Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Confinement quantique'
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Mélin, Thierry. "Spectroscopie optique de réseaux de fils quantiques GaaS/AlaS épitaxies sur surfaces vicinales : confinement quantique et interaction coulombienne entre 2D et 1D." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EPXX0040.
Full textStrupiechonski, Élodie. "Confinement photonique extrêmement sub-longueur d'onde pour les lasers à cascade quantique térahertz." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943200.
Full textRichard, Tristan. "Etude des effets du confinement quantique sur des verres dopés par des semiconducteurs." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20133.
Full textCarrillo, Guerrero Sergio Ivan. "Electronic structure and optical properties of heterogeneous nanocrystals : theory and modeling." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10117/document.
Full textThe main objective of this work is to give a description of the electronic structure and optical properties of semiconductor quantum dots (nanocrystals) containing heterojunctions, i.e. nano-junctions between two semiconductors. These nanostructures have interesting optical properties which are very promising for applications in photonics and photovoltaics. The theoretical description of the effects of the interface demands special attention. We start describing the calculations of the electronic structure of bulk semiconductors using semi-empirical tight-binding, and we show how to apply this technique to semiconductor quantum dots. We develop expressions to connect the discrete levels of energy in a quantum dot and the transitions in optical absorption spectra. The bulk tight-binding parameters are used for the calculation of the electronic structure of quantum dots of single compounds, analyzing the effect of the size variation of the quantum dots. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated, in particular we obtain good values for the bandgap versus size compared to experiments. We apply this method to calculate the electronic structure of PbSe/CdSe core/shell quantum dots, after an analysis of the different types of interfaces that can appear in this system, and we discuss the issues related to the determination of the band offsets. The results of these calculations validate the assumption of the role of the shell as a potential barrier for the electron and the hole. The electronic structures are used in the last chapter to simulate the absorption spectra of PbSe, CdSe and PbSe/CdSe quantum dots. We give theoretical support to recent experiments in transient absorption spectroscopy, revealing groups of new transitions originated by photo-induced intraband absorption. Our calculations shed light on the nature of these optical transitions which can be of interest for applications in photonics
Galvani, Benoit. "Modélisation du transport électronique quantique : effet du confinement et des collisions dans les cellules solaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0402.
Full textThe Shockley-Queisser limit represents the compromise between the non-exploitation of low energy photons andthe thermalization losses of high-energy photo-generated carriers. There are devices that can overcome this limit, based on the quantum properties and transport of carriers. The understanding of the physical phenomena occurring at these nanoscales is a key component to the development of new solutions. The goal of this thesis is to conduct a numerical study of the effects of confinement and scattering in solar cells. In a first part dedicated to the theoretical model, we detail the non-equilibrium Green’s functions formalism and its use in the context of our study. We give details on the numerical model of electron-phonon and electron-photon scatterings with interaction self-energies. The two following parts show examples of application of the Green’s function formalism in the case of two devices. The first system is a multi quantum wells solar cell. Calculations of the local density of states permit to highlight the phenomenon of minibands occurring in such quantum periodic systems. The second system is a solar cell based on perovskite hydrid materials. Already used for the design of tandem cells, there is still uncertainties concerning carrier transport mechanisms in such organic-inorganic materials. Our work has provided information about the effects of electron-phonon scattering in such materials, in particular on the opti-cal and electrical characteristics of the device
Moreira, Helena. "Confinement quantique dans les nanocristaux supraconducteurs et transport électronique dans les réseaux de nanocristaux métalliques." Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00566233.
Full textDelebecque, Fanny. "Modélisation mathématique et numérique du transport de gaz quantique dans des situations de fort confinement." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440334.
Full textMoreau, Virginie. "Etude du confinement optique dans les lasers à cascade quantique et applications à la détection." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00350075.
Full textCe travail de thèse présente l'étude et l'optimisation du confinement optique vertical dans des hétérostructures lasers à cascade quantique épitaxiées sans couche de confinement supérieure. Ces structures sont intéressantes puisqu'elles sont adaptées à la fois au guide à plasmons de surface et au guide avec un confinement par air. En menant une étude approfondie de la répartition du mode optique et du courant électrique, nous avons conçu des structures originales qui ouvrent notamment de nouvelles perspectives sur l'utilisation de ces lasers pour la détection de fluides. Nous avons également montré que l'observation par microscopie en champ proche est un outil précieux pour la caractérisation et la compréhension des lasers à cascade quantique. Finalement, nous posons les bases nécessaires à la réalisation de matrices de lasers monomodes, utilisant la technologie des cristaux photoniques.
HAMEAU, SOPHIE. "Systemes d'electrons dans les nanostructures semi-conductrices a confinement quantique dans 2 ou 3 directions." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066205.
Full textBriosne, frejaville Clémence. "Transport et confinement optique d'atomes de strontium pour une expérience de microscope à gaz quantique." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP037.
Full textThis manuscript presents the construction of a new quantum ultracold atom experiment using strontium 84. The aim of this experiment is to study the relaxation dynamics of quantum gases initially prepared in an out-of-equilibrium state. We will investigate bidimensional gases on a lattice. This manuscript aims to describe the optical systems designed for trapping and manipulating the atoms during the experiment. Specifically, we present our optical solution to transport the atoms between locations in the vacuum chamber. We also discuss the choices we made to create the bidimensional lattice. Lastly, a quantum gas microscope is implemented to measure the spatial correlation functions from the atoms’ distribution in the lattice. A characterization of the microscope is laid out in this manuscript. Though we determined a first version of our optical systems, there are still a few steps needed to complete the experimental setup
Bengloan, Jean-Yves. "AMELIORATION DES PERFORMANCES DES LASERS A CASCADE QUANTIQUE - ETUDE DU CONFINEMENT OPTIQUE ET DES PROPRIETES THERMIQUES." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00084018.
Full textUne optimisation des guides d'onde des LCQ en GaAs/AlGaAs a été entreprise afin de diminuer les densités de courant de seuil et augmenter les rendements de ces lasers ; grâce à des guides utilisant des couches en AlGaAs ou en GaInP, de nouvelles performances ont été atteintes pour ces lasers. La réalisation d'injection sélective de courant par implantation de protons permet aux LCQ en GaAs/AlGaAs de réduire leurs courants de fonctionnnement, et d'améliorer leur propriétés thermiques. Nous avons expérimenté cette technique sur des LCCQ en GaInAs/AlInAs/InP.
L'influence d'une couche épaisse d'or, déposée sur le dessus des guides rubans pour améliorer la dissipation de chaleur, a également été étudiée. Les performances des deux types de LCQ seront comparées et les perspectives sur leur développement seront discutées.
Bengloan, Jean-Yves. "Amélioration des performances des lasers à cascade quantique : étude du confinement optique et des propriétés thermiques." Paris 11, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00084018.
Full textRoom temperature continuous-wave (CW) operation is the crucial milestone that promotes a semiconductor laser from an object of research to a device for the world of technology. To achieve this, it is important to increase the maximum CW operating temperature, and to decrease the electrical injected power. The work presented in this thesis investigates these two points to enhance the performance of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) emitting at lambda~9µm. Waveguide optimisation has been performed on GaAs-based QCLs, to reduce their threshold current and to improve their efficiency. Owing to waveguides with AlGaAs or GaInP cladding layers, new record performances have been obtained for these type of lasers. Selective current injection, realised by proton implantation, is used on GaAs-based QCLs to reduce their operating current and to improve their thermal properties. This technology has been experimented on InP-based QCLs. The benefit of a thick electroplated gold layer, deposit on the top of the ridge devices to improve the heat dissipation, has been also studied. The performances of the two QCLs materials are compared and their future development perspectives are discussed
Gilibert, Fabien. "Etude et modélisation des effets électriques dans les transistors MOS avancés : contraintes mécaniques, confinement quantique et fuites." Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX11001.
Full textRoussignol, Philippe. "Nonlinéarités optiques de microcristaux de semiconducteur CdSSe en matrice de verre : dynamique des porteurs photoexcités et confinement quantique." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112212.
Full textThierry, François. "Etude des propriétés de nanoparticules semiconductrices pour les cellules solaires hybrides." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4381.
Full textThis thesis was conducted in the OPTO-PV team of the IM2NP laboratory. Its aim is to study the peculiar properties of low-dimensional nanostructures for use in optoelectronic applications. For photovoltaics in particular, they can be used for the realization of innovative devices with theoretical hight efficiencies at low costs. After we evaluated the various technologies and phenomena that can be used in nanostructured photovoltaics, we decided to choose an hybrid organic polymer - inorganic quantum dots solar cell as study structure. We then developed a numerical approach to determine the intrinsic properties of quantum dots. Our method is fast and requires few parameters so that we can conduct predictive and explicative studies. We start with the evaluation of the electronic properties under the effective mass approximation that we modify to take into account the non-parabolicity of the energy bands. We use the results to derive the optical properties with emphasis on absorption that plays an important role in the photovoltaic process. We take dielectric coupling effects and also thermodynamic effects into account. Those tools allow the study of the effect of quantum confinement on the optoelectronic behavior of various nanostructures: coupled quantum wells, circular cross-section quantum wires and spherical dots. The fabrication and characterization of PMMA thin-films containing homogeneous and (core)shell quantum dots of different semiconductors, validate our approach and constitute the first step towards the study of hybrid active layers for efficient solar cells
Mouillon, Alexandre. "Couples de spin-orbite dans une couche de métal ferromagnétique ultramince comprise entre deux oxydes : confinement quantique et effet Rashba." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY034.
Full textExperimentally demonstrated in the early 2010's, spin-orbite torques (SOTs) very quickly generated a very strong interest in the magnetism and spin electronics community. Indeed, they allow, in a heavy metal / ferromagnetic metal / oxide (HM/FM/Ox) multilayer, to manipulate the magnetization of the ferromagnetic layer (FM) by injecting an in-plane current. Noting that the FM/Ox bilayer corresponds to half of a typical stack used in MRAM memory cells (Magnetic Random Access Memory), we understand that this mechanism is very interesting for writing the free layer of these cells. Indeed, the writing current no longer crosses the tunnel barrier, which naturally responds to some of the limitations of current MRAMs. However, the physical interpretation of these phenomena has proved to be particularly complex. These torques have two components, generally called "Field-like", FL, and "Damping-like", DL. While initially, theoretical studies predicted that the DL component was mainly due to a volume effect in the HM layer, and the FL component was mainly due to an interface effect, more recent experimental studies have shown that it is not so simple to separate these two contributions.In this thesis work, we have chosen an original approach that allows us to study only one of the two contributions. To do so, we have chosen to focus on the interfacial contribution by studying Ox1/FM/Ox2 samples. We were thus able to highlight in these stacks the presence of SOTs, which was not so obvious in a structure that did not contain heavy metal and also had a strong symmetry. On the other hand, we were able to show that only the FL component of these couples was present. The unexpected behaviour of this FL-SOT as a function of the thickness of the FM layer led us to propose a model based on the combination of a Rahsba interfacial effect and a quantum confinement effect due to the very thin thickness of conductive material in these multilayers
Thierry, François. "Etude des propriétés de nanoparticules semiconductrices pour les cellules solaires hybrides." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4381.
Full textThis thesis was conducted in the OPTO-PV team of the IM2NP laboratory. Its aim is to study the peculiar properties of low-dimensional nanostructures for use in optoelectronic applications. For photovoltaics in particular, they can be used for the realization of innovative devices with theoretical hight efficiencies at low costs. After we evaluated the various technologies and phenomena that can be used in nanostructured photovoltaics, we decided to choose an hybrid organic polymer - inorganic quantum dots solar cell as study structure. We then developed a numerical approach to determine the intrinsic properties of quantum dots. Our method is fast and requires few parameters so that we can conduct predictive and explicative studies. We start with the evaluation of the electronic properties under the effective mass approximation that we modify to take into account the non-parabolicity of the energy bands. We use the results to derive the optical properties with emphasis on absorption that plays an important role in the photovoltaic process. We take dielectric coupling effects and also thermodynamic effects into account. Those tools allow the study of the effect of quantum confinement on the optoelectronic behavior of various nanostructures: coupled quantum wells, circular cross-section quantum wires and spherical dots. The fabrication and characterization of PMMA thin-films containing homogeneous and (core)shell quantum dots of different semiconductors, validate our approach and constitute the first step towards the study of hybrid active layers for efficient solar cells
Diarra, Mamadou Marcel. "Étude théorique de nanofils semiconducteurs." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10010/document.
Full textRecent breakthroughs in the growth of semiconductor nanowires (SNWs) have opened up great opportunities for nanoscale device applications. SNWs remain semiconducting independent oftheir diameter and orientation, giving the ability to control their properties by doping. Therefore a large number of experimental works have addressed the problem of doping and of its modulation in SNWs. While there is no doubt that p- and n-type SNWs can be produced, the question of how their electrical conductivity depends on the doping level remains largely open. ln fact, most of the works showing good transport properties concern SNWs doped with high impurity concentration, near or above the Mott density. ln order to investigate the doping efficiency in SNWs, we present calculations of the electronic structure of donor and acceptor impurities in Si nanowires. We show that their ionization energy increases due to the confinement, the quantum confinement at small sizes (diameter < 5 nm) and above aIl the so-called dielectric confinement which occurs when there is an important dielectric mismatch between the wire and its surrounding. For SNWs embedded in a material with a low dielectric constant, we obtain that the impurities cannot be ionized at room temperature even for diameters up to several tens of nanometers. We explain the origin of this behavior by considering the effect of the impurity potential and of the self-energy of the carrier, and we make predictions for the ionization energy in different configurations. These results allow us to conclude on the necessity to use heavy doping to obtain good electrical properties in SNWs
Maelger, Jan. "Perturbative perspectives on the Phase diagram of Quantum ChromoDynamics." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX050/document.
Full textUnravelling the structure of the QCD phase diagram and its many aspects such as (de)confinementand chiral symmetry breaking, is one of the big challenges of modern theoretical physics, and manyapproaches have been devised to this aim. Since perturbation theory is believed to cease feasibilityat low energy scales, these approaches treat the relevant order parameters, the quark condensate andthe Polyakov loop, non-perturbatively. However, it is also well-established that the starting point forperturbation theory, the Fadeev-Popov gauge-fixing procedure, is inherently ill-defined in the infrareddue to the presence of Gribov ambiguities. In this context, a modified perturbative approach based onthe Curci-Ferrari Lagrangian has been introduced, where a phenomenologically motivated effective gluonmass term is added to the Landau gauge-fixed action. Prior to the beginning of the thesis, this approach hasproven extremely fruitful in its descriptions of (unquenched) Yang-Mills correlation functions and thermodynamics at (non)zero temperature and density.Throughout the thesis we extend this analysis to the entire phase structure of QCD and QCD-liketheories and test the validity of the model in various regimes of interest. For instance, to further aprevious one-loop study in the regime of heavy quark masses, we have computed the two-loop quarksunset diagram in the presence of a non-trivial gluon background in a finite temperature and densitysetting. We come to the conclusion that the physics underlying center symmetry is well-described by our perturbative model with a seemingly robust weak-coupling expansion scheme. Furthermore, we study the regime of light quarks by means of a recently proposed resummation scheme which exploits the presence of actual small parameters in the Curci-Ferrari description of infrared QCD. In the quark sector, this leads to the renown rainbow equations. We extend this first-principle setup to nonzero temperature, chemical potential, and gluon background. We perform a first qualitative analysis of the prediction of the model concerning the possible existence of a critical endpoint in the QCD phase diagram by using a simplified version of these general equations
Merghem, Kamel. "Etude de lasers à verrouillage de modes à semiconducteur pour les réseaux de télécommunications à très haut débit." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10092/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis deals with the study of passive quantum-dash-based mode locked laser in different configurations: 2-section device (one gain section and one saturable absorber section) and self pulsating laser using a single section device.We have assessed in particular phase noise and timing jitter in optical pulses. The latter is very important for low jitter applications as ail optical clock recovery and millimeter wave generation. Stabilization technique based on optical feedback has been applied to reduce the timing jitter. Moreover, we present passive mode locked operation of a self-pulsating quantum dash Fabry-Perot laser diode at arepetition rate over 300 GHz
Bescond, Marc. "Modélisation et simulation du transport quantique dans les transistors MOS nanométriques." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008075.
Full textCaillabet, Laurent. "Equation d'état ab initio de l'hydrogène dans la matière dense et tiède et application à l'implosion de cibles pour la fusion pour le confinement inertiel." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/59/92/83/PDF/Memoire.pdf.
Full textIn the field of the inertial confinement fusion ( ICF), the equation of state ( EoS) of the hydrogen and its isotopes is one of the most important properties to know. The EoS based on chemical models have difficulty in giving an unambiguous description of the hydrogen in the strong coupled and partial degenerate regime, called Warm Dense Matter ( WDM). Indeed, these models use potential with adjustable parameters to describe the many body interactions which are important in the WDM. On the other hand, the ab initio methods resolve almost exactly the quantum many body problem and are thus particularly relevant in this domain. In the first part of this thesis, we describe how we built a table of a multi-phase EoS of the hydrogen, using ab initio methods in the field of the WDM. We show in particular that this EoS is in very good agreement with most of the available experimental data (principal Hugoniot, sound velocity in the molecular fluid, melting curve at low pressure, measurements of multiple shocks). In the second part, we present a direct application of our EoS by showing its influence on the criteria of ignition and combustion of two target designs for ICF: a self-ignited target which will be used on the Laser MegaJoule ( LMJ), and a shock-ignited target. We show in particular that the optimization of the laser pulse allowing maximizing the thermonuclear energy is strongly dependent on the precision of the EoS in the strong coupled and degenerate domain
Borowik, Łukasz. "Étude de propriétés électroniques de nanostructures par microscopie à force atomique sous ultra-vide." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00466670.
Full textHabinshuti, Justin. "Du nanocristal de PbSe à l’hétéro-nanostructure PbSe/CdSe : synthèse chimique et caractérisation des propriétés physiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10012/document.
Full textThe tunability of electronic and optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystal (NC) is an important matter in nanotechnology because of their multiple potential applications in optoelectronics such as solar cells, nanotransistors, light emitters, biological markers…Core/shell QDs which are heterogeneous NCs have attracted increasing attention over the past decade, especially because of their enhanced photoluminescence properties and the possibility to create spatially separated excitons by means of a staggered core/shell band alignment. We studied lead chalcogenide NCs because of their unique physical properties which are very different from those of their corresponding bulk materials. Their high dielectric constant (ε∞=23 for PbSe) and the small effective masses of their electron and hole, create excitons with a relatively large effective Bohr radii. These properties lead to a strong confinement of the charge carriers and phonons., thus making them them promising building blocks for a wide number of applications. In the first part of this work, PbSe and PbSe/CdSe NCs with a narrow size distribution and high structural quality have been synthesized, using a colloidal route. Characterizations have been performed using several techniques (electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron diffraction (SAED), photoemission (XPS/UPS), Raman and absorption spectroscopic measurements).By using deposition techniques such as Langmuir-Blodgett deposition, homogenous, compact thin films of PbSe and PbSe/CdSe NCs have been fabricated. UPS/XPS measurements performed with synchrotron radiations give the valence band offset between the core and the shell of these core/shell NCs
Anufriev, Roman. "Optical properties of InAs/InP nanowire heterostructures." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0133/document.
Full textThis thesis is focused upon the experimental investigation of optical properties of InAs/InP NW heterostructures by means of photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. First, it was demonstrated that the host-substrate may have significant impacts on the optical properties of pure InP NWs, as due to the strain, created by the difference in the LTECs of the NWs and the host-substrate, as due to some other surface effects. Next, the optical properties of such nanowire heterostructures as quantum rod (QRod) and radial quantum well (QWell) NWs were investigated. The features of obtained spectra were explained using theoretical simulation of similar NW heterostructures. The polarization properties of single InP NWs, InAs/InP QWell-NWs, InAs/InP QRod-NWs and ensemble of the InAs well ordered NWs were studied at different temperatures. Further, we report on the evidences of the strain-induced piezoelectric field in WZ InAs/InP QRod-NWs. Finally, PL QE of NW heterostructures and their planar analogues are measured by means of a PL setup coupled to an integrating sphere. In general, the obtained knowledge of the optical and mechanical properties of pure InP NWs and InAs/InP NW heterostructures will improve understanding of the electrical and mechanical processes taking place in semiconductor NW heterostructures and will serve for the fabrication of future nanodevice applications
Chahadih, Abdallah. "Photo-croissance organisée de nano-objets métalliques ou semiconducteurs dans les matériaux diélectriques destinés à la photonique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10060/document.
Full textThe thesis project aims to master the localization and organization of metallic and semiconducting nano-objects formed inside sol-gel silica materials for novel applications. The nanostructuration method used in this thesis is based on the laser irradiation and, if necessary, heat-treatment. The local character of the matter-light interaction leads to the formation of nano-objects only in the irradiated areas. Hence, it is possible to control the spatial distribution of the nano-crystallites as well as their size distribution by varying the irradiation parameters. In this thesis, porous silica monoliths produced via the sol-gel process were doped and densified. Different kinds of semiconductors (CdS, PbS) and metallic (Au, Ag) nanoparticles incorporated inside the porous SiO2 matrix have been precipitated with the assistance of laser irradiation at room temperature or by an annealing process. The local generation of nanoparticles could be performed directly on the surface of the silica xerogel using a visible continuous laser or inside the volume of the matrix by a femtosecond laser irradiation. Moreover, it has been shown that the nanoparticle size could be adjusted by choosing the concentration of the precursors in the post-doping solution, the laser wavelength, the irradiation power and/or the annealing temperature in the case of thermal precipitation. Furthermore, different methods were used to precipitate metallic nanoparticles (Ag or Cu) inside dense silica matrix. Those techniques are based on laser irradiations and/or heat treatments. Under pulsed laser irradiation, the space selective growth of noble metal nanoparticles was achieved in two steps: first, metallic nucleation centres were generated by the pulsed laser (nanosecond or femtosecond) in the irradiated areas; next, the metallic nanoparticles growth was obtained by annealing at 600°C. Besides, the doping of glassy matrices with copper nanoparticles allows foreseeing their use in the core of microstructured optical fibres. First capillary drawings have shown that the copper nanoparticles can be preserved after undergoing a melting at 2000°C
Kilian, Ondrej. "The lattice dynamics of lead chalcogenides." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10081/document.
Full textWe present ab-initio phonon dispersion relations for the three lead chalcogenides PbS, PbSe, and PbTe. The acoustic branches are in very good agreement with inelastie neutron-seattering data. Also calculations of the specific heat give good agreement with experimental data. The pronounced minimum of the transverse-optical (TO) branch at Gamma due to the near ferroelectricity of the lead chalcogenides is qualitatively reproduced. ln addition, we find a pronounced dip in the longitudinal-optieal (LO) branch at Gamma. This dip was previously explained as the effect of "free carriers" due to the presence of impurities. The calculations demonstrate that it persists also in the case of pure lead chalcogenides. We explain the dip as a "near Kohn anomaly"which is associated with the small electronic band gap at the high-symmetry point L. We show that this band-gap can be reduced to zero upon compression of the crystal lattice constant by 1.8%. In this case, the conduction and valence bands at L display a linear crossing, the TO and LO mode at Gamma are degenerate, and a very pronounced Kohn anomaly in the LO mode occurs. Furthermore, we have given theoretical and computational support for the interpretation of the diameter dependence of the Raman spectra of lead selenide nanocrystals. The first order Raman peak at about 136cm-1 and its second order overtone at twice this wave number move up in energy with decreasing nanocrystal radius. We interpret this anomalous behavior in terms of quantum confinement of the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon. This interpretation is validated by ab-initio calculations of the phonons of PbSe slabs with up to fifteen layers, taking into account the effects of dielectric embedding. The LO mode perpendicular to the slab shifts indeed upwards with decreasing layer thickness. Our work provides the starting point for the investigation of electron-phonon coupling in bulk and nanocrystalline lead chalcogenides, which should help to better understand the photon absorption mechanisms and the use of these materials in light-harvesting and light-emitting devices
Filoramo, Arianna. "Spectroscopie resolue en temps dans des heterostructures semiconductrices a confinement quantique : - orientation de spin et transfert de population dans un double puits - dynamique de relaxation et de recombinaison d'une boite unique." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066332.
Full textSavatier, François. "Dynamique du modèle des sacs : application à la transition de phase de déconfinement." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20205.
Full textKintz, Harold. "Réalisation de couches minces nanocomposites par un procédé original couplant la pyrolyse laser et la pulvérisation magnétron : application aux cellules solaires tout silicium de troisième génération." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00958453.
Full textClerc, Raphaël. "Étude des effets quantiques dans les composants CMOS à oxyde de grille ultra minces : modélisation et caractérisation." Grenoble INPG, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPG0099.
Full textHapiuk, Dimitri. "ZnO nanostructuré : étude expérimentale de l'auto-organisation de nanoparticules et simulations numériques du dopage dans des phases expansées." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062915.
Full textZakharko, Yuriy. "Initial and plasmon-enhanced optical properties of nanostructured silicon carbide." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00815382.
Full textDiarra, Mamadou Marcel. "Étude théorique de nanofils semiconducteurs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10010.
Full textRecent breakthroughs in the growth of semiconductor nanowires (SNWs) have opened up great opportunities for nanoscale device applications. SNWs remain semiconducting independent oftheir diameter and orientation, giving the ability to control their properties by doping. Therefore a large number of experimental works have addressed the problem of doping and of its modulation in SNWs. While there is no doubt that p- and n-type SNWs can be produced, the question of how their electrical conductivity depends on the doping level remains largely open. ln fact, most of the works showing good transport properties concern SNWs doped with high impurity concentration, near or above the Mott density. ln order to investigate the doping efficiency in SNWs, we present calculations of the electronic structure of donor and acceptor impurities in Si nanowires. We show that their ionization energy increases due to the confinement, the quantum confinement at small sizes (diameter < 5 nm) and above aIl the so-called dielectric confinement which occurs when there is an important dielectric mismatch between the wire and its surrounding. For SNWs embedded in a material with a low dielectric constant, we obtain that the impurities cannot be ionized at room temperature even for diameters up to several tens of nanometers. We explain the origin of this behavior by considering the effect of the impurity potential and of the self-energy of the carrier, and we make predictions for the ionization energy in different configurations. These results allow us to conclude on the necessity to use heavy doping to obtain good electrical properties in SNWs
Nguyen, Duc Phuong. "Confinements non-usuels dans les boîtes quantiques semiconductrices." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011374.
Full textAprès avoir présenté les méthodes de calculs numériques utilisées tout au long de cette thèse, nous commençons par étudier théoriquement un super-réseau des boîtes quantiques InAs/GaAs avec une petite périodicité. Cette petite périodicité entraîne l'alignement vertical des boîtes quantiques. Nous montrons que l'état fondamental ne couple qu'avec les états du continuum qui ont presque la même extension dans le plan pour les excitations avec la polarisation suivant la direction de croissance (z). En conséquence de ces couplages particuliers, les photo-réponses en polarisation z ne changent pas quand un champ magnétique est appliqué parallèle à z malgré la présence de nombreux états de quasi-Landau dans le continuum. Nous montrons ensuite qu'une absorption lié-continuum forte en polarisation dans le plan peut être obtenue si l'on réduit la taille latérale des boîtes. Ces résultats sont utilisés pour expliquer les résultats expérimentaux obtenus à Vienne. Dans ce travail effectué en collaboration, nous étudions théoriquement et expérimentalement les photo-détecteurs basés sur des boîtes quantiques InAs/GaAs insérées dans un super-réseau, sans ou avec les barrières de AlAs. Nous montrons que ces structures périodiques peuvent être utilisées pour fabriquer des photo-détecteurs dans la gamme infrarouge lointain. Les spectres de photo-courant sont en bon accord avec les spectres d'absorption optique obtenus par nos calculs.
Nous nous intéressons aussi à des hétéro-structures à base de nitrure. Ces semi-conducteurs présentent des propriétés physiques originales comme des grandes masses effectives, de grands offsets de bande, un champ piézo-électrique colossal, ... Nous nous focalisons sur les hétéro-structures InGaN/GaN sur lesquelles de nombreuses applications opto-électroniques sont basées. Nous montrons que les effets du désordre ainsi que les grandes valeurs physiques rendent l'Approximation du Cristal Virtuel non valable dans ces systèmes. Enfin, nous effectuons des calculs des structures électroniques des tétrapodes de CdSe. Nous montrons que les quatre premiers états sont confinés en grande partie dans le corps sphérique, ce qui est cohérent avec les spectres expérimentaux.
Nguyên, Duc Phuong. "Confinements non-usuels dans les boîtes quantiques semiconductrices." Paris 6, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011374.
Full textZakharko, Yuriy. "Initial and plasmon-enhanced optical properties of nanostructured silicon carbide." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0105.
Full textNanostructured silicon carbide (SiC) is considered today as a good alternative to the conventional materials for various multidisciplinary applications. In this thesis, SiC nanostructures were elaborated by means of electrochemical etching and laser ablation techniques. The first part of the thesis clarifies size-dependence of optical properties as well as importance of local-field effects onto the photoinduced electronic transitions of SiC nanostructures. In the second part of the thesis strong 15-fold photoluminescence enhancement of SiC nanoparticles is ensured by their near-field interactions with multipolar localized plasmons. Further, 287-fold and 72-fold plasmon-induced enhancement factors of two-photon excited luminescence and second harmonic generation is achieved, respectively. The main physical mechanisms responsible for the observed effects were described by three-dimensional finite-difference time domain simulations. Finally, the coupling effect of luminescent SiC nanoparticles to plasmonic nanostructures is used in the enhanced labelling of biological cells on the planar structures. As a perspective, colloidal plasmonic (Au@SiO2)SiC nanohybrids were elaborated and characterized
Moreau, Mathieu. "Modélisation et simulation numérique des nano-transistors multi-grilles à matériaux innovants." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00566288.
Full textMoreau, Mathieu. "Modélisation et simulation numérique des nano-transistors multi-grilles à matériaux innovants." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00566288v2.
Full textIn order to improve MOSFET performances in the decananometer scale, microelectronic research explores several solutions. In this study, we investigate innovative transistors with Double-Gate architecture (DGMOSFETs) and “new” materials such as high-κ gate dielectrics and high-mobility semiconductors (Ge and III-V). With the development of simulation codes, based on the self-consistent solving of Poisson-Schrödinger equations or using the Green function formalism (NEGF), we study the electrical behavior of different structures. First, the operation of Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor (MIS) and Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) capacitance is simulated in order to show the influence of material properties and gate stack composition on capacitance-voltage characteristics and tunneling gate leakage current. Then, drain current performances in Double-Gate MOSFET with independent or connected gates and multiple materials (Si, Ge, GaAs and In0. 53Ga0. 47As) are evaluated for different gate lengths (electrostatic effects) and various semiconductor film thicknesses (quantum confinement). Finally, we developed a compact model of the drain current in drift-diffusion and ballistic regimes for Independent Double-Gate MOSFET, validated with our numerical simulation codes
Cazayous, Maximilien. "Interférences Raman et Nanostructures." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001850.
Full textToussaint, Kathleen. "Greffage de complexes de terres rares luminescents sur silicium cristallin et silicium nano-cristallin pour la détection de NO en phase gazeuse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0107.
Full textThis thesis is about the synthesis and characterization of luminescent nanostructures doped with rare earth ions that can be used as sensor for gases such as nitrogen monoxide (NO). Crystalline silicon, which is used as a substrate here, is a poor light emitter because of its indirect gap. It is challenging for the microelectronic and optical telecommunications industries to obtain optical properties, including emission, from this material. Thanks to quantum confinement in silicon nanostructures, a radiative emission can be obtained at room temperature. A possible way to enhance these properties is to modify the surface in such a way that it becomes optically active. In this work, complexes containing luminescent elements as lanthanides were grafted on the silicon surface. These elements are very interesting for optical applications because the wavelength of their emission peaks is almost independent of the environment and an emission from the blue to the near infrared can be obtained, depending on the rare earth. To produce inorganic/organic hybrid materials, different steps were developed and optimized during this work. So as to attach the rare-earth based complexes to the silicon surface, that surface is oxidized in order to generate reactive groups like silanols. A second required step is the functionalization of the surface by an aminosilane (APTES) which enables to link the silica surface and the complexes. To fix the optically active ions, it is necessary to complex the lanthanide ions with a ligand (DOTAGA) that can react with the ammine group to create a covalent bound of the complex. In this work, it is shown that the synthesized lanthanide complexes (Tb, Eu, Ce, Yb and Nd) are optically active and that after grafting on the silicon surface, Tb, Eu and Ce based complexes have a strong luminescence while Yb and Nd based complexes are weakly active. The same type of results are obtained when the complexes are grafted on porous silicon. Moreover, the effect of the environment, in particular a nitrogen oxide one, is studied on these samples in order to check whether they can be used as NO sensors
Wattanakit, Chularat. "Élaboration et application de matériaux poreux : études théoriques et expérimentales." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00912339.
Full textJuvé, Vincent. "Spectroscopie linéaire et ultra-rapide de nanoparticules métalliques : de l’ensemble au nano-objet individuel." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10163/document.
Full textThe size reduction of metals, from bulk to nanoparticles, induces significant modifications of their properties. For instance, the optical properties evolve and a new resonance, the localized surface plasmon resonance, appears in the optical spectrum and is responsible for the change of colors of metallic nanoparticles. This work is focused on studies of metals’ properties at the nanometric scale. In the first part, the vibrational and thermal properties are studied with a femtosecond spectroscopy technique. It is shown that it is possible to excite and detect optically vibrational frequencies in the terahertz domain by studying platinum nanoparticles formed by less than 100 atoms. The study of the thermal properties of the metallic nanoparticles (gold and silver) has shown that the boundary effect increases. This thermal boundary resistance, known as the Kapitza resistance, plays a dominant role in the heat transfer at the nanometric scale. A correlation between the experimental values of the thermal boundary resistance and the acoustic impedances of the boundary’s materials has been found. We have also shown that the Kapitza resistance is a decreasing function of the temperature in the 70-300K range. In the second part, the effect of the size reduction on the optical properties of non-spherical nanoparticles is observed. The Spatial Modulation Spectroscopy technique is used in order to locate and study individual gold nanorods. It is shown that the two geometrical parameters (the length and the diameter) of the nanorods influence the spectral linewidth of the localized surface plasmon resonance. This effect is not predicted by existing classical or quantum models
Juvé, Vincent. "Spectroscopie linéaire et ultra-rapide de nanoparticules métalliques : de l'ensemble au nano-objet individuel." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957832.
Full textNowicki-Bringuier, Yoanna-Reine. "Nouvelles géométries de confinement optique pour le contrôle de l'émission spontanée de boîtes quantiques semi-conductrices." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00369891.
Full textHory, Marie Anne. "Contribution à l'étude de la luminescence du silicium poreux : analyse infrarouge de la passivation de surface et effets de la polarisation électrique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10150.
Full textBazin, Maela. "Contrôle de l'émission spontanée de boîtes quantiques semiconductrices insérées dans des micro-structures à confinement optique originales." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00592414.
Full textBazin, Maela. "Contrôle de l’émission spontanée de boîtes quantiques semiconductrices insérées dans des micro-structures à confinement optique originales." Grenoble, 2010. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00592414v1.
Full textThis study deals with the control of spontaneous emission, InAs quantum dot emitters, confined via original microstructures: GaAs photonic wires and micropillars with GaAs/AlAs Bragg mirrors. We present a higly efficient single-photon source based on a photonic wire. Correlation mesurements performed on a single quantum dot inserted in a photonic wire led to a pure and high broadband single-photon generation. The optimization of this geometry including an original mirror at the wire bottom and a taper at its top demonstrated a record efficiency of 70%. In addition, the systematic lifetime study of single quantum dots underlined the ability to observe a high inhibition of spontaneous emission in the leaky modes with this geometry. In the last part of this PhD Thesis, we show the laser effect in whispering gallery mode micropillars. Those modes have an almost stable behaviour in terms of wavelengh and a spectral narrowing maintained up to power corresponding to 7 times the laser threshold. This result confirms a better thermal stability of micropillars compared to microdisks, a geometry usually used to observe the whispering gallery modes
Billat, Sophie. "Contribution à l'étude de l'électroluminescence du silicium poreux de type P fortement dopé." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10141.
Full textAlbe, Virginie. "Nanocristaux semiconducteurs : effets de confinement, de forme et de dopage." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20064.
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