Relevant bibliographies by topics / Confederation of states

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Confederation of states'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Confederation of states"

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Crémer, Jacques, and Thomas R. Palfrey. "Political Confederation." American Political Science Review 93, no. 1 (March 1999): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2585761.

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This article extends the spatial model of voting to study the implications of different institutional structures of federalism along two dimensions: degree of centralization and mode of representation. The representation dimension varies the weight between unit representation (one state, one vote) and population-proportional representation (one person, one vote). Voters have incomplete information and can reduce policy risk by increasing the degree of centralization or increasing the weight on unit representation. We derive induced preferences over the degree of centralization and the relative weights of the two modes of representation, and we study the properties of majority rule voting over these two basic dimensions of federalism. Moderates prefer more centralization than extremists, and voters in large states generally have different preferences from voters in small states. This implies two main axes of conflict in decisions concerning political confederation: moderates versus extremists and large versus small states.
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Baker, Anthony. "Britain’s Decision to Push for Canadian Confederation." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2024.6.1.2.

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Prior to Canadian confederation the British Empire pursued a policy of scripter control over the British North American colonies by the imperial metropole. However, in the decades leading up to Canadian confederation the British Empire pursued a policy of consolidation of British North America and laxer control allowing for autonomy by Canadians. By providing the historical analysis of the decades leading up to Canadian confederation we can understand why this policy shifts of the British Empire into allowing confederation. A number of radical things will occur in the decades from the American Revolution in 1776 to Canadian confederation in 1867 that will allow for this to occur. The growth of the American Republic, Internal rebellions in Canada, and of course imperial shifting of policy towards India will allow confederation. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763 the Seven Year War ended and France’s North American colonies, particularly Quebec, were handed over to the British. The British Empire would only enjoy complete dominance of North America until the creation of the new American Republic. For the next century despite the threat posed by the United States of America, Britain’s North American colonies remained divided and spread over the vast expanse of the Canadian North America. It was only in the 1860’s when the British Empire’s worldwide imperial goal shifted that Canadian Confederation became possible. Confederation of all colonies bordering the United States happen occur over a short period of time. Britain’s participation in the Canadian confederation process was key in preventing colonies from being annexed by the United States and facilitating confederation.
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Datsenko, Pavel. "The Congress of the German Princes in Frankfurt in 1863: the Last Attempt to Reform the German Confederation." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016086-3.

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The article examines the preparation and holding of the congress of German princes in Frankfurt am Main in 1863. Being an important stage in the Austro-Prussian rivalry for dominance in Germany, the congress was at the same time the highest point in the efforts of the reform group of German states by absorbing the experience of plans for the development of the Federal Constitution of 1815, the plans which had been discussed since 1849. The article pays particular attention to the role of ministers and princes of the middle German states, who tried during the congress to balance the Austrian project and prevent not only the excessive strengthening of Austria and Prussia, but also the rejection of the reform by public opinion. The defeat of the project in this context was a consequence of not only the Bismarck’s politics against the Confederation, but also of mistakes made by the Austria, who didn’t understand all the complexities of the reform and failed to redirect its strategy to support the middle states that fought to keep Germany on the path of a smooth transition from the confederative model to the federative and to preserve the equality between the members of the Confederation as a historical basis of German federalism.
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Kim, Joon-Suk. "Rethinking Confederation: The United States, Germany, the Netherlands and the European Union." Korean Journal of International Relations 48, no. 1 (March 31, 2008): 143–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14731/kjir.2008.03.48.1.143.

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Dougherty, Keith L. "An Empirical Test of Federalist and Anti-Federalist Theories of State Contributions, 1775-1783." Social Science History 33, no. 1 (2009): 47–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200010907.

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This article tests Federalist and Anti-Federalist explanations for state contributions to the confederation government using data on troop requisitions from 1775 to 1783. The Federalists claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally and contributed when the Continental army protected their state's interests. The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs. The results suggest that, with one important caveat, states contributed more consistent with the Federalist argument. This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reform.
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Vipond, Robert C. "1787 and 1867: The Federal Principle and Canadian Confederation Reconsidered." Canadian Journal of Political Science 22, no. 1 (March 1989): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900000810.

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AbstractThis article challenges the conventional interpretation of the intellectual origins of Canadian federalism. The article argues that the debate over Confederation can be interpreted as a debate over the meaning of sovereignty. It argues centrally that certain of the most prominent supporters of Confederation were more powerfully attracted to the conception of classical federalism and co-ordinate sovereignty than is usually assumed, thus creating a striking parallel to United States federalism that is not typically recognized. It concludes by showing how this understanding of classical federalism was used with great success in opposing the post-Confederation centralism of John A. Macdonald.
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Giauque, Jeffrey G. "The United States and the Political Union of Western Europe, 1958–1963." Contemporary European History 9, no. 1 (March 2000): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300001041.

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Between 1958 and 1963 Charles de Gaulle attempted to replace supranational integration in Europe with a French-dominated confederation able to become a ‘Third Force’ in the Cold War. The United States took a tolerant approach toward de Gaulle's proposals, in the hope of modifying them to suit American goals. It hoped to contain the anti-supranational and anti-American aspects of the plan and channel it to increase the cohesion of Western Europe so that the continent would become a stronger American partner. When European supporters of the Amercian view of the confederation refused to follow de Gaulle's more sweeping ambitions, he abandoned the plan and turned to a unilateral foreign policy instead.
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BOZO, FRÉDÉRIC. "The Failure of a Grand Design: Mitterrand's European Confederation, 1989–1991." Contemporary European History 17, no. 3 (August 2008): 391–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777308004542.

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AbstractOn 31 December 1989, a few weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall, President François Mitterrand of France called for the creation of ‘a European confederation’ designed to ‘associate all states of [the] continent in a common and permanent organisation for exchanges, peace and security’. Yet less than eighteen months later the Confederation project, a major initiative for post-Yalta Europe, had collapsed. What were Mitterrand's objectives? What were the modalities of the project, and how was it conducted? And why did it fail in the end, after having raised much hope?
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Loubert, Aart. "Sovereign Debt Threatens the Union: The Genesis of a Federation." European Constitutional Law Review 8, no. 3 (October 2012): 442–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019612000284.

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Eurozone sovereign debt crisis – Europe's ‘Alexander Hamilton Moment’ – American sovereign debt crisis of 1780s – Articles of Confederation – U.S. Constitution – Assumption of states' debt – Constitutional transformation key factor in enabling Alexander Hamilton's debt restructuring
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Seymour, James D. "Review essay: Toward an East Asian Confederation of Independent States?" Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 25, no. 3 (September 1993): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14672715.1993.10416126.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Confederation of states"

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LaBach, William A. "THE CAREER OF STATE SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY UNDER THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION." UKnowledge, 2008. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/505.

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controversial since the ratification of the Constitution in 1789. In 1793, the Supreme Court ruled that the states had no sovereign immunity. The Eleventh Amendment reversed this ruling about the Constitution. The Eleventh Amendment itself has also been very controversial. We study the history and development of sovereign immunity jurisprudence from the founding of the United States until the present time.
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Kristoferitsch, Hans. "Vom Staatenbund zum Bundesstaat? die Europäische Union im Vergleich mit den USA, Deutschland und der Schweiz /." Wien : Springer, 2007. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10217677.

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Holloway, Brent. ""Without Conquest or Purchase": The Annexation Moment in British Columbia, 1866-1871." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34473.

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While the annexation movement in British Columbia appears to have been short-lived and disorganized, it was nevertheless understood as a serious threat to British rule. This study seeks to reconcile this contradiction through an examination of newspapers, debates, despatches, and correspondence drawn from British Columbia, Britain, Canada, and the United States. In examining the movement, this study reveals both the peculiar capacity of the minor agitation to present an exaggerated image of its popularity, and the key geopolitical assumptions which led observers to overestimate its importance. As the narrative spectre of annexationism outpaced the actual strength of the movement, confederationist leaders and British and American authorities were led to embark on misguided political strategies. The British Columbian annexation movement’s disproportionate impact reveals the complex interaction between local politics and global forces in British North American history, and demonstrates the role of ideology and rumour-making in shaping global political narratives.
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Rector, Chad. "Federations in international politics /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3089474.

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Wong, Zachary. "“Of Every Sort”: Conceptions of Property Rights at the Time of the American Founding." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2002.

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The most contentious issues of our day often have to do with political and social rights as opposed to economic rights. Through the lens of property rights I investigate whether this dichotomy existed at the time of the American founding. First, I examine the state constitutions and identify three clauses, common to the documents, which protect property rights. I examine their historical basis and reveal their connection to English common law and Locke, primarily. Then, I discuss the personal views of Madison and Jefferson to gain insight into the personal thoughts of two of the most influential Founders. Finally, I examine the actual protections for property rights found in the Constitution and Bill of Rights. Ultimately, I conclude that the Founders saw property rights as deserving of no less protection than social and political rights. Our modern political arena thus has a blind spot when it comes to economic rights. Understanding, at the very least, this part of our nation’s original history is useful for American policymakers, advocates, and citizens of any political stripe.
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Fitzloff, Chad L. "The limits of American labor‘s influence on the cold war free labor movement: a case study of Irving Brown and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions in Tunisia and Algeria." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4187.

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Master of Arts
Department of History
David A. Graff
Michael Ramsay
In 1988, Irving Brown received the Medal of Freedom from President Ronald Reagan for playing a crucial role in breaking the hold of international communism over postwar Western Europe. By doing so, he can truly be called one of the architects of Western democracy. Brown also made extraordinary efforts to fight international Communism in French North Africa during the 1950s. This paper seeks to answer the question of why these efforts in North Africa failed, and it will show the limits of American labor‘s international influence during the Cold War, in particular in French North Africa. Irving Brown successfully strengthened anti-Communist unions in Europe, and had the financial backing of the Truman Administration for those projects. However, Brown‘s efforts to build anti-Communist trade unions in Tunisia and Algeria did not have the backing of the U.S. government under the Eisenhower Administration. Instead, the AFL-CIO, with Brown as its representative, attempted to use the non-Communist International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) to influence the nationalist movements of Tunisia and Algeria through their respective national unions, the Union générale tunisienne du travail (UGTT) and the Union générale des travailleurs algériens (UGTA). Disagreements within the ICFTU severely inhibited Brown‘s effectiveness and prevented him from fully realizing the AFL-CIO‘s policy goals in North Africa. Brown was overly dependent on Tunisia for his operations with the Algeria labor movement, and the ICFTU was incapable of providing adequate support to the Algerians to compete with its Communist rival, the World Federation of Trade Unions. To the extent that independent Tunisia was Western-oriented, Brown was successful in his efforts. However, in the long run, Brown failed as an architect of Western democracy, as Tunisia became a dictatorship with a socialist economy. In Algeria, the state of war forced the UGTA to turn to the Eastern bloc despite Brown‘s personal dedication to North African independence and development. Furthermore, in independence, Algeria‘s government embraced socialism and single party rule.
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Ambuske, James Patrick. "Minting America coinage and the contestation of American identity, 1775-1800 /." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1164981401.

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Marsh, Clayton E. "Germany and Russia: A Tale of Two Identities: The Development of National Consciousness in the Napoleonic Era." Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors161762574001347.

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Bourqia, R. "State and rural society in Morocco : The Zemmour and Zayan confederations in the 19th and 20th centuries." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378801.

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Mattsson, Peter. "Hur leds förändring i en ideell förening som verkar i myndighets ställe? : En studie av den svenska idrottsrörelsens ledarskap, förändring och korporativa samarbete med staten under perioden 2013–2019." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik, didaktik och utbildningsstudier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-423692.

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The Swedish model is a concept that over time has become widely known. Lately, the first thing that springs to mind may be the way Sweden has handled the pandemic of covid-19. Originally however, the Swedish model is an attempt develop a strategy of cooperation between conflicting interests. It has a long history in the relationship between employers and employees and also more structurally, between labour unions and the employers’ association, as well as between government and various interest organisations. The Swedish Sports Confederation (SSC) is a membership organisation of 72 special federations of sport. In addition, it disperses the government funding to sports and hence has a relationship with the state where the government has particular interest in how sport delivers on the government targets for sport. As a member organisation however, the SSC is governed by its members. The question then arises: does the government funding and the state’s expectations influence how sport is governed even though it is an independent organisation? This study based on a theory of leading change, where leadership is categorised in eight steps examines to what extent and how leadership surfaces in the relationship between the SSC and its members. How can this leadership be described and understood? The method used is a study of documents, more explicitly propositions from the board to the general assembly of the confederation, documents for discussion in workshops and documents containing information and knowledge pertinent to the process. All the documents that were studied have been presented by the board to the members between the years 2013 and 2019. Analysis were quantitative where leadership that could be identified as one of the eight categories of the model was marked in a specially developed protocol and thereafter summarised to determine the extent of leadership that occurred, and qualitative where sections of text that related to the steps of the model were analysed. The leadership was then described based on how steps of the model were utilised or not. The results of the analysis show that the SSC emphasised the creating of a sense of urgency early in the process. This emphasis however, decreased as time passed. During the whole process the SSC kept focus on involving all federations as well as focusing on what to achieve and how this is to be done. From about halfway and onwards the communication about the change process and the vision was given more attention. The SSC has not identified any small, leading coalition, created short term results or celebrated early successes in order to build up more power for change. In the discussion section there is speculation on whether this is due to the type of member organisation that the SSC is. To conclude several suggestions are presented with regards to how a hybrid organisation could handle leadership in order to strengthen knowledge, democracy and at the same time meet expectations from several directions.
En ideell medlemsorganisation styrs av organisationens medlemmar genom beslut på årsmöte. Om samma organisation mottar bidrag för sin verksamhet, med förväntningar på effekter som verksamheten ska ha – hur påverkas då organisationen? Denna uppsats finner sin bakgrund i en ideell organisation, Riksidrottsförbundet (RF), som under lång tid ingått ett korporativt samröre med staten. En av RF:s uppgifter är att, tillsammans med sina medlemmar, leda den idrottsliga utvecklingen. I ljuset av en teori om ledarskap i förändring där åtta steg identifierats som nödvändiga i en sådan process analyseras RF:s ledarskap i relation till medlemmarna. I vilken utsträckning och på vilket sätt framträder ledarskap? Hur kan detta ledarskap beskrivas och förstås? Studien är gjord i form av en dokumentstudie där besluts-, diskussions- och kunskapsunderlag som RF presenterat för sina medlemmar under perioden 2013–2019 studerats och analyserats. Denna period kan sammanfattas som idrottsrörelsens strategiarbete, med inriktning på fem övergripande mål 2025. Analysen har dels skett kvantitativt där ledarskap som kunde kategoriseras till någon av de åtta steg som återfanns i teorin noterades i ett särskilt utvecklat protokoll och därefter sammanställdes när det gäller omfattning, dels kvalitativt där identifierade textstycken härletts till den teoretiska modellens åtta steg. Ledarskapet har sedan beskrivits utifrån hur modellens olika steg använts och inte använts. Resultatet av analysen visar att RF lagt stor vikt i periodens början på att etablera en känsla av att förändring är nödvändig och brådskande. Dock har betoningen på detta minskat längs vägen. Under hela processen har RF haft stort fokus på involvering, samt vad som ska uppnås och hur det ska göras. Från mitten av processen och framåt kan också noteras ett större fokus på kommunikation kring förändringsprocessen. RF har inte i processen identifierat någon mindre ledande koalition, skapat några kortsiktiga resultat eller befäst framgångar för att skapa ytterligare framgångar. I diskussionen spekuleras i om en anledning till avsaknaden av dessa tre steg kan vara att RF är just en medlemsorganisation och därigenom inte vill behandla medlemmar olika. Som konklusion ges ett antal förslag kring hur en hybridorganisation kan fundera på att hantera ledarskapet för att stärka kunskap, demokrati och samtidigt klara att möta olika intressenters förväntningar.
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Books on the topic "Confederation of states"

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Hossell, Karen Price. The Articles of Confederation. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2004.

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Ali, Khan Shafique. Pakistan: Federation or confederation. Karachi, Pakistan: Markaz-e-Shaoor-o-Adab, 1986.

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Wolfe, James. Understanding the Articles of Confederation. New York, NY: Enslow Publishing, 2016.

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Isaacs, Sally Senzell. Understanding the Articles of Confederation. New York: Crabtree Pub., 2009.

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Lister, Frederick K. The early security confederations: From the ancient Greeks to the United Colonies of New England. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1999.

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Darío, Rubén. Primeros tres opúsculos. [Managua, Nicaragua?]: Fondo Editorial CIRA, 2003.

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C, Adylia Zavala. Morazán tus ideales aún viven. [Honduras: s.n., 1997.

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Whitbeck, John V. Confederation now: A framework for Middle East peace. Jerusalem: Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1993.

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Stipo, Francesco. World federalist manifesto: Guide to political globalization. [United States]: F. Stipo, 2007.

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Ernst, Ehrenzeller, ed. St. Gallen und die Eidgenossenschaft. St. Gallen: Historischer Verein des Kantons St. Gallen, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Confederation of states"

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Glassman, Ronald M. "The Swiss Confederation." In The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States, 1581–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51695-0_134.

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Glassman, Ronald M. "Israelite Tribal Confederation Enters Canaan." In The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States, 629–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51695-0_60.

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Glassman, Ronald M. "The Anglo-Saxon-Jute Tribal Confederation and Its Moot and Folk-Moot." In The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States, 1329–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51695-0_111.

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Glassman, Ronald M. "The Invasion of Britain by the Anglo-Saxon-Jute Confederation: Norse Tribal Democracy in England—The Moot and the Folkmoot." In The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States, 1611–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51695-0_137.

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Elazar, Daniel J., David Schleicher, Brenddn Swedldw, and Aaron Wildavsky. "What if the United States were Still Governed Under the Articles of Confederation? Noncentralized versus Federal Systems." In Federalism & Political Culture, 83–134. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429337260-6.

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Roby, Yves. "The United States and Confederation." In Roads to Confederation, 328–47. University of Toronto Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487515010-017.

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Krikorian, Jacqueline D., and David R. Cameron. "2 The 1867 Union of the British North American Colonies: A View from the United States." In Globalizing Confederation, 47–60. University of Toronto Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487515034-003.

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Kläser, Dr J. "Implications of European Union Law on Swiss (direct) taxation - a “TOUR D’HORIZON”." In Taxes Crossing Borders (and Tax Professors Too): Liber Amicorum Prof. Dr R.G. Prokisch, 157–68. Maastricht University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26481/mup.22001.10.

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The sovereignty of states is anchored, amongst other things, by their competence to levy taxes on their own. Although, from a high-level point of view, the Swiss Confederation’s national tax sovereignty may appear to be more set-in-stone than is the case for EU Member States today, there are nevertheless numerous implications of the EU’s normative legal system on the Swiss Confederation. Finally, as a result of Switzerland’s failed accession to the European Economic Area (EEA) in 1992, the Swiss Confederation has been subject to an “integration without membership”.
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Davis, Derek H. "Religion and Federalism During the Confederation Period." In Religion and the Continent Al Congress 1774-1789, 117–36. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195133554.003.0007.

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Abstract Issues of federalism, that is, matters related to the distribution of powers between the federal government and the states, did not originate with the Constitution. The Continental Congress, the first representative body of the American colonies, frequently found itself enmeshed in considerations of the degree of its own sovereignty in relation to that of the colonies and later the states. Congress’s authority on matters such as interstate trade and commerce, settlement of boundary disputes between states, and foreign affairs was not easily wrested from the states. Federalism affected virtually every area of government. The subject of this chapter is how federalism influenced the formation of the Continental Congress’s policies regarding religion. The focus will be upon identifying those policies adopted for distinguishing a federal matter from a state matter, and how those policies affected the provisions concerning religion that were written into the Constitution.
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"The American developmental state: from confederation to neoliberalism." In Neoliberalism and Climate Policy in the United States, 29–47. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315537801-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Confederation of states"

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Ilyin, Innokentiy. "PROBLEMS OF UNDERSTANDING THE ESSENCE OF THE INSTITUTE OF CONFEDERATIONS." In Current problems of jurisprudence. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02032-6/103-107.

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This article is devoted to the problem of understanding the legal essence of the institution of Confederation, the issues of the sovereignty of Confederate entities, whether they have signs of state-public and international legal entities.
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Skjong, Rolf. "Formal Safety Assessment and Goal Based Regulations at IMO: Lessons Learned (Invited Lecture)." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67576.

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In the maritime industry the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the UN organization responsible for developing international safety and environmental protection regulations. IMO has now developed the second version of ‘Guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) for use in the IMO rule making process’. The Guidelines are available as circulars both from the Marine Safety Committee (MSC) and the Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC). This standard is, as far as the author knows, the first risk assessment standard adopted in an UN organization. The work with developing this standard was initiated in 1995 at IMO based on an UK initiative. As there have been some attempts to develop internationally accepted risk assessment and risk management standards also in other industries, this paper tries to describe some of the experience and lessons learned from developing and implementing FSA at IMO. Paralleling the development of the guidelines there has been a number of applications of the guidelines, recently focusing on bulk carrier safety. Relevant studies have been carried out by UK, by Japan, by Norway and International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), and by the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS). These studies will be briefly reviewed with respect to methods used, assumptions made and conclusions drawn. The entire process from the initial terms of reference formulated by IMO to the final decisions is considered. The main conclusion is that the maritime industry has made a lot of progress, quite fast, in the use of risk assessment as part of the decision making process. This being the case, despite the many communication problems that arises in discussing risk issues in international forums. Furthermore, the FSA has helped balancing the often conflicting interest of the flag states and non-governmental organizations present in IMO. In 2004, a new initiative was taken on developing Goal Based Standards at IMO. This initiative was taken by Greece and Bahamas, and has now been debated at three meetings of MSC. The paper will also discuss the relationship between GBS and FSA based on the experience gained.
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Bin, Liu, Xizhe Liu, Wei Zhang, YueMing Cheng, and Long Wang. "Efficient Solid-state Dye Sensitized Solar Cells with Conjugated Polymer Hole Conductors." In 14th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-1445-1_777.

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Ahn, Sung Hoon, Jung Tae Park, Jong Kwan Koh, and Jong Hak Kim. "Graft Copolymer Directed Organized TiO2 Films for Solid-state Dye-sensitized Solar Cells." In 14th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-1445-1_792.

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Lung, Ming-Yeou. "In Vitro Antioxidant Properties of the Edible Basidiomycete Phellinus Igniarius by Solid-state Fermentation." In 14th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-1445-1_633.

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Hsu, Chan-Chia, and Shiang-Tai Lin. "Explicit Inclusion of Molecular Conformations in Phase Equilibrium Prediction from the PR+COSMOSAC Equation of State." In 14th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-1445-1_278.

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Shagaev, Viktor, and Lyudmila Alyaeva. "Completion of the political transformation of the Swiss Union: from a confederation to a single federal federal state (Constitution of 1874)." In Development of legal systems of Russia and foreign countries : problems of theory and practice. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02110-1-183-188.

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The article deals with the issues of constitutional consolidation of the results of the transformation of the Swiss Union from a confederal association of cantons into a single federal state with significant independence of the subjects. The issues of the formation of authorities, their functions, the features of the legislative process, the delimitation of powers between the union and the cantons are analyzed.
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Reports on the topic "Confederation of states"

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Gebrewold, Sisay Kinfe. Boundary Demarcation and Amalgamation of Local Governments in Oromia Surrounding the Federal Capital of Ethiopia. Fribourg (Switzerland): IFF, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51363/unifr.diff.2023.41.

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This paper explores the procedures of boundary demarcation between Oromia regional state and Addis Ababa city, and of the subsequent amalgamation of local governments in Oromia regional state. In doing so, comparative lessons are drawn regarding procedures of local government boundary changes and amalgamation focusing on the Confederation of Switzerland. The findings of the study show that, in Ethiopia, the procedure of boundary demarcation and merger lacks details and is dominated by political elites. The merger of local governments surrounding the federal capital which led to the establishment of Sheger city in Oromia regional state indicates a purpose and goal of amalgamation beyond ensuring autonomy at the local level. This paper argues that the lack of detail in the procedure and process of boundary demarcation and amalgamation undermines the significance of public consultation, transparency and autonomy of local governments.
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Hendricks, Kasey. Data for Alabama Taxation and Changing Discourse from Reconstruction to Redemption. University of Tennessee, Knoxville Libraries, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/wdyvftwo4u.

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At their most basic level taxes carry, in the words of Schumpeter ([1918] 1991), “the thunder of history” (p. 101). They say something about the ever-changing structures of social, economic, and political life. Taxes offer a blueprint, in both symbolic and concrete terms, for uncovering the most fundamental arrangements in society – stratification included. The historical retellings captured within these data highlight the politics of taxation in Alabama from 1856 to 1901, including conflicts over whom money is expended upon as well as struggles over who carries their fair share of the tax burden. The selected timeline overlaps with the formation of five of six constitutions adopted in the State of Alabama, including 1861, 1865, 1868, 1875, and 1901. Having these years as the focal point makes for an especially meaningful case study, given how much these constitutional formations made the state a site for much political debate. These data contain 5,121 pages of periodicals from newspapers throughout the state, including: Alabama Sentinel, Alabama State Intelligencer, Alabama State Journal, Athens Herald, Daily Alabama Journal, Daily Confederation, Elyton Herald, Mobile Daily Tribune, Mobile Tribune, Mobile Weekly Tribune, Morning Herald, Nationalist, New Era, Observer, Tuscaloosa Observer, Tuskegee News, Universalist Herald, and Wilcox News and Pacificator. The contemporary relevance of these historical debates manifests in Alabama’s current constitution which was adopted in 1901. This constitution departs from well-established conventions of treating the document as a legal framework that specifies a general role of governance but is firm enough to protect the civil rights and liberties of the population. Instead, it stands more as a legislative document, or procedural straightjacket, that preempts through statutory material what regulatory action is possible by the state. These barriers included a refusal to establish a state board of education and enact a tax structure for local education in addition to debt and tax limitations that constrained government capacity more broadly. Prohibitive features like these are among the reasons that, by 2020, the 1901 Constitution has been amended nearly 1,000 times since its adoption. However, similar procedural barriers have been duplicated across the U.S. since (e.g., California’s Proposition 13 of 1978). Reference: Schumpeter, Joseph. [1918] 1991. “The Crisis of the Tax State.” Pp. 99-140 in The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, edited by Richard Swedberg. Princeton University Press.
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