Relevant bibliographies by topics / Conference of the Parties (COP)

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Conference of the Parties (COP)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Conference of the Parties (COP)"

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Sterk, Wolfgang, Rie Watanabe, Christof Arens, Florian Mersmann, and Hermann Ott. "The Bali Roadmap for Global Climate Policy—New Horizons and Old Pitfalls." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 5, no. 2 (2008): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/161372708x324169.

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AbstractThe international climate negotiations have seen endless struggles between countries from South and North for almost 17 years, ever since the initiation of negotiations by the International Negotiation Committee (INC) for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The 13th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and the 3rd meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP 13 / CMP 3) held in Bali in December 2007 (the Bali conference) could mark the beginning of a rapprochement. Parties agreed on initiating a new “Ad-hoc working group on Long-Term Cooperative Action under the Convention” (AWG-LCA) that aims to negotiate a post-2012 agreement with participation of all parties, including the US and developing countries, by the end of 2009 at COP 15 / CMP 5 in Copenhagen. This article examines the outcomes of the Bali conference, focussing on the negotiations regarding post-2012, flexible mechanisms, financial mechanisms, technology transfer and deforestation. Finally, the article concludes that the Bali Conference saw a significant shift in the battle lines, a rearrangement of positions and alliances that might well announce a decisive new era in global climate policy and provides a real chance to agree on an effective and workable post-2012 agreement in Copenhagen.
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Ott, Hermann, Frederic Rudolph, Dagmar Kiyar, Florian Mersmann, Christof Arens, Urda Eichhorst, Tilman Santarius, Wolfgang Sterk, and Rie Watanabe. "Pit Stop Poznan. An Analysis of Negotiations on the Bali Action Plan at the Stopover to Copenhagen." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 6, no. 1 (2009): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/161372709x457710.

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AbstractThis paper analyzes the international climate negotiations that took place at the 14th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP) and the 4th Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) held in Poznan, December 1–12, 2008. It works out the main issues at stake in the negotiations, contrasts divergences in interests amongst negotiating Parties, and summarizes the main results achieved in Poznan. Furthermore, it contextualizes the Poznan negotiations within the broader political and economic context, which has shaped climate policy making throughout 2008. The paper ends with an outlook on the tasks ahead in 2009, until the next COP/CMP in December 2009 in Copenhagen.
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DALMASSO, Elsa Inés. "Las Conferencias sobre el Cambio Climático – COP: Compromiso de Estados, Empresas y Comunidad." Revista Em Tempo 17, no. 01 (November 30, 2018): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.26729/et.v17i01.2630.

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Resumen: La Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) establecida en mayo de 1992, en la «Cumbre de la Tierra de Río de Janeiro», entró en vigor en marzo de 1994 con la premisa de reforzar la conciencia pública a escala mundial sobre los problemas relativos al Cambio Climático. Entre sus objetivos principales se destaca la estabilización de las concentraciones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) en la atmósfera, para impedir riesgos en el sistema climático. La Conferencia de las Partes (COP) se establece como el órgano supremo de la Convención y la asociación de todos los países que forman parte de ella. Como asimismo lo es en calidad de Reunión de las Partes del Protocolo de Kioto (PK), En las reuniones anuales de la COP participan expertos en medio ambiente, ministros, jefes de estado y organizaciones no gubernamentales con la función de supervisar y examinar la aplicación de la Convención y del Protocolo. El objetivo es preparar inventarios de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero por las fuentes y su absorción por los sumideros, promoviendo y facilitando el intercambio de información sobre las medidas adoptadas y el desarrollo del proceso de negociación entre las Partes de la Convención. Concluyendo con la elaboración de un Compromiso de Estados, Empresas y Comunidad respecto a la regulación de los efectos sobre cambio climático. Palabras clave: Cambio Climático; Naciones Unidas; Conferencia de las Partes. Abstract: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established in May 1992, at the "Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro"; It entered into force in March 1994 with the premise of strengthening public awareness on a global scale about the problems related to Climate Change. Among its main objectives is the stabilization of concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere, to prevent risks in the climate system. The Conference of the Parties (COP) is established as the supreme organ of the Convention and the association of all the countries that are part of it. As it is also in the capacity of the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (KP), Environmental experts, ministers, heads of state and non-governmental organizations participate in the annual meetings of the COP, with the function of supervising and examining the application of the Convention and the Protocol, in order to prepare inventories of greenhouse gas emissions. greenhouse effect by the sources and their absorption by the sinks, promoting and facilitating the exchange of information on the measures adopted and the development of the negotiation process between the Parties to the Convention. Concluding with the elaboration of a Commitment of States, Companies and Community regarding the regulation of the effects on climate change Keywords: Climate Change; United Nations; Conference of the Parties
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Wirth, David A. "The Sixth Session (Part Two) and Seventh Session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change." American Journal of International Law 96, no. 3 (July 2002): 648–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3062168.

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The reconvened sixth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-6bis) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) took place in Bonn from July 16 to 27, 2001, under the presidency of Jan Pronk, Netherlands minister of housing, spatial planning, and the environment. The meeting was noteworthy as the occasion for adopting the Bonn Agreements on the Kyoto Protocol rules, a crucial juncture for entry into force of the principal international instrument for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. The rules were adopted in final form as the Marrakesh Accords at the seventh session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-7), held in Marrakesh, Morocco, from October 29 to November 9, 2001.
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Plotnikova, Evgeniya, Sarah E. Hill, Alex Wright, and Jeff Collin. "Towards ‘a balanced delegation’ or enhancing global health governance? Analysis of parties’ participation in the Conference of the Parties to WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control." Tobacco Control 28, no. 6 (October 5, 2018): 636–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054710.

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IntroductionThe success of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) depends on parties’ active participation in its governance and implementation, particularly via biennial Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings. The COP’s efficacy is threatened by declining attendance and reductions in travel support for low-income and middle-income countries, and there are growing concerns about transparency and representation in country delegations amid industry efforts to shape their composition.MethodsWe examined parties’ participation in the COP based on official meeting records, and the relationship between attendance and strength of tobacco control based on national global tobacco control reports.ResultsAttendance at the COP has decreased over time, and at several meetings would have fallen below 66% (the threshold for decision-making) if it was not for high levels of participation among low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Despite their higher attendance at COP meetings, these countries represent a smaller share of meeting attendees due to the smaller size of their delegations. Additionally, there has been a decline in the proportion of delegates from ministries of health and tobacco control focal points. Nationally, COP participation is correlated with stronger tobacco control policies; attendance by low-income countries has a strong correlation with implementation of advertising bans, while attendance among high-income and lower-middle-income countries shows a moderate correlation with implementation of tobacco taxes.ConclusionsSupporting states to actively engage in the COP is crucial for ongoing FCTC implementation, strengthening national capacity for tobacco control, and protecting the legitimacy and efficacy of global health governance.
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Asadnabizadeh, Majid. "Development of UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Negotiations under COP25: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement perspective." Open Political Science 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2019-0012.

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AbstractDevelopment of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Negotiations (UNFCCC) is based on the Conference of the Parties meetings. The Paris accord is a political act setting goals to, operationalize the rulebook agreement. The 24th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Poland agreed on a set of guidelines for implementing the landmark 2015 Paris Climate Change Agreement. Katowice was a major step forward for operationalizing the Paris Agreement perspective though the negotiations were incomplete. The Article 6 chapter- market and non-market cooperative approaches- is being sent for completion to the next COP in Santiago. The present research has stressed that in COP25, article 6 would increase high level engagement of countries to finalize guidance with a perspective to prepare a decision by the end of the COP.
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Churchill, Robin R., and Geir Ulfstein. "Autonomous Institutional Arrangements in Multilateral Environmental Agreements: A Little-Noticed Phenomenon in International Law." American Journal of International Law 94, no. 4 (October 2000): 623–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2589775.

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Since the early 1970s a considerable number of multilateral agreements have been concluded in the environmental field that establish a common pattern of institutional arrangements. The purpose of these arrangements is to develop the normative content of the regulatory regime established by each agreement1 and to supervise the states parties’ implementation of and compliance with that regime. These institutional arrangements usually comprise a conference or meeting of the parties (COP, MOP) with decision-making powers, a secretariat, and one or more specialist subsidiary bodies. Such arrangements, because of their ad hoc nature, are not intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) in the traditional sense. On the other hand, as the creatures of treaties, such conferences and meetings of the parties, with their secretariats and subsidiary bodies, add up to more than just diplomatic conferences. Because such arrangements do not constitute traditional IGOs and yet are freestanding and distinct both from the states parties to a particular agreement and from existing IGOs, we have chosen to describe them as “autonomous.” They are also autonomous in the sense that they have their own lawmaking powers and compliance mechanisms.
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Štreimikienė, Dalia. "The Results of the Conference of the Parties (COP-19) in Warsaw." Intellectual Economics 7, no. 4 (2013): 527–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13165/ie-13-7-4-10.

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Cozier, Muriel. "The 24th United Nations Conference of Parties (COP 24) Climate Change Summit." Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (February 2019): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ghg.1849.

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Paterson, Alexander. "Biodiversity and Climate Change: Linkages at International, National and Local Levels." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 4 (May 17, 2017): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i4a2423.

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At the tenth Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Conference of the Parties (COP) held in Nagoya 2010, the parties agreed that they would by 2020 enhance 'ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks …, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification' (Aichi Target 15, Decision X/2 (Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020)).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Conference of the Parties (COP)"

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Dickason, Jozanne. "The evolution of the climate change regime after the Copenhagen Accord / Jozanne Dickason." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8285.

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Climate change is a critical sustainable development issue with implications for the environment, economies and society as we know it. The problem of climate change is caused by some countries in parts of the world that has a direct effect on people and natural resources in other parts of the world. Climate change is the effect of increased production of Greenhouse gases (GHGs). Due to the vast complexity of the climate change regime the study does not attempt to be comprehensive or conclusive. The aim of the study is to critically evaluate and determine the purpose, enforceability, legal nature, shortcomings and strengths of the non-binding Copenhagen Accord and how the international climate change regime will evolve after the Copenhagen Accord. The study starts with a brief explanation of the international climate change regime and its development, including international environmental law principles, specifically the common but differentiated responsibility principle. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has the ultimate objective to achieve the stabilisation of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Conference of the Parties (COPs) is the ultimate decision-making and supreme body of the UNFCCC and is authorised to make and implement decisions to promote the implementation of the UNFCCC, it further has the power to adopt new protocols under the UNFCCC and plays a substantial role in the development of new obligations by the parties to the convention. Various COPs, their respective adopted decisions and resolutions which played an important role in the development of the climate change regime are discussed. This includes COP 1 that lead to the Berlin Mandate; COP 3 and the Kyoto Protocol; COP 7 and the Marrakech Accords; COP 11 that marked the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol; COP 13 and the Bali Action Plan. COP 15 in Copenhagen was internationally expected and intended to be the breakthrough in addressing the post 2012 period. As is evident from the content of this study the result of COP 15 at Copenhagen means different challenges for different countries and the “bottom up” architecture of the accord could help encourage and reinforce national actions. An overview of the effect of the Copenhagen Accord on the climate change regime, with specific reference to COP 16 in Cancun, is then done. The “bottom up” architecture of the Copenhagen Accord was brought into the official UNFCCC process by the Cancun Agreements that were reached at COP 16. The study mostly comprised of a literature study, which reviewed the relevant international environmental law dealing with climate change, taking into account customary international law; international treaties and conventions; government documents, policies and reports; textbooks and academic journals as well as electronic material obtained from various internet sources.
Thesis (LLM (Environmental Law and Governance))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
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Rodrigues, Elze Camila Ferreira. "A atuação internacional do Brasil para as mudanças climáticas : as COP de 2009 a 2015 /." São Paulo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138969.

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Orientadora: Flavia de Campos Mello
Banca: Elias David Morales Martinez
Banca: Fernanda Mello Sant'Anna
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas"
Resumo: No ano de 2009, durante a décima quinta edição da Conferência das Partes (COP) da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas para as Mudanças Climáticas (UNFCCC, na sigla em inglês), a representação diplomática brasileira assumiu para o país um compromisso voluntário de redução das emissões nacionais de gases causadores do efeito estufa. Tal evento foi marcante no regime internacional de mudanças climáticas e na trajetória da política externa ambiental brasileira por conta do pioneirismo do país entre os intermediários que não pertencem ao Anexo I. Essa atitude da diplomacia brasileira é parte da conjuntura vivida pelo multilateralismo ambiental em que a tradicional clivagem Norte-Sul ganhava também a categoria intermediária das economias emergentes. A atuação do Brasil e de outros países dessa categoria teve reflexos nos debates nos anos posteriores à COP-15. O objetivo desse trabalho é, assim, analisar a atuação da diplomacia brasileira entre a COP-15 e a COP-21 diante dos desafios das mudanças climáticas e do multilateralismo. Para tanto, faz-se uma análise da política externa ambiental do país neste período, bem como um paralelo com a atuação dos países do BASIC na mesma cronologia.
Abstract: In 2009, during the fifteenth edition of the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Brazilian diplomatic representation took a voluntary commitment to reduce national emissions of greenhouse gas effect. This was an outstanding event in the international climate change regime and in the trajectory of Brazilian environmental foreign policy because of the country's pioneering among the intermediaries economies that do not belong to Annex I. This attitude of Brazilian diplomacy is a part of the framework experienced by environmental multilateralism where the traditional division between North-South includes now the intermediate category of emerging economies. The performance of Brazil and other countries in that category was reflected in the discussions in the years after COP-15. The aim of this study is to analyze the performance of Brazilian diplomacy between the COP-15 and COP-21 concerning the challenges of climate change and multilateralism. Therefore, it is an analysis of the Brazilian environmental foreign policy during this period as well as a comparison with the performance of the BASIC countries in the same timeline.
Mestre
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Grützner, Ines, Patrick Waterson, Carsten Vollmers, Sonja Trapp, and Thomas Olsson. "Requirements Engineering für Communities of Practice." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-155494.

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Eine der Herausforderungen des Requirements Engineering (RE) ist, dass bei der Entwicklung eines Software-Systems sowohl die technischen Einzelheiten als auch der Kontext des Einsatzes berücksichtigt werden müssen. Wie schon andere Autoren bemerkt haben, ist RE ein sozio-technisches Unterfangen. Bei der Entwicklung von Desktop-Software zum Beispiel ist zu berücksichtigen, wie der einzelne Benutzer die Anwendung einsetzen wird. Im Bereich Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) ist der Einsatzkontext komplizierter, da Kommunikation und Interaktion zwischen Benutzern ebenfalls berücksichtigt werden müssen. Bei der Entwicklung einer Community of Practice (CoP) muss der Kontext noch weiter ausgedehnt werden, da Dinge wie Kooperation, Gruppenbildung bzw. Bildung von Netzwerken, Lernen etc. auch in die Anforderungen einfließen.
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Grützner, Ines, Patrick Waterson, Carsten Vollmers, Sonja Trapp, and Thomas Olsson. "Requirements Engineering für Communities of Practice: Aufbau der ReqMan Community." Technische Universität Dresden, 2005. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28382.

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Eine der Herausforderungen des Requirements Engineering (RE) ist, dass bei der Entwicklung eines Software-Systems sowohl die technischen Einzelheiten als auch der Kontext des Einsatzes berücksichtigt werden müssen. Wie schon andere Autoren bemerkt haben, ist RE ein sozio-technisches Unterfangen. Bei der Entwicklung von Desktop-Software zum Beispiel ist zu berücksichtigen, wie der einzelne Benutzer die Anwendung einsetzen wird. Im Bereich Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) ist der Einsatzkontext komplizierter, da Kommunikation und Interaktion zwischen Benutzern ebenfalls berücksichtigt werden müssen. Bei der Entwicklung einer Community of Practice (CoP) muss der Kontext noch weiter ausgedehnt werden, da Dinge wie Kooperation, Gruppenbildung bzw. Bildung von Netzwerken, Lernen etc. auch in die Anforderungen einfließen.
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Collin, Charlotte. "Les conférences des parties : recherche sur le droit d'une institution internationale." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D041.

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Si beaucoup découvraient à l’occasion de la « COP 21 », organisée à Paris en décembre 2015, l’existence des Conférences des parties (CdP), ces institutions exercent pourtant depuis près d’un demi-siècle des fonctions primordiales pour le développement du droit international et l’effectivité des accords internationaux tant dans le domaine climatique que d’autres champs du droit international de l’environnement, de la culture, de la santé, ou encore du désarmement. À l’époque de leur création et de leurs premiers développements, ces institutions ont été perçues comme un mode innovant de gouvernance internationale, destiné à assurer une coopération interétatique plus flexible ainsi que le suivi et l’adaptation des conventions internationales. Près d’un demi-siècle plus tard, l’institution des CdP a fait l’objet de développements importants, tant d’un point de vue quantitatif que qualitatif. Ces développements invitent à examiner le statut juridique et les fonctions de ces nouveaux acteurs institutionnels dans la sphère internationale. L’analyse menée permet à la fois de caractériser l’existence d’un modèle institutionnel commun à ces structures et d’observer que les Conférences des parties constituent une forme intermédiaire d’institutionnalisation largement acceptée par les États en un temps marqué par un rejet croissant du multilatéralisme. Ces institutions permettent ainsi, en réduisant les coûts de leur institutionnalisation et en ménageant la souveraineté de leurs États parties, de réaliser un certain équilibre entre les aspects relationnels et institutionnels des rapports de coopération interétatique
While many discovered the existence of Conferences of the Parties (COPs) in December 2015, during the COP 21 held in Paris, these institutions have nevertheless exercised, for almost half a century, essential functions for the development of international law and the effectiveness of international agreements in a wide variety of fields (protection of the environment, culture, health, disarmament,...). At the time of their creation and early development, these institutions were seen as an innovative mode of international governance, designed to arrange a flexible inter-state cooperation while ensuring the monitoring and adaptation of international treaties. Nearly half a century later, COPs have undergone a significant development, both quantitatively and qualitatively. This evolution calls for an analysis of their legal status and functions. The thesis characterizes the existence of an institutional common model and concludes that Conferences of the parties constitute an intermediate form of institutionalization, which is widely accepted by States despite a growing movement of rejection of multilateralism. By reducing the cost of their institutionalization and by preserving the sovereignty of their States parties, COPs appear to successfully balance the relational and institutional aspects of interstate cooperation
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Silva, Karina Okamoto [UNESP]. "Regime internacional de mudança climática: o brasil nas negociações da UNFCCC (1995-2011)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151721.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Devido à internacionalização dos riscos socioambientais que a mudança climática vem trazendo, a necessidade de trabalhar essa questão através de negociações e decisões além do nível nacional se tornou essencial. A temática ambiental, que não tinha muita relevância no cenário internacional até a década de 1970, foi ganhando espaço até se formar um regime internacional próprio para a mudança do clima. A partir desse período, a comunidade internacional começou a se reunir para discutir esse tema, quando diversos instrumentos foram criados para tratar do mesmo. Todo esse contexto do regime internacional de mudança climática será desenvolvido no presente trabalho, e, em específico, serão abordadas as reuniões das Conferências das Partes e a participação do Brasil nas negociações da Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança Climática.
Due to the social and environmental risks internationalization that the climate change has been bringing, the need to work this question, through negotiations and decisions beyond the national level, has become essential. The environmental theme, that had no relevance in the international scene until the 1970s, was gaining ground until an international regime to the climate change was formed. From this period, the international community began to meet to discuss this theme, where various instruments were created to deal with it. All this climate change international regime context will be developed in this work, and, specifically, will be addressed the meetings of the Conferences of the Parties and the participation of Brazil in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiations.
CNPq: 130274/2016-0
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Espinoza, Vásquez Lidia Paola. "La participación de la Comunidad Andina (CAN) en materia medioambiental en la Conferencia de las Partes (COP) dentro de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) entre los años 2007 y 2012." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/16000.

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Berg, Hanna. "“We survive or we sink together” : A Discursive Study of Argumentation by Small Island Developing States Leaders in a Climate Change Context." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-432417.

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The aim of this thesis is to investigate the discursive use of first person plural pronoun we through a discourse analysis of the variety of arguments by leaders of Pacific Island States in political debates, specifically within a climate change context. The research question is “How do political leaders of Pacific Island states make discursive use of the first person plural pronoun we in political debates in a climate change context?” By using a textual discourse analysis to study statements made by Pacific Island leaders at the UN Conference of the Parties, the investigation finds a wide variety of argumentation styles and pronominal choices. The main finding is how the word we is used in several ways, all of which carry political meaning, and the pronominal choice is found to depend on social context as well as the intention of the speaker. Political leaders utilize the pronoun we as a tool for political rhetoric, to argue both that the international community as a whole will face the negative consequences of climate change while also emphasizing the specific victim status of the islands. Several of the arguments found in the statements that were studied are centered on the vulnerable status of the SIDS (Small Island Developing States), emphasizing how they are severely affected by climate change. The essay demonstrates that the pronominal choices also have actual implications on the dynamics of the political arena. Primarily, the exclusive we isused to create a sense of division between groups, which encourages political mobilization. In addition, leaders are shown to make claims of a leadership role by using an exclusive we to create an image of the own nation as responsible, and opt for an inclusive we to create a feeling of shared responsibility globally.
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Gamba, Carolina. "O Brasil na Ordem Ambiental Internacional sobre mudanças climáticas: período 2009-2014." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-11042016-143346/.

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As mudanças climáticas figuram entre as principais questões da sociedade de risco característica do mundo atual. Elas são multidimensionais e exigem uma análise multiescalar. Inevitavelmente, as decisões são deslocadas para além do nível nacional, na medida em que os problemas socioambientais transcendem as fronteiras estatais. O tema foi incorporado à agenda ambiental internacional nas últimas décadas e atualmente conforma uma ordem ambiental complexa do ponto de vista normativo/institucional. Participam dela quase todos os países que, em conjunto, visam responder ao desafio relativo ao tema, tanto no tocante à mitigação de emissões de gases de efeito estufa, como à adaptação aos efeitos que são e serão sentidos por grande parte da população mundial. Porém, ao mesmo tempo em que se reconhece a importância da cooperação multilateral em favor de uma governança eficaz na abordagem do tema, verifica-se que os Estados têm posicionamentos distintos e desenvolvem diversas estratégicas para fazer com que seus interesses nacionais específicos sejam contemplados a cada rodada do processo negociador, o que corrobora com as teorias realistas das Relações Internacionais e de território e soberania da Geografia Política. Neste trabalho analisa-se a participação do Brasil em seis Conferências das Partes da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima (UNFCCC), realizadas no período de 2009 a 2014. Avaliam-se quais foram os interesses brasileiros em cada uma destas etapas, o grau de influência exercido sobre os demais países que integram a ordem, bem como em que medida as expectativas do governo brasileiro foram contempladas nas decisões finais destas rodadas de negociações. A metodologia pautou-se em análise de livros, artigos e relatórios sobre a ciência da mudança do clima; de teorias da Geografia Política e das Relações Internacionais; de documentos oficiais sobre eventos que precederam as conferências analisadas no trabalho; das propostas submetidas pelo governo brasileiro e discursos proferidos por seus representantes; de informações obtidas junto à delegação brasileira; de relatórios diários e decisões oficiais de cada rodada de negociações; da participação in loco nos três últimos encontros avaliados nos quais foi possível acompanhar a atuação da delegação brasileira e avaliar suas consequências; bem como de material bibliográfico e jornalístico relacionados a este período do processo negociador. Verificou-se que o Brasil mostra-se cada vez mais disposto à cooperação e tem se destacado por sua habilidade diplomática e ações desenvolvidas em seu território, em especial no combate ao desmatamento da Amazônia. Porém, apresenta premissas básicas não passíveis de flexibilização até o presente momento, como a diferenciação entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento conforme estabelecido pela UNFCCC. A questão que se coloca não é se o país irá ampliar sua ambição em termos de mitigação de emissões de gases de efeito estufa, mas como as medidas desenvolvidas em seu território serão traduzidas em compromissos internacionalmente vinculantes no novo acordo a ser definido ao final de 2015. Entende-se que o posicionamento do Brasil será fundamental para a conformação da nova fase da ordem ambiental internacional sobre mudanças climáticas, diante de seu perfil de emissões e poder político, econômico e ambiental.
Climate change is among the key issues of the risk society characteristic of today\'s world. They are multidimensional and require multiscale analysis. Inevitably, decisions are displaced beyond the national level to the extent that environmental issues transcend state borders. The theme was incorporated into the international environmental agenda in recent decades and now conform a complex environmental order of the legal/institutional point of view. Participate in it almost all countries that, together, aim to meet the challenge concerning the issue, both with respect to mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation to the effects that are and will be felt by much of the world\'s population. However, while recognizing the importance of multilateral cooperation in favor of effective governance in the approach to the subject, it appears that States have different positions and develop various strategies to make their specific national interests are incorporated every round of the negotiating process, which corroborates the realistic theories of International Relations and territory and sovereignty of Political Geography. This paper analyzes the participation of Brazil in six Conferences of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held in the 2009-2014 period. This study evaluates which were the Brazilian interests in each of these steps, the degree of influence exercised over other countries of the order as well as to what extent the expectations of the Brazilian government were, in fact, included in the final decisions of these rounds negotiations. The methodology was based on the analysis of books, articles and reports on the science of climate change; theories of Political Geography and International Relations; of official documents about events that preceded the conference analyzed at work; of the proposals submitted by the Brazilian government and speeches by their representatives; information obtained from the Brazilian delegation; daily reports and official decisions of each round of negotiations; participation in loco in the last three meetings at which it was possible to track the performance of the Brazilian delegation and assess its consequences; as well as bibliographic and journalistic material related to this period of the negotiating process. It was found that Brazil appears to be increasingly willing to cooperation and has become known for his diplomatic skill and actions carried out in its territory, particularly in combating deforestation of the Amazon. However, it presents basic premises not subject to easing so far as the differentiation between developed and developing countries, as established by the UNFCCC. The question that arises is not if the country will increase its ambition in terms of mitigating emissions of greenhouse gases, but how the measures developed in its territory will be translated into internationally binding commitments in the new agreement to set the end of 2015. It is understood that Brazil\'s position will be critical to the shaping of the new phase of international environmental policy on climate change, because of the emissions profile and political, economic and environmental power.
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Dellaux, Julien. "Le mécanisme visant la conservation des forêts tropicales de la convention-cadre sur les changements climatiques (REDD+) : illustration de l'adaptativité du droit international." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0426.

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Comment le droit international peut-il règlementer des phénomènes complexes ? Cette question se pose avec une acuité particulière en ce qui concerne la déforestation tropicale. En effet, les difficultés techniques et les intérêts divergents des États, découlant de l’interaction des multiples services assurés par les forêts, ont empêché l’adoption d’une convention internationale en ce domaine. Néanmoins, les négociations menées au sein du régime international du climat ont créé un mécanisme dit de « réduction des émissions résultant du déboisement et de la dégradation des forêts et le rôle de la conservation et de la gestion durable des forêts et du renforcement des stocks de carbone forestiers dans les pays en développement » (REDD+). Défini par un ensemble de décisions de la Conférence des parties à la convention-cadre des Nations-Unies sur les changements climatiques, il a déjà permis d’initier, sur le territoire des pays en développement, une amélioration substantielle du contrôle des ressources forestières et des réformes règlementaires et institutionnelles de grande ampleur. Notre étude se propose d’évaluer les spécificités du système normatif mis en place sur la REDD+. Elle a pour objet, en dépassant l’apparente faiblesse formelle des instruments juridiques sur lesquels il repose, de mettre en évidence sa portée normative. Elle révèle l’aptitude du droit international à règlementer des phénomènes complexes en donnant naissance à des systèmes juridiques adaptatifs. Elle démontre que la spécificité de tels systèmes normatifs réside dans la satisfaction de deux exigences opposées : la flexibilité et la sécurité juridique
How International law can regulate complex phenomenon? This question appears particularly relevant if we consider tropical deforestation. Technical issues and the opposite interests of States, stemming from interlinked services provided by forest, had prevented International community to adopt a convention on forests. Nevertheless, climate regime has recently created a so-called mechanism on « reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries and the role of conservation and sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries » (REDD+). The normative framework laid down in decisions of the Conference of the parties has stimulated control improvement on forest resources and wide-ranging reform in developing countries. The study will evaluate the specificities of this normative system by going further its apparent normative weakness. It will expose how International law manage to regulate complex phenomenon by producing adaptive legal system. The study will demonstrate that the specific feature of this system lies in its ability to conciliate two opposite needs: flexibility and legal security
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Books on the topic "Conference of the Parties (COP)"

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Kiribati. Kiribati Country Report to The Conference of Parties (COP) of The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). [Tarawa, Kiribati: Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agricultural Development], 2007.

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Dewi, Retno Gumilang. Indonesia second national communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Jakarta: Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia, 2010.

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The second national communication of the Republic of Malawi under the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Lilongwe, Malawi: Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Environment, 2011.

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Bratasida, Liana. Perspektif dan analisis Copenhagen Accord. [Jakarta]: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, Republik Indonesia, 2010.

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Indonesia. Departemen Luar Negeri. Badan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan. Copenhagen Accord: Status hukum, pelajaran-pelajaran penting dalam negosiasi perubahan iklim, dan posisi Indonesia ke depan, Bandung, 1 April 2010 : focus group discussion. [Jakarta]: Badan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan, Kementerian Luar Negeri RI, 2010.

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Global climate change: Beyond Copenhagen. New Delhi: Pentagon Earth, 2010.

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U.N. Climate Change Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, December 2009: A report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, second session, January 15, 2010. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Addressing global climate change: The road to Copenhagen : hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, January 28, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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Global climate change: U.S. leadership for a new global agreement : hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, April 22, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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Addressing global climate change: The road to Copenhagen : hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, January 28, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Conference of the Parties (COP)"

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Olutola, Oluwole. "Africa–European Union Climate Change Partnership." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2085–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_178.

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AbstractThe need to heighten climate action momentum is a key outcome of the Climate Action Summit organized by the United Nations (UN) in September, 2019. The same concern reverberated in most of the presentations and discussions at the twenty-fifth Conference of Parties (COP 25) – the annual climate summit under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This chapter seeks to investigate the relevance of the call for more climate action in terms of what further climate priorities and strategies are required in the context of the existing climate change partnership between Africa and the European Union (EU). It relies on liberal institutionalism as its theoretical framework and data from a range of purposely selected secondary sources as reference points. Beyond arguing the case for more climate action to further strengthening the Joint Africa-EU Strategy (JAES), particularly in the area of environmental partnership, this chapter emphasizes the need to align the required further climate action with the mitigation goals of the Paris Agreement and the UN transformative initiatives on the global climate action. It concludes with an insight into some policy recommendations, including the need for a dedicated and regional-based approach in tackling Africa’s climate change beyond the conventional worldwide UNFCCC (United Nations Convention on Climate Change) framework that has failed to deliver tangible results for some time past.
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Maus, Sylvia. "Article 22: Conference of Parties." In The UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, 555–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25995-1_24.

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Pavone, Ilja Richard. "Article 40 [Conference of States Parties]." In The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 667–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43790-3_42.

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Vikram, Shruti, and Sandeep Kumar. "Single-Particle Analysis of Thermally Thick Wood Particles in O2, N2, CO2 Atmosphere." In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advances in Energy Research, 1349–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5955-6_128.

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Müller, Melanie. "Die 17. Conference of the Parties der UNFCCC in Durban." In Auswirkungen internationaler Konferenzen auf soziale Bewegungen, 103–89. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16870-4_6.

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Happold, Matthew. "The Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention." In Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 389–405. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-787-6_11.

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Grossi, Rafael. "Major Challenges Opportunities and Next Steps for the Parties to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty Approaching the 2020 Review Conference." In International Cooperation for Enhancing Nuclear Safety, Security, Safeguards and Non-proliferation, 95–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42913-3_15.

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Haupt, Dirk Roland. "Nuclear Nonproliferation Objectives of Permanence with Accountability at Stake: The Role of International Law in the Interlude Between the Tenth and the Eleventh Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons." In Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume VI, 37–112. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-463-1_3.

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Nash, Sarah Louise. "From Cancun to Paris: The Coming of Age of a Policy Field." In Negotiating Migration in the Context of Climate Change, 23–64. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529201260.003.0002.

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This chapter provides an overview and detailed analysis of the central episodes of policy making on migration and climate change between 2010 and 2015. The first of these episodes is the 16th Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that took place in Cancun in December of 2010. This episode marked the first inclusion of the issue of human mobility in the context of climate change in a text agreed at the global level. The now infamous paragraph 14(f) of the Cancun Adaptation Framework, the provision relating to human mobility, invites Parties to undertake ‘measures to enhance understanding, coordination and cooperation with regard to climate change induced displacement, migration and planned relocation, where appropriate, at national, regional and international levels’ and has been a defining feature of policy making that has followed. One of the first attempts to follow up on Cancun was when UNHCR made climate-change-induced displacement one of the topics to be investigated during the 60th anniversary of the 1951 Refugee Convention, which opportunely fell on July 28, 2011.
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Nash, Sarah Louise. "A Spotlight on Negotiating Mobility in Paris: Ushering in Another New Era for the Migration and Climate Change Nexus." In Negotiating Migration in the Context of Climate Change, 65–84. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529201260.003.0003.

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This chapter explains that while much of the world was still preoccupied with scenes of people arriving at Europe's external borders in 2015 and the search for solutions to the crisis of migration that these scenes were widely taken to represent, in a setting that could not contrast more with the rawness of life and refuge being depicted in the viral images beaming their way around the world, negotiators from around the globe gathered in Paris for the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The bureaucratic, meticulous, and technical world of climate change negotiations was, however, being explicitly connected to these emotional images, amid warnings that climate change would be the ‘Syria refugee crisis times 100’. The prominence of the topic of the large-scale displacement of people thus reportedly added ‘an ominous, politically sensitive undercurrent in the talks and side events’ in Paris. In a COP that was already being seen as highly relevant for the policy community on migration and climate change due to the large coordinated advocacy effort leading up to it, events playing out beyond the walls of the conference arguably brought even more relevance to this policy juncture. The chapter then considers mentions of human mobility within the Cancun Adaptation Framework and the Doha decision.
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Conference papers on the topic "Conference of the Parties (COP)"

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Dolgikh, F., V. Nitsevich, S. Zaslavskiy, Z. Usmanova, and V. Moiseev. "Formation of Models for Funding of Political Parties in Europe." In International Scientific Conference "Far East Con" (ISCFEC 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200312.471.

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Allen, R. H., R. J. Fijol, S. Szykman, and R. D. Sriram. "Representing the Charters of Freedom Encasements in a Design Repository: A Case Study." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/cie-21292.

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Abstract We report on a case study representing, in an evolving design repository, the design essence of new encasements for the United States Charters of Freedom (CoF) — namely the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights. Specifically redesigned for the purpose of housing and preserving our national documents, the nine encasements each consist of three principal systems — a sealing system, a placement system and a safeguarding system. The encasements were needed to replace the ones manufactured in the early 1950s, because of glass deterioration; these newer encasements are designed to last 100 years. To populate the design repository, we represent engineering geometry, function and associated behavior. We model geometry with digital photographs and Virtual Reality Markup Language (VRML) models of actual Computer-Aided Design (CAD) drawings, and represent function with linked textual descriptions. Design rationale is represented explicitly. Through an evolving user interface, this representation serves to capture the more than 50 parts and systems of the encasements in such a way that the information relating to form, function, behavior and rationale is accessible and browsable to interested parties via the Internet. We conclude that such a representation, or ones similar to it, can provide the basis for a generic design repository, in which specific information — including design rationale — can be readily accessed by interested parties.
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Dogan, B., U. Ceyhan, K. Nikbin, and D. Dean. "Standardisation of High Temperature Crack Growth Testing of Weldments." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93856.

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A European collaborative effort has been made to produce a Code of Practice (CoP), with participation from the European Structural Integrity Society (ESIS) TC11-Working Group on High Temperature Testing of Weldments (WG on HTTW) and EC project CRETE. The prepared CoP is based on the authors’ and project partners’ long years of experience in the subject field of high temperature testing, deformation studies and crack growth on various materials studied in internal, European and international projects. The code is being processed for ISO standardization by the International Institute of Welding (IIW), Select Committee Standardization (SC STAND). Guidelines are established for material and specimen selection. The document aims at giving advice on testing, measurements and analysis of creep crack initiation and growth data for a range of creep brittle to creep ductile materials. It may be used for material selection criteria and inspection requirements for damage tolerant applications. In quantitative terms, it can be used to assess the individual and combined effects of metallurgical, fabrication, operating temperature, and loading conditions on welded components for high temperature service. The present paper reports on the standardisation of high temperature crack initiation and crack growth testing in weldments. The material behaviour in service, including significance of creep and loading, substantiates the testing and data analyses procedure for design as well as fitness-for-purpose assessment.
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Berreth, Todd. "Cop to conductor." In SIGGRAPH '18: Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3202918.3203092.

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Mandyam, Aishwarya, Elizabeth C. Yoo, Jeff Soules, Krzysztof Laudanski, and Barbara E. Engelhardt. "COP-E-CAT." In BCB '21: 12th ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Health Informatics. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3459930.3469536.

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Harrington, Brian, Marzieh Ahmadzadeh, Nick Cheng, Eric Heqi Wang, and Vladimir Efimov. "TA Marking Parties." In ICER '18: International Computing Education Research Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3230977.3230997.

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Najjaran Kheirabadi, Ahmad, James Freeman, Alba Ramos Cabal, and Christos N. Markides. "Experimental Investigation of an Ammonia-Water Diffusion-Absorption Refrigerator (DAR) at Part Load." In ASME 2017 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2017-4830.

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Diffusion absorption refrigeration (DAR) cycles enable passive fully thermally-driven refrigeration for off-grid purposes. Typically, DAR units are designed for a given heat supply load and temperature, although real operation inevitably involves unsteady variations in these inputs. In this study, a thermally-driven DAR unit with a nominal cooling capacity of 120 W is connected to an electric heat source. The working fluid is ammonia-water NH3/H2O, with hydrogen (H2) added as an auxiliary gas to keep the system pressure constant and to decrease the partial pressure of the refrigerant (ammonia) in the evaporator. A control unit is used to adjust and measure the input heat-source power applied to the unit. The operating pressure of the system is 20.7 bar, the ambient temperature is 22 °C and the input thermal power is in the range 250 to 700 W. The cooling capacity of the unit and the input heat load are measured simultaneously at different operation conditions. To measure the cooling power, a cold box is constructed around the evaporator, and a second heater is located inside the cold box which sets the cold space temperature equal to that of the ambient. This allows the coefficient of performance (COP) to be evaluated. The COP and cooling capacity of the unit are investigated at part load by varying the heat supply, from which maximum values are obtained (0.28 and 110 W, respectively). Finally, experimental results are compared to the theoretical predictions from a thermodynamic model of a DAR cycle. Once validated, the model is also used to find the properties of the fluid mixture in different states in the DAR cycle.
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Größbacher, Stefanie, Peter Judmaier, Lucas Schöffer, Doris Malischnig, Nicole Bilek, and Mylene Kreiger. "All Tomorrow’s Parties." In MobileHCI '20: 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3406324.3410545.

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Friesz, Melinda, and Kata Varadi. "Clearinghouses Versus Central Counterparties From Margin Calculation Point Of View." In 35th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2021-0075.

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Clearinghouses and central counterparties (CCPs) have a notable role in financial markets, namely facilitating securities trading and derivative transactions on exchanges and over-the-counter markets. They have to clear the transactions and carry out their settlements to decrease costs and settlement risk. To efficiently carry out this activity, they need to collect adequate collateral from the trading parties as guarantees. Two main elements of these guarantees are the margin requirement and default fund contribution. Our paper focuses on the margin calculations and emphasizes their notable difference in the case of clearinghouses and CCPs. Our main result is that clearinghouses’ margin requirement is better from a procyclicality point of view; however, CCP margining is more prudent based on our results.
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Go, A., J. Zoglman, M. Srour, and J. K. Mwangi. "Somebody Call the Cop!" In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a1487.

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Reports on the topic "Conference of the Parties (COP)"

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Revill, James, John Borrie, Emma Saunders, and Richard Lennane. Preparing for Success at the Ninth Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention Review Conference. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/21/bwc/01.

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The Ninth Review Conference of the 1972 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (BWC) presents a unique opportunity for States Parties to strengthen this important disarmament agreement. To make the most of this opportunity, this report offers practical insights and lessons from past Review Conferences to help States Parties and stakeholders prepare for a successful outcome.
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Aguilar Herrera, María Alejandra, and Alba Paula Granados Agüero. Inclusión de los derechos humanos, étnicos y de género en las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC) de Colombia y Perú. Rights and Resources Initiative, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/qeht3532.

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En diciembre de 2015 se adoptó el Acuerdo de París, en la Conferencia de las Partes 21 (COP21) de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC). En 2020 se cumplieron los primeros cinco años de haber presentado las propuestas de las NDC e inicia su implementación, para lo cual los países debían actualizar y comunicar sobre los avances de sus NDC. Este estudio realizado por Asociación Ambiente y Sociedad, ONAMIAP (Organización Nacional de Mujeres Indígenas Andinas y Amazónicas del Perú) y RRI analiza el nivel de inclusión de los derechos humanos, el enfoque de género y los derechos de Pueblos Indígenas y Afrodescendientes en las NDC de Colombia y del Perú, así como en los procesos relacionados con su actualización.
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Miller, James, John Vavrin, and Samuel Stidwell IV. Study of maintenance of High Performance Sustainable Buildings (HPSB). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40080.

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A study was performed by the Energy Branch of the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, on behalf of the US Army Installation Management Command under the Installation Technology Transition Program. The focus of the study was related to maintainability and operability issues associated with High Performance Sustainable Buildings (HPSBs). This study was conducted primarily based on information gleaned from telephone and web conference discussions with installation Directorate of Public Works personnel including Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Chiefs, energy managers, maintenance supervisors, and maintenance technicians. Experiences with HPSBs varied from installation to installation. For example, some installations had very positive experiences with photovoltaic (PV) arrays while other sites questioned their practicality due to maintainability problems. One site noted that PV technologies are changing so rapidly that procuring spare/repair parts becomes difficult or impossible when vendors discontinue supporting their older technologies or manufacturers go out of business. Based on discussions with the installation O&M personnel, a table of pro and con recommendations for 25 technologies, which are commonly implemented on HPSBs, was prepared and is included in this report.
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Revill, James, Alisha Anand, and Giacomo Persi Paoli. Exploring Science and Technology Review Mechanisms Under the Biological Weapons Convention. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/sectec/2021/sandtreviews/01.

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Since the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) opened for signature in 1972, biology and other converging disciplines have advanced considerably. These changes could have profound implications for a science-based disarmament agreement like the BWC. To address changes in biology and biotechnology, BWC States Parties have established processes to review developments in science and technology (S&T), including annual expert meetings on this topic. However, shortcomings are evident in the current approaches and many BWC States Parties have expressed support for a more systematic review of science and technology under the Convention. This study seeks to inform discussions on establishing a dedicated and systematic S&T review process under the BWC through an examination of existing S&T review-type mechanisms employed in different regimes beyond the BWC, a survey of States Parties views on a possible review mechanism and a study of past and present discourse on this issue in the BWC. Based on the analysis conducted, this study also presents options for BWC States Parties to consider ahead of the Ninth BWC Review Conference.
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5

Aguilar Herrera, María Alejandra, and Alba Paula Granados Agüero. Inclusion of human, ethnic and gender rights in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of Colombia and Peru (in Spanish). Rights and Resources Initiative, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/zltf9832.

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In December 2015, the Paris Agreement was adopted at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Five years after the submission the NDC proposals and their initial implementation, signatory countries had to update and share the progress of their NDCs in 2020. This study carried out by Asociación Ambiente y Sociedad, ONAMIAP (National Organization of Andean and Amazonian Indigenous Women of Peru) and RRI analyzes the degree that human rights, women’s rights, and the rights of Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendants are included in the NDCs of Colombia and Peru, as well as in the processes related to updating them.
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Van Winkle, Christina, Justin S. Baker, Daniel Lapidus, Sara Ohrel, John Steller, Gregory Latta, and Dileep Birur. US Forest Sector Greenhouse Mitigation Potential and Implications for Nationally Determined Contributions. RTI Press, May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.op.0033.1705.

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Countries globally are committing to achieve future greenhouse gas emissions reductions to address our changing climate, as outlined in the Paris Agreement from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties. These commitments, called nationally determined contributions (NDCs), are based on projected anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions levels across all sectors of the economy, including land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) activities. Projecting LULUCF emissions is uniquely challenging, and the uncertainty of future LULUCF emissions could require additional mitigation efforts in the land use sectors to reduce the risk of NDC noncompliance. The objectives of this paper are to provide critical information on what forest sector mitigation activities are currently underway in the United States on private lands, review recent literature estimates of the mitigation potential from these activities (and associated economic costs), identify gaps in the literature where additional analytical work is needed, and provide recommendations for targeted mitigation strategies should US emissions approach or exceed targeted post-2020 NDC levels.
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