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Journal articles on the topic 'Conflict Diamonds'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Koyame, Mungbalemwe. "United Nations Resolutions and the Struggle to Curb the Illicit Trade in Conflict Diamonds in Sub-Saharan Africa." African Journal of Legal Studies 1, no. 2 (2005): 80–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221097312x13397499736020.

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AbstractThis article examines the extent to which revenues from the trade in rough diamonds have funded civil war in African countries and the difficulties encountered by the United Nations in putting an end to it. As case studies, the article considers the conflicts in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sierra Leone where the illicit trade in rough diamonds, also referred to as “conflict diamonds” or “blood diamonds,” provided most of the funds used by rebel groups in their war efforts. The article further examines the role played by the diamond industry, the international community and diamond importing countries such as the United States and Belgium in the trade of conflict diamonds. The article concludes that several resolutions passed by the United Nations Security Council concerning “conflict diamonds” were at times not successful because of indifference on the part of the international community.

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2

Redfearn, Suz. "Conflict Diamonds." Optics and Photonics News 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.13.2.000020.

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3

Rodgers, Elizabeth J. A. "Conflict diamonds." Journal of Financial Crime 13, no. 3 (July 2006): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13590790610678350.

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4

Olsson, Ola. "Conflict diamonds." Journal of Development Economics 82, no. 2 (March 2007): 267–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.07.004.

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5

Rigterink, Anouk S. "Diamonds, Rebel’s and Farmer’s Best Friend: Impact of Variation in the Price of a Lootable, Labor-intensive Natural Resource on the Intensity of Violent Conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution 64, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 90–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002719849623.

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This article investigates the impact of the world price of a “lootable,” labor-intensive natural resource on intensity of violent conflict. Results suggest that a price increase can have opposite effects at different geographical levels of analysis: a decrease in conflict intensity overall in resource-rich countries, but an increase in conflict intensity in resource-rich subnational regions. The article argues that intensity of violence decreases overall due to rising opportunity costs of rebellion but that violence concentrates in resource-rich areas as returns to looting rise. The article introduces a new measure of diamond propensity based on geological characteristics, which is arguably exogenous to conflict and can capture small-scale labor-intensive production better than existing measures. The stated effects are found for secondary diamonds, which are lootable and related to opportunity costs of fighting, but not for primary diamonds, which are neither.

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6

Le Billon, Philippe. "Diamond Wars? Conflict Diamonds and Geographies of Resource Wars." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 98, no. 2 (April 14, 2008): 345–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00045600801922422.

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7

D'Angelo, Lorenzo. "WHO OWNS THE DIAMONDS? THE OCCULT ECO-NOMY OF DIAMOND MINING IN SIERRA LEONE." Africa 84, no. 2 (April 9, 2014): 269–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972013000752.

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ABSTRACTMuch of the literature on Sierra Leonean diamonds focuses on the role that this mineral resource played in the recent civil conflict (1991–2002). However, the political-economic perspective that is common to these analyses has lost sight of the main actors in this social reality. What do miners think of diamonds? Like their Malagasy colleagues engaged in the search for sapphires, the Sierra Leonean diamond miners often maintain that they do not know what diamonds could possibly be used for. What is specific to the diamond mining areas in this West African country is that suspicions and fantasies about the uses of diamonds go hand in hand with the idea that these precious stones belong to invisible spiritual entities known locally as djinns ordεbul dεn. Although this article aims to analyse the occult imaginary of diamond miners, it takes a different stand from the occult economies approach. By combining a historical-imaginative perspective with a historical and ecological one, this article intends to highlight the indissoluble interweaving of material and imaginative processes of artisanal diamond production in the context of Sierra Leone's mines.

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8

Ylönen, Aleksi. "Conflict diamonds ‘alive and well’." African Security Review 21, no. 3 (September 2012): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2012.685482.

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9

Gilmore, Elisabeth, Nils Petter Gleditsch, Päivi Lujala, and Jan Ketil Rod. "Conflict Diamonds: A New Dataset." Conflict Management and Peace Science 22, no. 3 (July 2005): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07388940500201003.

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10

McManus, Catherine E., Nancy J. McMillan, James Dowe, and Julie Bell. "Diamonds Certify Themselves: Multivariate Statistical Provenance Analysis." Minerals 10, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10100916.

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The country or mine of origin is an important economic and societal issue inherent in the diamond industry. Consumers increasingly want to know the provenance of their diamonds to ensure their purchase does not support inhumane working conditions. Governments around the world reduce the flow of conflict diamonds via paper certificates through the Kimberley Process, a United Nations mandate. However, certificates can be subject to fraud and do not provide a failsafe solution to stopping the flow of illicit diamonds. A solution tied to the diamonds themselves that can withstand the cutting and manufacturing process is required. Here, we show that multivariate analysis of LIBS (laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy) diamond spectra predicts the mine of origin at greater than 95% accuracy, distinguishes between natural and synthetic stones, and distinguishes between synthetic stones manufactured in different laboratories by different methods. Two types of spectral features, elemental emission peaks and emission clusters from C-N and C-C molecules, are significant in the analysis, indicating that the provenance signal is contained in the carbon structure itself rather than in inclusions.

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11

Balestri, Sara, and Mario A. Maggioni. "Blood Diamonds, Dirty Gold and Spatial Spill-overs Measuring Conflict Dynamics in West Africa." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2014-0026.

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AbstractAlthough conflict incidence is likely to be characterized by spatial dependence, the scientific literature on conflicts often neglects the issue thus, implicitly, assuming independence among observations. We argue that such assumption could lead to biased and inconsistent results and we provide an exemplary application to the case of the Mano River Region (MRR) in West Africa. Once we detected the existence of spatial dependence within the distribution of conflict incidence, we introduce spatial econometrics techniques in order to explore diffusion paths of violence within the region. We firstly project on a spatially disaggregated map, built as a regular grid, the conflict occurrence and several georeferenced determinants of civil conflicts. Then, we model spatial dependence through the introduction of spatial autoregressive terms on both dependent and independent variables (SAR and SD Models). Across several models, civil conflict is found steadily clustered in space with significant spill-over effects on contiguous locations. Among other determinants, natural resources – namely diamonds and gold – are confirmed as relevant drivers of conflict diffusion and show neighbouring effects since their location and proximity may affect conflict dynamics.

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12

Morton, Jeffrey S. "The Legal Regulation of Conflict Diamonds." Politics & Policy 33, no. 3 (September 2005): 389–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2005.tb00801.x.

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13

Schlosser, Kolson. "History, scale and the political ecology of ethical diamonds in Kugluktuk, Nunavut." Journal of Political Ecology 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v20i1.21746.

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Canadian diamonds are marketed as ethical alternatives to so-called 'conflict diamonds.' This research analyzes a series of focus groups conducted in Kugluktuk, Nunavut, an Inuit town impacted by diamond mining. The article sheds some light on the risks and benefits of mining, but it also examines the broader historical and geographic context of commodity networks for diamonds as an entry point into a critique of the possibility of consumption as ethical praxis. What the analysis shows is that the risks and benefits assessed by focus group participants manifest themselves in a context of colonial dispossession of sovereignty over resources. This dispossession is part of the very process of market regulation that is necessary for capital accumulation. Accumulated capital professes to satisfy this created need ethically. In much of Arctic Canada, for example, this takes the form of a dependency on the market in order to secure the wages now necessary to engage in subsistence activities. The purpose of this article is not to unveil exploitive conditions of production or to claim that Canadian diamonds are in fact unethical, but rather to question what we mean by 'ethical' commodities by examining the claim within a broader historical political ecology.Keywords: Diamonds, political ecology, market regulation, Nunavut, ethical consumption.

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14

Bell, Lindsay A. "Soft skills, hard rocks." Focaal 2017, no. 79 (December 1, 2017): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2017.790107.

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In 2007, Canada was the third-largest producer of diamonds in the world. Marketed as ethical alternatives to ”blood diamonds,” Canadian gemstones are said to go beyond basic “conflict-free” designations by providing northern Indigenous peoples with high-wage work and training. This article makes two connected points. First, it describes how the ethics of diamond mining are connected to the uneasy management of people groomed to do extractive work. Second, following the development and delivery of job training programs for Indigenous people over the course of the financial crisis of 2008–2009, this article reveals how mandatory “soft skills” courses attempt to adjust would-be worker speech to meet corporate norms in ways that were essential in maintaining the ethical sign value of subarctic stones.

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15

Lahiri, Sajal. "Blood diamonds: international policy options for conflict resolution." Indian Growth and Development Review 3, no. 1 (April 20, 2010): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538251011035846.

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16

Taylor, I., and G. Mokhawa. "Not forever: Botswana, conflict diamonds and the Bushmen." African Affairs 102, no. 407 (April 1, 2003): 261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adg004.

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17

Wright, Clive. "Tackling conflict diamonds: the Kimberley process certification scheme." International Peacekeeping 11, no. 4 (December 2004): 697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1353331042000248731.

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18

Spar, Debora L. "Markets: Continuity and Change in the International Diamond Market." Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.3.195.

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The international diamond cartel, which presides over the production side of the industry, may be the most successful and longest-lasting cartel in the world. The dominant company in the industry, DeBeers, has been around since 1880 and has been controlled by a single South African family, the Oppenheimers, since 1925. Eight countries produce the bulk of the world's gem diamonds, and most of the producing entities within these countries conform to a set of rules. This conformity is the product of over a century of careful planning and negotiation, in which DeBeers has undertaken largely successful efforts to control the diamond trade and maximize its long-term prospects. The past decade has seen the end of apartheid in South Africa, the fall of communism in Russia, the opening of major mines in Canada, and the emergence of a worldwide movement against so-called “blood” or “conflict” diamonds. While, these developments have pummeled the diamond industry and forced its central players—most notably DeBeers—to change the nature of their trade, these changes have not affected the core dynamic of the global diamond market. It remains an industry dominated by a single firm and an industry in which, perhaps uniquely, all of the major players understand the extent to which their long-term livelihood depends on the fate and actions of the others.

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19

Samset, Ingrid. "Conflict of interests or interests in conflict? diamonds & war in the DRC." Review of African Political Economy 29, no. 93-94 (September 2002): 463–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240208704633.

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20

Rochgiyanti, Rochgiyanti, Deasy Arisanty, Ismi Rajiani, Karunia Puji Hastuti, Jumriani Jumriani, and Muhammad Muhaimin. "From Glimmer to Grind: Unveiling the Conflict Potential of South Kalimantan’s Diamonds." World 5, no. 2 (April 24, 2024): 240–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/world5020013.

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This study delves into the intricate social dynamics of South Kalimantan’s traditional diamond mines, revealing a potential for conflict amidst the promise of economic uplift. South Kalimantan is one of the provinces in Indonesia, known nationwide for its diamond production. Going beyond conventional economic and environmental perspectives, the research employs Galtung’s Conflict Theory, examining the interplay of attitudes, behaviours, norms, values, and political influences. By adopting this nuanced approach, the study unveils hidden fault lines within these communities, providing a comprehensive understanding of how diverse factors converge to create discord. The consequences of unaddressed conflict include shattered livelihoods, environmental degradation, and fractured communities. The study employs rigorous quantitative methods to empower stakeholders in proactive conflict management, including questionnaires and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with data from 400 respondents. The findings underscore the significant roles of behaviours, attitudes, norms, and politics in fueling tension, with values demonstrating surprisingly less direct influence. This insight is a roadmap for conflict prevention and sustainable development, allowing stakeholders to tailor interventions based on specific conflict-driving factors. The study urges a shift from reactive to proactive measures, envisioning a future where prosperity continues and communities thrive in harmony, free from conflict.

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21

TAKEUCHI, Shin'ichi. "The Dynamics of the ^|^ldquo;Conflict Diamonds^|^rdquo; Issue." Journal of African Studies 2001, no. 58 (2001): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.2001.58_41.

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22

Silberfein, Marilyn. "The Geopolitics of conflict and diamonds in Sierra Leone." Geopolitics 9, no. 1 (March 2004): 213–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650040412331307892.

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23

Le Billon, Philippe. "Fatal Transactions: Conflict Diamonds and the (Anti)Terrorist Consumer." Antipode 38, no. 4 (September 2006): 778–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2006.00476.x.

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24

Hoekstra, Quint. "Conflict diamonds and the Angolan Civil War (1992–2002)." Third World Quarterly 40, no. 7 (May 14, 2019): 1322–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1612740.

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25

Addaney, Michael, Michael Gyan Nyarko, and Elsabe Boshoff. "Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources during Armed Conflicts in Africa." Chinese Journal of Environmental Law 3, no. 1 (August 13, 2019): 85–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24686042-12340036.

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Abstract Scarce environmental and natural resources, such as minerals and water, are traditional origins of armed conflicts in Africa. There are persuasive and wide-ranging claims to the effect that environmental degradation will intensify resource scarcity and consequently contribute to an increase in armed conflict. Existing studies show that most governments in Africa overexploit valuable natural resources such as diamonds, oil and timber to finance war, without regard to environmental protection. Environmental protection during armed conflict has therefore gradually gained significant attention at international, national and regional levels. This article explores how regional laws could fill gaps in the international legal frameworks for the protection of the environment and natural resources in the context of armed conflicts in Africa. It considers the extent to which the enforceable content of regional and international norms apply to environmental damage in times of armed conflict and assesses the main shortcomings of existing normative frameworks to make a case for reform. The article argues that regional law (the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) offers strong and direct protection to the natural environment during armed conflict and requires a lower threshold for its application as compared with the Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions. It concludes by providing recommendations on finding durable solutions to protection of the environment during resource-fuelled armed conflict in Africa.

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26

BRUFFAERTS, LAUREN. "A diamantine struggle: redefining conflict diamonds in the Kimberley Process." International Affairs 91, no. 5 (September 2015): 1085–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12399.

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27

Reddy, Sumanth G., Doug Henry, and Joseph R. Oppong. "Conflict, Diamonds and the Political Economy of Instability in Africa." African Geographical Review 24, no. 1 (January 2005): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2005.9756186.

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28

Presley, Lisa. "Book Review: Natural Resource Conflicts: From Blood Diamonds to Rainforest Destruction." Reference & User Services Quarterly 56, no. 3 (April 3, 2017): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.56n3.218b.

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This two-volume set explores nearly seventy international case studies related to the environmental and political aspects involved in natural resource management. As the title suggests, the focus is on geographic areas where conflict has ensued as a result of the scarcity or abundance of natural resources in the area. Each case study is framed as a question, and includes an overview of the topic, as well as two essays that are often points of debate surrounding the topic. The volumes are divided geographically, and volume 1 covers, international conflicts, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the Pacific, while volume 2 covers the Americas and Europe. Additionally, volume 2 contains 120 pages of key concepts that provide descriptions and details which range in length from one paragraph (“Endangered Species Act”) to four pages (“environmental ethics”).

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29

Forest, Laura. "Sierra Leone and Conflict Diamonds: Establishing a Legal Diamond Trade and Ending Rebel Control over the Country's Diamond Resources." Indiana International & Comparative Law Review 11, no. 3 (January 3, 2001): 633–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/17733.

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30

Hughes, Tim. "Conflict diamonds and the Kimberley process: Mission accomplished—or mission impossible?" South African Journal of International Affairs 13, no. 2 (December 2006): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10220460609556806.

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31

Le Billon, Philippe. "Digging into “Resource War” Beliefs." Human Geography 5, no. 2 (July 2012): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861200500203.

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Water wars, oil conflicts and blood diamonds. Three terms reflecting a widespread belief that people fight over resources. Is this belief backed by evidence? What power relations does such a belief reflect and shape? If natural resources have a conspicuous presence in accounts of armed conflicts, the term ‘resource wars’ represents a gross oversimplification. Strategically deployed to prepare for ‘the wars of the future’ or to shame belligerents by exposing their ‘greedy’ motives, ‘resource war’ narratives often overlook the multiple causes of conflict and alternative options to militarized resource control. A main threat from ‘resource wars’ narratives is that they become self-fulfilling prophecies. As such, ‘resource wars’ studies should first be self-reflexive, and then strive to encompass the broad causes, specific historical contexts, and wide variety of effects that resource sectors have on the environment and social relations.

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32

Guidolin, Massimo, and Eliana La Ferrara. "Diamonds Are Forever, Wars Are Not: Is Conflict Bad for Private Firms?" American Economic Review 97, no. 5 (November 1, 2007): 1978–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.5.1978.

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This paper studies the relationship between civil war and the value of firms in a poor, resource-abundant country using microeconomic data for Angola. We focus on diamond mining firms and conduct an event study on the sudden end of the conflict, marked by the death of the rebel movement leader in 2002. We find that the stock market perceived this event as “bad news” rather than “good news” for companies holding concessions in Angola, as their abnormal returns declined by 4 percentage points. The event had no effect on a control portfolio of otherwise similar diamond mining companies. This finding is corroborated by other events and by the adoption of alternative methodologies. We interpret our findings in light of conflict-generated entry barriers, government bargaining power, and transparency in the licensing process. (JEL D74, G32, O13, O17, Q34)

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33

Le Billon, Philippe, and Estelle Levin. "Building Peace with Conflict Diamonds? Merging Security and Development in Sierra Leone." Development and Change 40, no. 4 (July 2009): 693–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2009.01568.x.

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34

Smillie, Ian. "Of Judgement and Cunning Work: Conflict Diamonds and the Implications for Canada." International Journal 56, no. 4 (2001): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40203605.

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35

Watson, Shaun. "Conflict diamonds, legitimacy and media agenda: an examination of annual report disclosures." Meditari Accountancy Research 19, no. 1/2 (October 2011): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10222521111178655.

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36

Solway, Jacqueline. "Human Rights and NGO ‘Wrongs’: Conflict Diamonds, Culture Wars and The ‘Bushman Question’." Africa 79, no. 3 (August 2009): 321–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0001972009000849.

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I examine the struggle surrounding the relocations of Bushmen from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve in Botswana. Despite a recent court decision allowing the Bushmen to return, the ‘war of words’ continues and the Bushmen's circumstances remain inconclusive. I analyse and compare the actions of transnational and local NGOs and the Botswana state in addressing the ‘Bushman Question’ and consider the impacts of the various strategies and images deployed. The clash between essentialized views of pristine hunter-gatherers and images of Bushmen as modern citizens in the making has contributed to the problematic outcome thus far.

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37

Boersch-Supan, J. "Atrocities, Diamonds and Diplomacy: The inside story of the conflict in Sierra Leone." African Affairs 113, no. 450 (January 1, 2014): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adt075.

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38

Orogun, Paul. "Plunder, Predation and Profiteering: The Political Economy of Armed Conflicts and Economic Violence in Modern Africa." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 2, no. 2 (2003): 283–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915003322763593.

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AbstractThis paper presents a comparative analytical study that is based on a political economy perspective concerning the effects of economic violence and the specter of predation-induced armed conflicts in modern African states. Although "blood diamonds," crude oil, "conflict timber," and illicit arms trafficking have engendered and exacerbated civil wars, cross-border raids, and protracted regional destabilization in Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo, my primary focus is on the ongoing military debacle in Liberia and the recently concluded mayhem in Sierra Leone. The "resource curse" hypothesis will be utilized to examine and to illuminate the impact of economic pillaging, illicit arms trade, and predatory warlordism on the political instability and humanitarian atrocities in these two West African countries. A review of the internal regime types and the regional security relations within the sub-region will help to contextualize the recurrent trends and discernable systemic patterns that have been associated with these pillaging wars in the post-cold war era of Africa's international relations. In short, armed conflicts have weakened state capabilities, strained the financial resources of nongovernmental organizations and even raised provocative questions about the political will and sustaining capacities of the international community and regional security organizations to keep the peace and create conditions that are conducive to long-term, sustainable and viable political stability and economic development in the conflict-ridden and war-ravaged Sub-Saharan African States.

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39

Binns, Tony, and Roy Maconachie. "Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Sustainable Development: Diamonds, Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods in Sierra Leone." International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 2, no. 3 (2006): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v02i03/54196.

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40

Grant, J. Andrew. "Consensus dynamics and global governance frameworks: insights from the Kimberley Process on conflict diamonds." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 19, no. 3 (September 2013): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2013.844909.

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41

Grant, J. Andrew, and IAN TAYLOR. "Global governance and conflict diamonds: the Kimberley Process and the quest for clean gems." Round Table 93, no. 375 (July 2004): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0035853042000249979.

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42

Grant, J. Andrew. "Diamonds, foreign aid and the uncertain prospects for post-conflict reconstruction in Sierra Leone." Round Table 94, no. 381 (September 2005): 443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00358530500243690.

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43

Dam-de Jong, Daniëlla. "‘A Rough Trade’? Towards a More Sustainable Minerals Supply Chain." Brill Open Law 2, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 8–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23527072-20191014.

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Target 16.6 of the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (sdgs) seeks to create ‘effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels’ for the purpose of achieving sustainable development. Nevertheless, the inherent vagueness of the notions of transparency and accountability poses difficulties for achieving the target. This is why this article examines how these notions have been conceptualized in international legal discourse and applied in practice. It does so within the context of the trade in natural resources that finance armed conflict, which is considered detrimental to the development opportunities of developing countries. The article examines how two of the most important initiatives in this field, namely the Kimberley Process for the Certification of Rough Diamonds and the oecd Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-affected and High-risk Areas, operationalize transparency and accountability. It posits that both initiatives fall short of establishing full accountability. However, notwithstanding their flaws and limitations, they make a valuable contribution to achieving target 16.6.

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44

Santiago, Anne Pitsch. "Guaranteeing conflict free diamonds: From compliance to norm expansion under the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme." South African Journal of International Affairs 21, no. 3 (September 2, 2014): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2014.972441.

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45

Hove, Mediel, Tinashe Nyamunda, and Patience Mukwambo. "Violent state operations at Chiadzwa (Zimbabwe) diamond fields 2006-2009." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 6, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-11-2012-0014.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the debilitating socio-economic impact caused by the diamonds at Chiadzwa area in Zimbabwe on the illegal mining community that emerged and inhabited the hills of Chiadzwa between 2006 and the beginning of 2009. The research was carried out for academic proposes, as an advocacy strategy to expose the abuses and violent state operations perpetrated by the security forces. In addition, it intends to equip policy makers and implementers about the heavy handedness of Zimbabwe's security sector during its operations in the area in an effort to enable policy implementers to defend the rights of the affected people at Chiadzwa. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology engaged was chiefly qualitative and the study was a product of primary sources (especially in-depth interviews) and secondary sources (text books, journal articles, newspapers and the internet). Purposive and snowballing sampling techniques were used to collect the data between 2007 and 2009. Collected data were analysed and compiled between 2009 and 2013. Some of the names used in this study for our respondents are pseudo and this was done to ensure anonymity and secure the providers of information against possible retribution. On the other hand real names were used in particular where violent state driven operations were discussed. Findings – Initially the government of Zimbabwe was reluctant to intervene in the illegal extraction of diamonds in search of political leverage. Later it responded with violent manipulative strategies and operations with detrimental consequences on the illegal miners. The brutal strategies employed by individuals and the state led to injury, illness and death of people amid a harsh socio-economic environment. Research limitations/implications – A number of respondents preferred to use pseudonyms because they feared that information collected could be used against them. Practical implications – The study is a good example of conflict between the state machinery and its citizens over a natural resource. It reveals excessive use of force by the state which appears to be the norm in other countries where diamonds are dubbed “blood diamonds”. Social implications – In the midst of the diamond-related violence a new and vibrant social identity emerged commonly referred to as magweja. The area experienced challenges especially with regards to the provision of health services and the traditional use of herbs was endangered by the destruction of vegetation. Originality/value – It reveals a milieu, state regulation enforcement and security agents, magombiro (armed robbers or murderers) all who discharged violence on magweja the foremost victims of the violent systems and practices. In addition, it encourages policy markers and implementers to devise non-violent strategies when dealing with illegal exploitation of natural resources.

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Hoffmeister, Frank. "The European Regulatory Approach on Supply Chain Responsibility." Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien 25, no. 2 (2022): 221–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-439x-2022-2-221.

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The article presents four categories of EU approaches on regulating supply chain responsibility. Sometimes, like in the case of the Kimberley process for conflict diamonds or with respect to illegally fished fishery products, the EU enacts restrictions or prohibitions that are specifically targeted at the import of foreign products. These import regimes are distinguished from marketing prohibitions for unethically produced goods. The prime examples are the European bans on cat and dog fur and seals products, as well as a possible future ban on goods made from forced labour. While these categories impose negative duties for EU importers and producers, the author also looks at EU regulations imposing positive obligations of EU companies. They may either be required to report about supply chain responsibility or need to entertain due diligence with respect to their import activities. For the latter category, the author discusses the EU regulations on tropical timber, conflict minerals, deforestation and general due diligence. Hoffmeister shows how these regimes fit into the normative framework of the European Union’s foreign policy objectives and argues that they are WTO compatible. He also provides a short comparative assessment about their effectiveness.

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Grant, J. Andrew. "Commonwealth cousins combating conflict diamonds: an examination of South African and Canadian contributions to the Kimberley Process." Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 51, no. 2 (April 2013): 210–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2013.774197.

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Maggi, Michael. "The Currency of Terrorism: An Alternative Way to Combat Terrorism and End the Trade of Conflict Diamonds." Pace International Law Review 15, no. 2 (September 1, 2003): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.58948/2331-3536.1186.

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D’Angelo, Lorenzo. "Diamonds and development: A critical analysis of stereotypes about mineworkers in Sierra Leone." Anuac 2, no. 1 (June 28, 2015): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7340/anuac2239-625x-67.

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In the last decade, the Sierra Leone’s diamond mines have been the focus of an intense debate among analysts and experts of the development. Two main interrelated issues have been at stake in this debate: first, to understand the economic and political reasons that had supported the civil war from 1991 to 2002 and, second, to understand how to convert a potential “conflict commodity” in a resource for peace and prosperity. In this paper, I intend to highlight some recurring stereotypes of this debate. In particular, I will focus on a constellation of representations that depict the artisanal miners either as workers poorly organized and prone to irrational economic behavior, or as workers subjected to forms of exploitation akin to slavery. Based on fieldwork conducted in the diamond mining areas of Sierra Leone (2007-2011), this article intends to analyze the main forms of working organization and distribution of earnings among the miners. By challenging some stereotypes characterizing the development discourse, my aim is to show the cultural complexity and the historical density of the practices through which the miners face the risks and uncertainties of their job.

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Daniel Cumena, Jacinto Tchipa, José Alves Ferreira Neto, Alanna Eduarda Silva Carvalho, and Patrícia Aparecida Ferreira de Souza. "Estudos no âmbito do setor de extração de diamantes em Angola e seus impactos socioeconômicos (Studies on the extraction of diamonds in Angola and their socioeconomic impacts)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 12, no. 4 (June 28, 2019): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v12.4.p1212-1230.

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Este trabalho teve como foco o estudo do setor diamantífero em Angola, avaliando os aspetos produtivos, sua evolução bem como a relação histórica e o impacto do setor na sociedade angolana. O país é o quarto maior produtor mundial de diamante. Analisou-se a variação da produção paralelamente à receita e o preço médio do bem mineral no país entre o ano de 2005 a 2016. Também foram analisados os aspetos produtivos da mina de Catoca, a quarta maior mina a seu aberto do mundo verificando-se a variação do teor contido, e a relação estéril-minério entre 2006 e 2015. No contexto histórico, a criação e implementação do processo Kimberley reduziu significativamente a quantidade de diamantes provenientes de áreas de conflito. Nos próximos anos prevê-se um aumento considerável da capacidade de produção do recurso no país, com a abertura de várias minas, tendo como principal a mina do Luaxe. A B S T R A C TThe aim of this article was the study of the diamond sector in Angola, evaluating the productive aspects, its evolution as well as its historical relation and the impact of the sector in the angolan society. The country is the world's fourth largest diamond producer. The production variation was analyzed in parallel with the revenue and the average price of the mineral good in the country between 2005 and 2016. The production aspects of the Catoca mine, the fourth largest open mine in the world, were also analyzed, as well as the variation of the contained content and the ore-waste ratio between 2006 and 2015. In the historical context, the creation and implementation of the Kimberley process, significantly reduced the amount of diamonds coming from conflict areas. In the coming years, a considerable increase in the production capacity of the resource is expected in the country, with the opening of several mines, with the main one being the Luaxe mine.Keywords: Angola; Diamond Production; Kimberley Process.

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