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Sterk, Wolfgang, Rie Watanabe, Christof Arens, Florian Mersmann, and Hermann Ott. "The Bali Roadmap for Global Climate Policy—New Horizons and Old Pitfalls." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 5, no. 2 (2008): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/161372708x324169.
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AbstractThe international climate negotiations have seen endless struggles between countries from South and North for almost 17 years, ever since the initiation of negotiations by the International Negotiation Committee (INC) for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The 13th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and the 3rd meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP 13 / CMP 3) held in Bali in December 2007 (the Bali conference) could mark the beginning of a rapprochement. Parties agreed on initiating a new “Ad-hoc working group on Long-Term Cooperative Action under the Convention” (AWG-LCA) that aims to negotiate a post-2012 agreement with participation of all parties, including the US and developing countries, by the end of 2009 at COP 15 / CMP 5 in Copenhagen. This article examines the outcomes of the Bali conference, focussing on the negotiations regarding post-2012, flexible mechanisms, financial mechanisms, technology transfer and deforestation. Finally, the article concludes that the Bali Conference saw a significant shift in the battle lines, a rearrangement of positions and alliances that might well announce a decisive new era in global climate policy and provides a real chance to agree on an effective and workable post-2012 agreement in Copenhagen.
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Ott, Hermann, Frederic Rudolph, Dagmar Kiyar, Florian Mersmann, Christof Arens, Urda Eichhorst, Tilman Santarius, Wolfgang Sterk, and Rie Watanabe. "Pit Stop Poznan. An Analysis of Negotiations on the Bali Action Plan at the Stopover to Copenhagen." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 6, no. 1 (2009): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/161372709x457710.
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AbstractThis paper analyzes the international climate negotiations that took place at the 14th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP) and the 4th Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) held in Poznan, December 1–12, 2008. It works out the main issues at stake in the negotiations, contrasts divergences in interests amongst negotiating Parties, and summarizes the main results achieved in Poznan. Furthermore, it contextualizes the Poznan negotiations within the broader political and economic context, which has shaped climate policy making throughout 2008. The paper ends with an outlook on the tasks ahead in 2009, until the next COP/CMP in December 2009 in Copenhagen.
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DALMASSO, Elsa Inés. "Las Conferencias sobre el Cambio Climático – COP: Compromiso de Estados, Empresas y Comunidad." Revista Em Tempo 17, no. 01 (November 30, 2018): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.26729/et.v17i01.2630.
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La Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) establecida en mayo de 1992, en la «Cumbre de la Tierra de Río de Janeiro», entró en vigor en marzo de 1994 con la premisa de reforzar la conciencia pública a escala mundial sobre los problemas relativos al Cambio Climático. Entre sus objetivos principales se destaca la estabilización de las concentraciones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) en la atmósfera, para impedir riesgos en el sistema climático.
La Conferencia de las Partes (COP) se establece como el órgano supremo de la Convención y la asociación de todos los países que forman parte de ella. Como asimismo lo es en calidad de Reunión de las Partes del Protocolo de Kioto (PK),
En las reuniones anuales de la COP participan expertos en medio ambiente, ministros, jefes de estado y organizaciones no gubernamentales con la función de supervisar y examinar la aplicación de la Convención y del Protocolo. El objetivo es preparar inventarios de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero por las fuentes y su absorción por los sumideros, promoviendo y facilitando el intercambio de información sobre las medidas adoptadas y el desarrollo del proceso de negociación entre las Partes de la Convención. Concluyendo con la elaboración de un Compromiso de Estados, Empresas y Comunidad respecto a la regulación de los efectos sobre cambio climático.
Palabras clave: Cambio Climático; Naciones Unidas; Conferencia de las Partes.
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The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established in May 1992, at the "Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro"; It entered into force in March 1994 with the premise of strengthening public awareness on a global scale about the problems related to Climate Change. Among its main objectives is the stabilization of concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere, to prevent risks in the climate system.
The Conference of the Parties (COP) is established as the supreme organ of the Convention and the association of all the countries that are part of it. As it is also in the capacity of the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (KP),
Environmental experts, ministers, heads of state and non-governmental organizations participate in the annual meetings of the COP, with the function of supervising and examining the application of the Convention and the Protocol, in order to prepare inventories of greenhouse gas emissions. greenhouse effect by the sources and their absorption by the sinks, promoting and facilitating the exchange of information on the measures adopted and the development of the negotiation process between the Parties to the Convention. Concluding with the elaboration of a Commitment of States, Companies and Community regarding the regulation of the effects on climate change
Keywords: Climate Change; United Nations; Conference of the Parties
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Wirth, David A. "The Sixth Session (Part Two) and Seventh Session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change." American Journal of International Law 96, no. 3 (July 2002): 648–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3062168.
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The reconvened sixth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-6bis) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) took place in Bonn from July 16 to 27, 2001, under the presidency of Jan Pronk, Netherlands minister of housing, spatial planning, and the environment. The meeting was noteworthy as the occasion for adopting the Bonn Agreements on the Kyoto Protocol rules, a crucial juncture for entry into force of the principal international instrument for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. The rules were adopted in final form as the Marrakesh Accords at the seventh session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-7), held in Marrakesh, Morocco, from October 29 to November 9, 2001.
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Plotnikova, Evgeniya, Sarah E. Hill, Alex Wright, and Jeff Collin. "Towards ‘a balanced delegation’ or enhancing global health governance? Analysis of parties’ participation in the Conference of the Parties to WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control." Tobacco Control 28, no. 6 (October 5, 2018): 636–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054710.
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IntroductionThe success of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) depends on parties’ active participation in its governance and implementation, particularly via biennial Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings. The COP’s efficacy is threatened by declining attendance and reductions in travel support for low-income and middle-income countries, and there are growing concerns about transparency and representation in country delegations amid industry efforts to shape their composition.MethodsWe examined parties’ participation in the COP based on official meeting records, and the relationship between attendance and strength of tobacco control based on national global tobacco control reports.ResultsAttendance at the COP has decreased over time, and at several meetings would have fallen below 66% (the threshold for decision-making) if it was not for high levels of participation among low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Despite their higher attendance at COP meetings, these countries represent a smaller share of meeting attendees due to the smaller size of their delegations. Additionally, there has been a decline in the proportion of delegates from ministries of health and tobacco control focal points. Nationally, COP participation is correlated with stronger tobacco control policies; attendance by low-income countries has a strong correlation with implementation of advertising bans, while attendance among high-income and lower-middle-income countries shows a moderate correlation with implementation of tobacco taxes.ConclusionsSupporting states to actively engage in the COP is crucial for ongoing FCTC implementation, strengthening national capacity for tobacco control, and protecting the legitimacy and efficacy of global health governance.
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Asadnabizadeh, Majid. "Development of UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Negotiations under COP25: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement perspective." Open Political Science 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2019-0012.
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AbstractDevelopment of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Negotiations (UNFCCC) is based on the Conference of the Parties meetings. The Paris accord is a political act setting goals to, operationalize the rulebook agreement. The 24th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Poland agreed on a set of guidelines for implementing the landmark 2015 Paris Climate Change Agreement. Katowice was a major step forward for operationalizing the Paris Agreement perspective though the negotiations were incomplete. The Article 6 chapter- market and non-market cooperative approaches- is being sent for completion to the next COP in Santiago. The present research has stressed that in COP25, article 6 would increase high level engagement of countries to finalize guidance with a perspective to prepare a decision by the end of the COP.
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Churchill, Robin R., and Geir Ulfstein. "Autonomous Institutional Arrangements in Multilateral Environmental Agreements: A Little-Noticed Phenomenon in International Law." American Journal of International Law 94, no. 4 (October 2000): 623–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2589775.
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Since the early 1970s a considerable number of multilateral agreements have been concluded in the environmental field that establish a common pattern of institutional arrangements. The purpose of these arrangements is to develop the normative content of the regulatory regime established by each agreement1 and to supervise the states parties’ implementation of and compliance with that regime. These institutional arrangements usually comprise a conference or meeting of the parties (COP, MOP) with decision-making powers, a secretariat, and one or more specialist subsidiary bodies. Such arrangements, because of their ad hoc nature, are not intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) in the traditional sense. On the other hand, as the creatures of treaties, such conferences and meetings of the parties, with their secretariats and subsidiary bodies, add up to more than just diplomatic conferences. Because such arrangements do not constitute traditional IGOs and yet are freestanding and distinct both from the states parties to a particular agreement and from existing IGOs, we have chosen to describe them as “autonomous.” They are also autonomous in the sense that they have their own lawmaking powers and compliance mechanisms.
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Štreimikienė, Dalia. "The Results of the Conference of the Parties (COP-19) in Warsaw." Intellectual Economics 7, no. 4 (2013): 527–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13165/ie-13-7-4-10.
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Cozier, Muriel. "The 24th United Nations Conference of Parties (COP 24) Climate Change Summit." Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (February 2019): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ghg.1849.
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Paterson, Alexander. "Biodiversity and Climate Change: Linkages at International, National and Local Levels." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 4 (May 17, 2017): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i4a2423.
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At the tenth Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Conference of the Parties (COP) held in Nagoya 2010, the parties agreed that they would by 2020 enhance 'ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks …, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification' (Aichi Target 15, Decision X/2 (Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020)).
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Orr, Shannon K. "Institutional Control and Climate Change Activism at COP 21 in Paris." Global Environmental Politics 16, no. 3 (August 2016): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00363.
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The 21st meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris faced two particular challenges: the growth of civil society participation in the negotiations, and significant security concerns following the terrorist attacks on the city two weeks prior to the start of the negotiations. This report reflects on the impacts of these two challenges through an overview of civil society participation at the COP, highlighting the implications for the accountability of the negotiations.
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More, Nandkishor S., and Rana Pratap Singh. "COP-21, Conference of Parties on Climate Change: Resurrection from Lima to Paris." Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability 4, no. 2 (2016): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-642x.2016.00025.9.
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M, Ali. "Ranching Lake Nasser’s Nile Crocodiles." Aquaculture & Fisheries 5, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/aaf-5523/100038.
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The Nile Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus is the most widely distributed crocodile species in Africa, occurring in almost all sub-Saharan countries. It was included in Appendix I in 1975. Egypt submitted a proposal (no. 9) to the IUCN at the Conference of Parties (CoP) no. 15 to transfer the Egyptian population of C.niloticus from Appendix I to Appendix II for purposes of ranching
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Sterk, Wolfgang, Rie Watanabe, Herniann E. Ott, and Bettina Wittneben. "The Nairobi Climate Change Summit (COP 12 - MOP 2): Taking a Deep Breath before Negotiating Post-2012 Targets?" Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 4, no. 2 (2007): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601007x00145.
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AbstractComing at the end of a year where public awareness of climate change had reached unprecedented heights, there was much hope by the general public that the United Nations climate change conference in Nairobi would be characterised by a renewed sense of urgency and seriousness. However, although a sense of urgency was present in many delegates individually, the conference proceeded with its usual diplomatic ritual at an almost surrealistic slow pace, apparently unaffected by time pressure. While it did see some progress on important issues for developing countries such as the Adaptation Fund, the Nairobi Work Programme on Impacts, Vulnerability, and Adaptation to Climate Change, and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), on questions regarding the future of the regime it proved to be at best a confidence-building session that served to hear further views. More serious work on the future of the regime can — and must — therefore be expected of the next Conferences of the Parties.
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Goodwin, Edward J. "State Delegations and the Influence of COP Decisions." Journal of Environmental Law 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 235–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqz007.
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Abstract This article concerns the likelihood that decisions adopted at conferences of the parties (COPs) to multilateral environmental agreements will influence the behaviour of States Parties. Relying upon a theory emphasising the importance of rational persuasion of decisions and the legitimacy of decision-making processes, this article explains how choices concerning the preparation of delegates and then participation of delegations at plenary meetings of the parties to environmental treaties might enhance the likelihood of those decisions having a positive effect upon the actions of States Parties. This is done using a case study of the UK delegation to a meeting of the parties to the 1971 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance. That case study also provides examples of potentially positive modalities adopted by the UK, while also revealing suspected concerns for the future surrounding retention of experienced delegates and the impact of Brexit.
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PARK, Byung-Do. "The Role of Conference of Parties and Legal Character of its Decisions in Multilateral Environmental Agreement." KOREAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 66, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.46406/kjil.2021.03.66.1.97.
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NAJAM, ADIL, and THOMAS P. PAGE. "The Climate Convention: deciphering the Kyoto commitments." Environmental Conservation 25, no. 3 (June 1998): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689299800023x.
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The third meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP-3) of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) concluded with the signing of the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC 1997). After much political wrangling and an extended all night negotiation session, delegates agreed to a Protocol that mandates specific emissions limits for industrialized countries and economies in transition (collectively listed as Annex I countries). The Protocol mandates that the average anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent emission of each Annex I country should be no more than its agreed allowance in the ‘first quantified emission limitation commitment period’ which is defined as the five years between the beginning of 2008 and the end of 2012 (UNFCCC 1997, Article 3.7). The base-period for most countries in Annex I is 1990. The exceptions, which were granted during COP-2 (UNFCCC 1996, decision 9/CP.2), are Bulgaria (1989), Hungary (1985-87), Poland (1988) and Romania (1989).
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Streck, Charlotte, Moritz von Unger, and Sandra Greiner. "cop 25: Losing Sight of (Raising) Ambition." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 17, no. 2 (April 12, 2020): 136–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01702003.
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The 25th session of the Conference of the Parties (cop-25) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (unfccc) became the longest cop on record – but yielded few results. It appears that four years after the adoption of the Paris Agreement, enthusiasm has waned and political bargaining and bean-counting have taken over. Countries, for even the slightest chance to keep temperatures ‘well below’ 2 degrees Celsius, must do much more than they have previously committed to and accelerate the shift towards a zero-carbon economy. However, the conference largely failed to heed the rallying cry of the Chilean presidency. The flagship decisions (grouped under the banner “Chile-Madrid Time for Action”) neither produced new commitments – enhancing ambition or finance for developing countries – nor new rules that would nudge countries closer to the climate action targets needed. The leftover pieces from last year’s negotiations of the “Paris Rulebook” were also not resolved, in particular the unfinished decisions on Article 6 on market- and non-market mechanisms. The procrastination shows that the new architecture of the Paris Agreement, while addressing several of the shortcomings of the Kyoto Protocol, suffers from its own weaknesses. The meager results of Madrid give reason to pause and reflect on the conditions that may hold countries back from fully embracing the Paris Agreement, but also to consider the future and nature of carbon markets and what is making the issue so difficult to resolve.
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Rajamani, Lavanya. "III. THE MAKING AND UNMAKING OF THE COPENHAGEN ACCORD." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 59, no. 3 (July 2010): 824–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589310000400.
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The last two years have witnessed a flurry of diplomatic activity on climate change. In addition to the 16 weeks of scheduled inter-governmental negotiations under the auspices of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), meetings, many at a Ministerial level, were convened by the G-8, the Major Economies Forum, the UN Secretary General, and Denmark, the host of the 15th Conference of Parties (COP-15) to the FCCC. Notwithstanding regular and intense engagement at the highest-level many fundamental disagreements remained in the lead up to COP-15, including on the future (or lack thereof) of the Kyoto Protocol, the legal form and architecture of the future legal regime, and the nature and extent of differential treatment between developed and developing countries.
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Gaffney, Alfie Christopher Byron, and Darrick Evensen. "Addressing the Elephant in the Room: Learning from CITES CoP17." Global Environmental Politics 20, no. 1 (February 2020): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00537.
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The seventeenth Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) conference of the parties (CoP) exhibited a draconian opposition to any trade in ivory. A key component of this opposition was the intergovernmental regime’s consolidation of North–South power differentials through the increased presence and influence of Northern conservation-focused NGOs. Using the example of ivory, this Forum article unpacks this dynamic before advocating for more participatory, decentralized, and polycentric approaches to the global governance of endangered species trade at future CITES CoPs.
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Hongyuan, Yu. "Rebalancing Global Climate Governance and China’s Endeavor." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 05, no. 03 (January 2019): 417–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740019500246.
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In December 2018, the 24th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was held in Katowice, Poland, and reached a package of agreements. It provided a new opportunity for the promotion of global climate negotiations and new momentum for the transformation of global climate governance as well. The Katowice conference continued the tradition of the previous conferences in enhancing policy coordination and contribution among various actors. The success of the conference depends on scientific reports of climate disasters, coordinated efforts by major countries, and the contribution of various non-state actors. However, as an ongoing process, global climate governance is still faced by many difficulties, such as weak synergy, staggering development of global environmental governance, daunting challenges to least developed countries (LDCs) in climate actions, and lack of fairness, which need to be tackled through joint endeavor by both developed and developing countries. As the second largest economy and biggest greenhouse gas emitter, China’s future engagement in global climate governance will be focused on promoting green competitiveness, enhancing its institutional power in the governance process, and strengthening pragmatic multi-stakeholder climate diplomacy, so as to promote common understanding among countries and help with their policy coordination for climate actions.
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MacKenzie, Scott, and Anna Westerstahl Stenport. "Visualizing climate change in the Arctic and beyond: Participatory media and the United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP), and interactive Indigenous Arctic media." Journal of Environmental Media 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jem_00007_1.
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Impactful communication remains a vexing problem for climate science researchers and public outreach. This article identifies a range of moving images and screen-based media used to visualize climate change, focusing especially on the Arctic region and the efforts of the United Nations. The authors examine the aesthetics of big data visualization of melting sea ice and glaciers made by NASA and similar entities; eye-witness, expert accounts and youth-produced documentaries designed for United Nations delegates to the annual COP events such as the Youth Climate Report; Please Help the World, the dystopian cli-fi narrative produced for the UN’s COP 15; and Isuma TV’s streaming of works by Indigenous practitioners in Nunavut.
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Nurhidayatuloh and Fatimatuz Zuhro. "Haze-Free Pollution in Southeast Asia? A Review on the Related ASEAN Agreement." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 5, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v5i2.1141.
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This study examines the ASEAN Agreements on Transboundary Haze-free Pollution (AATHP) and The Transboundary Haze-Free ASEAN by 2020 as a vision of the eleventh Conference of Parties (COP). In the twelfth of the COP, it is adopted a roadmap which have eight items used as a strategic, action-oriented and time-bound framework. The finding of the study reveals that the strategy which has been establish becomes toothless its implementation because of the principle of sovereignty, non-interference and domestic policies that cannot be touched by the ASEAN community. This three principles is known as ASEAN Way. Furthermore, there is no available dispute settlement mechanism which has binding decision for the violation of the agreement. It can be concluded that the will in the agreement is not necessarily completed by the willingness and ability in the implementation. Amendment or additional protocol to the agreement is compulsory to strengthen the agreement in the implementation
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Adamczak-Retecka, Monika. "Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with climate change impacts." Polish Law Review 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2016): 127–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/24509841.1232094.
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The topic of loss and damage in the context of climate change has gained increasing importance in the UNFCCC climate change talks in recent years. The Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage was established after two years of deliberations by the Conference of the Parties (COP) 19 in 2013. It is supposed to be the main vehicle under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to promote the implementation of approaches to address loss and damage associated with climate change impacts in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change in a comprehensive integrated and coherent manner.
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Krantz, David. "COP and the Cloth: Quantitatively and Normatively Assessing Religious NGO Participation at the Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change." Sci 3, no. 2 (May 10, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci3020024.
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How much is religion quantitatively involved in global climate politics? After assessing the role of the Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change from a normative perspective, this descriptive, transdisciplinary and unconventional study offers the first comprehensive quantitative examination of religious nongovernmental organizations that formally participate in its annual meetings, the largest attempts to solve the climate crisis through global governance. This study finds that although their numbers are growing, only about 3 percent of registered nongovernmental organizations accredited to participate in the conference are overtly religious in nature—and that more than 80 percent of those faith-based groups are Christian. Additionally, this study finds that religious nongovernmental organizations that participate in the conference are mostly from the Global North. The results call for greater participation of religious institutions in the international climate negotiations in order for society to address the planetary emergency of climate change.
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Davies, Peter G. G. "Non-Compliance – a Pivotal or Secondary Function of CoP Governance?" International Community Law Review 15, no. 1 (2013): 77–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341243.
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Abstract This article seeks to assess the extent to which Conferences of the Parties (CoPs) of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), rather than other treaty bodies established within MEA regimes, have played and continue to play a role in the establishing and operation of compliance systems and techniques. The roles of plenary bodies of a number of earlier MEAs adopted in the 1970s provide the particular focus of discussion (CITES, RAMSAR, the CMS Convention, LRTAP and the Berne Convention). Discussion will focus on the given plenary body’s role in the following areas: clarification of compliance by means of the interpretation of primary rules; the monitoring and verification process; establishing reporting requirements and improving reporting by parties; the facilitation of compliance by means of capacity-building and funding; the establishment and development of non-compliance procedures and mechanisms without an express treaty basis; and, finally, determining the consequences of non-compliance.
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Carr, Hannah, Marina Abas, Loubna Boutahar, Olivia N. Caretti, Wing Yan Chan, Abbie S. A. Chapman, Sarah N. de Mendonça, et al. "The Aichi Biodiversity Targets: achievements for marine conservation and priorities beyond 2020." PeerJ 8 (December 21, 2020): e9743. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9743.
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In 2010 the Conference of the Parties (COP) for the Convention on Biological Diversity revised and updated a Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020, which included the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Here a group of early career researchers mentored by senior scientists, convened as part of the 4th World Conference on Marine Biodiversity, reflects on the accomplishments and shortfalls under four of the Aichi Targets considered highly relevant to marine conservation: target 6 (sustainable fisheries), 11 (protection measures), 15 (ecosystem restoration and resilience) and 19 (knowledge, science and technology). We conclude that although progress has been made towards the targets, these have not been fully achieved for the marine environment by the 2020 deadline. The progress made, however, lays the foundations for further work beyond 2020 to work towards the 2050 Vision for Biodiversity. We identify key priorities that must be addressed to better enable marine biodiversity conservation efforts moving forward.
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Kaya, Ayse, and Lynne Steuerle Schofield. "Which Countries Send More Delegates to Climate Change Conferences? Analysis of UNFCCC COPs, 1995–2015." Foreign Policy Analysis 16, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 478–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orz031.
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Abstract The size of national delegations at the most critical intergovernmental climate change conferences—the annual gatherings of the Conference of the Parties (COPs) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change—vary greatly. The literature has emphasized the importance of national delegation size (NDS) for states’ formal and informal participation in climate change negotiations. To our knowledge, however, this is the first paper to comprehensively examine the determinants of NDS from 1995–2015. The findings highlight a country's resources and its interest in the mitigation of fossil fuel emissions as important determinants of its NDS. In contrast, the evidence for a connection between vulnerability to climate change and NDS is limited. Interest group politics appear more important than civil society or bureaucratic influence in determining NDS. In terms of policy implications, the distance between the country and the COP location is a robust deterrent of larger delegations, and there is a nonlinear relationship between NDS and financial capacity. Further, there are differences across Annex I and non-Annex I countries.
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Sifat, Najmus S., and Yousef Haseli. "A Critical Review of CO2 Capture Technologies and Prospects for Clean Power Generation." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 4143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214143.
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With rapid growth in global demand for energy, the emission of CO2 is increasing due to the use of fossil fuels in power plants. Effective strategies are required to decrease the industrial emissions to meet the climate change target set at 21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21). Carbon capture and storage have been recognized as the most useful methods to reduce the CO2 emissions while using fossil fuels in power generation. This work reviews different methods and updates of the current technologies to capture and separate CO2 generated in a thermal power plant. Carbon capture is classified in two broad categories depending on the requirement of separation of CO2 from the gases. The novel methods of oxy combustion and chemical looping combustion carbon capture have been compared with the traditional post combustion and precombustion carbon capture methods. The current state of technology and limitation of each of the processes including commonly used separation techniques for CO2 from the gas mixture are discussed in this review. Further research and investigations are suggested based on the technological maturity, economic viability, and lack of proper knowledge of the combustion system for further improvement of the capture system.
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Masters, Lesley. "MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY OF THE SOUTH: THE G77 + CHINA IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONS." Latin American Report 31, no. 2 (October 13, 2016): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/429.
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The G77 + China represents a multilateral group, engaged in multilateral diplomacy, across multiple fora. While the group has negotiated positive outcomes in terms of trade through its role in the UNCTAD, environmental negotiations have demonstrated the challenges facing the group in maintaining unity, and in turn, raised questions concerning its relevance. This review article considers the divisions that have emerged within the group, as well as those that have emerged between the G77 + China and developed countries within the context of the climate change negotiations. What is significant is that multilateral diplomacy within the group has seen the continuance of unity, despite considerable difference, yet there has been less success in bridging the divide between developed and developing countries as talks move towards the twenty-first Conference of the Parties (COP) in 2015.
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Campbell, Lisa M., Catherine Corson, Noella J. Gray, Kenneth I. MacDonald, and J. Peter Brosius. "Studying Global Environmental Meetings to Understand Global Environmental Governance: Collaborative Event Ethnography at the Tenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity." Global Environmental Politics 14, no. 3 (August 2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_e_00236.
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This special issue introduces readers to collaborative event ethnography (CEE), a method developed to support the ethnographic study of large global environmental meetings. CEE was applied by a group of seventeen researchers at the Tenth Conference of the Parties (COP10) to the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) to study the politics of biodiversity conservation. In this introduction, we describe our interests in global environmental meetings as sites where the politics of biodiversity conservation can be observed and as windows into broader governance networks. We specify the types of politics we attend to when observing such meetings and then describe the CBD, its COP, challenges meetings pose for ethnographic researchers, how CEE responds to these challenges generally, and the specifics of our research practices at COP10. Following a summary of the contributed papers, we conclude by reflecting on the evolution of CEE over time.
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Mordasewicz, Karolina, and Marcin Kowalczyk. "Legal Aspects of Adaptation Finance under the UNFCCC Regime with Special Reference to the Adaptation Fund." International Community Law Review 23, no. 2-3 (June 29, 2021): 168–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341468.
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Abstract This article addresses the legal aspects of the financing of adaptation to climate change, with special consideration given to one of the climate funds – the Adaptation Fund (AF). In the complex structure of climate finance, the AF attracts attention as it differs from other funds in several aspects. As an exception from other United Nations (UNs) climate funds, AF has not been recognised as an operating entity of the Financial Mechanism of the Convention. AF is also an unprecedented example under the Convention of a fund serving in parallel two decision-making bodies (CMP and CMA) under two agreements (Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement) ratified by non-overlapping sets of parties; with a Fund Board elected by both bodies collectively. AFs funding source is specific, it was designed to be financed from shares of the proceeds of sales of certified emission reduction units (CERs) generated by Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects but since 2012 there is a limited possibility of offsetting the emissions with CERs under the EU emissions trading system (ETS). For several years Parties were unable to agree the operating principles and procedures of a new mechanism established in article 6(4) of the Paris Agreement, which will resemble CDM, and would constitute a source of funding for the AF. Once this source of funding is available, the AF would cease to serve the Kyoto Protocol. Despite the above problems, AF was seen as a good example of how future climate funding can be designed. We examine the evolution of the above legal problems, including the most recent decisions and conclusions adopted during Conference of Parties (COP)25 in Madrid.
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Sharrock, Suzanne, Robert Hoft, and Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias. "An overview of recent progress in the implementation of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation - a global perspective." Rodriguésia 69, no. 4 (December 2018): 1489–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201869401.
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Abstract The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) with its 16 outcome-orientated targets aimed at achieving a series of measurable goals was adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) at its sixth meeting (COP-6) in 2002. In 2010, at COP-10, these targets were updated, taking into account progress at the time. To date, a number of countries have developed national responses to contribute to the GSPC, including several mega-diverse countries and other plant rich countries and regions. Additionally, a number of global initiatives have been established to promote the implementation of the GSPC. This paper provides an overview of progress at the global level towards the GSPC targets, highlighting actions that have taken place at a supra-national level, as well as providing examples of good practice in national implementation. The GSPC has been widely adopted, particularly by the botanic garden community, and while unlikely to achieve its ultimate goal of halting the loss of plant diversity by 2020, has achieved many successes, not least in allowing and facilitating many individuals and organisations from the botanical community to engage with the CBD and to contribute to the achievement of its objectives, targets and priorities.
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Bartholdsen, Hans-Karl, Anna Eidens, Konstantin Löffler, Frederik Seehaus, Felix Wejda, Thorsten Burandt, Pao-Yu Oei, Claudia Kemfert, and Christian Hirschhausen. "Pathways for Germany’s Low-Carbon Energy Transformation Towards 2050." Energies 12, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 2988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152988.
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Like many other countries, Germany has defined goals to reduce its CO2-emissions following the Paris Agreement of the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP). The first successes in decarbonizing the electricity sector were already achieved under the German Energiewende. However, further steps in this direction, also concerning the heat and transport sectors, have stalled. This paper describes three possible pathways for the transformation of the German energy system until 2050. The scenarios take into account current climate politics on a global, European, and German level and also include different demand projections, technological trends and resource prices. The model includes the sectors power, heat, and transportation and works on a Federal State level. For the analysis, the linear cost-optimizing Global Energy System Model (GENeSYS-MOD) is used to calculate the cost-efficient paths and technology mixes. We find that a reduction of CO2 of more than 80% in the less ambitious scenario can be welfare enhancing compared to a scenario without any climate mitigating policies. Even higher decarbonization rates of 95% are feasible and needed to comply with international climate targets, yet related to high effort in transforming the subsector of process heat. The different pathways depicted in this paper render chances and risks of transforming the German energy system under various external influences.
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Cabré, Miquel Muñoz. "Issue-linkages to Climate Change Measured through NGO Participation in the UNFCCC." Global Environmental Politics 11, no. 3 (August 2011): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00066.
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NGOs comprise over half the cumulative number of delegates attending the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties (COP) for the 1995–2009 period. These NGOs represent a wide array of issues, including sustainable development, business, and higher education, to name just a few. Based on UNFCCC publicly available participation statistics, this article analyzes NGO participation from a quantitative issue-based perspective, and compares the results with the relevant conclusions drawn by the other contributors to this special issue. The findings of this analysis confirm informed expectations about issue-driven NGO participation. In particular, three main findings are that: (1) environment and conservation, academic, business, and energy NGOs dominate civil society participation in the UNFCCC; (2) UNFCCC constituencies do not adequately capture the range of issues addressed by observer NGOs; and (3) since 2007, NGO participation has sig-nificantly increased and diversified.
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Lane, Jan Erik. "Global Warming: Preventing Irreversibility." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 7 (July 19, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.7.414.
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When the UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) meets again in Bonn for the COP23 (the Conference of the Parties 23) in the fall with Fiji as host, the focus should be upon the GOAL II in the COP21 (the Conference of the Parties 21) Treaty: decarbonisation with 30-40 per cent of 2005 levels until 2030. Several countries now meet the GOAL I of halting the rise in CO2 emissions. And the rest should be asked and helped to do so. But the GOAL II is a very big challenge. It can only be fulfilled with massive investments in solar panel parks.
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Suarez, Daniel, and Catherine Corson. "Seizing Center Stage: Ecosystem Services, Live, at the Convention on Biological Diversity!" Human Geography 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861300600105.
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Over the past decade, the concept of ecosystem services has become a central guiding framework for environmental conservation. Techniques of valuation, payments to protect ecosystem services, and efforts to put a price on nature increasingly characterize environmental policy. We analyze the 10th Conference of the Parties (COP-10) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as a critical moment in the production of ecosystem services as a discourse. Through analysis of specific examples of the rollout, performance, and strategic deployment of ecosystem services, particularly as embodied in The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity project (TEEB) at CBD/COP-10, we illustrate how arguments justifying ecosystem services became persuasive and compelling in the social space of the meeting. We examine the prevalence of a narrative that relies on three successive claims: (1) conservation has failed to conserve biodiversity, which has catalyzed a pending ecological crisis; (2) this crisis is caused by incorrectly priced nature and insufficient financing for conservation; and (3) the economics of ecosystem services provides the means to attract new financial flows, to neutralize political opposition, and to save biodiversity. The CBD/COP-10, we argue, provided a stage for the performance of this narrative, the alignment of actors from the private, public and non-profit sectors around ecosystem services, and the institutionalization of its tenets in policy documents and project financing— all of which worked to constitute the hegemony of ecosystem services. We conclude by asserting that, as conservationists embrace ecosystem services, at the expense of alternative models, they reproduce it as a discourse, thus constituting and reinforcing its hegemony, and the conditions that originally limited their choices.
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Iyer-Raniga, Usha. "Zero Energy in the Built Environment: A Holistic Understanding." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16 (August 16, 2019): 3375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163375.
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International pressures through global agreements such as the recent Paris agreement in 2015 have put stress on governments and industries to find lasting solutions for the built environment. The built environment was recognized as an important factor in reducing global emissions for the first time at the Conference of Parties (COP) 21 meeting in Paris through a dedicated ‘Buildings Day.’ The Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (GlobalABC) was also launched at COP 21 as a network to globally support zero emission, efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector. The Paris Agreement brought all nations to collectively combat climate change with a view to limit temperature increases to no more than 2 degrees Celsius (°C). Nations agreed to report their efforts through the monitoring program. In most countries, residential and commercial buildings spend a large proportion of their energy in lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning and in various appliances requiring energy for operation. This paper takes a broad understanding of zero energy. Starting with buildings, the definitions also consider understanding zero energy and from a carbon perspective, considering going from beyond buildings to include precincts and cities. The paper brings an understanding of zero energy, its importance, and its urgency with respect to global commitments to reduce the impact of the building and construction sector and the role of governments and industries in supporting the lowering of emissions in the built environment now and in the future.
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Shen, Zhihua, and Yafeng Xia. "Hidden Currents during the Honeymoon: Mao, Khrushchev, and the 1957 Moscow Conference." Journal of Cold War Studies 11, no. 4 (October 2009): 74–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2009.11.4.74.
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The Conference of World Communist and Workers' Parties held in Moscow in November 1957 was the largest gathering of world Communists since the birth of Marxism. Scholars have long assumed that the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) dominated the conference. Newly declassified archival records and memoirs indicate that the idea of convening a conference and issuing a joint declaration was proposed by both the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the CPSU. During the conference the CCP leader, Mao Zedong, played an important role. Mao's extemporaneous remarks at the conference shocked the leaders of the CPSU. His comments on the Soviet intraparty struggle, his blunt remarks about nuclear war, and his declaration that China would overtake Great Britain within fifteen years created doubts and dissatisfactions in the minds of the delegates and cast a cloud over the conference. The Moscow Declaration also revealed incipient Sino-Soviet disagreements, portending Beijing's challenge to Soviet leadership in the socialist bloc. Thus, the Moscow Conference was a turning point for Sino-Soviet relations.
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Amusan, Lere, and Oluwole Olutola. "Addressing Climate Change in Southern Africa: Any Role for South Africa in the Post-Paris Agreement?" India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 72, no. 4 (November 24, 2016): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928416671592.
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Climate change is a global challenge. Its ramifying effects on both natural and human systems cut across different regions of the world. While Africa as a whole is being confirmed to be more affected by climate change due in part to a relatively low(er) mitigation and adaptive capacity, coupled with a situation where majority of its population depends mainly on natural resources, Southern Africa is singled out as a potentially vulnerable subregion for other additional factors. Representing a milestone in the trajectory of the global climate change process, the 21st session of the Conference of Parties (COP-21) resolved with a consensual climate change deal known as the Paris Agreement. The Agreement, through the instrumentality of a ratchet up mechanism, otherwise described as Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), seeks significant cuts in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions effectively from 2020. In essence, it calls for a novel though gradual shift from carbon-emission approach to low emission development strategy. This, no doubt, is indispensable to sustainable development at all levels. Beyond national commitments as obligatory for parties, there is a need for regional cooperative efforts which should bring about shared appropriate policy responses that promote green energy as well as seize opportunities inherent in it for national and deterritorialised gains. Adopting neoliberal and green theories, the institutional framework of the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) where South Africa is expected to take a lead is examined in this article.
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Lee, Sungwoo, and Sungho Tae. "Development of a Decision Support Model Based on Machine Learning for Applying Greenhouse Gas Reduction Technology." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 3582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093582.
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Multiple nations have implemented policies for greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction since the 21st Conference of Parties (COP 21) at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2015. In this convention, participants voluntarily agreed to a new climate regime that aimed to decrease GHG emissions. Subsequently, a reduction in GHG emissions with specific reduction technologies (renewable energy) to decrease energy consumption has become a necessity and not a choice. With the launch of the Korean Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS) in 2015, Korea has certified and financed GHG reduction projects to decrease emissions. To help the user make informed decisions for economic and environmental benefits from the use of renewable energy, an assessment model was developed. This study establishes a simple assessment method (SAM), an assessment database (DB) of 1199 GHG reduction technologies implemented in Korea, and a machine learning-based GHG reduction technology assessment model (GRTM). Additionally, we make suggestions on how to evaluate economic benefits, which can be obtained in conjunction with the environmental benefits of GHG reduction technology. Finally, we validate the applicability of the assessment model on a public building in Korea.
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Pesqueux, Yvon. "La modification des fondements de la responsabilité sociale de l’entreprise (RSE) après l’Accord de Paris de 2015 et la pandémie covid-19 de 2020." Innovar 30, no. 78 (October 1, 2020): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v30n78.90616.
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Alors que les attendus de l’Accord de Paris avaient seulement posé les fondements d’une évolution Equipe Sécurité Défense de la RSE au regard des injonctions à la limitation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, non encore véritablement prises en compte, la pandémie COVID-19 en ayant remis au premier plan les enjeux politiques et sociaux sur les enjeux économiques contribue de façon majeure à la transformation de ses fondements. Ce texte est organisé de la manière suivante : après l’examen de la remise en cause de la « vieille » RSE à partir de l’Accord de Paris de 2015 et des attendus de la pandémie COVID -19, les personnages » du déclassement de la vielle RSE, la question des communs fonciers, informationnels et globaux comme fondements d’une gouvernance multi-niveaux par consensus, la discussion des attendus d’une gouvernance multi-niveaux par consensus, la scène : Sommets de la Terre et COP (Conference of the Parties) et une conclusion effectuée au regard du signal adressé à la RSE avec la modification des fondements des enjeux et du contenu du reporting extra-financier dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre d’une gouvernance multi-niveaux par consensus.
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Fong, Geoffrey T., Janet Chung-Hall, and Lorraine Craig. "Impact assessment of the WHO FCTC over its first decade: methodology of the expert group." Tobacco Control 28, Suppl 2 (June 28, 2018): s84—s88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054374.
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BackgroundAt its sixth meeting (Moscow, November 2014), the Conference of the Parties (COP) adopted decision FCTC/COP6(13) that called for an impact assessment to ‘examine the impact of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) on the implementation of tobacco control measures and on the effectiveness of its implementation’ after its first 10 years. An independent expert group (EG) was established to conduct the impact assessment, and report their findings at COP7 (Delhi, November 2016). This article describes the methodology used by the EG to conduct the first comprehensive multi-method assessment of the possible causal impact of the FCTC on global tobacco control over the past decade.MethodsThe EG developed and followed a four-stage process model to conduct the impact assessment: (1) desk review of literature on FCTC impact; (2) collection and analysis of interview data from 12 country missions; (3) data synthesis and interpretation; and (4) preparation of a final report.ConclusionsThe EG developed and engaged in a transparent and systematic process to conduct the FCTC impact assessment. The methods employed were rigorous, and explicitly guided by concerns about the difficulty of ascribing cause-and-effect relations. The EG’s report and supporting documents represent important sources of the positive impact of the Convention over its first decade. As development of the FCTC increasingly shifts to mechanisms for accelerating global implementation, the EG’s process model can be used as a methodology to assist Parties in carrying out their own assessments of the impact of the Treaty.
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Prabhu, D. V. "INDIAN INITIATIVES FOR ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION." Green Chemistry & Technology Letters 4, no. 1 (February 19, 2018): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/gctl.2018.411.
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Society, at large, has to realise the gravity of environmental degradation and participate fully in the mitigation of environmental problems. This article discusses the Indian initiatives and the important milestones in the path of environmental protection and pollution abatement. The commitment of the Indian Government to the cause of public awareness of environment conservation is reflected in its outreach and educational programmes involving its ministries, environmental monitoring agencies,NGOs, academic and research institutions. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)has played a leading role in the national priority programmes of environmental monitoring, assessment and pollution control.All the stake holders have succeeded to some extent in creating public interest in environmental issues but much more needs to be done.
National level institutions like NEERI,NIO and TERI are actively involved in research to find feasible solutions to our environmental problems and in dissemination of relevant information through their publications. In our country, voluntary organisations and NGOs have been contributing immensely to environmental causes.Following the directive of the Supreme Court in 1991, environmental education is a compulsory component of school and college curricula.India has contributed significantly to the deliberations at COP (Conference of the Parties) fora especially the recently held COP-21 at Paris. Our suggestions for creating a pollution free world have always been welcomed by the participating countries specially the developing countries.
This article also presents the results of an environmental study carried out in Wilson College, Mumbai in which the effect of salinity on the rate of degradation of effluents released in marine waters, was quantitatively studied using reaction kinetics.
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Torquebiau, Emmanuel, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Allison M. Chatrchyan, Nadine Andrieu, and Raj Khosla. "Identifying Climate-smart agriculture research needs." Cahiers Agricultures 27, no. 2 (March 2018): 26001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2018010.
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Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach to help agricultural systems worldwide, concurrently addressing three challenge areas: increased adaptation to climate change, mitigation of climate change, and ensuring global food security – through innovative policies, practices, and financing. It involves a set of objectives and multiple transformative transitions for which there are newly identified knowledge gaps. We address these questions raised by CSA within three areas: conceptualization, implementation, and implications for policy and decision-makers. We also draw up scenarios on the future of the CSA concept in relation to the 4 per 1000 Initiative (Soils for Food Security and Climate) launched at UNFCCC 21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21). Our analysis shows that there is still a need for further interdisciplinary research on the theoretical foundation of the CSA concept and on the necessary transformations of agriculture and land use systems. Contrasting views about implementation indicate that CSA focus on the “triple win” (adaptation, mitigation, food security) needs to be assessed in terms of science-based practices. CSA policy tools need to incorporate an integrated set of measures supported by reliable metrics. Environmental and social safeguards are necessary to make sure that CSA initiatives conform to the principles of sustainability, both at the agriculture and food system levels.
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Duram, Leslie A. "Teaching a Social Science Course on Climate Change: Suggestions for Active Learning." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102, no. 8 (August 2021): E1494—E1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-21-0035.1.
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AbstractPrevious research indicates the importance of interdisciplinary approaches when teaching about climate change. Specifically, social science perspectives allow students to understand the policy, economic, cultural, and personal influences that impact environmental change. This article describes one such college course that employed active-learning techniques. Course topics included community resilience, environmental education, historical knowledge timeline, climate justice, social vulnerability, youth action, science communication, hope versus despair, misinformation, and climate refugees. To unify these concepts, engaging activities were developed that specifically address relevant individual, local, state, national, and international climate resilience themes. Students assessed their personal climate footprint, explored social/cultural influences, wrote policy requests to relevant local/state government officials, studied national policy options, and learned about previous global initiatives. The course culminated in a mock global climate summit, which was modeled on a Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This final activity required each student to prepare a policy report and represent a nation in negotiating a multilateral climate agreement. It is accepted that climate change education must include physical data on the impacts of anthropogenic emissions. It is also essential that students appreciate the interdisciplinary nature of climate adaptations, become hopeful about addressing change, and gain skills necessary to engage as informed climate citizens.
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Tritschoks, Annkatrin. "Rethinking Justice in International Environmental Negotiations: Toward a More Comprehensive Framework." International Negotiation 23, no. 3 (August 22, 2018): 446–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-23031159.
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Abstract Justice is of central importance in international environmental negotiations. Key characteristics of this type of negotiation augment the complexities of justice issues and warrant a customized approach. Based on a discussion of these characteristics, the article derives four components that are central to a more comprehensive theoretical framework for analyzing justice in environmental negotiations: 1) going beyond narrow self-interest, 2) extending the notion of reciprocity, 3) linking backward- and forward-orientation, and 4) connecting process and outcome. The usefulness of the framework is illustrated by applying it to two important Conferences of the Parties (COP) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – COP15 in Copenhagen and COP21 in Paris – which are compared. The framework is suited for a systematic analysis of the complex role played by justice issues in international environmental negotiation, as a key avenue for addressing global threats emerging from anthropogenic environmental change.
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Kübler, Knut. "How Can the European Community Fulfil the Kyoto Protocol? the Wise-Man Approach." Energy & Environment 13, no. 3 (July 2002): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830502320268269.
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The decisions taken at the 7th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC make it likely that sufficient Parties will proceed with ratification of the Kyoto Protocol to result in its entry into force before the Johannesburg summit in 2002. Can the European Community fulfil the obligations of the Kyoto Protocol? The answer is yes and easily, if it follows the wise-man approach, taking advantage of the flexible mechanisms, using the option to absorb CO2 emissions by proper “land-use-change”, exploiting the greenhouse gas reduction potential outside the energy sector and implementing some of the current proposals in the area of energy and transport policy. Quantitative analysis lead to the result that there is no need to develop new measures to meet the obligations of the Kyoto Protocol. The coming years can be used to facilitate the transition to a new energy system and to start exploring policies beyond 2012.
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Reber, Bernard. "Critique, participation et démocratie." Eco-ethica 8 (2019): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ecoethica20206227.
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The problem of interdependence is crucial for understanding the climate, with its interactions between land, water, and atmosphere, as well as with human activities, past and future. The concept of interdependence expresses two types of relationship, that of causality and that of responsibility. For the problems of climate governance as understood as a statistical average in the Conferences of the parties (COP), causal dependence is impossible to reconstruct precisely, notably because of the complexity of these phenomena. However, dependence does not only concern the domain of being, falling within the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the human descriptive predictive. It also concerns the ought-to-be and therefore the normative sciences (ethics, political theory, law, and normative economy). Here interdependence is much more problematic since it is opposed to freedom. This article discusses the various interdependencies and political solutions that are offered to take care of this needs, architectures for discussing climate change politically: systems (N. Luhmann) and deliberation (J. Habermas). It then proposes another solution, that of moral and political consideration.
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Stigler Granados, Paula, Lawrence Fulton, Evangelina Nunez Patlan, Mischa Terzyk, and Thomas E. Novotny. "Global Health Perspectives on Cigarette Butts and the Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 26, 2019): 1858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101858.
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Cigarette butts, which are also known as tobacco product waste (TPW), are the single most collected item in environmental trash cleanups worldwide. This study used an online survey tool (Qualtrics) to assess knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions regarding this issue among individuals representing the Framework Convention Alliance (FCA). The FCA has about 680 members on its listserv, including non-governmental tobacco control advocacy groups that support the implementation of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Respondents (n = 65) represented countries from all six WHO regions. The majority (82%) had heard the term TPW, and they all considered TPW as an environmental harm at some level. Additionally, 29% of respondents failed to identify that “cigarette filters make smoking easier”. Most (73%) correctly identified TPW components; however, fewer (60%) correctly identified the composition of cigarette butts. The majority (57%) were unfamiliar with Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and Product Stewardship (PS) as possible environmental intervention strategies. Respondents expressing opinions concurred that adding a litter fee to fund TPW programs will aid in reducing tobacco use and reduce the environmental impacts of TPW (100%); that prevention, reduction, and mitigation of TPW could be an important part of international tobacco control programs (98%); and, that banning smoking in outdoor venues could reduce TPW (95%). Only 16% reported effective prevention or clean-up efforts in their countries. Weighted rankings revealed that respondents’ saw the national government, the tobacco industry, and state governments as the most important in addressing TPW. The results of this research will inform continuing international discussions by the FCTC Conference of the Parties (COP) regarding environmental policies that may be addressed within FCTC obligations.