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Journal articles on the topic 'Cone scales'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

McClure, Martha, Dan T. Quiring, and Jean J. Turgeon. "OVIPOSITION, TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION, AND POTENTIAL IMPACT OF STROBILOMYIA LARICIS MICHELSEN AND S. VIARIA (HUCKETT) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) ON EASTERN LARCH, LARIX LARICINA (DU ROI) K. KOCH." Canadian Entomologist 128, no. 1 (1996): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent12867-1.

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AbstractA 2-year field study was carried out to locate and identify eggs, determine the temporal distributions of eggs and larvae, and assess the impact of Strobilomyia laricis and S. viaria on Larix laricina. Eggs of S. laricis were beige with a patterned surface and usually laid one per cone in the bud scales at the base of the cone. Eggs of S. viaria were white and smooth and usually laid one per cone between the ovuliferous scales of the cone. Strobilomyia laricis oviposited from mid- to late May and S. viaria from late May to mid-June, each species initiating oviposition at a different st

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2

Dörken, Veit Martin, and Paula J. Rudall. "Understanding the cone scale in Cupressaceae: insights from seed-cone teratology in Glyptostrobus pensilis." PeerJ 6 (June 1, 2018): e4948. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4948.

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Both wild-type and teratological seed cones are described in the monoecious conifer Glyptostrobus pensilis and compared with those of other Cupressaceae sensu lato and other conifers. Some Cupressaceae apparently possess a proliferation of axillary structures in their cone scales. In our interpretation, in Glyptostrobus each bract of both typical and atypical seed cones bears two descending accessory shoots, interpreted here as seed scales (ovuliferous scales). The primary seed scale is fertile and forms the ovules, the second is sterile and forms characteristic tooth-like structures. The brac

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3

Lin, Sen, Yi Min Xie, Qing Li, Xiaodong Huang, and Shiwei Zhou. "On the shape transformation of cone scales." Soft Matter 12, no. 48 (2016): 9797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sm01805j.

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4

Vetrova, Valentina P., Alexey P. Barchenkov, and Nadezhda V. Sinelnikova. "Comparative analysis of shape variation in the cone scales of Larix dahurica and L. cajanderi (Pinaceae)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya, no. 53 (2021): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988591/53/3.

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Geometric morphometric analysis of shape variation in the cone scales of two closely related larch species, Larix dahurica Laws. (=Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr) and L. cajanderi Mayr, was carried out. The data on the taxonomy and distribution of L. dahurica and L. cajanderi are contradictory. The taxonomic status of L. cajanderi has been confirmed by the genetic and morphological studies performed in Russia and based on considerable evidence, but the species has not been recognized internationally, being considered as a synonym of Larix gmelinii var. gmelinii. In the systematics of larch, morph

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5

Carlin, Thomas F. "Pinus contorta cone scale fertility is similar between two Aotearoa New Zealand sites despite fourfold difference in seed potential." New Zealand Plant Protection 78 (May 6, 2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2025.78.11790.

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Non-native conifers are some of the most invasive weeds in Aotearoa New Zealand (A-NZ). One species, Pinus contorta, has undergone known reproductive trait shifts since its introduction to A-NZ that increase the number of seeds produced per cone compared to its native range. Seed potential is partially determined by the number of fertile cone scales, however prior studies in A-NZ have only considered the number of cone scales rather than their fertility. This preliminary study investigates cone scale fertility across two A-NZ sites known to differ in their seed potential (Lake Pukaki and Craig

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6

Buraczyk, Włodzimierz. "Morphological changeability of cones of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in the Białowie˝a Forest." Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A - Forestry 51(2) (July 1, 2009): 154–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.30615.

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In the frame of research conducted in the year 2003 on masting of spruce in the Białowieża Forest, spruce cones were collected from trees differentiated with regard to their age as well as growing sites located in deciduous and coniferous forest. The collection of cones was conducted in managed forests of the Białowieża Forest District. Before taking out seeds, the cones were divided into 5 sectors: cone base (p), zone over cone base (np), cone central part (s), zone below cone-top (pw) and cone-top (w). This allowed evaluation of the size and shape of scales contained by cones. The results sh

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7

Chen, Xiongwen, Kimberly A. Bowman, and Zhuo Chen. "Relations in the Size Variation of Plant Organs: a Case Study of Staghorn Sumac Leaves and Longleaf Pine Cone Scales." Journal of Plant Studies 11, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jps.v11n1p1.

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Plants automatically control the size variations in organs to achieve efficient exploitation of resources. However, it is unclear whether the scaling relationships of plant organs share a similar character for different individuals under varied micro-conditions (e.g., light and soil water). We conducted a case study of the lengths of staghorn sumac leaves and longleaf pine cone scales to test the relationships. Our results indicated that although there were size variations, there existed power laws of frequency in the lengths of staghorn sumac leaves and longleaf pine cone scales. The exponent

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8

Vetrova, V. P., V. Yu Neshatayev, V. Yu Neshataeva, A. P. Barchenkov та N. V. Sinelnikova. "Морфологическое разнообразие лиственницы Каяндера (Larix сajanderi Mayr) по форме семенных чешуй шишек в пенжинской популяции (Северная Корякия)". Bulletin of the North-East Science Center, № 1 (28 березня 2022): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.34078/1814-0998-2022-1-93-102.

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The diversity in the shape of cone scales of Larix cajanderi Mayr in the Penzhina population (North of Koryakia) was estimated using geometric morphometry methods. The study aimed in comparing the Penzhina population with other larch populations in Northeast Asia by the shape of cone scales and in identifying its geographical connections. A sample of 360 cones, collected from 36 larch trees in the middle reaches of the Penzhina River, was analyzed. Scales taken from the middle part of the cones were scanned, and outline points were placed with the screen digitizer using angular algorithm. Four

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9

Miller, G. E. "DAMAGE PREDICTION FOR CONTARINIA OREGONENSIS FOOTE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN DOUGLAS-FIR SEED ORCHARDS." Canadian Entomologist 118, no. 12 (1986): 1297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1181297-12.

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AbstractDamage at cone harvest by the Douglas-fir cone gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote, was positively correlated with the number of egg-infested scales per conelet in the spring. Reducing the average number of galled seeds per cone by 1.5 increased the average number of filled seeds per cone by 1.0 in insecticide trials. Optimum sample sizes for estimating average densities of egg-infested scales were calculated to be one conelet per tree and 150 trees per orchard. The mean crowding variable was linearly related to average density so a sequential sampling technique relative to a crit

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10

Turgeon, Jean J., Chuck Jones, and M. Isabel Bellocq. "Seed cone traits and insect damage in Tsuga canadensis (Pinaceae)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 1 (2004): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-190.

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We measured seed cones of Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, assessed seed potential (number of fertile scales × 2) and seed efficiency (number of filled seeds/seed potential), and estimated the impact of Eupithecia mutata Pearsall (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and Megastigmus hoffmeyeri Walley (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) on seed production. Mean length, width, and volume of healthy cones varied little among sites from Ontario. Cones had about 28 scales; 13 were sterile. Seed potential and seed efficiency differed among sites, ranging from 25 to 31 ovules and 24% to 72%, respectively. The number of sca

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11

Polyakova, Olga, Evgeniya Zhuk, and Sergei Goroshkevich. "Cone quality and seed efficiency in the clones from mutational witches brooms of Pinus sibirica." BIO Web of Conferences 11 (2018): 00034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181100034.

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Mutational witches' broom is a fragment of the tree crown with abnormal morphogenesis including slow shoot growth, abundant branching and decreased apical dominance which caused by somatic mutation that presumably originates in the apical meristem bud. To study the variability in the cone quality and seed efficiency in witches' broom clones of Pinus sibirica, the cone size and structure were assessed in 21 mutant clones. The mutant clones were significantly differentiated both by the cone traits and seed quality. Their cone size varied from less than 3 to 4 cm. The clones had large number of s

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12

Colangeli, Anna M., and John N. Owens. "Postdormancy seed-cone development and the pollination mechanism in western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 1 (1989): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-006.

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The development and function of the pollination mechanism is described for hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.). Controlled pollinations at various stages following bud burst were used to define the period of maximum receptivity. Western hemlock has a pollination mechanism unlike that observed in other native conifers. The pollen grains were not taken into the micropyles; instead, the roughly sculptured pollen grains adhered to the long epicuticular wax covering the bracts. Seed cones became receptive to pollen soon after the bracts emerged from the bud scales and remained receptive until

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13

Monika, Aniszewska, Gendek Arkadiusz, and University of Life Sciences –. SGGW Faculty of Production engineering Department of agricultural and Forest Machinery ul. nowoursynowska 164 0–787 Warszawa Poland Warsaw. "Variability of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) cones – variability structure of scale surface area." Lesne Prace Badawcze / Forest Research Papers 78, no. 1 (2017): 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1515/frp-2017-0001.

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This study was conducted on a batch of closed silver fir cones from Jawor Forest District and a mixture of scales from the seed extraction facility Grotniki. The scales were divided into three size classes corresponding to the bottom, middle and upper part of the cones and their area was measured with the Multi Scan Base v.18.03 software. Based on the sum of the inner and outer surface area of all scales, we then determined the total area of evaporation from the cones. In addition, the area of protruding scales was measured for differently sized scales from different parts of the cones. Previo

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14

Monika, Aniszewska, and Błuszkowska Urszula. "Variability of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) cones – variability of cone parameters." Lesne Prace Badawcze / Forest Research Papers 77, no. 3 (2016): 221–29. https://doi.org/10.1515/frp-2016-0024.

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This study aimed at determining the shape of closed silver fir cones from the Jawor Forest District (Wroclaw), based purely on measurements of their length and thickness. Using these two parameters, the most accurate estimations were achieved with a fourth-degree polynomial fitting function. We then calculated the cones’ surface area and volume in three different ways: 1) Using the fourth-degree polynomial shape estimation, 2) Introducing indicators of compliance (k1, k2, k3) to calculate the volume and then comparing it to its actual value as measured in a pitcher filled with water, 3)

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15

Lilja, A., A. M. Hallaksela, and R. Heinonen. "Fungi colonizing Scots-pine cone scales and seeds and their pathogenicity." Forest Pathology 25, no. 1 (1995): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1995.tb01070.x.

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16

Horstmann, Martin, Thomas Speck, and Simon Poppinga. "Orchestrated Movement Sequences and Shape-Memory-like Effects in Pine Cones." Plants 13, no. 15 (2024): 2078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13152078.

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Hygroscopic seed-scale movement is responsible for the weather-adaptive opening and closing of pine cones and for facilitating seed dispersal under favorable environmental conditions. Although this phenomenon has long been investigated, many involved processes are still not fully understood. To gain a deeper mechanical and structural understanding of the cone and its functional units, namely the individual seed scales, we have investigated their desiccation- and wetting-induced movement processes in a series of analyses and manipulative experiments. We found, for example, that the abaxial scal

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17

Ohsawa, Takeshi A., Atsushi Yabe, Toshihiro Yamada, et al. "Araucarian leaves and cone scales from the Loreto Formation of Río de Las Minas, Magellan Region, Chile." Botany 94, no. 9 (2016): 805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0059.

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Cone scales and leaves of the Araucariaceae are reported from the Loreto Formation in Río de Las Minas, Punta Arenas, Chile. Two types of cone scales including one new species, Araucarites alatisquamosus are recognized. They are similar to Araucaria section Eutacta. Two types of leaves are assigned to Araucaria nathorstii Dusén, and one new type is distinguished in the specimens from the type locality of A. nathorstii. A narrow leaf type is identical to Dusén’s “Blätter der sterilen Zweige (leaves of sterile shoot)” of A. nathorstii, and a broad leaf type is identical to his “Blätter der ferti

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18

Powell, G. R., and Kathleen J. Tosh. "The pollination mechanism and development after bud burst of cones of Larix laricina." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 6 (1991): 1179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-151.

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Pollen-cone and seed-cone development, from bud burst to maturity, was investigated on Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch in three young plantations. The pollination mechanism was emphasized. Pollen cones grew rapidly to shed pollen, shrivelled, and remained on the trees for a year or more. Pollen was directed to the ovular regions by the bracts of the seed cones. Pollen adhered among papillae on the larger of two integument extensions. Degeneration of the centre of the papillate integument tip caused a collapse that drew pollen in as the papillate rim grew inward. This ingrowth was joined by tha

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19

McIver, E. E., and J. F. Basinger. "The morphology and relationships of Thuja polaris sp.nov. (Cupressaceae) from the early Tertiary, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 6 (1989): 1903–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-242.

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Fossil foliage and seed cones of Thuja (Cupressaceae) have been discovered in early Tertiary (Paleocene) sediments of the Eureka Sound Group on Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Vegetative remains of the fossil species, Thuja polaris sp.nov., bear alternately branched, moderately divided, flattened, and pinnatelike sprays with scale-like, decussate leaves. Seed cones are oblong, bearing 8 – 9 pairs of thin, probably leathery cone scales with distinct, reflexed umbos. Fossil cones and foliage resemble closely those of extant Thuja plicata. However, fossil seed cones have twice as m

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20

Zhang, Xinguang, Hui Tian, Yonghong Wu, and Benchawan Wiwatanapataphee. "Existence of positive solutions for third-order semipositone boundary value problems on time scales." Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control 28 (December 23, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/namc.2023.28.30229.

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In this paper, we consider the existence of positive solutions for a semipositone third-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation on time scales. In suitable growth conditions, by considering the properties on time scales and establishing a special cone, some new results on the existence of positive solutions are established when the nonlinearity is semipositone.

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21

Hunt, R. S., M. D. Meagher, and J. F. Manville. "Morphological and foliar terpene characters to distinguish between western and eastern white pine." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 11 (1990): 2525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-317.

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To distinguish between western (Pinus monticola) and eastern (P. strobus) white pines, foliage, buds, and cones were examined and foliar terpenes were extracted and analyzed from representative samples. Needles of P. monticola were heavier, wider (>0.7 mm), and stiffer; buds were larger and usually nonresinous; cone scales, when viewed from the cone bottom, were arranged in five and eight spiralling rows. Needles of P. strobus were lighter, narrower (<0.7 mm), and droopy; buds were small and covered with white resin and bloom; cone scales were arranged in three and five rows. Needles and

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22

Caron, G. E., and G. R. Powell. "Cone size and seed yield in young Piceamariana trees." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 3 (1989): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-053.

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Black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) cones were collected in 1980, l981, and 1982 from young trees in four plantations of different ages. Nine measures of cone size, seed yield per cone, and seed weight were determined by cone analysis, and the variation among plantations and years was assessed by analysis of variance. Relationships among the nine measures were assessed by correlation. Cone length, cone weight, total scales per cone, potential filled seeds per cone, total seeds per cone, total filled seeds per cone, and seed efficiency were all depressed in 1981, the year of poorest cone

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23

Kaitera, Juha, Eila Tillman-Sutela, and Anneli Kauppi. "Chrysomyxaledi, a new rust fungus sporulating in cone scales ofPicea abiesin Finland." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 3 (2010): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2010.488657.

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24

Shi, Yangyi, and Rhea T. Eskew. "S cone increments and decrements: Nearly-linear perceptual scales and variable noise." Vision Research 231 (June 2025): 108613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2025.108613.

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25

Haavisto, V. F., R. L. Fleming, and D. A. Skeates. "Potential and Actual Yields of Seed from Black Spruce Cones." Forestry Chronicle 64, no. 1 (1988): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc64032-1.

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Black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S P.) trees have semi-serotinous cones and disperse seed over a period of years, a fact that suggests possible difficulty in seed release. Reported seed yields per cone are variable, and operational extraction yields are low. It is hypothesized that this could be attributed partially to incomplete extraction. The studies reported herein have shown that actual seed complements within cones are similar to theoretical estimates, ranging from 50 to 110 seeds per cone. The need to improve extraction technology is suggested, especially for genetically improved s

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26

Aniszewska, Monika, Arkadiusz Gendek, and Joanna Śliwińska. "Variability of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) cones – variability structure of scale surface area." Forest Research Papers 78, no. 1 (2017): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2017-0001.

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Abstract This study was conducted on a batch of closed silver fir cones from Jawor Forest District and a mixture of scales from the seed extraction facility Grotniki. The scales were divided into three size classes corresponding to the bottom, middle and upper part of the cones and their area was measured with the Multi Scan Base v.18.03 software. Based on the sum of the inner and outer surface area of all scales, we then determined the total area of evaporation from the cones. In addition, the area of protruding scales was measured for differently sized scales from different parts of the cone

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27

Aniszewska, Monika. "Changes in humidity and temperature inside the pine cones (Pinus sylvestris L.) in two stages seed extraction." Forest Research Papers 74 (3) (September 1, 2013): 205–14. https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2013-0020.

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Temperature measurements were taken: (1) under opening scales, (2) at the seed, and (3) in the stem, of pine cones. Changes in temperature were only examined during the second stage of a two-stage seed extraction process. During this phase a permanent dehydration temperature of 50°C was used, following comparison over a ranges of temperatures, between a lower limit of 35°C and a higher limited of 50°C. The temperature was slowest to increase in the cone’s stem, and fastest to increase under opening scales. The temperature at the seed remained constant at around 43°C for t

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28

Wajs, Anna, Justyna Urbańska, Ewa Zaleśkiewicz, and Radosłtaw Bonikowski. "Composition of Essential Oil from Seeds and Cones of Abies Alba." Natural Product Communications 5, no. 8 (2010): 1934578X1000500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000500830.

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The volatile composition of Abies alba Mill. seeds and cone scales has been studied, leading to the determination of 90 volatile constituents. The major component of the seed essential oil was (-)-limonene (about 70%), while that of the cone scale oil was α-pinene (57%). Monoterpene hydrocarbons were predominant in both oils, but the quantitative and qualitative composition of the volatile compounds was specific for each part of the tree.

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29

Chapman, Emma, and Mario G. Santos. "A full treatment of peculiar velocities on the reionization light cone." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490, no. 1 (2019): 1255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2663.

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ABSTRACT Accurate simulations of the 21-cm signal from the Epoch of Reionization require the generation of maps at specific frequencies given the values of astrophysical and cosmological parameters. The peculiar velocities of the hydrogen atoms producing the 21-cm radiation result in a shift in the observed frequency of the 21-cm radiation and changes the amplitude of the signal itself. This is not an effect we can remove but instead needs to be accurately modelled to ensure we infer the correct physical parameters from an observation. We describe the full calculation of the distortion of the

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30

Montandon, Thomas, Julian Adamek, Oliver Hahn, et al. "Relativistic matter bispectrum of cosmic structures on the light cone." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2023, no. 08 (2023): 043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2023/08/043.

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Abstract Upcoming surveys of cosmic structures will probe scales close to the cosmological horizon, which opens up new opportunities for testing the cosmological concordance model to high accuracy. In particular, constraints on the squeezed bispectrum could rule out the single-field hypothesis during inflation. However, the squeezed bispectrum is also sensitive to dynamical effects of general relativity as well as interactions of matter with residual radiation from the early Universe. In this paper, we present a relativistic simulation pipeline that includes these relativistic effects consiste

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Tulska, Ewa, Monika Aniszewska, and Arkadiusz Gendek. "The Kinematics of Scale Deflection in the Course of Multi-Step Seed Extraction from European Larch Cones (Larix decidua Mill.) Taking into Account Their Cellular Structure." Materials 14, no. 17 (2021): 4913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174913.

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The objective of the study was to elucidate the kinematics of cone opening in the European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) during a four-step seed extraction process and to determine optimum process time on that basis. Each step lasted 8 h with 10 min of water immersion between the steps. The study also described the microscopic cellular structure of scales in cones with a moisture content of 5% and 20%, as well as evaluated changes in cell wall thickness. The obtained results were compared with the structural investigations of scales conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of character

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32

Sweeney, Jon D., and Jean J. Turgeon. "LIFE CYCLE AND PHENOLOGY OF A CONE MAGGOT, STROBILOMYIA APPALACHENSIS MICHELSEN (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), ON BLACK SPRUCE, PICEA MARIANA (MILL.) B.S.P., IN EASTERN CANADA." Canadian Entomologist 126, no. 1 (1994): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent12649-1.

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AbstractThe life cycle of Strobilomyia appalachensis Michelsen, a maggot exploiting black spruce seed cones, was studied in two plantations in northern Ontario in 1987 and 1988, and two seed orchards in New Brunswick in 1991 and 1992. Oviposition by S. appalachensis occurs slightly later than the white spruce cone maggot, S. neanthracina Michelsen, relative to seed cone development; otherwise the life cycles of the two species are similar. Adults were trapped near host foliage in May and early June. Eggs were laid between the scales of seed cones during early June, starting when the scales on

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33

Cetin, Erbil, and F. Serap Topal. "Existence Results for Solutions of Integral Boundary Value Problems on Time Scales." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/708734.

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This paper deals with the existence of solutions for integral boundary value problems (IBVPs) on time scales. We provide sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions by using Schauder fixed point theorem in a cone. Existence result for this problem is also given by the method of upper and lower solutions.

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34

Mittal, R. K., and B. S. P. Wang. "Fungi associated with seeds of eastern white pine and white spruce during cone processing and seed extraction." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 9 (1987): 1026–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-158.

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Using standard moist-blotter and potato-dextrose-agar tests, 13 species of fungi were isolated from seeds and cone scales of Pinusstrobus and 17 species from Piceaglauca. Most fungi were common to both hosts but varied considerably in prevalence on seeds during cone processing and seed extraction. Alternariaalternata, Aureobasidiumpullulans, Cladosporiumcladosporoides, C. herbarum, Fusariumsporotrichioides, Mucorhiemalis, Penicilliumaurantiogriseum, and Rhizopusnigricans were associated with more seeds than other species identified. In closed cones on trees the seeds were usually free from fun

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35

Colangeli, Anna M., and John N. Owens. "The relationship between time of pollination, pollination efficiency, and cone size in western red cedar (Thuja plicata)." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 2 (1990): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-056.

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The pollination mechanism in western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) is described for container-grown clones. The seed cones ended dormancy at the end of February 1986, opened exposing the ovules, and soon after secreted pollination drops. Unpollinated cones remained open and secreted pollination drops for 15 to 20 days, before the expansion of the bract scales completely covered the ovules. The presence of pollen hastened cone closure so that it occurred within 4 or 5 days of pollination. Pollen in the micropyle was essential for ovule maturation and subsequent cone development. The developmen

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36

Wajs-Bonikowska, Anna, Łukasz Szoka, Paweł Kwiatkowski, and Ewa Maciejczyk. "Greek Fir Seeds and Cones as Underestimated Source of Essential Oil: Composition and Biological Properties." Applied Sciences 13, no. 24 (2023): 13238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132413238.

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Greek fir (Abies cephalonica) seeds and cone scales were used, for the first time, for an analysis of their biologically active volatile compounds. It was observed that the yield of seed essential oil was 18%, which, among plants, is impressive. The seed essential oil was characterized by a distinctive forest scent with a subtle lemon undertone. The determination of the chemical compositions of the hydrodistilled oils isolated from the seeds and cone scales, achieved via chromatographic and spectroscopic methods (MS, NMR), revealed more than 100 compounds, mostly monoterpene hydrocarbons. The

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Owens, John N., Glenda Catalano, and Jordan S. Bennett. "The pollination mechanism of western white pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 10 (2001): 1731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-095.

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The phenology of post-dormancy pollen cone, pollen, seed cone, and ovule development was determined for western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) growing at a coastal and an interior seed orchard in British Columbia. Pollen cones were preformed and overwintered at the sporogenous cell stage before resuming development in early April. Meiosis occurred in May, and pollen was mature by late May or early June. Potential seed-cone buds resumed development in mid-April, and all bracts and ovuliferous scales were initiated before seed-cone buds burst. Comparable stages of development occu

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Prasad, K. R., B. Sravani, and N. Sreedhar. "Countably many positive solutions for iterative system of boundary value problems on time scales." Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Matematika, no. 10 (November 9, 2024): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/0021-3446-2024-10-61-76.

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This paper establishes the existence of countably many positive solutions for a second order iterative system of two-point boundary value problems by using Holder’s inequality and Guo–Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem for operator on a cone.

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Kopylov, A. I., D. Yu Kuznetsov, T. S. Fetisova, and V. F. Shvartsman. "Possible Inhomogeneities in the Universe on Scales of 100–300 MPC from Observations with the 6-Meter Telescope." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 130 (1988): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900135934.

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In 1986 the programme “The Northern Cone of Metagalaxy” has been finished with the 6-meter Telescope. In the course of the programme redshifts of all very rich compact clusters of galaxies inside the cone with galactic latitude and indirect estimates of redshifts ZLB < 0.28 have been measured. The total volume of the investigated region is V ≈ 500·106 Mpc3 (we accept Hubble constant H=50 km/s Mpc−1). A number of possible indications of existence of inhomogeneities in the Universe on scales greater than 100 Mpc are obtained: 1) the void of 400 Mpc in size; 2) the flat stratum of 150 Mpc thic

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Bartlett, Casey T., Guillaume A. Généro, and James C. Bird. "Coalescence and break-up of nearly inviscid conical droplets." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 763 (December 17, 2014): 369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.664.

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AbstractIn the presence of electric fields, pairs of liquid drops can be rapidly drawn together such that, at contact, the deformed interface resembles a double-cone. Following contact, these drop pairs are observed to either coalesce or recoil. Experimental and theoretical results suggest that the transition between coalescence and recoil is due to the conical drop topology rather than charge effects. However, even with this assumption, existing models disagree on how the transition develops, leading to different predictions of the critical cone angle and bridge morphology. Here we use high-r

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Smith, Alex, Shaun Cole, Cameron Grove, Peder Norberg, and Pauline Zarrouk. "Solving small-scale clustering problems in approximate light-cone mocks." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 516, no. 1 (2022): 1062–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac2219.

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ABSTRACT Realistic light-cone mocks are important in the clustering analyses of large galaxy surveys. For simulations where only the snapshots are available, it is common to create approximate light-cones by joining together the snapshots in spherical shells. We assess the two-point clustering measurements of central galaxies in approximate light-cones built from the Millennium-XXL simulation, which are constructed using different numbers of snapshots. The monopole and quadrupole of the real-space correlation function is strongly boosted on small scales below 1 h−1 Mpc, due to some galaxies be

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Luo, Ze, Yizhuo Zhang, Keqi Wang, and Liping Sun. "Detection of Pine Cones in Natural Environment Using Improved YOLOv4 Deep Learning Algorithm." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (December 16, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5601414.

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Achieving the rapid and accurate detection of pine cones in the natural environment is essential for yield estimation and automatic picking. However, the complex background and tiny target pose a significant challenge to pine cone detection. This paper proposes a pine cone detection method using the improved You Only Look Once (YOLO) version 4 algorithm to overcome these challenges. First, the original pine cone image data come from a natural pine forest. Crawler technology is utilized to collect more pine cone images from the Internet to expand the data set. Second, the densely connected conv

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Sweeney, J. D., G. Gesner, and G. Smith. "OCCURRENCE OF DEATHWATCH CONE BEETLE, ERNOBIUS BICOLOR WHITE (COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE), IN CONES OF BLACK SPRUCE, PICEA MARIANA (MILL.) B.S.P., IN NOVA SCOTIA." Canadian Entomologist 125, no. 2 (1993): 403–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent125403-2.

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An extensive survey of black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., in Newfoundland in 1978 disclosed that up to 50% of the old cones remaining on the trees were damaged by the deathwatch cone beetle, Ernobius bicolor White (Schooley 1983; White 1983). This beetle infests black spruce cones produced in the previous year's growing season and also damages cones in storage. Eggs are deposited between the scales and larvae feed within the cone and pupate in the fall or the following spring; their feeding can reduce extracted seed yields by one-half (Schooley 1983).

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Tamaru, Juntaro, Toshiya Yui, and Tomoko Hashida. "Autonomously Moving Pine-Cone Robots: Using Pine Cones as Natural Hygromorphic Actuators and as Components of Mechanisms." Artificial Life 26, no. 1 (2020): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00310.

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We have developed autonomously moving pine-cone robots, which are made of multiple joined pine-cone scales for outdoor natural environments. We achieved these natural robots by using pine cones as both natural hygromorphic actuators and components of the mechanisms. When they are put in outdoor places where moist periods (e.g., rain) and dry periods repeatedly occur, they can move up and down on the spot or move forward. This article describes the motivation behind our research, the design and implementation of three different hygromorphic actuators, and applications for autonomously moving ro

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Lepori, Francesca, Sebastian Schulz, Julian Adamek, and Ruth Durrer. "The halo bias for number counts on the light cone from relativistic N-body simulations." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2023, no. 02 (2023): 036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2023/02/036.

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Abstract We present the halo number counts and its two-point statistics, the observable angular power spectrum, extracted for the first time from relativistic N-body simulations. The halo catalogues used in this work are built from the relativistic N-body code gevolution, and the observed redshift and angular positions of the sources are computed using a non-perturbative ray-tracing method, which includes all relativistic scalar contributions to the number counts. We investigate the validity and limitations of the linear bias prescription to describe our simulated power spectra. In particular,

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Van Waveren, Isabel M. "A morphometric analysis of Tobleria bicuspis, a Voltziales seed cone from the early Permian Jambi palaeoflora, Sumatra (Indonesia)." PhytoKeys 119 (March 25, 2019): 67–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.119.29555.

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Tobleriabicuspis, a coniferophyte seed cone, is described from the Jambi Palaeoflora, Sumatra of Asselian (early Permian) age. A morphometric analysis based on cones, paired fertile units, and fertile and sterile scales, demonstrates their close relationship. Small paired fertile units occur mainly in cones. Medium-sized paired fertile units occur mainly on scales. And large paired fertile units are mainly dispersed. The cones are considered female and the paired fertile units are considered to represent the seeds. The cones are composed of helicoidal, bilaterally symmetrical and deeply incise

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Van, Waveren Isabel M. "A morphometric analysis of Tobleria bicuspis, a Voltziales seed cone from the early Permian Jambi palaeoflora, Sumatra (Indonesia)." PhytoKeys 119 (March 25, 2019): 67–95. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.119.29555.

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Tobleria bicuspis, a coniferophyte seed cone, is described from the Jambi Palaeoflora, Sumatra of Asselian (early Permian) age. A morphometric analysis based on cones, paired fertile units, and fertile and sterile scales, demonstrates their close relationship. Small paired fertile units occur mainly in cones. Medium-sized paired fertile units occur mainly on scales. And large paired fertile units are mainly dispersed. The cones are considered female and the paired fertile units are considered to represent the seeds. The cones are composed of helicoidal, bilaterally symmetrical and deeply incis

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RAO, S. NAGESWARA. "Solvability of a nonlinear general third order four point eigenvalue problem on time scales." Creative Mathematics and Informatics 20, no. 2 (2011): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/cmi.2011.02.08.

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We consider the four point boundary value problem for third order nonlinear differential equation on time scales ... subject to the boundary conditions ... t1 ≤ t2 ≤ t3 ≤ σ 3 (t4), α > 0, β > 0. Values of the parameter λ are determined for which the boundary value problem has a positive solution by utilizing a fixed point theorem on cone.

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Aniszewska, Monika, Sylwia Stadnik, and Arkadiusz Gendek. "Variability of cones and scale surface area of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.)." Forest Research Papers 78, no. 3 (2017): 198–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2017-0022.

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Abstract The article describes the shape of the cones of the european larch (Larix decidua Mill.) using the fourth degree polynomial fitting function. The material is from the seed orchard of the Barycz Forest District. The curves were used to calculate the area and volume of single cones. it was not possible to generalize the formulas to calculate the surface and volume of larch cones using the described method, due to the large variability of the empirical coefficients of the equations. Finally, to calculate the area and volume of the cones, the formula to determine the solid figure of a con

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Monika, Aniszewska, Stadnik Sylwia, and Gendek Arkadiusz. "Variability of cones and scale surface area of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.)." Lesne Prace Badawcze / Forest Research Papers 78, no. 3 (2017): 198–209. https://doi.org/10.1515/frp-2017-0022.

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The article describes the shape of the cones of the European larch (<em>Larix decidua</em> Mill.) using the fourth degree polynomial fitting function. The material is from the seed orchard of the Barycz Forest District. The curves were used to calculate the area and volume of single cones. It was not possible to generalize the formulas to calculate the surface and volume of larch cones using the described method, due to the large variability of the empirical coefficients of the equations. Finally, to calculate the area and volume of the cones, the formula to determine the solid figure of a con

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