Relevant bibliographies by topics / Conflict in Afghanistan

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Conflict in Afghanistan'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Conflict in Afghanistan"

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Nawid, Senzil. "The State, the Clergy, and British Imperial Policy in Afghanistan during the 19th and Early 20th Centuries." International Journal of Middle East Studies 29, no. 4 (November 1997): 581–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800065211.

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The political and dynastic history of Afghanistan during the 19th and the early 20th centuries is well known. So is British imperial policy toward Afghanistan. However, very little attention has been paid to the role of the clergy, the guardians of the Islamic order and the representatives of the civil society in Afghanistan. They played a major role in domestic politics and in Afghanistan's challenges with foreign powers. This paper attempts to fill the gap in information about the ulama by detailing their role in defending Afghanistan's territorial integrity and by examining the conflict over jihad between the ulama and Afghanistan's rulers, a conflict that adversely affected the legitimacy of successive regimes.
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Pherali, Tejendra, and Arif Sahar. "Learning in the chaos: A political economy analysis of education in Afghanistan." Research in Comparative and International Education 13, no. 2 (June 2018): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745499918781882.

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Afghanistan is often characterised as a ‘failed’ or ‘fragile’ state in terms of state ‘functionality’, lacking in capacity to provide security and wellbeing to its citizens and failing to prevent violent conflict and terrorism. Since 2001, education has become a major victim of Afghanistan’s protracted crisis that involves international military interventions, fragile democracy and growing radicalisation. Drawing upon qualitative interviews with educational officials and practitioners in Afghanistan and critically examining the literature in education and conflict, we argue that Afghanistan’s education is caught in the nexus between deteriorating security conditions, weak governance and widespread corruption, resulting in rebel capture of educational spaces for radicalisation and violent extremism. More broadly, we contend that education faces the risk of capture for radicalisation in contexts where state fragility and fundamentalism intersect. Finally, we highlight some critical issues relating to educational programming in conflict-affected contexts.
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Geiß, Robin, and Michael Siegrist. "Has the armed conflict in Afghanistan affected the rules on the conduct of hostilities?" International Review of the Red Cross 93, no. 881 (March 2011): 11–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383111000191.

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AbstractThe armed conflict in Afghanistan since 2001 has raised manifold questions pertaining to the humanitarian rules relative to the conduct of hostilities. In Afghanistan, as is often the case in so-called asymmetric conflicts, the geographical and temporal boundaries of the battlefield, and the distinction between civilians and fighters, are increasingly blurred. As a result, the risks for both civilians and soldiers operating in Afghanistan are high. The objective of this article is to assess whether – and if so how much – the armed conflict in Afghanistan has affected the application and interpretation of the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution – principles that form the core of legal rules pertaining to the conduct of hostilities.
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Jabarkhail, Sami, and Larry M. Dooley. "Human Resource Development: Why It Matters in the National Context of Afghanistan." South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management 6, no. 2 (November 24, 2019): 292–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2322093719886390.

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Afghanistan’s recent history has been shaped largely by conflict. As a developing country transitioning away from its heavy reliance on foreign aid, Afghanistan is facing unprecedented challenges and opportunities in building its untapped treasure, namely human resources. Afghanistan recognizes the need for countrywide human resource development (HRD) efforts since its first national development strategy was devised in 2005. In this article, we explore the status of HRD in the national context of Afghanistan by providing insight into HRD history, identifying challenges and discussing opportunities.
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Umarov, Akram. "Assessing China’s New Policy in Afghanistan." Central Asian Affairs 4, no. 4 (November 25, 2017): 384–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22142290-00404004.

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Prior to 2001, Beijing faithfully observed the principles of neutrality and non-interference regarding Afghanistan, yet it has become one of the key actors in appeasing the conflict, especially since 2014. Numerous scholars suggest that China’s U-turn is related to the potential threat posed by the Uygur separatists in Afghanistan. This study suggests an alternate motive; namely, that Afghanistan’s strategic location—the heart of Central and South Asia, the Middle East, and East Asia—drives China’s increased interest.
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MAASS, CITHA D. "The Afghanistan conflict: External involvement." Central Asian Survey 18, no. 1 (March 1999): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634939995759.

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Karimi, Abdul Kabir. "Afghanistan’s Business Environment: Huge Potential for Investment in an Uncertain Place." Addaiyan Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 8 (November 10, 2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36099/ajahss.1.8.3.

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The article aims to present Afghanistan’s business environment and elaborates on the huge potential for investment in an uncertain place. A number of literatures has been reviewed from different international and government-related institutions and also quoted government high-level officials to identify these potentials and uncertainties. The review of the studies and research by international institutions suggests that the government of Afghanistan is actively working to prepare a business-friendly environment for domestic and foreign investors. However, political instability, lack of electricity, crime, theft and disorder, access to land and corruption still remains as the major constraints of doing business in Afghanistan. It is a fact that reviving Afghanistan’s business environment in this critical situation of conflict, declining international aid, and ongoing political chaos can be extremely difficult. However, reviving its business environment and utilizing the opportunities cannot wait for the end of the ongoing conflict and current political uncertainty. What Afghanistan needs to do is think creatively to recognize what can be done in the time of conflict and political uncertainty to take advantage from those opportunities. Although the extension of the article analysis requires more evidence to judge, the analysis challenges the general understanding of the business environment and points to important new avenues of research.
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Rachman, Arief. "THE ANALYSIS OF INDONESIA'S IMPORTANT ROLE TO KEEP PEACE IN AFGHANISTAN USING A SYSTEM DYNAMIC CONCEPT APPROACH." JOURNAL ASRO 11, no. 03 (September 28, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/asro.v11i03.344.

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Peace in the Central Asia region is a very dynamic situation and changes rapidly from time to time based on the important role of each country in the region. Various conflicts of interest occur in Afghanistan, ranging from the internal conflict in Afghanistan itself and external conflicts involving many countries including the United States, Israel, Russia, and so on. Indonesia, as one of the countries with the largest number of Muslims, also has a major concern for peace in the Central Asia region, especially Afghanistan. This study aims to analyze Indonesia's role in achieving peace in the Central Asia Region, especially in the Afghanistan conflict area. The approach used is the System Dynamic method approach. This method is expected to be able to provide scientific contributions in analyzing Indonesia's role in peace in the Afghanistan region so that it becomes the main basis and consideration in making important decisions and policies towards peace in Afghanistan. The results achieved in this study are several analyzes of the role of Indonesia which is very dynamic based on a systemic concept that produces a dynamic causal loop diagram system that reflects the dynamic efforts by Indonesia to participate in maintaining peace in Afghanistan, under the politics of a free and active Indonesian state. Keywords: Indonesia’s Important Role, Peace Afghanistan, System Dynamic Concept Approach.
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Noorzai, Roshan. "The Battle of Maiwand and the Taliban’s Tarani." Iran and the Caucasus 23, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20190303.

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This study analyzes the post-September 11 Taliban’s discourse, exploring particularly the sujet of the battle of Maiwand (July 27, 1880) in the Taliban’s tarani (pl. of tarana “chant, song”). After providing a brief history of the post-September 11 conflict in Afghanistan, the paper examines Afghanistan’s experience of colonialism in the 19th century by discussing the Anglo-Afghan wars, with a focus on the battle of Maiwand and its importance in the modern history of Afghanistan. This study takes a postcolonial and postmodernist approach to discourse analysis. Using a postmodernist approach, the author tried to understand how the Taliban saw the post-September 11, 2001 conflict, and how they legitimized their actions. This study concludes that the Taliban used Afghanistan’s past experience of colonialism in their discourse. In fact, they refer to the historical events and personalities, those led resistance against colonial powers in the 19th century, for propaganda purposes. In addition, the paper shows that the colonial past is an important factor in the success or failure of interventions and peacekeeping missions, particularly in Afghanistan.
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Crawshaw, Mike, John Rose, Martin Erdmann, Robert Loftis, James Soligan, Eric Edelman, and Hikmet Çetin. "A Comprehensive Approach to Modern Conflict: Afghanistan and Beyond." Connections: The Quarterly Journal 06, no. 2 (2007): 1–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/connections.06.2.01.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Conflict in Afghanistan"

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Goodhand, J., and P. Bergne. "Evaluation of the Conflict Prevention Pools: Afghanistan." Department for International Development, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3923.

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The evaluation was undertaken by Bradford University, Channel Research Ltd, the PARC & Associated Consultants. The Afghanistan Case study was carried out by Mr Jonathan Goodhand with Mr Paul Bergne. The work was conducted through fieldwork in Afghanistan (Kabul and Malaria Shari) where the team conducted interviews with a range of officials including staff from UK Embassy, GCPP projects, the Mazar Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) and UN, Afghan Government and NGO officials. The fieldwork was supplemented by further interviews in London and a review of the relevant literature and project documents.P7. The Afghanistan Case Study is one of six studies undertaken within the framework of the evaluation of the Conflict Prevention Pools. In accordance with the Terms of Reference (ToRs) and the Inception Report, the Evaluation placed maximum emphasis on the macro level: the policy processes in Whitehall by which decisions on allocations are made and implemented by the CPPs. Considerable attention has also been placed on the meson level: the degree to which CPP policies and activities in a given conflict form part of a coherent package of direct interventions by the international community and local actors to the problems of particular large scale deadly conflicts or potential conflicts. The microlevel of analysis (review of specific projects) confines itself largely to the way in which projects impact on the meson and macro levels. The Evaluation has not analysed systematically whether specific projects funded by the CPPs have been well managed and whether they have achieved their specific project goals. Single projects have been analysed to the extent that they reflect on the macro and meson levels. P8. The main findings of the evaluation, reflected in this Synthesis Report, are that the CPPs are doing significant work funding worthwhile activities that make positive contributions to effective conflict prevention, although it is far too early in the day to assess impact. The progress achieved through the CPP mechanisms is significant enough to justify their continuation.
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Weidemann, Diethelm. "Der Afghanistan-Komplex : historische Entwicklungslinien." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6322/.

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Inhalt: Historische Herausbildung des Konfliktes Das Scheitern der Reformen Amanullah Khans Der Modus Vivendi Zahir Shahs Der Afghanistankrieg von 1979 bis 1989 Der Bürgerkrieg 1989 bis 2001 Einzug der Taliban Aktuelle Lage in Afghanistan Intervention der USA und Folgen Ungewisse Perspektiven
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Pfarr, Frauke Valeska. "Post-Conflict: Wiederherstellung von Staatlichkeit völkerrechtliche Aspekte des Nationbuilding in Afghanistan." Köln München Heymann, 2006. http://d-nb.info/990723054/04.

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Pfarr, Frauke Valeska. "Post-Conflict: Wiederherstellung von Staatlichkeit : völkerrechtliche Aspekte des Nationbuilding in Afghanistan /." Köln ; München : Heymann, 2008. http://d-nb.info/990723054/04.

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Beath, Andrew. "Randomized Institutional Isomorphism - Evidence from Afghanistan." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10395.

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The dissertation compiles a series of essays which describes effects of various institutional variations randomized across a sample of 500 villages in Afghanistan in 2007. The first essay examines the institutional effects of the creation of democratically-elected, gender-balanced village development councils across 474 village councils. The creation of councils is found to have no effects on the structure and function of local governance or on how male villagers perceive local governance quality. However, council creation provokes increased local governance activity among paramilitary commanders – who experience broad-based improvements in public perceptions – and improves perceptions of local governance quality among women. The results indicate that externally-imposed de jure reforms do not substantially alter institutional outcomes, but may provoke countervailing responses by political authorities seeking to benefit from the institutional change. The second essay examines the effects of direct democracy on the alignment between public resource allocation decisions and citizen preferences. Using data from 250 villages, the study compares decision outcomes produced by secret-ballot referenda with outcomes produced by public meetings led by an elected village council. The results indicate that while elites do exert influence over outcomes produced by public meetings, their preferences do not determine the outcomes of referenda, which are influenced primarily by citizen preferences. Referenda are also found to improve citizen satisfaction, which is particularly low where elites exert undue influence over outcomes. The third essay examines whether the inclusion of villages in Afghanistan‘s largest development program affects counter-insurgency outcomes, such as individual perceptions of well-being, attitudes towards government, and the occurrence of violent incidents in surrounding areas. The program is found to affect all three measures, but only in areas with low levels of initial violence. The results indicate that development programs can limit the onset of insurgencies in relatively secure areas, but are not effective in improving attitudes to government and reducing violence where insurgents are already active.
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Ugarriza, Juan E. Chasteen John Charles. "Ideologies and conflict in the post-Cold War Afghanistan, D.R. Congo, Colombia /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1082.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 27, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Global History in the Department of History." Discipline: History; Department/School: History.
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Abirafeh, Lina. "Afghanistan 'Gozargah' : discourses on gender-focused aid in the aftermath of conflict." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2158/.

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This research addresses gender-focused international aid in Afghanistan in the aftermath of conflict, focusing on the period of the Bonn Agreement (December 2001 - September 2005). The investigation begins with a contextualized understanding of women in Afghanistan to better understand their role in social transformations throughout history. This history is in some measure incompatible with the discourse on Afghan women that was created by aid institutions to justify aid interventions. Such a discourse denied Afghan women's agency, abstracting them from their historical and social contexts. In so doing, space was created for the proposed intervention using a discourse of transformation. This discourse sought to 'empower' and 'liberate' Afghan women, yet implementation of interventions did not reflect such goals, nor the reality of the Gozargah (transition, juncture). This research illuminates the discourses animating gender-focused international aid in the aftermath of conflict in Afghanistan and the effects of these discourses on the gender order. This political and institutional ethnography was conducted first through an examination of policy texts and media discourses, then through an investigation of program practice through the perspectives of policy-makers and policy implementers. The findings were then weighed against the perspectives and experiences of women and men in Afghanistan. This research employs a gender analysis to illustrate the story of an aid intervention, starting with how it was represented at the highest levels to how it was understood at the lowest levels. This story reveals that first, Afghan women have been neither 'empowered' nor 'liberated' because the discourse on Afghan women was not historically and socially contextualized. This is further compounded by aid interventions that addressed political - and highly politicized - gender concerns with technical aid responses. The result is that promises of strategic transformations fell short of their goal, resulting in unintended effects in the form of continued insecurities for Afghan women.
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Caas, François Henri. "Natural resources and conflict in Sudan : addressing environmental issues in a post-conflict situation : the case of Afghanistan /." Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/409.

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Caas, Francois Henri. "Natural resources and conflict in Sudan : addressing environmental issues in a post-conflict situation : the case of Afghanistan." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2670.

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Thesis (MPhil (Sustainable Development Planning and Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
Both Afghanistan and Sudan have experienced extended periods of war and violent conflict. Sudan has been engulfed in a nearly continuous and bitter civil war since independence in 1956. Afghanistan has been in a state of conflict since the Soviet invasion in 1979. Both nations are also among the poorest and least developed in the world. The article on Sudan addresses the interlinkages that exist between conflict and natural resources and how access to and unequal distribution of natural resources have triggered and fuelled violent conflict. In the case of Afghanistan, the article looks at the reasons for US military intervention in 2001 and analyses the reconstruction and development programmes devised by the international community in order to rebuild the country. Based on these, the article looks at the potential for creating a sustainable society in Afghanistan and putting in place an effective system of environmental governance. Although it is recognised that both countries have managed to address some of the causes of conflict, the articles also state that in both cases, the agreements that were signed between the warring parties are far from being comprehensive. This is illustrated by the fact that in Afghanistan, conflict with the Taliban has increased dramatically in recent months, and in Sudan, by the still ongoing conflict in Darfur. It is argued that in both countries the potential for promoting long-term sustainable development is limited not unrelated, in large measure, to the nature of the development agendas being imposed by external decision-makers. Financial institutions and other international development actors have played an instrumental role in devising these agendas. They are promoting development strategies mostly based on neo-liberal policies and reliant on market forces, despite the fact that these policies have, in the past, often failed to trigger economic growth and alleviate poverty. Finally, while issues relating to the management of natural resources, particularly those of global and strategic importance, receive a fair amount of attention in the development plans, environmental protection as such, is often lacking political and financial commitment.
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DuPee, Matthew C. "The narcotics emirate of Afghanistan examining armed polities and their roles in illicit drug production and conflict in Afghanistan 1980-2010." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5005.

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The production of illicit narcotics in low-intensity conflict environments remains a serious concern for U.S.policymakers. Afghanistan is a solid example where the intersection of crime, narcotics production and insurgency has successfully thwarted U.S. stabilization and security efforts despite a 10-year military engagement there. This study seeks to examine the role of crime better, particularly narcotics related criminal enterprise, and its effect on the Taliban-led insurgency in Afghanistan. This study explores political, economic and conflict related factors that facilitate the narcotics industry and forges cooperation between drug trafficking organizations and insurgent movements. A key argument of this study is that nontraditional participants in narcotics production, such as insurgent groups or state representatives and institutions, acquire more than just profit and resources. Participants stand to gain political leverage, the social and political legitimacy derived from "protecting" the livelihoods of rural farmers, as well as "freedom of action;" the ability to operate unimpeded within a given territory or space because of public support. This study also suggests that one additional factor, social control, is a key motivator for an actor's participation in the narcotics industry.
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Books on the topic "Conflict in Afghanistan"

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Service, Australia Dept of the Parliamentary Library Legislative Research. The Afghanistan conflict. [Canberra]: Dept. of the Parliamentary Library, 1987.

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Conflict in Afghanistan. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2008.

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Griffiths, John Charles. The conflict in Afghanistan. Hove: Wayland, 1987.

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Griffiths, John Charles. The conflict in Afghanistan. Vero Beach, Fla: Rourke Enterprises, 1989.

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Griffiths, John Charles. The conflict in Afghanistan. Vero Beach, Fla: Rourke Enterprises, 1989.

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United Nations Environment Programme. Post-conflict environmental assessment Afghanistan. Kabul: UNEP, 2003.

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Anisa, Nuzhat, Anjuman-i Hamkārī Barā-yi Ṣulḥ va Hambastagī, and Sweden. Styrelsen för internationellt utvecklingssamarbete, eds. Strategic conflict analysis of Afghanistan. Kabul: Cooperation for Peace and Unity, 2012.

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Saikal, Amin. The Afghanistan conflict: Gorbachev's options. Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, the Australian National University, 1987.

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Da lānje ḥal =: Conflict resolution. Kābul: s.n., 2009.

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Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies (Calcutta, India), ed. Contemporary Afghanistan: Conflict and peace-building. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Conflict in Afghanistan"

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Muscat, Robert J. "Lessons from Post-Conflict Aid Experience." In Beyond Reconstruction in Afghanistan, 93–112. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403981172_6.

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Zammit-Mangion, Andrew, Michael Dewar, Visakan Kadirkamanathan, Anaïd Flesken, and Guido Sanguinetti. "Modeling and Prediction in Conflict: Afghanistan." In SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, 47–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01038-0_3.

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Mello, Patrick A. "Afghanistan: Unconditional Support but Selective Engagement?" In Democratic Participation in Armed Conflict, 100–137. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137386519_6.

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Naseh, Wali Mohammed. "Conflict of Laws—State Practice in Afghanistan." In Private International Law South Asian States’ Practice, 63–87. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3458-9_4.

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Jalali, Ali A. "Afghanistan: Changing Dynamics of Peace and Conflict." In The Great Power Competition Volume 1, 137–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64473-4_7.

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Ohanyan, Anna. "Afghanistan: How Policies Travel." In NGOs, IGOs, and the Network Mechanisms of Post-Conflict Global Governance in Microfinance, 113–43. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230616103_5.

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Kühn, Florian P. "Statebuilding in Afghanistan: Inertia and Ambiguity." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11795-5_11-1.

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Dhanraj, Nicole, Hilary Johnson-Lutz, and Thomas J. Rzemyk. "Women and economic development in post-conflict Afghanistan." In Rebuilding Afghanistan in Times of Crisis, 75–89. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge research in planning and urban design: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203702659-6.

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Mello, Patrick A. "Democracies and the Wars in Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq." In Democratic Participation in Armed Conflict, 182–96. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137386519_8.

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Brahimi, Lakhdar. "Making and Keeping the Peace: Reflections on UN Experiences in the Middle East and Afghanistan." In Interventions in Conflict, 23–36. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137530820_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Conflict in Afghanistan"

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Jayaputra, Raphaela, and Teddy Nurcahyawan. "Protection of UN Staff in Armed Conflict Areas in Afghanistan." In The 2nd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201209.148.

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Dias, P. L. S. "ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS IN TIME OF INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICT CASE STUDY AFGHANISTAN." In International Conference on Social Sciences. The International Institute of Knowledge Management - TIIKM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/2357268x.2018.5105.

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Banton, Rohan, Thuvan Piehler, Nicole Zander, Richard Benjamin, Josh Duckworth, and Oren Petel. "Investigating Pressure Wave Impact on a Surrogate Head Model Using Numerical Simulation Techniques." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-113.

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Abstract There is an urgent need to understand the mechanism leading to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) resulting from blast wave impact to the head. The recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have heightened the awareness of head impact injuries to military personnel resulting from exposure to blast waves [1, 2]. A blast wave generated in air is a by-product of the detonation of an explosive [3]. To date the mechanism resulting in mTBI from primary blast insult is still unclear.
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Bernick, Kristin, Thibault Prévost, Simona Socrate, and Subra Suresh. "Mechanical Response of Rat Cortical Neurons: AFM Indentations and Preliminary Modeling." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206207.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to blast exposure is becoming increasingly prevalent in soldiers returning from war and some consider TBI to be the signature wound of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts [1]. Common causes are exposure to explosions of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), rocket-propelled grenades, and landmines. A study by Hoge et al found that of 2525 soldiers, 4.9% reported injuries with loss of consciousness and an additional 10.3% reported injuries with altered mental status [2]. Despite the prevalence of TBI, little is known on the epidemiology of mild TBI and on its long-term health consequences. An improved understanding of the damage mechanism and injury progression will be critical for designing better protective gear and selecting appropriate treatments.
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Connolly, Thomas J. M., and J. Keith Clutter. "Modeling Head Motion During Explosive Events to Assess Brain Injury Severity in a Battlefield Environment." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43391.

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The occurrence of blast induced brain injury in individuals serving in Iraq and Afghanistan is dramatically higher than in past conflicts. This has been attributed in part to the prevalence of roadside improvised explosive devices, or IEDs. There is a call from the military medical community to reduce the reliance on victim self-reporting as the primary diagnosis technique to determine the likelihood of brain injury after a blast. This study demonstrates the utility of computational modeling in establishing clear criteria that denotes the probability of cerebral contusion and, thus, brain injury. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to establish the environment from a full range of threats. This is combined with bond graph modeling of varying levels of fidelity to estimate the dynamics of the skull and brain. Results clearly show that a boundary exists in the threat parameter space that determines whether brain injury occurs.
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Azer, Özlem Arzu. "Political and Economic Integration of the Central Asian and South Caucasian Turkish Republics into the Global World." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00244.

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With the dissolution of Soviet Union, former Soviet Republics’ central planned economy transformed into free market economy and structural reforms were made as parallel of this development. These former socialist countries have some diffficulties to adopt capitalism due to absence of some fundamental feautures of capitalism and inheritance of Soviet Union. Ending big threat of communism, the jeo-strategical importance of the region increased for the West because these countries own the oil and gas resources besides they are starting point or transit country of the energy pipelines. However, these transition countries could not develop economically and poverty became the major problem for most of Central Asian and South Caucasian Turkic Republics. As economic problems lead weakness of governance, ethnical conflicts and border conflicts threat these new independent countries. The region seems in the center of war for power due to rich natural resources and pipelines as well as the connection point to Afghanistan and being the exit to the Black Sea. This paper seeks economic situations of Central Asian and South Caucasian Turkic Republics which jeo-strategical importance increased due to natural resources and geographic location during Post Cold-War era. This work is based on statistical data provided by United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and International Monetary Fund (IMF), covering the period of 1990-2008 and contains Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.
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Whang, Chong, Warren Chilton, and Philemon Chan. "Use of Shock Tubes for Blast Testing." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63027.

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A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study was carried out with data comparison to provide guidance for the control of open shock tube wave expansion to simulate field blast loadings for the conduct of biomechanical blast overpressure tests against surrogate test models. The technique involves the addition of a diffuser to the shock tube to prevent overexpansion before the shock wave impacts the test model. Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been identified as the signature injury for the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, and blast overpressure from improvised explosive devices (IEDs) has been hypothesized as a significant mTBI risk factor. Research in the understanding of the mechanism of blast induced mTBI has been very active, which requires blast testing using animal and physical models. Full scale field blast testing is expensive. The use of shock tubes is clearly a viable cost effective laboratory method with many advantages. CFD simulations with data comparison show that without a diffuser, the shock wave exiting the tube tends to over expand producing an incident waveform with a short positive duration followed by a significant negative phase that is different from a Friedlander wave. However, the overexpansion effects can be mitigated by a diffuser. Shock tube tests also support the simulation results in which a diffuser improves the waveform from the shock tube. CFD simulations were validated by shock tube tests.
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8

Kulkarni, S. G., X. L. Gao, N. V. David, S. E. Horner, and J. Q. Zheng. "Ballistic Helmets: Their Design, Materials, and Performance Against Traumatic Brain Injury." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86340.

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Protecting a soldier’s head from injury is critical to function and survivability. Traditionally, combat helmets have been utilized to provide protection against shrapnel and ballistic threats, which have reduced head injuries and fatalities. However, home-made bombs or improvised explosive devices (IEDs) have been increasingly used in theatre of operations since the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts. Traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly blast-induced TBI, which is typically not accompanied by external body injuries, is becoming increasingly prevalent among injured soldiers. The response of personal protective equipment, especially combat helmets, to blast events is relatively unknown. There is an urgent need to develop head protection systems with blast protection/ mitigation capabilities in addition to ballistic protection. Modern military operations, ammunitions, and technology driven war tactics require a lightweight headgear that integrates protection mechanisms (against ballistics, blasts, heat, and noise), sensors, night vision devices, and laser range finders into a single system. The current paper provides a comparative study on the design, materials, ballistic and blast performance of the combat helmets used by the U.S. Army based on a comprehensive and critical review of existing studies. Mechanisms of ballistic energy absorption, effects of helmet curvatures on ballistic performance, and performance measures of helmets are discussed. Properties of current helmet materials (including Kevlar® K29 and K129 fibers, and thermoset resins) and future candidate materials for helmets (such as nano-composites, thermoplastic polymers, and carbon fibers) are elaborated. Also, experimental and computational studies on blast-induced TBI are examined, and constitutive models developed for brain tissues are reviewed. Finally, the effectiveness of current combat helmets against TBI is analyzed along with possible avenues for future research.
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Fitzke, Reagan, Jordan Davis, and Eric Pedersen. "Co-use of Tobacco/Nicotine and Cannabis Among Veterans: A Preliminary Investigation of Prevalence and Associations with Mental Health Outcomes." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.10.

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While tobacco and cannabis use rates remain high in the general U.S. population, veterans from the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan (i.e., OEF/OIF veterans) are at particularly high risk of high rates of cannabis and tobacco use. Co-use of tobacco/nicotine and cannabis (i.e., using both substances within a specified period of time or combining the drugs within the same device for use) is of growing prevalence in the United States. Tobacco/nicotine and cannabis use is often associated with poor mental health outcomes such as stress, anxiety, and depression. However, little is understood about the prevalence rates of tobacco/nicotine and cannabis co-use among U.S. veterans as well as associations with mental health symptomology. The current study aimed to investigate types of tobacco/nicotine and cannabis co-use among veterans, as well as associations between co-use and mental health outcomes of stress, depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Participants (N= 1,548) were recruited through social media websites and completed an online survey as part of a larger study. The majority (80%) endorsed tobacco/nicotine and/or cannabis use in the past 30 days. Descriptive analyses were run to assess prevalence of use within the sample. Mean comparisons were conducted to assess differences in past 30-day frequency of use and for mental health outcomes between co-users and single users of either substance. Among the larger sample, 90% endorsed lifetime use of tobacco/nicotine, 23% endorsed lifetime use of cannabis, and 21% endorsed any lifetime co-use of both substances. These participants also endorsed past 30 day use of tobacco/nicotine (77%), cannabis (10%), and co-use (7%). Among the past 30-day cannabis users, 66% reported also using tobacco/nicotine, while 9% of past 30-day tobacco/nicotine users also reported cannabis use. When comparing cannabis-only users to co-users of cannabis and tobacco/nicotine, anxiety symptoms were reported as significantly higher among co-users. Tobacco/nicotine-only users endorsed higher past 30-day frequency of cigarettes and e-cigarettes compared to co-users; however, co-users endorsed significantly higher levels of stress and symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety compared to tobacco/nicotine-only users. Results suggest that the addition of cannabis use in conjunction with tobacco/nicotine use may be associated with greater mental health symptoms among veterans. Findings have implications for future veteran mental health care and substance use treatment among tobacco/nicotine and cannabis co-users.
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Ganpule, Shailesh, Robert Salzar, and Namas Chandra. "Response of Post-Mortem Human Head Under Primary Blast Loading Conditions: Effect of Blast Overpressures." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63910.

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Blast induced neurotrauma (BINT), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are identified as the “signature injuries” of recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The occurrence of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) in blasts is controversial in the medical and scientific communities because the manifesting symptoms occur without visible injuries. Whether the primary blast waves alone can cause TBI is still an open question, and this work is aimed to address this issue. We hypothesize that if a significant level of intracranial pressure (ICP) pulse occurs within the brain parenchyma when the head is subjected to pure primary blast, then blast induced TBI is likely to occur. In order to test this hypothesis, three post mortem human heads are subjected to simulated primary blast loading conditions of varying intensities (70 kPa, 140 kPa and 200 kPa) at the Trauma Mechanics Research Facility (TMRF), University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The specimens are placed inside the 711 mm × 711 mm square shock tube at a section where known profiles of incident primary blast (Friedlander waveform in this case) are obtained. These profiles correspond to specific field conditions (explosive strength and stand-off distance). The specimen is filled with a brain simulant prior to experiments. ICPs, surface pressures, and surface strains are measured at 11 different locations on each post mortem human head. A total of 27 experiments are included in the analysis. Experimental results show that significant levels of ICP occur throughout the brain simulant. The maximum peak ICP is measured at the coup site (nearest to the blast) and gradually decreases towards the countercoup site. When the incident blast intensity is increased, there is a statistically significant increase in the peak ICP and total impulse (p<0.05). Even after five decades of research, the brain injury threshold values for blunt impact cases are based on limited experiments and extensive numerical simulations; these are still evolving for sports-related concussion injuries. Ward in 1980 suggested that no brain injury will occur when the ICP<173 kPa, moderate to severe injury will occur when 173 kPa<ICP<235 kPa and severe injury will occur when ICP>235 kPa for blunt impacts. Based on these criteria, no injury will occur at incident blast overpressure level of 70 kPa, moderate to severe injuries will occur at 140 kPa and severe head injury will occur at the incident blast overpressure intensity of 200 kPa. However, more work is needed to confirm this finding since peak ICP alone may not be sufficient to predict the injury outcome.
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Reports on the topic "Conflict in Afghanistan"

1

Horn, Sr, and John M. How Afghanistan Can Assume Ownership for the Ongoing Conflict. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada481180.

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Kamminga, Jorrit, and Akram Zaki. Returning to Fragility: Exploring the link between conflict and returnees in Afghanistan. Oxfam, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2017.1473.

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Cherney, Adrian, and Kylie Fisk. Rebuilding Government Legitimacy in Post-Conflict Societies: Case Studies of Nepal and Afghanistan. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada626814.

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Babu, Suresh Chandra, Jamshed Looden, Mehnaz Ajmal, Abdul Wajid Rana, Jawid Omar, and Nandita Srivastava. Nutrition sensitive food systems in conflict affected regions: A case study of Afghanistan. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134312.

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Cassidy, Robert M. Russia in Afghanistan and Chechnya: Military Strategic Culture and the Paradoxes of Asymmetric Conflict. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada412830.

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Pelham, Sarah, Tamara Göth, Jorrit Kamminga, Husnia Alkadri, Manizha Ehsan, and Anna Tonelli. 'Leading the Way': Women driving peace and security in Afghanistan, the Occupied Palestinian Territory and Yemen. Oxfam, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7222.

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In Afghanistan, the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT) and Yemen, women’s rights organizations are leading efforts to realize the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda, in spite of ongoing conflict, insecurity and occupation. But without national duty bearers and international actors stepping up to meet their commitments, implement National Action Plans (NAPs) and provide resources and support, the full potential of the agenda will not be reached. This briefing paper explores challenges, lessons learned and opportunities related to realizing the WPS agenda, and makes recommendations to a range of national and international stakeholders on how to support its implementation in Afghanistan, OPT and Yemen.
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7

Hall, Andrew. Cold Injury in Afghanistan: Comparison to Past Conflicts. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada529785.

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