Journal articles: 'Conductor sag'

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H., M. Luqman, N. R. Baharom M., A. M. Jamail N., et al. "Conductor sag comparison for 132 kV overhead transmission line improvement in Malaysia." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 1 (2020): 39–47. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i1.1863.

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This paper presents conductor sag comparison for 132 kV overhead transmission line improvement in Malaysia. Increasing industrialization and population growth around the world demands higher electricity supply. Power generation has yet to decline but transmitting sufficient electricity to consumers is worrisome due to scarce land space occupied by rapid urbanization. Hence reconductoring method was chosen to improve existing 132 kV overhead transmission line in Malaysia. A group of selected conductors were chosen for comparison where the high temperature low sag conductor stood out the most producing up to 40% sag reduction. This paper focuses on providing conductor alternatives to improve maximum sag of lowest conductor to ground for 132 kV transmission line in Malaysia in accordance to her climate and geographical factor.

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Bedialauneta, Miren T., Elvira Fernandez, Igor Albizu, and A. Javier Mazon. "Sag-tension evaluation of high-temperature gap-type conductor in operation." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 16, no. 1 (2021): 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.12288.

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Low-sag conductors are characterised by their ability to operate above the “knee-point temperature” (KPT). Sag-tension performance must be calculated while designing a new overhead line. The ampacity limit of the conductor is influenced by the sag and the temperature of the conductor. The maximum sag must be limited to a certain value to ensure a safe clearance between the conductor and ground. In this study, a gap-type conductor in operation was monitored to evaluate the actual KPT. The KPT in low-sag conductors is a crucial factor since it affects the sag of the conductor, which must be limited for safety reasons. The KPT was detected based on the change in the coefficient of thermal expansion value of the conductor. To perform this detection, the conductor tension and temperature were monitored. This study proposes a procedure to estimate the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) value. The results showed a gradual displacement in CTE. This procedure was used to perform measurements in a pilot line.

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Luqman, H. M., M. N. R. Baharom, N. A. M. Jamail, et al. "Conductor sag comparison for 132 kV overhead transmission line improvement in Malaysia." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 1 (2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i1.1863.

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This paper presents conductor sag comparison for 132 kV overhead transmission line improvement in Malaysia. Increasing industrialization and population growth around the world demands higher electricity supply. Power generation has yet to decline but transmitting sufficient electricity to consumers is worrisome due to scarce land space occupied by rapid urbanization. Hence reconductoring method was chosen to improve existing 132 kV overhead transmission line in Malaysia. A group of selected conductors were chosen for comparison where the high temperature low sag conductor stood out the most producing up to 40% sag reduction. This paper focuses on providing conductor alternatives to improve maximum sag of lowest conductor to ground for 132 kV transmission line in Malaysia in accordance to her climate and geographical factor.

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Fernandez, Elvira, Igor Albizu, Miren T. Bedialauneta, A. Javier Mazon, and Agurtzane Etxegarai. "Field validation of gap-type overhead conductor creep." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 105 (September 11, 2018): 602–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.09.006.

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Gap-type overhead conductor sag-tension calculations based on experimental conductor creep tests are based on stress-strain and metallurgical creep tests. Although for bi-metallic conductors, these tests are carried out for both the core and the full conductor, for gap-type overhead conductors the aluminum metallurgical creep is usually neglected and the full conductor metallurgical creep is not carried out. The purpose of the presented study is the validation of these calculation methods. For this purpose, field measurements have been obtained in a pilot line in operation. The gap-type conductor installation process has been measured and the conductor creep has been monitored during three years of line operation. In order to model relevant events such as the pre-sagging and sagging steps during the installation, and ice and wind events during the operation, a flexible sag-tension calculation method has been used. Besides, the widely used graphical sag-tension method has also been evaluated, obtaining similar results as the flexible method. The tension-decrease is used as the indicator of the creep. The calculated and measured tension-decrease values are close. Therefore, it is concluded that the sag-tension calculations based on experimental conductor creep tests are valid to represent the actual creep of the conductor in operation.

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AJAY, KUMAR JHA, and SHRESTHA SAROJ. "APPLICATION OF HIGH CAPACITY CONDUCTORS FOR UPRATING OF EXISTING TRANSMISSION LINES IN NEPAL." JournalNX - A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal 4, no. 8 (2018): 32–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1472713.

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Due to high power losses and relieve transmission line from overload operation, Nepal has to upgrade its transmission system. The main objective of this research paper is to investigate technical and financial aspects of uprating existing 132 kV line of Nepal by re-conductoring it with High Temperature Low Sag conductor. For this purpose, electrical, mechanical and financial aspectsare evaluated using Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)-738-SA model for conductor capacity derating, Hybrid numerical method for sag calculation and Monte Carlo simulation for sensitivity analysis respectively. The derated capacity of existing conductor and proposed High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) conductors are calculated which are less than manufacturerâ€™s rating. The sag of Aluminium Core Steel Supported (ACSS)-Dove, Thermal-Resistant-Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced (TACSR)-Dove and Super Thermal Resistant Aluminium Conductor Invar Reinforced (STACIR) is found to be greater than maximum permissible sag, while Aluminium Conductor Composite Core (ACCC)-Amsterdam, Gap Type-Super thermal Resistant ACSR (GZTACSR)-Hen and Aluminium Conductor Composite Reinforced (ACCR)-Oswego with permissible limit. ACCC is evaluated to be the most profitable conductor for re-conductoring. The result shows that capacity of existing line can be increased upto 290% with additional profit. https://journalnx.com/journal-article/20150778

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Novriandi, Dicky, Azriyenni Azhari Zakri, and Edy Ervianto. "Sag and Tension of 275 kV Transmission Line using Catenary." International Journal of Electrical, Energy and Power System Engineering 2, no. 3 (2019): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ijeepse.2.3.15-20.

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This research will develop a catenary method to determine the sag and tension analysis on the 275 kV transmission line conductors. The catenary method is dependent on the equation of the weight of the conductor, the maximum tensile stress of the conducting wire, the length of the span, and the maximum sag of the conductor. The method will be used in determining the value of sag and tension with the design of the model using software AutoCAD. The results of research for the same tower sag height of 6.86 m, with a tension of 4610.83 kg and a conductor length of 401.06 m, while sag for the tower is not the same height of 8.14 m, with a tension of 4612.84 kg, and changes in conductor length 401.06 m. The increase in current causes the sag value to increase, when the minimum current sag value is 6.9828 m, and the maximum current sag value increases to 8.44 m. While the tension will decrease along so that temperature is increased the current minimum pressure of 4531.27kg, and at the time of maximum tension of 3749.728kg. Sag and tension are also affected by ambient temperature when the minimum temperature is 20 ℃ sags are 6.8621 m and when the maximum temperature is 40 ℃ sag increases to 7.793492 m. Tension will decrease with each increase in temperature when the minimum temperature is 20 ℃ tension 4610.538 kg when the maximum temperature is 40 ℃ the tension is reduced to 4062.345 kg.

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Guo, Deming, Pengyu Wang, Wencheng Zheng, et al. "Investigation of sag behaviour for aluminium conductor steel reinforced considering tensile stress distribution." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 8 (2021): 210049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210049.

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Sag calculation plays an important role in overhead line design. Since the tensile stress of aluminium conductor steel reinforced (ACSR) is required for the sag calculation, an analysis on sag behaviour when considering the tensile stress distribution can be very useful to improve the accuracy of sag results. First, this paper analyses the ACSR tensile stress distribution arising from the temperature maldistribution through proposing a new calculation formula. A finite-element analysis (FEA) model of ACSR is conducted for the solution of the new formula. By using the results, the error and limitations of the existing sag calculation methods for ACSR are discussed. As the critical point of sag calculation, knee-point temperature is solved iteratively involving the tensile stress maldistribution phenomenon in aluminium wires. Based on this iterative solution, an improved analytical method for the ACSR sag calculation considering the creep effect is presented and also compared with the hybrid sag method. The results show that these two methods are basically coincident without the consideration of creep effect, while there are non-negligible differences between them as the creep strain is involved. Compared with the existing analytical methods, the improved sag calculation method proposed in this paper can be applied in more extensive situations.

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Niu, Hai Jun, Jing Chao Wang, Yu Ming Dong, Li Xian Zhou, and Xin Min Li. "Research on Calculation Method of Jumper Conductor in Overhead Power Transmission Line." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 1600–1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.1600.

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On basis of considering influence of rigidity, elastic module, unit weight and section area etc conductor parameters on the jumper conductor, establish the mathematic model of the jumper conductor on basis of Cosserat bar theory, operate MATLAL and call VC++ Compiler to complete research and development of the jumper conductor length calculation software. Through test simulation of the jumper conductor and Xiangjiaba -Shanghai ±800kV DC engineering application, calculate sag and design sag with software which have good consistence, reduce high height operation time and reduce waste of jumper conductor, realize the standardized design and construction of the jumper conductor, which has good application prospect.

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Li, Xin, Zuibing Xie, Linping Zeng, and Long Zhao. "Calculation Methods of High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Line Sag Considering Meteorology." Energies 17, no. 2 (2024): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17020305.

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Sag is one of the important indicators for judging whether a transmission line is safe. The existing sag calculation method does not consider the temperature difference between conductor strands, causing the calculated results to often deviate from the values measured with a theodolite. In this article, a sag calculation method considering the temperature difference between strands is proposed. First, finite element analysis and experiments were used to analyze the temperature differences between each area and layer of the conductor when the wind blew the conductor, and then a correction calculation model for the conductor sag was proposed. Next, a sag monitoring system based on four-point temperature measurement was designed. Finally, the method was applied to a ±400 kV transmission line in Qinghai Province, China. The results show that after considering the temperature difference in the conductor strands, the error of the sag calculation result is much smaller than that without considering the temperature difference in the conductor strands, and the maximum relative error is reduced from 7.86% to less than 2%.

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Yaroslavsky, Danil, Marat Sadykov, Mikhail Goryachev, Dmitry Ivanov, and Nikolay Andreev. "Methodology Approbation for the Overhead Power Lines Sag Determining by the Period of Conductor Owned Oscillations." Machines 10, no. 8 (2022): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10080685.

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The relevance of the problem is justified and the review of existing methods for determining the overhead line sag by the period of the conductor owned oscillations is conducted. The method of controlling the sag by the period of its own oscillations is briefly presented. The experimental installation for conducting full-scale tests is described, which includes the conductor (64 m), rigid fasteners at the points of conductor suspension, accelerometer, and temperature sensor mounted on the conductor, data from which are processed and recorded by the specialized software. The measurement method is explained with a detailed description. The conductor oscillations spectral analysis is performed. The results of experimental main harmonic frequency measurements, conductor, and changes in the sag are presented. A comparative results analysis showed the efficiency of the proposed method. The described method for determining the sag is easy to use (it is enough to install an accelerometer on the conductor and process data from it) and can be recommended for monitoring the condition of overhead power lines. The correlation of changes in the conductor oscillations spectral harmonics amplitude with temperature was studied. It is found that the correlation coefficient initially increases with the growth of the harmonics number. It is maximal for the ninth harmonic R = −0.9, and then slowly weakens, remaining between 0.9 and 0.8. This property of high-frequency harmonic oscillations can be used in the high-voltage lines condition diagnosis.

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Yaroslavskiy, D. A., V. V. Nguyen, M. F. Sadykov, M. P. Goryachev, and A. A. Naumov. "Model of own harmonic conductor oscillations for tasks of monitoring the status of airline power transmission lines." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 22, no. 3 (2020): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2020-22-3-97-106.

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The article substantiates the relevance of the inspection of overhead power lines by determining the mechanical loads of the conductors. The conductor sways under the action of external loads and variable internal mechanical loads. The conductor behaves in span like a pendulum. Using the inclinometric method, it is possible to determine the deviations of the conductor in space from its equilibrium position. Having restored the geometry of the conductor in the span of an overhead power line, mechanical loads can be determined. A model of the harmonic oscillations of the conductor in flight is derived to assess the mechanical loads of the conductor overhead power lines. This mathematical model is based on mathematical models of a flexible thread and a model of a physical pendulum. A conductor is a physical pendulum, where the conductor acts as the body, and in the role of the fixed axis of rotation, a straight line passing through the suspension points of the conductor. The developed model allows you to determine the arrow of its sag from the period of oscillations of the conductor in the span. The article considers algorithms for calculating the conductor sag arrows for two cases: the conductor suspension points are at the same height; conductor suspension points are at different heights. A theoretical calculation is given for a model of a span overhead power line with an estimate of the sensitivity of the developed model and its error in determining the sag of the conductor. Using the arrow of the conductor sag, you can restore its geometry, and hence the mechanical load of the conductor. Therefore, knowing the initial geometric parameters of the span of the overhead power line and the current period of the conductor’s oscillations, it is possible to examine its current state.

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Zuo, Jinhua, Jing Fan, Yong Ouyang, Hua Liu, Chao Yang, and Changjin Hao. "Transmission Line Sag Measurement and Simulation Research Based on Non-Contact Electric Field Sensing." Sensors 22, no. 21 (2022): 8379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218379.

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Sag is an important indicator of the operational health of a transmission line, and its timely measurement is of great significance to maintain the stability and reliability of power systems. However, traditional contact measurements may be affected by the electromagnetic interference of conductors. In contrast, measurement methods without direct electrical contact with the subject provide greater portability and flexibility. This paper presents a study of a transmission line sag measurement and simulation based on non-contact electric field sensing. The finite element method was used to analyze the conductor distribution, establish the coupling relationships among the electric field, transmission line, and measurement point, propose a sag inverse calculation model, and assess the impact of the transmission line parameter on the curved drooping measurement. Simultaneously, sag measurement schemes for single-round and dual-circuit lines were designed for multi-conductive lines, and measurement array studies were conducted. The vertical component of the electric field in space measured by the array was obtained, which could be used to perform conductor sag measurement simply and efficiently. The proposed method will facilitate the monitoring of the overhead transmission line status, which is conducive to the effective operation of the entire system.

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Król, Krzysztof, Krzysztof Budnik, and Piotr Jarek. "Calculation of magnetic field intensity under power line with taking into account conductor sag." ITM Web of Conferences 19 (2018): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20181901013.

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The paper presents a calculation method of the magnetic field under an overhead power line taking into account conductor sag, which is described by the catenary curve. The calculations take into account the variability of the charge distribution along the conductor and wire sag for the eclectic field, while the calculation of intensity of the magnetic field take into account the impact of induced currents in the wires of lightning. The simulation results were compared with results measurements.

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Yaroslavsky, Danil, Van Vu Nguyen, Marat Sadykov, Mikhail Goryachev, Dmitry Ivanov, and Nikolay Andreev. "Determination the conductor sag according to the period of own harmonic oscillations." E3S Web of Conferences 220 (2020): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022001036.

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The article substantiates the relevance of the inspection of overhead power lines by determining the mechanical loads of the conductors. The conductor sways under the action of external loads and variable internal mechanical loads. The conductor behaves in span like a pendulum. A model of the harmonic oscillations of the conductor in flight is derived to assess the mechanical loads of the conductor overhead power lines. This mathematical model is based on mathematical models of a flexible thread and a model of a physical pendulum. A conductor is a physical pendulum, where the conductor acts as the body, and in the role of the fixed axis of rotation, a straight line passing through the suspension points of the conductor. The article briefly describes an algorithm for calculating the conductor sag for the case when the conductor suspension points are at the same height. The results obtained using the developed model for calculating the sag of the conductor by its period are compared with the available experimental data. Experimental equipment is described. The error of the method is estimated.

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Mamala, Andrzej, Tadeusz Knych, Beata Smyrak, et al. "An Analytical Model for the High Temperature Low Sag Conductor Knee Point Determination." Key Engineering Materials 641 (April 2015): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.641.173.

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The modern high voltage power overhead lines operate with high temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors due to possibility of the current capacity increase. HTLS conductors are material and technological advanced solutions. The main advantage of HTLS conductors is a special designed operation conditions which cause the transformation of tensile stresses from the external aluminium base layers to the core. The conditions of this transformation are called “knee point” because a rapid change of the conductor sag - temperature relationship is observed. Prediction of conditions of the “knee point” temperature (KPT) is a key problem during overhead line design. The KPT is a function of different factors like conductor materials properties, conductor design, span parameters, sagging procedures and overhead line exploitation conditions. The paper presents an original theoretical model for HTLS conductors KPT calculations and shows some examples and comparisons of the different conductor designs and parameters.

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Kwon, Jonghwan, and Kory W. Hedman. "Transmission expansion planning model considering conductor thermal dynamics and high temperature low sag conductors." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 9, no. 15 (2015): 2311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0257.

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Feng, Xiaohe, Shibin Gao, Yang Song, Zeyao Hu, Long Chen, and Tao Liang. "Static and Dynamic Analysis of Conductor Rail with Large Cross-Sectional Moment of Inertia in Rigid Catenary Systems." Energies 16, no. 4 (2023): 1810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041810.

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The rigid catenary system is widely used in tunnels to power electric trains via contact with a pantograph. Due to gravity, the contact wire normally has a sag that may affect the dynamic interaction performance with a pantograph. To reduce the contact wire sag, the most efficient measure is to improve the moment of inertia of the conductor rail, which is used to clamp the contact wire. Six new types of conductor rail with large moments of inertia are developed based on a conventional conductor rail. Then both the static and dynamic analyses are conducted to investigate the performance of the new types of conductor rail with a big moment of inertia. The conductor rail’s 3D solid finite element model is built using a finite element approach. The vertical deflection and the stress distribution are comparatively analyzed among different types of conductor rail. The analysis results indicate that the vertical deflection and maximum stress are significantly reduced when using the conductor rail with a large moment of inertia. The best performance is observed when the conductor rail of case 1 is used. The maximum sag is reduced by 28.37%, and the maximum stress is decreased by 27.76% compared with the conventional conductor. Finally, a pantograph model is included to evaluate the dynamic performance of the conductor rail with large moments of inertia. The results indicate that contact force fluctuation is significantly reduced after the conductor rails with large moments of inertia are presented. The conductor rail of case 1 shows the best performance, which can reduce the contact force standard deviation by 32% and 27% at speeds of 160 km/h and 200 km/h.

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Liu, Yongdou, Zhiwei Chen, and Quan Gu. "Numerical Algorithms for Calculating Temperature, Layered Stress, and Critical Current of Overhead Conductors." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (April 30, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6019493.

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Accurate calculation of temperature, stress, sag, and critical current (corresponding to critical temperature) of operational overhead conductors is important for ensuring the strength and sag safety of overhead lines. Based on 2D steady-state heat transfer equations, this article studies the temperature fields of the cross section of typical electrified conductors and establishes numerical simulation methods for calculating the layered stress, sag, and critical temperature. Using the algorithm, the relationship between the critical temperature and characteristics of conductors (e.g., the sag and tensile force) is studied. The results are verified by a comparison with the test results for heat-resistant aluminum alloy conductors JNRLH1/G1A-400/65 and JNRLH1/G1A-630/55. Finally, the paper studies the relationship between the critical temperature of the conductor and its most sensitive factors.

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Zanelli, Federico, Marco Mauri, Francesco Castelli-Dezza, and Francesco Ripamonti. "Continuous Monitoring of Transmission Lines Sag through Angular Measurements Performed with Wireless Sensors." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (2023): 3175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13053175.

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High voltage transmission lines are crucial infrastructure that are demanded to supply an increasing request of electric energy. In the design and operations stages, sag represents a key parameter which must respect specific constraints. Therefore, sag continuous monitoring is becoming essential to guarantee the correct functioning of the line and to optimize the current flow. Different solutions have been proposed in literature, but they are still lacking efficiency and reliability to be used during operations. In this work, a simple and efficient method, based on conductor parabolic approximation, is developed and used to compute the sag through the measurement of the conductor slope in proximity of the span extremities. The angular measurements are obtained using wireless sensors equipped with MEMS accelerometers developed by authors and employed for HVTL conductor vibration monitoring. The proposed method and its implementation in the monitoring system was tested in a laboratory environment on a real conductor. The values of sag at different tensile loads have been obtained and compared to the measured ones, with satisfactory results according to the accelerometer resolution. The solution developed therefore represents a complete and innovative tool to be adopted in the field to monitor, in real time, both the sag and the level of vibration due to the wind action, allowing to increase the performance reliability of HVTL.

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Sakala, Japhet D. "Improved Calculation of Sag for a Conductor Supported at Unequal Heights." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 45, no. 4 (2008): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijeee.45.4.6.

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The sag of conductors of an overhead line is determined from the horizontal tension at the lowest point of the conductors. In a conductor supported at unequal heights the lowest point is calculated, together with the horizontal tension, from hyperbolic expressions using an iterative procedure. In practice the hyperbolic functions are usually approximated by their first two terms. While the results are close to the actual values some differences may arise because the approximate methods may not converge to the exact values. The Newton Raphson sag method presented in the paper applies the Newton Raphson method to obtain fast convergence to the exact values. It is inherently more accurate than the classical iterative procedure based on approximating the hyperbolic functions; and the convergence criterion may be set as small as required. The method is also applicable to a conductor supported at equal heights.

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Hakansson, Eva, Paul Predecki, and Maciej S. Kumosa. "Galvanic Corrosion of High Temperature Low Sag Aluminum Conductor Composite Core and Conventional Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced Overhead High Voltage Conductors." IEEE Transactions on Reliability 64, no. 3 (2015): 928–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tr.2015.2427894.

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Alawar, A., E. J. Bosze, and S. R. Nutt. "A Composite Core Conductor for Low Sag at High Temperatures." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 20, no. 3 (2005): 2193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2005.848736.

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Qiao, Kun, Anping Zhu, Baoming Wang, Chengrui Di, Junwei Yu, and Bo Zhu. "Characteristics of Heat Resistant Aluminum Alloy Composite Core Conductor Used in overhead Power Transmission Lines." Materials 13, no. 7 (2020): 1592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071592.

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The heat resistant aluminum alloy wire composite material core conductor (ACCC/HW) which was used in overhead transmission lines is developed and studied in this work. The composite material core is carbon fiber/glass cloth reinforced modified epoxy resin composite. Tensile stress tests and stress-strain tests of both composite core and conductor are taken at 25 °C and 160 °C. Sag test, creep test and current carrying capacity test of composite conductor are taken. The stress of composite conductor are 425.2 MPa and 366.9 MPa at 25 °C and 160 °C, respectively. The sag of conductor of 50 m length are 95 mm, 367 mm, and 371 mm at 25 °C, 110 °C, and 160 °C, respectively. The creep strain are 271 mm/km, 522 mm/km, and 867 mm/km after 10 years under the tension of 15% RTS (Rated Tensile Strength), 25% RTS and 35% RTS at 25 °C, and 628 mm/km under 25% RTS at 160 °C, according to the test result and calculation. The carrying capacity of composite conductor is basically equivalent to ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced). ACCC/HW is suitable in overhead transmission lines, and it has been used in 50 kV power grid, according to the results.

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Siranec, Marek, Marek Höger, and Alena Otcenasova. "Advanced Power Line Diagnostics Using Point Cloud Data—Possible Applications and Limits." Remote Sensing 13, no. 10 (2021): 1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101880.

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The advance in remote sensing techniques, especially the development of LiDAR scanning systems, allowed the development of new methods for power line corridor surveys using a digital model of the powerline and its surroundings. The advanced diagnostic techniques based on the acquired conductor geometry recalculation to extreme operating and climatic conditions were proposed using this digital model. Although the recalculation process is relatively easy and straightforward, the uncertainties of input parameters used for the recalculation can significantly compromise such recalculation accuracy. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the accuracy of the recalculation affected by the inaccuracies of the conductor state equation input variables. The sensitivity of the recalculation to the inaccuracy of five basic input parameters was tested (initial temperature and mechanical tension, elasticity modulus, specific gravity load and tower span) by comparing the conductor sag values when input parameters were affected by a specific inaccuracy with an ideal sag-tension table. The presented tests clearly showed that the sag recalculation inaccuracy must be taken into account during the safety assessment process, as the sag deviation can, in some cases, reach values comparable to the minimal clearance distances specified in the technical standards.

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Cheng, Zhi Hui, and Chao Zhang. "Calculation of Torsional Stiffness of Conductor and its Influence on the Stability of Motion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 680 (October 2014): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.680.233.

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In galloping, reverse split wire plays an important role in. Through the study of split change sub conductor length of wire twisting motion estimation, the wire tension change caused by the torsion of sub conductors; besides considering some of the split wire torsion stiffness of the external factors, but also the influence of torsion wire tension change, caused by the conductor sag, line height worse, we deduced the general formula to calculate the new conductor spacer system torsional stiffness.

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Mahajan, Satish M., and Uma Mahesh Singareddy. "A Real-Time Conductor Sag Measurement System Using a Differential GPS." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 27, no. 2 (2012): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2011.2181963.

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Kumar, Pradeep, and Asheesh K. Singh. "Optimal mechanical sag estimator for leveled span overhead transmission line conductor." Measurement 137 (April 2019): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.01.067.

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Zou, Yu, Shuolei Ji, Linsui Li, Henglong Chen, and Longfei Zhang. "Research on the algorithm for calculating tower span and line sag based on visual localization." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 20 (2025): 781–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctaf037.

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Abstract Distribution networks are crucial for power systems, and accurate measurement of tower span and conductor sag is vital for safe operation. This paper proposes an automated method using drone imaging to measure these parameters. A low-altitude photogrammetry platform with YOLOv8 detects towers and conductors, while the ORB-SLAM2 framework enables real-time drone positioning and sparse reconstruction. A dense matching model generates high-fidelity 3D point clouds. Customized span and sag calculation models consider line asymmetry and wind deviation. The effectiveness of the method is validated through experiments, enhancing measurement efficiency and accuracy.

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MENSAH-BONSU and HEYDT. "Overhead Transmission Conductor Sag: A Novel Measurement Technique and the Relation of Sag to Real Time Circuit Ratings." Electric Power Components and Systems 31, no. 1 (2003): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325000390112062.

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Bedialauneta, Miren T., Igor Albizu, Elvira Fernandez, and A. Javier Mazon. "Uncertainties in the Testing of the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Overhead Conductors." Energies 13, no. 2 (2020): 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020411.

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Overhead lines can be replaced by high temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors in order to increase their capacity. The coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of the HTLS conductors are lower than the CTE of conventional conductors. The utilities and conductor manufacturers usually carry out the verification of the CTE of the overhead conductors in an actual size span. The verification is based on the observation of the change of the conductor length as a result of the conductor temperature change. This process is influenced by the coefficient of thermal expansion to be verified. However, there are other factors that also affect it. This paper analyzes the effect of some of the uncertainty sources in the testing of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the overhead conductors. Firstly, the thermal expansion process is described and the uncertainty sources related to the conductor and the line section are identified. Then, the uncertainty sources and their effect on the CTE testing are quantified.

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Canudo, Jorge, Pascual Sevillano, Andrea Iranzo, Sacha Kwik, Javier Preciado-Garbayo, and Jesús Subías. "Simultaneous Structural Monitoring over Optical Ground Wire and Optical Phase Conductor via Chirped-Pulse Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry." Sensors 24, no. 22 (2024): 7388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24227388.

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Optimizing the use of existing high-voltage transmission lines demands real-time condition monitoring to ensure structural integrity and continuous service. Operating these lines at the current capacity is limited by safety margins based on worst-case weather scenarios, as exceeding these margins risks bringing conductors dangerously close to the ground. The integration of optical fibers within modern transmission lines enables the use of Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing (DFOS) technology, with Chirped-Pulse Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry (CP-ΦOTDR) proving especially effective for this purpose. CP-ΦOTDR measures wind-induced vibrations along the conductor, allowing for an analysis of frequency-domain vibration modes that correlate with conductor length and sag across spans. This monitoring system, capable of covering distances up to 40 km from a single endpoint, enables dynamic capacity adjustments for optimized line efficiency. Beyond sag monitoring, CP-ΦOTDR provides robust detection of external threats, including environmental interference and mechanical intrusions, which could compromise cable stability. By simultaneously monitoring the Optical Phase Conductor (OPPC) and Optical Ground Wire (OPGW), this study offers the first comprehensive, real-time evaluation of both structural integrity and potential external aggressions on overhead transmission lines. The findings demonstrate that high-frequency data offer valuable insights for classifying mechanical intrusions and environmental interferences based on spectral content, while low-frequency data reveal the diurnal temperature-induced sag evolution, with distinct amplitude responses for each cable. These results affirm CP-ΦOTDR’s unique capacity to enhance line safety, operational efficiency, and proactive maintenance by delivering precise, real-time assessments of both structural integrity and external threats.

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Xue, Chufan, Dehong Wang, Yong Tang, et al. "The Line-broken Analysis of the Aluminum Conductor Composite Core." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 04039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913604039.

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Aluminum conductor composite core has many technical advantages such as high tensile strength, light weight, low sag, large current carrying capacity. In order to study the influence of the broken of aluminum conductor composite core on the transmission tower, tower-line model was built by using the finite element software ANSYS/LS-DYNA, and the deformation of joints and stress of bar were analyzed. The impact load and the impact coefficient of the representative bars of the transmission tower are calculated. The results show that the impact acting on the tower is the most serious in the place of the conductor suspension point, the connection of upper and lower crank arms, the tower neck.

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Abbasi, Muhammad Zulqarnain, Babar Noor, Muhammad Aamir Aman, Sidra Farooqi, and Fazal Wahab Karam. "An Investigation of Temperature and Wind Impact on ACSR Transmission Line Sag and Tension." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 3 (2018): 3009–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1400592.

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Power transmission is mainly based on overhead transmission lines with conductors being supported by transmission towers. Transmission lines are subjected to environmental stress (temperature changes, winds, snow etc), have an impact on the surrounding areas (visual pollution, building restrictions) and experience heavy losses due to resistive, magnetic and capacitive effects. Thus, proper modeling and installation of these conductors are necessary. The conductors are generally installed in a catenary shape to minimize the capacitive effects and to balance the tension. This paper presents an investigation on the sag and tension behavior under different temperature and wind of ACSR (Aluminum Conductor-Steel Reinforced) lines. Four different cases of temperature and wind are tested to calculate sag and tension. Simulation setup is done in ETAP (electrical transient and analysis program). Results are recorded and discussed.

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34

Lin, Qing Hai, Yuan Xi Yao, and Lian Bo Tian. "Research on Sag and Phase-Phase Space Change by Installing Interphase Spacers for Transmission Lines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 1274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.1274.

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Installation of inter-phase spacer can effectively protects against line fault caused by conductor galloping, non-synchronous swing and sleet jump etc large amplitude vibration, but sag of the conductor is changed if inter-phase spacer is installed. And installation of initial inter-phase spacer will cause change of inter-phase distance, which cause difficulty of successive installation. The empirical equation can’t accurately analyze change of the inter-phase distance caused during installation of the inter-phase spacer. In this paper, accurate conductor installation inter-phase spacer analysis model is established with non-linear finite element method. Change of the conductor sag after installation of the inter-phase spacer is calculated, and influence on inter-phase distance caused by different installation sequence is analyzed. The research result provides effective analysis method for length control of actual line installed inter-phase spacers, and ensures manufacturing and successful installation of the inter-phase spacer.

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35

Vejo, Luis, Pablo Castro, Mario Manana, et al. "Experimental Study of Dynamic Line Rating Applied to High-Temperature Low-Sag Conductors." Energies 18, no. 4 (2025): 929. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040929.

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This study presents an analysis of ampacity evaluation techniques in overhead transmission lines based on methods for calculating conductor capacity through static and dynamic line rating analysis. It is specifically applied to high-temperature low-sag (HTLS) conductors, comparing theoretical results with empirically obtained real-time measurements. International standard methodologies, such as those from the IEEE and CIGRE, are examined to assess the impact of meteorological conditions on the performance of overhead transmission lines. Theoretical analyses are contrasted with experimental results obtained through a physical simulation prototype designed specifically for this purpose. A comparative analysis is presented that evaluates the deviations in conventional ampacity calculation techniques based on conductor temperature, comparing them with their performance in experimental situations for High-Temperature Low-Sag conductors under high load demand. This research offers an analytical perspective for optimizing the performance of transmission lines through the use of high-density currents. The results analyze the accuracy of calculation methodologies under different load and environmental scenarios, identifying conditions with the highest deviations, to enable more efficient and secure management in high-demand scenarios.

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36

Amin Osseily, Hassan. "Design and Analysis of 400KV Extra High Voltage Power Transmission Lines in Lebanon." Power System Technology 48, no. 1 (2024): 1493–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/pst.424.

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This paper aims to design and analyze an overhead AC extra high voltage transmission line in Lebanon, using ACSR conductors, to meet the growing demand for the future. The optimal design will consider various factors to achieve the best system efficiency and performance, while complying with regulations and safety standards, including EHV voltage level, conductor size, number of conductors per phase, cable sag, and other factors, as well as estimating and describing environmental impacts such as conductor surface potential gradient, corona loss, radio interference, and audible and random noise.

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37

Mamishev, A. V., R. D. Nevels, and B. D. Russell. "Effects of conductor sag on spatial distribution of power line magnetic field." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 11, no. 3 (1996): 1571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.517518.

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38

Qin, Li, and Chao Zhang. "Calculating Algorithm for Torsional Stiffness of Conductors-Spacers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 459 (October 2013): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.459.669.

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In galloping of transmission lines, the twist of bundled conductors plays an important role. So the research of torsional stiffness of conductors-spacers for in-depth study of the galloping of the transmission lines is important.In addition to considering the impact of previous studies involving some of the torsional stiffness of bundled conductors factors (such as the torsional stiffness of sub conductor, the actual tension, etc.), but also the effects of sag and line height difference are considered. Finally a theoretical torsional stiffness of conductors-spacers formula is deduced. With the previous formula and the measured data on the different conductor types, different sub conductor spacing and different initial tension conditions, theresults of this formula are closer to the measured data.

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39

Zhang, Lingrui, Xuhong Wang, and Shaosheng Fan. "Control Method of Wire Repairing Robot Based on Semantic Segmentation and Current Detection." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2562, no. 1 (2023): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2562/1/012065.

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Abstract The traditional repair of conductors in power systems, using manual work at height, carries a high level of risk. To ensure personnel safety and improve operational efficiency. Based on the development of a conductor repair robot using pre-stranded wires, the focus is on a semantic segmentation-based adaptive conductor arc sag control method, which enables the robot to adapt to conductors with different arc sags by segmentation identification of the conductor, offset calculation, and proportional-integral controller design to realize the robot hanging on the conductor. Subsequently, the winding gap is monitored according to the change of motor current, and a fuzzy controller is used to realize the robot winding operation. The robot prototype tests show that the robot is capable of adapting to the wire pitch and completing soft repair work.

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40

Parvizi, Pooya, Milad Jalilian, and Karl D. Dearn. "Beyond traditional conductors: Aluminium conductor composite core's role in next-generation high temperature-low sag technologies – A review." Electric Power Systems Research 239 (February 2025): 111251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111251.

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41

Ujah, Chika Oliver, Daramy Vandi Von Kallon, Daniel O. Aikhuele, and Victor Sunday Aigbodion. "Advanced Composite Materials: A Panacea for Improved Electricity Transmission." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (2022): 8291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168291.

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The demand for electricity has increased drastically due to population explosion globally. Unfortunately, supply does not meet the demand. Consequently, the transmission grid becomes overloaded, culminating in frequent power outages. Worse still, the transmission grid lacks adequate maintenance, and this has led to energy crisis in Africa and some parts of Asia. In this review, studies on the strength and weaknesses of existing transmission conductors were conducted. Further studied were natural and artificial phenomena that attack the overhead transmission networks. It was observed that besides inherent conductor defects, overloading, bush fire, short-circuit, harsh weather, and lightning were the factors that ravage the transmission grid. Hence, there is the need to develop more robust conductor materials that can withstand these challenges. The conventional conductors such as all aluminum conductor (AAC) and aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR) are challenged by low operating temperatures, among others. High-temperature low-sag (HTLS) conductors that were invented to tackle these shortcomings certainly have higher ampacity and better thermal rating than the conventional conductors. However, some challenges still devastate them. So, from the study conducted, it was discovered that developing advanced nano-based Al-composite conductor would help in ameliorating the challenges prevalent in the transmission grid. Such an Al-nanocomposite conductor would possess higher ampacity and better thermal stability and would be more durable and cost effective.

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42

Abbasi, M. Z., B. Noor, M. A. Aman, S. Farooqi, and F. W. Karam. "An Investigation of Temperature and Wind Impact on ACSR Transmission Line Sag and Tension." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 3 (2018): 3009–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2046.

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Power transmission is mainly based on overhead transmission lines with conductors being supported by transmission towers. Transmission lines are subjected to environmental stress (temperature changes, winds, snow etc), have an impact on the surrounding areas (visual pollution, building restrictions) and experience heavy losses due to resistive, magnetic and capacitive effects. Thus, proper modeling and installation of these conductors are necessary. The conductors are generally installed in a catenary shape to minimize the capacitive effects and to balance the tension. This paper presents an investigation on the sag and tension behavior under different temperature and wind of ACSR (Aluminum Conductor-Steel Reinforced) lines. Four different cases of temperature and wind are tested to calculate sag and tension. Simulation setup is done in ETAP (electrical transient and analysis program). Results are recorded and discussed.

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43

Kampik, Marian, Paweł Kubek, Beata Krupanek, and Ryszard Bogacz. "Sag and Tension Calculations for High-Voltage Overhead Line Conductors." Energies 17, no. 12 (2024): 2967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17122967.

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Overhead lines are used to transmit electricity from where it is generated to the receiving stations. The correct design of an overhead line affects public safety, because it should ensure the required clearances between conductors and the ground and objects located in the space under the overhead line. The temperature of conductors in overhead lines depends on the load current and weather conditions, and affects the sag and tension of the conductors. Calculations of sags and tensions of overhead conductors can be performed using simplified calculation methods that do not consider insulator sets. In some situations, this approach may cause calculation errors. This article discusses algorithms for calculating overhead conductor tensions and sags in the tensioning sections of high-voltage overhead lines, accounting for and excluding insulator sets. The analysis is carried out for different lengths of tensioning sections and various thermal and mechanical states of the conductors.

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44

Popova, Yekaterina, Oleg Voitov, and Lyudmila Semenova. "An algorithm to calculate feasible operating conditions of electrical network, given overhead conductor temperature and sag constraints." E3S Web of Conferences 58 (2018): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185802015.

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The paper presents an algorithm to calculate feasible steady-state conditions of an electrical network. A distinctive feature of the calculation is the consideration of constraints on the temperature of bare conductor and the clearance of a controlled span of overhead line. This consideration is based on forming and solving an equation of conductor heat balance to calculate the conductor temperature depending on the current flowing through the conductor and environmental factors, including the actual values of air pressure and air temperature. The paper presents the results of numerical calculations performed for individual overhead lines and for a test 16-node scheme of electrical network. The results illustrate the algorithm performance and the importance of considering the above constraints.

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Bedialauneta, Miren T., Igor Albizu, Elvira Fernandez, and A. Javier Mazon. "Uncertainties in the Testing of the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Overhead Conductors." Energies 13, no. 2 (2020): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020411.

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Overhead lines can be replaced by high temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors in order to increase their capacity. The coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of the HTLS conductors are lower than the CTE of conventional conductors. The utilities and conductor manufacturers usually carry out the verification of the CTE of the overhead conductors in an actual size span. The verification is based on the observation of the change of the conductor length as a result of the conductor temperature change. This process is influenced by the coefficient of thermal expansion to be verified. However, there are other factors that also affect it. This paper analyzes the effect of some of the uncertainty sources in the testing of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the overhead conductors. Firstly, the thermal expansion process is described and the uncertainty sources related to the conductor and the line section are identified. Then, the uncertainty sources and their effect on the CTE testing are quantified.

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46

Li, C., J. Ma, XH Jiang, and ZY Zhang. "Energy Saving Transmission Line Evaluation Based on Mechanical and Electrical Characteristics Analysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2476, no. 1 (2023): 012090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2476/1/012090.

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Abstract In order to improve the safety and reliability of transmission lines in certain areas, an energy-saving line selection scheme based on mechanical and electrical characteristics analysis is proposed. We determine the structural technical parameters and system conditions of the new energy-saving conductor through specific cases. In the mechanical characteristics, the dynamic stress, safety factor and the maximum sag of four different types of conductors during galloping are compared; In electrical characteristics, the current carrying capacity and resistance loss are mainly calculated. Finally, the economic and social benefits of energy-saving conductor are analyzed in combination with the specific project situation, and the specific precautions in the conductor selection process are analyzed, which provides a technical reference for the design, selection and application of energy-saving conductor.

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Kim, Shang-Shu, Byung-Geol Kim, Goo-Yong Sin, Dong-Il Lee, and Byung-Uk Min. "Sag Behavior of STACIR/AW 410SQmm Overhead Conductor in accordance with the Aging." Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers 19, no. 3 (2006): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4313/jkem.2006.19.3.280.

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Kopsidas, Konstantinos, Simon M. Rowland, and Boud Boumecid. "A Holistic Method for Conductor Ampacity and Sag Computation on an OHL Structure." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 27, no. 3 (2012): 1047–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2012.2187464.

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Kumleh, Babak Porkar, M. H. Varahram, and Siyamak Porkar Kumleh. "The Influence of Conductor Sag on Spatial Distribution of Transmission Line Magnetic Field." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 36, no. 20 (2003): 1145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)34629-3.

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Ahsan, Matiullah, Md Nor Ramdon Baharom, Zainab Zainal, et al. "Transmission line sag and magnetic field analysis with sag parabolic equations and Biot-Savart law." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 15, no. 1 (2025): 76–88. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v15i1.pp76-88.

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This study presents a novel approach to enhance the precision of calculatingsag and magnetic fields beneath overhead transmission lines. TheBiot-Savart law is integrated with parabolic equations to assign multiplemagnetic field sources to each conductor, resulting in improved predictionaccuracy. Addressing oversimplifications in traditional models improves theanalysis of transmission lines in real-world scenarios. An analysis wasperformed using MATLAB and Simulink to validate the effectiveness andbroad applicability of different configurations. The results demonstrated asignificant improvement in precision compared to traditional methods,indicating that this approach has the potential to establish new benchmarksin the field. This methodology makes significant contributions toelectromagnetic studies, offering engineers a reliable tool for designingtransmission systems that are both safer and more efficient. Thisadvancement in electrical engineering greatly improves transmissionnetwork performance by enhancing sag and magnetic field predictionaccuracy. This aids in better maintenance planning and reduces outage risks,resulting in more efficient operations and improved overall performance.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Conductor sag'

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