall objective of this thesis was to improve the use of investigation data from contaminated site with light hydrocarbons. In particular, this work focused on: • To confirm the validity of the method to estimate the oil mobility in the formation, for heterogeneous conditions, called bail-down test. And, to define which interpretation method is the most relevant. • To understand the impact of the groundwater table variations on the oil thickness in the monitoring wells, and on its mobility. First, bail-down test simulations were performed at laboratory scale, on a radial pilot, filled with homogeneous sand. Then, a significant number of tests were performed on a studied site and interpreted. This work allowed to confirm the bail-down test validity for estimating the oil mobility in the formation. The key assumption to explain why these tests are valid whereas some of the assumptions and boundary conditions are not met during the tests, is based on the low mobility of the oil due to its viscosity. Secondly, the impact of the groundwater table variations has been manually and automatically measured on the studied site, during months. These measurements allowed to describe in detail the impact, which is different between confined and non-confined oil conditions. In addition, a model has been proposed and tested to simulate oil thickness depending on groundwater table level. This model allowed to estimate the thickness and the position of the oil in the formation, and its hydraulic conductivity. Overall, this study gives key elements to improve the investigation phase of site contaminated with light hydrocarbons, and to optimize the use of the collected data. Last, confirming the significant impact of the groundwater table fluctuation on the oil thickness and the validation of the bail-down test to estimate the oil mobility, this study shows the need to consider the oil mobility rather than the oil thickness for designing an oil recovery project
Abdallah, Ghassan. "La convection thermique dans les milieux fracturés : modélisation avec la méthode des éléments distincts." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL126N.
Full textMehenni, Abdelwadoud. "Comportement hydromécanique et érosion des sols fins traités." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0299/document.
Full textThe current evolution of the social and economic context requires from the different actors of the public works sector to adapt their practices to the challenges of sustainable development. In the field of earthworks, companies must offer technical solutions to reuse the materials located in the vicinity of the projects in order to limit the borrowing materials and unused soils deposits. Soil treatment may allow the reuse of these materials. This study was focused on four treatment products (kaolinite, bentonite, lime and cement) as well as their effects on the hydro-mechanical behavior and internal erosion resistance of a fine silt. An enhanced HET device was designed in the framework of this study to determine the internal erosion characteristics of treated soils especially with lime and cement. Beyond the characterization of treatment effects on short-term hydro-mechanical behavior of soils, the work of this study extends to the durability of treatment and the evolution of long-term hydro-mechanical behavior of treated soils subjected to drying-wetting cycles. This study of sustainability was carried out through a multi-scale approach based on laboratory study data on soil samples and field investigations on hydraulic structures made of treated soil. The study showed that hydraulic conditions variations can decrease the performance of treated soils. These degradations result on an increase in hydraulic conductivity, a decrease of the mechanical strength and also a reduction in the critical shear stress which expresses a decrease of the internal erosion resistance. The kinetic of performance loss depends to the nature of the treatment product and percentage used as well as the exposure level, the number and amplitude of the hydraulic variations. However, the field study showed that it is possible to reduce the kinetic degradation of the soil performance through an appropriate construction design
Rakotondratsima, Lee Yong Guy. "Mécanismes de gonflement et d'altération des schistes carton." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL084N.
Full textTyri, Danai Panagiota. "Contribution à l'étude de mélange en pellets composé d'argilite COx et de bentonite MX80 pour le remplissage des stockages géologiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSEI001.
Full textThe safe operation of the geological disposal facilities for radioactive waste indicates the galleries progressive closure, by installing sealing and backfill materials. The French disposal concept examines the crushed excavated Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) claystone with bentonite additive (MX80) as backfill material. One of the ongoing studied backfill solutions considers the pelletized implementation of the mixture, due to potential set-up advantages. The pelletized mixture is emplaced inside the galleries at dry state, presenting initially a granular structure, gradually homogenised, due to swelling upon hydration from the groundwater of the surrounding rock. Objective of the PhD thesis is the determination and manufacturing of the pelletized mixture, as well as the analysis of its hydro-mechanical behaviour. The pelletized granulometry is selected to result in the highest possible packing density, defining the optimum grain size distribution (GSD). The implemented COx/MX80 backfill needs to present hydro-mechanical properties capable of limiting the voids after the saturation on the drift as well as blocking the concrete movement when liners cracking will occur in the long-term. Numerical and experimental gravitational deposits are conducted, to study the compactness of a granular material, without mechanical compaction. Simulations using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) investigate the granulometric effect on the granular material’s packing state, determining an optimum GSD. Supplementary experiments are used to evaluate and finalise the granulometric selection maximising the resulting density. Both studies investigate the effect of additional parameters (implementation protocol, inter-particle friction, deposit height,…) on the packing state. The pelletization of the selected GSD is performed for the first time on COx/MX80 powdered mixtures, by applying the compression method on a reconditioned tablet machine. The process is analysed to successfully fabricate pellets and optimise the challenging pellet production. COx/MX80 mixtures hydro-mechanical behaviour is experimentally investigated by performing infiltration tests under free and confined volume conditions. A parametric study on various powdered mixtures is conducted to characterise the materials physicochemical properties and evaluate their swelling capacity at densities expected on the backfill implementation. On the other hand, the finalised pellets assembly on various compositions is directly tested in terms of swelling pressure and hydraulic conductivity
Courtois, Nathalie. "Caractérisation de la dispersion en aquifère hétérogène par méthodes de traçages et modélisation stochastique : Application à la nappe alluviale du Drac, à Grenoble." Paris, ENMP, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENMP0002.
Full textDispersion in aquifer at large scale is mainly dominated by the spatial structure of the hydraulic conductivity field. The aim of the study is to characterize the dispersive properties of an alluvial aquifer located near Grenoble through two approaches both based on the use of experimental tracing data. The first approach is the classical one: some field-scale tracer tests are conducted under natural gradient on an experimental site which includes 17 fully-penetrating wells. The maximum extent is about 45 meters along the main flow direction. Fluorescent tracers are injected, and their migration is monitored in the restitution wells by sampling device of the volume-averaged concentration. The hydrodispersive parameters are estimated by fitting the classical 2D analytical solution of the advection-dispersion equation on the experimental breakthrough curves. The second approach is to characterize the spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity, in order to generate stochastic fields. The vertical distribution of the horizontal groundwater flow is measured in boreholes by dilution method. This measurement method is modelled as a combination of simple flow structures, which leads to an analytical expression of the tracer concentration versus time. The flow is estimated from the fit of this analytical model on the experimental dilution curves. Hydraulic conductivity is then deduced from the flow through the Darcy’s equation, supposing an average hydraulic gradient on the site. Such vertical profiles on one-meter averaged hydraulic conductivities are conducted in wells to give 185 values on the entire site. The distribution of hydraulic conductivity draws near to a lognormal one, and is assumed to be so in the later generation of stochastic fields. The spatial correlation of the measured data is described by variograms in horizontal and vertical directions. Two types of model are used to fit these variograms: an exponential one, and a more complex model with ‘hole-effect’ in order to simulate channelling. 3D-stochastic hydraulic conductivity fields following these two spatial laws are generated using the geostatistical software ISATIS. These fields are then incorporated in the finite-elements code CASTEM2000 to lead to the associated flow fields. The transport is modelled by particle-tracking and Monte-Carlo techniques. The determination of the first and second order spatial moments leads to the dispersion coefficients. The simulated dispersivities are then compared to the experimental ones, and to the ones predicted by stochastic theories. The longitudinal dispersivity seems to reach an asymptotic limit after a 10 correlation lengths travel
Courtois, Nathalie. "Caractérisation de la dispersion en aquifère hétérogène par méthodes de traçages et modélisation stochastique : Application à la nappe alluviale du Drac, à Grenoble." Paris, ENMP, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENMPA001.
Full textRoulier, Stéphanie. "Caractérisation hydro-dispersive in situ de sols non saturés par infiltration d'eau et de soluté : cas de sols structurés et de sols hétérogènes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802313.
Full textVandervaere, Jean-Pierre. "Caracterisation hydrodynamique du sol in situ par infiltrometrie a disques. Analyse critique des regimes pseudo-permanents, methodes transitoires et cas des sols encroutes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10186.
Full textCarrillo-Avila, Eugenio. "Modélisation des transferts hydriques dans le système sol-plante-atmosphère : application à la plaine de la Bièvre (Isère)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10026.
Full textPieritz, Romeu André. "Modélisation et simulation de milieux poreux par réseaux topologiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10271.
Full textUgarte, Nano Claudia Carolina. "Etude de la variabilité des propriétés physiques et hydrodynamiques d'un sol argileux sous l'effet de conduites en protection intégrée contre les adventices." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS003/document.
Full textIntegrated weed management (IWM)-based cropping systems are of great interest due to their significant reduction of herbicide inputs by using a complex combination of agricultural techniques. The main objective of our work was to contribute to the environmental dimension of the multi-criteria evaluation of IWM-based cropping systems which were set up since 2000 on the experimental domain of the National Institute for Agronomical Research (INRA) to Bretenière (France). The variability of physical and hydrodynamic soil properties involved in the transfer of water through the vadose zone was studied for the 5 cropping systems present on the experimental site (1 reference cropping system and 4 IWM-based cropping systems). The first section of our study consisted in studying the water retention of the tilled soil layers for the 5 cropping systems. Water retention values were compared between undisturbed and repacked soil samples in order to distinguish the part of the variability due to the intrinsic soil properties from the one induced by the agricultural practices. Our results show that the soil from cropping system without any herbicides, associating high clay content, average organic C content and intensive superficial tillage, may increase soil water retention in the tilled soil layer. The second section carried on the study of the annual and vertical variability of the near-saturated hydraulic conductivity, K(h). For this study, 3 IWM-based cropping systems (no-tilled cropping system and moderate to intensive tilled cropping systems) were characterized during 2 or 3 consecutive years and considering 3 depths including the soil tilled layer and the underlying no-tilled layer. The results showed no vertical variability of K(h). However, they highlighted the long-term effect of IWM-based cropping systems on K(h). Finally, the third section studied the soil water dynamics of 2 contrasted IWM-based cropping systems (no-tilled and zero herbicide cropping systems with intensive tillage) by using ,a hydraulic agricultural approach and by the means of the in situ characterization of soil matric potential and the measure of the amounts of water collected with wick lysimeters. This approach allowed the description of the water dynamics during the drainage season, the validation of the wick lysimeters functioning and the calculation of the surface contributing to water flows collected by the wick lysimeters. These promising results will need to be validated during forthcoming campaigns of measurement. All data collected provided constitute a first evaluation of the soil physical and hydraulic functioning of IWM-based cropping systems present on the experimental site. The established database will allow later the pursuit of work by modeling the water transfer and the transport of solutes, pesticides or other pollutants through the vadose zone of these IWM-based cropping systems
Bourgeois, Marc. "Le concept de barrière capillaire : étude par modèle numérique." Paris, ENMP, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ENMP0017.
Full textGrellier, Patrick. "Transferts hydriques dans l'enrobage de semence." Angers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ANGE0008.
Full textJacquard, Catherine. "Etude experimentale d'une barriere capillaire avec un modele de laboratoire." Paris, ENMP, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENMP0097.
Full textAndrieux, Patrick. "Influence de la variabilité spatiale des caractéristiques physiques des sols sur le bilan hydrologique : l'exemple d'un système de sols sur barre prélittorale (Guyane française)." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20157.
Full textTaha, Ammar. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la contribution des eaux infiltrées à la formation des débits des crues en zone méditerranéenne : application à un versant du Real Collobrier." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10052.
Full textWittebolle, Guy. "Influence des basses temperatures racinaires sur la croissance, le regime hydrique et la repartition des assimilats chez le dactyle (dactylis glomerata l. )." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13028.
Full textNdiaye, Babacar. "Etude experimentale et modelisation du comportement hydrodynamique des sols cultives : application au bassin de thysse kaymor (senegal)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10040.
Full textGérard-Marchant, Pierre. "Caractérisation hydro-dynamique des transferts d'eau en conditions non saturées dans un milieu déformable à faible perméabilité : application aux matériaux de centre de stockage de déchets." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10155.
Full textRoulier, Stephanie. "Caractérisation hydro-dispersive in situ de sols non saturés par infiltration d'eau et de soluté : cas de sols structures et de sols hétérogènes." Phd thesis, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802313.
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