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Mortimer, Jeylan T., Arnaldo Mont’Alvao, and Pamela Aronson. "Decline of “the American Dream”? Outlook toward the Future across Three Generations of Midwest Families." Social Forces 98, no. 4 (2019): 1403–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz130.
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Abstract Expansion of higher education and long-term economic growth have fostered high aspirations among adolescents. Recently, however, deteriorating labor force opportunities, particularly since the “Great Recession,” and rising inequality have challenged the “American Dream.” To assess how parental and adolescent outlooks have evolved over time, we examine shifts in future orientations across three generations of Midwest American families. Our unique data archive from the Youth Development Study includes 266 Generation 1 and Generation 2 parent-child dyads and 422 Generation 3 children. We assess change over two decades in parental expectations for their children’s educational attainments (comparing G1 and G2) and in adolescents’ socioeconomic aspirations, life course optimism, and anticipated work-family conflict (comparing G2 and G3). An initial between-families analysis examines aggregate change across generations; a second fixed-effects analysis assesses attitudinal differences between parents and children in the same families and the extent to which generational shifts in family circumstances and adolescents’ educational performance account for change in adolescents’ future orientations. We find that “millennial” adolescents had more positive outlooks than “Gen X” parents did at the same age. Generational increase in adolescent socioeconomic aspirations held even when socioeconomic origin, parent-child relationship quality, adolescent school performance, and other predictors were controlled. We find evidence that growing adolescent optimism across generations is attributable to rising parental educational expectations, increasing adolescent grades in school, and higher-quality parent-child relationships. We conclude that the “American Dream” is still alive for many contemporary parents and their adolescent children.
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Jannati, Elmira, and Stuart Allen. "Parental Perspectives on Parent–Child Conflict and Acculturation in Iranian Immigrants in California." Family Journal 26, no. 1 (2018): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480718754770.
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Iranians have settled in a number of areas in the United States, especially Southern California and Texas, and experience substantial prejudice as a result of perceptions of their religion and national origin. This study explored the relationship between Iranian immigrant parents’ acculturation and the level of conflict they experience with their U.S.-born children. A survey was used to collect data from a sample of 100 first-generation Iranian immigrant parents living in Orange County, CA, with children aged 11–22 years. Parent-acculturation levels were expected to predict parent–child conflicts (PCCs) resulting from potential acculturation gaps between children and parents. Results demonstrated a moderate positive relationship between Iranian cultural involvement and PCC and a weak negative relationship between American cultural involvement and PCC. The effects of various demographic variables were also considered. Results show higher PCC levels among lower income families, suggesting a need for support from schools, counselors, or other institutions.
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Yu, Xinjia, Chunyan Miao, Cyril Leung, and Charles Thomas Salmon. "Role conflict and ambivalence in the aged-parent-adult-child relationship." International Journal of Crowd Science 1, no. 2 (2017): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcs-08-2017-0012.
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Purpose The parent-child relationship is important to the solidarity of families and the emotional well-being of family members. Since people are more dependent on their close social relationships as they age, understanding the quality of relationships between aged parents and their adult children is a critical topic. Previous research shows that this relationship is complicated with both kinship and ambivalence. However, there is little research on the causes of this complexity. This paper proposes a role model to explain this complexity by studying the leadership transition within a family as the child grows. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, we proposed a novel perception to understand this transition process and explain related problems based on the analysis of the leader-follower relationship between the parents and their children. Findings When a child is born, his/her parents become the leader of this family because of their abilities, responsibilities and the requirements of the infant. This leader-follower role structure will last a long time in this family. Decades later, when the parents become old and the child grows up, the inter-generational contracts within the family and the requirement of each members change. This transition weakens the foundation of the traditional leader-follower role structure within the family. If either the parent or the child does not want to accept their new roles, both of them will suffer and struggle in this relationship. This role conflict will cause ambivalence in the relationship between aged parents and their adult children. Originality/value Based on the quantitative study model provided in this paper, we can moderate the relationships between aged parents and their adult children. This effort is meaningful in enhancing the quality of life and emotional wellbeing for senior citizens.
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Cullen, Jennifer C., Leslie B. Hammer, Margaret B. Neal, and Robert R. Sinclair. "Development of a Typology of Dual-Earner Couples Caring for Children and Aging Parents." Journal of Family Issues 30, no. 4 (2008): 458–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x08326003.
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Using a national sample of 267 couples, the authors identify distinct profiles of dual-earner couples in the sandwiched generation (i.e., those caring for children and aging parents) using cluster analysis and then assess the relationship between these profiles and work—family conflict. The profiles are defined by characteristics of couples' child care demands (age and number of children), parent care demands (hours spent as caregiver each week), and work-role demands (hours worked per week). Three distinct profiles of sandwiched couples emerge: a high child care demands group, a high parent care demands group, and a high work demands group. The authors find differences in work-to-family conflict across the three groups but not differences in family-to-work conflict. Implications for work life practitioners and human resource managers are discussed.
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Hannigan, L. J., F. V. Rijsdijk, J. M. Ganiban, et al. "Shared genetic influences do not explain the association between parent–offspring relationship quality and offspring internalizing problems: results from a Children-of-Twins study." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 4 (2017): 592–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717001908.
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BackgroundAssociations between parenting and child outcomes are often interpreted as reflecting causal, social influences. However, such associations may be confounded by genes common to children and their biological parents. To the extent that these shared genes influence behaviours in both generations, a passive genetic mechanism may explain links between them. Here we aim to quantify the relative importance of passive genetic v. social mechanisms in the intergenerational association between parent–offspring relationship quality and offspring internalizing problems in adolescence.MethodsWe used a Children-of-Twins (CoT) design with data from the parent-based Twin and Offspring Study of Sweden (TOSS) sample [909 adult twin pairs and their offspring; offspring mean age 15.75 (2.42) years], and the child-based Swedish Twin Study of CHild and Adolescent Development (TCHAD) sample [1120 adolescent twin pairs; mean age 13.67 (0.47) years]. A composite of parent-report measures (closeness, conflict, disagreements, expressions of affection) indexed parent–offspring relationship quality in TOSS, and offspring self-reported internalizing symptoms were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in both samples.ResultsA social transmission mechanism explained the intergenerational association [r = 0.21 (0.16–0.25)] in our best-fitting model. A passive genetic transmission pathway was not found to be significant, indicating that parental genetic influences on parent–offspring relationship quality and offspring genetic influences on their internalizing problems were non-overlapping.ConclusionThese results indicate that this intergenerational association is a product of social interactions between children and parents, within which bidirectional effects are highly plausible. Results from genetically informative studies of parenting-related effects should be used to help refine early parenting interventions aimed at reducing risk for psychopathology.
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Bui, Hoan N. "Parent—Child Conflicts, School Troubles, and Differences in Delinquency Across Immigration Generations." Crime & Delinquency 55, no. 3 (2008): 412–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128707306122.
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Cox, Ronald B., Darcey K. deSouza, Juan Bao, et al. "Shared Language Erosion: Rethinking Immigrant Family Communication and Impacts on Youth Development." Children 8, no. 4 (2021): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8040256.
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In this paper we make the case for Shared Language Erosion as a potential explanation for the negative outcomes described in the immigrant paradox for second- and third- generation immigrants (e.g., declines in physical, mental, and behavioral health). While not negating the important role of cultural adaptation, we posit that parent-child communication difficulties due to a process we are calling Shared Language Erosion is driving the observed affects previously attributed to changes in cultural values and beliefs. Shared Language Erosion is the process during which adolescents improve their English skills while simultaneously losing or failing to develop their heritage language; at the same time their parents acquire English at a much slower rate. This lack of a common shared language makes it difficult for parents and their adolescent children to effectively communicate with each other, and leads to increased parent-child conflict, reduced parental competence, aggravated preexisting flaws in parent-child attachment, and increased adolescent vulnerability to deviant peer influences.
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Gong, Xiaopeng, Gregory Marchant, and Yinsheng Cheng. "Family factors and immigrant students’ academic achievement." Asian Education and Development Studies 4, no. 4 (2015): 448–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-01-2015-0002.
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Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to examine the relationship between family-related factors and academic performance for Asian and Hispanic immigrant students. Design/methodology/approach – The study used data drawn from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study. Data were collected from second-generation immigrant students in forms of surveys. A total of 10th to 12th grade Asian (n=3,022) and Hispanic immigrant students (n=1,664) reported their family income, father’s and mother’ education, parents’ education aspiration for them, their own education aspiration, English proficiency, family cohesion, and parent-child conflict. Their school performance indicated by grade point average demonstrated in school records was also collected. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and regression techniques. Findings – Family income and parent-child conflict were identified as predictors of immigrant students’ grade point average. When regression analyses were conducted separately for Asian and Hispanic students, different patterns emerged. Family income and parent-child conflict predicted Hispanic immigrant students’ academic performance whereas parent education aspiration and family income predicted Asian immigrant students’ academic performance. Originality/value – The current study was among the first to examine how family emotional factors related to Asian and Hispanic immigrant students’ academic performance. The findings demonstrated some interesting patterns in terms of how different family-related factors contributed to the two immigrant student groups. It added to the existing literature about what distinguished Asian and Hispanic immigrant students’ academic achievement.
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Veevers, Jean E., Ellen M. Gee, and Andrew V. Wister. "Homeleaving Age Norms: Conflict or Consensus?" International Journal of Aging and Human Development 43, no. 4 (1996): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/mxqv-0rqw-b2fu-kem6.
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While research attention has been directed to the normative timing aspects of some family transitions, little work on homeleaving has been undertaken. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with one child and one parent in 218 families in which the adult child has/had returned home (boomerang families) and 202 families in which the adult child has remained independently “launched,” this article examines a number of aspects of norms regarding the appropriate timing of homeleaving. The following issues are examined: the degree of overall consensus regarding homeleaving age norms; variations by generation and by family type; factors viewed as conditioning the normative age at homeleaving; and perceptions regarding social approval/disapproval of young adults living at home. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical issues in the life course perspective regarding age norms.
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Chagnon, Napoleon A., Robert F. Lynch, Mary K. Shenk, Raymond Hames, and Mark V. Flinn. "Cross-cousin marriage among the Yanomamö shows evidence of parent–offspring conflict and mate competition between brothers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 13 (2017): E2590—E2607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618655114.
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Marriage in many traditional societies often concerns the institutionalized exchange of reproductive partners among groups of kin. Such exchanges most often involve cross-cousins—marriage with the child of a parent’s opposite-sex sibling—but it is unclear who benefits from these exchanges. Here we analyze the fitness consequences of marrying relatives among the Yanomamö from the Amazon. When individuals marry close kin, we find that (i) both husbands and wives have slightly lower fertility; (ii) offspring suffer from inbreeding depression; (iii) parents have more grandchildren; and (iv) siblings, especially brothers, benefit when their opposite-sex siblings marry relatives but not when their same-sex siblings do. Therefore, individuals seem to benefit when their children or opposite-sex siblings marry relatives but suffer costs when they, their parents, or same-sex siblings do. These asymmetric fitness outcomes suggest conflicts between parents and offspring and among siblings over optimal mating strategies. Parental control of marriages is reinforced by cultural norms prescribing cross-cousin marriage. We posit that local mate competition combined with parental control over marriages may escalate conflict between same-sex siblings who compete over mates, while simultaneously forging alliances between opposite-sex siblings. If these relationships are carried forward to subsequent generations, they may drive bilateral cross-cousin marriage rules. This study provides insights into the evolutionary importance of how kinship and reciprocity underlie conflicts over who controls mate choice and the origins of cross-cousin marriage prescriptions.
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Birditt, Kira S., Courtney A. Polenick, Olga Van Bolt, Kyungmin Kim, Steven H. Zarit, and Karen L. Fingerman. "Conflict Strategies in the Parent–Adult Child Tie: Generation Differences and Implications for Well-Being." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 74, no. 2 (2017): 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx057.
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Fu, Guoqun, Chenghu Zhang, and Jia'jing Hu. "Analysis of progeny–parents family travel process from perspective filial piety: driving factors, intergenerational interaction and tourism evaluation." Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science 4, no. 1 (2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcmars-12-2020-0049.
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PurposeThis paper attempts to explore why adult progeny initiate progeny–parents family travel, how two generations interact and deal with intergenerational conflicts during travel and how they evaluate their travel experiences from the perspective of filial piety.Design/methodology/approachBased on in-depth interviews with both parents and their adult progeny, it is found that “repayment” or “compensation” of filial piety is the most important driving force to family travel with parents, and in many cases an adult child exhibits “overspending” by showing filial obedience. On the other hand, parents occasionally utilize filial piety as cultural resources to fulfill their personal goals and to evaluate their interactions with adult children. Finally, the authors offer an exploratory explanation to why filial generation has a relatively low evaluation while parent generation has a higher evaluation of family trip.FindingsThe authors suggest that future study in this particular area should attach much more importance to the “filial piety tool boxes” paradigm, which is in parallel with the paradigm of “concept (values) affecting behavior”.Originality/valueThe contribution of this study is to investigate the family travel process of “taking the elderly people to travel” from the perspective of interaction and filial piety.
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Conger, Rand D., Monica J. Martin, April S. Masarik, Keith F. Widaman, and M. Brent Donnellan. "Social and economic antecedents and consequences of adolescent aggressive personality: Predictions from the interactionist model." Development and Psychopathology 27, no. 4pt1 (2015): 1111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579415000711.
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AbstractThe present study examined the development of a cohort of 279 early adolescents (52% female) from 1990 to 2005. Guided by the interactionist model of socioeconomic status and human development, we proposed that parent aggressive personality, economic circumstances, interparental conflict, and parenting characteristics would affect the development of adolescent aggressive personality traits. In turn, we hypothesized that adolescent aggressiveness would have a negative influence on adolescent functioning as an adult in terms of economic success, personality development, and close relationships 11 years later. Findings were generally supportive of the interactionist model proposition that social and economic difficulties in the family of origin intensify risk for adolescent aggressive personality (the social causation hypothesis) and that this personality trait impairs successful transition to adult roles (the social selection hypothesis) in a transactional process over time and generations. These results underscore how early development leads to child influences that appear to directly hamper the successful transition to adult roles (statistical main effects) and also amplify the negative impact of dysfunctional family systems on the transition to adulthood (statistical interaction effects). The findings suggest several possible points of intervention that might help to disrupt this negative developmental sequence of events.
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Bulcroft, Kris A. "Love and Sexuality in Later Life: What Your Grandparents are not Telling You." Slovenský národopis / Slovak Ethnology 67, no. 2 (2019): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/se-2019-0010.
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Abstract In a study of dating in later life, conducted in the Midwest in the United States, in which a sample of people age 60+ were interviewed regarding their dating behaviors and perceived functions of dating at this stage in the life course, preliminary evidence suggests that middle-generation offspring took on the role of gatekeepers of sexual standards of conduct and cohabitation outside marriage. Concomitantly, the older generation displayed modified attitudes about sexuality outside marriage in keeping with the opportunity structures available to them as part of the dating experience. When this paper was published in 1986 there were few studies of later life intimacy and dating, and the focus was on the older daters rather than on extended family or social network implications of dating in later life. Since my study in the mid-1980’s, research has flourished on later life dating and intimacy, but the focus continues to be on the dyad rather than exploring intergenerational family relationships and changes that result from re-coupling in later life. This paper will explore the adult child-older parent relationship in which the older person is dating and posit research questions based on two conceptual areas and one theoretical perspective – stereotyping of older people, transmission of values across generations, and social exchange theory – on which to build future studies of intergenerational relationships. This review of the literature will assist in understanding the middle generation’s response to an older parent’s dating and courtship behavior as well as consider why conflicts about later life dating between adult children and older parents are more likely under certain family conditions. Exploration of the literature on later life dating that has resulted since our 1986 study, coupled with theoretical underpinnings, is intended to help scholars in this area of study conduct research that will be more generalizable and theory-based.
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Smith, Carolyn A., Timothy O. Ireland, Aely Park, Laura Elwyn, and Terence P. Thornberry. "Intergenerational Continuities and Discontinuities in Intimate Partner Violence." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26, no. 18 (2011): 3720–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260511403751.
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This study focuses on intergenerational continuity in violent partner relationships. We investigate whether exposure to caregiver intimate partner violence (IPV) during adolescence leads to increased involvement in IPV during early adulthood (age 21-23) and adulthood (age 29-31). We also investigate whether this relationship differs by gender. Although there is theoretical and empirical support for intergenerational continuity of relationship violence, there are few prospective studies of this issue. We use data from the Rochester Youth Development Study (RYDS), a longitudinal study of the development of antisocial behavior in a community sample of 1,000 urban youth followed from age 14 to adulthood. The original sample includes 73% men and 85% African American or Hispanic youth. Measures come from a combination of interviews and official records. The Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) is used to assess IPV and severe IPV in the youth and parent generations. Analyses controlled for child physical abuse, race/ethnicity as well as parent education, family stability, and poverty. In multivariate models, adolescent exposure to caregiver severe IPV resulted in significantly increased risk of relationship violence in early adulthood (age 21-23). Furthermore, there is an indirect effect of adolescent exposure to severe IPV on later adult involvement in IPV (age 29-31), mediated by involvement in a violent relationship in early adulthood. These results were largely invariant by gender. However, we observed a direct pathway between IPV exposure and adult IPV for women (marginally significant) suggesting that adolescent exposure to caregiver IPV may set in motion women-specific processes.
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Horváth, Sándor. "“Wild West,” “Gangster,” and “Desperado” Feelings: The Perception of the “West” in Youth Subcultures in Hungary in the 1960s." East Central Europe 38, no. 2-3 (2011): 180–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633011x600842.
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AbstractThe images of the “modern youth” and moral panics concerning the youth as a metaphor played an important part in the identity construction process throughout Cold War Europe. For Hungarian youth the West represented the land of promise and desires, albeit their knowledge of the Western other was highly limited and controlled by the socialist state. But how did the partly unknown West and its “folk devils” become the objects of desire in the East? For Western youngsters it seemed to be easier to realize their cultural preferences, however, youth cultures of the sixties were represented in the transnational discourses as manifestations of intra-generational, parent–adolescent conflicts not only in the Eastern Bloc, but also in Western democracies. The perception of the parent–child conflict became a cornerstone of the studies on the sixties, and the youth studies represented youth subcultures as “countercultures.” This paper addresses the role of the official discourse in the construction of “youth cultures” which lies at the heart of identity politics concerning youngsters. It looks at some of the youth subcultures which emerged in socialist Hungary and, in particular how “Eastern” youth perceived “the West,” and how their desires concerning the “Western cultures” were represented in the official discourse. It also seeks to show that borders created in the mind between “East” and “West” worked not only in the way that the “iron curtain” did, but it also became a cultural practice to create social identities following the patterns of Eastern and Western differentiation in the socialist countries.
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Scott, Rachel, Danielle Nadorff, Loriena Yancura, and Melissa Barnett. "The Role of Intergenerational Relationships: Applying the Family Stress Model to Grandfamilies." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1124.
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Abstract The Family Stress Model (FSM) of Economic Hardship (Conger, Rueter, & Conger, 2000) was developed to explain the impact of financial stress on families through links between economic difficulties, parental emotional distress, marital conflict, disrupted parenting behaviors, and child maladjustment. The FSM has been cross validated in samples of custodial grandparents (i.e., grandparents who provide substantial care for their grandchildren; Smith et al., 2017). The current study modified the FSM by replacing inter-parent relationship difficulties with inter-generational relationship problems between the custodial grandparents and their children to ultimately examine the adjustment of the grandchildren. This change to the model is supported by prior research conducted on intergenerational stress impacting the parenting and subsequent development of children in grandfamilies (Barnett, Mills-Koonce, Gustafsson, & Cox, 2012). Using a nationwide sample of 317 custodial grandparents aged 40 and older (M = 61 yr) the fit of the modified model was tested using AMOS 26. Latent variables in the model included Economic Pressure, Caregiver Distress, Disrupted Parenting, Intergenerational Relationship, and Child Adjustment. Moderate fit was achieved (χ2(308) = 574.88; CFI = .896; RMSEA = .052). All pathways were significant with the exception of Disrupted Parenting to Child Adjustment. These results indicate that intergenerational relationships are an important predictor of child adjustment, and an applicable substitute for inter-partner relationships when modeling family stress in custodial grandfamilies. Details and clinical implications will be discussed.
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Lapeña, José Florencio F. "Millenials in Medicine: Tradition and Disruption." Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 32, no. 2 (2018): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32412/pjohns.v32i2.55.
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 “I suppose in reality not a leaf goes yellow in autumn without ceasing 
 to care about its sap and making the parent tree very uncomfortable by
 long growling and grumbling - but surely nature might find some less irritating way of carrying on business if she would give her mind to it.
 Why should the generations overlap one another at all?
 Samuel Butler, The Way of All Flesh1
 
 Millenials or Generation Y physicians (born 1977/1980-1995) today form the majority of medical personnel, from medical students and residents in their early twenties and thirties to young attending physicians hitting forty; practicing side-by-side with Generation X (1965-1976/1980) in their late thirties to early fifties; Baby Boomers (1946-1964) in their mid-fifties, sixties and early seventies; and the last of the Silent Generation or Traditionalists (1925-1945) in their mid-seventies, eighties and nineties.2,3 Among 734 Fellows of the Philippine Society of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery alone, there are currently 18 Traditionalists, 192 Boomers, 360 Generation X, and 164 Millenials. Assuming the 862 board-certified Diplomates waiting to become full-fledged Fellows and 182 Residents-in-Training are also Millenials, there are a total of 1,208 Millenials in the field of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery in the Philippines. With four distinct generations simultaneously in the workforce, it is not unusual to hear older physicians gripe about “these Millenials,” and how different they are from previous generations.
 
 The so-called generation gap has been used to characterize inter-generational relations, wherein the preceding generation historically puts down the younger, and the succeeding generation usually complains about the older one. I posit that central to this conflict is a clash between tradition -- the way things should be done (as perceived by the older generation) -- and disruption, the way things can be done differently (from the perspective of the younger generation). In particular (meaning no offense to the “in-between” Generation X, and at risk of being overly simplistic), this is highlighted by the supposed looming showdown between Baby Boomers who are not yet ready to leave and Millenials who can hardly wait to take over.4
 
 Tradition, a “statement, belief or practice handed down from generation to generation” comes from the Old French tradicion “transmission, presentation, handing over” and directly from the Latin traditionem “delivery, surrender, a handing down, a giving up,” from tradere “deliver, hand over,” derived from trans – “over” + dare “to give.”5 Although older generations may like to think they uphold tradition (giving them the right and duty to pass it on to succeeding ones), a large part of what defines each generation in the first place is their departure from the statements, beliefs or practices of their predecessors. Such a transition may have been gradual or sudden, and more pronounced in some generations than in others.
 Our post-war Boomer generation grew up in a world where face-to-face communication was supplemented by the written (handwritten, typewritten, typeset or telegraphed) and spoken (rotary-dial telephone) word. In medicine and medical education, history and physical examination were taught through lectures (with overhead and opaque projectors, slides on carousels and filmstrips) and live demonstrations on patients and on one another. The advent of word processing and advances in telecommunications and technology that became available to Generation X (who in the Philippines include “martial law babies” oblivious to our “wonder years” of the sixties) gradually changed the landscape of medical education and practice, but it would take the digital and internet revolution to finally, drastically change the world-- and Millenials were the primary beneficiaries of this change.
 
 Disruption, from the Latin disruptionem “a breaking asunder,” which comes from disrumpere “break apart, split, shatter, break to pieces,” from dis- “apart” + rumpere “to break”6 perhaps best describes the Baby Boomer generation’s experience of the technological revolution that Millenials grew up with. Suddenly, everything could be had in a split-second and the world was connected in real time. No longer did one have to master penmanship, typing and speed-reading, and homes no longer displayed dictionaries and encyclopedias. Even the library card catalogue and periodicals index became obsolete, as most anything became instantly available and accessible – including information, fast food and relationships. Millenials grew up with this transition, and readily mastered the rapidly changing technology. The locus of socialization was no longer face-to-face interaction within the family, but the worldwide web and social media. In medical education, lectures gave way to podcasts and webinars; heavy textbooks gave way to electronic references; and even dissection gave way to 3D virtual human anatomy.
 The Millenials’ expertise in, and dependence on, technology can both be their boon and bane – as I often note when residents and students automatically search their peripheral brains (a.k.a. mobile devices) to answer a ward round question. But they are also as quick to intuitively master the diagnostic and therapeutic tools that did not exist when their older colleagues were in residency.7 The early access that Millenials and Generation X had to computer resources in childhood certainly laid “a critical foundation for use of these systems later in life,” compared to Baby Boomers and Traditionalists whose “lack of early experience may limit their enthusiasm” for such tools.3 As Cole puts it, “Baby Boomers don't react well to a 20-something coming in and disrupting the way things have ‘always been’ while Millennials don't react well when they're told to shoot for the moon and ‘do big things,’ and then when they walk in the door with new ideas ready to disrupt age-old models, get told to know their place.”8 Thus, older generations of physicians may question how the stock knowledge and clinical eye of Millenials can compare to theirs, who learned medicine without these tools, and wonder how Millenials would fare in conflict and catastrophic situations when technology fails, or in low- and middle-income rural settings where technology is scarce. Conversely, Millenials wonder why Boomers insist on their old ways and just don’t get it!
 
 Perhaps we can learn from Mohr et al.3 about bridging generational issues in medical and surgical education—for instance, between the Socratic Method whereby Boomers may appear to intimidate learners9 versus the Millenial expectation that presentation of information be tailored to their needs, individually or via available technology.10 It could be helpful for Millenials who are “outcomes-oriented and value doing more than knowing”11 “to realize that Traditionalists and Boomers ‘know how to do’ and are ready and able to teach.”3 On the other hand, “when instructing Boomers in new technology or information,” the Millenial teacher “should recognize that this role reversal is uncomfortable to older generations” and “mitigate discomfort … by focus(ing) on the relevance of the information and creat(ing) an environment in which it is ‘safe’ to ask questions and challenge the teacher.”3 Indeed, if inter-generational differences could be surmounted, there is much that Boomers can learn from Millenials, and vice versa.
 
 If as Cole observes, “this great debate is hauntingly similar to a parent/child argument,”8 it is because Boomers and Millennials are “also each other’s children and parents, bound together in an intricate web of love, support, anxiety, resentment, and interdependence.”4 Perhaps by involving Generation X in bridging the great divide, and fostering an environment that allows for inter-generational differences in teaching and learning styles, non-disruptive disruption of tradition can take place. Each generation must have the humility (as opposed to intellectual arrogance) to accept that they can learn from other generations – younger or older—for truly meaningful medical progress to take place. We cannot do otherwise, for Generation Z (born after 1995, and about to enter Medical School) is already poised to join the fray.
 
 References
 
 
 Butler S. The Way of All Flesh. New York: Dover Publications, 2004. 315 pages.
 
 
 
 The Center for Generational Kinetics. How to determine generational birth years. November 28, 2016 ©2016 [cited 2017 Nov 2.] Available from: http://genhq.com/generational_birth_years/
 
 
 
 Mohr NM, Moreno-Walton L, Mills AM, Brunett PH, Promes SB. Generational Influences in Academic Emergency Medicine: Teaching and Learning, Mentoring, and Technology (Part I). Acad Emerg Med. 2011 Feb;18(2):190-199. DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00985.x PMID: 21314779 PMCID: PMC3076332
 
 
 
 Taylor P, Pew Research Center. The Next America: Boomers, Millenials, and the Looming Generational Showdown. New York: PublicAffairs, 2016. 384 pages.
 
 
 
 Harper D. Online Etymology Dictionary © 2001-2017 [Cited 2017 November 2.] Available from: https://www.etymonline.com/word/tradition
 
 
 
 Harper D. Online Etymology Dictionary © 2001-2017 [Cited 2017 November 2.] Available from: https://www.etymonline.com/word/disruption
 
 
 
 Sopher M. How Millenial Doctors Will Shape the Future of Health Care. Blog on the Internet, Baltimore: Rendia, 2016 October 26. [Cited 2017 November 2.] Available from: https://blog.rendia.com/millennials/
 
 
 
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Rosner, Joseph. "Parent-child conflict resolved." Journal of Clinical Psychology 42, no. 3 (1986): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198605)42:3<448::aid-jclp2270420307>3.0.co;2-r.
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Osman, Fatumo, Eva Randell, Abdikerim Mohamed, and Emma Sorbring. "Dialectical Processes in Parent-child Relationships among Somali Families in Sweden." Journal of Child and Family Studies 30, no. 7 (2021): 1752–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01956-w.
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AbstractNon-voluntary migration has been demonstrated to have an impact on family relationships as a result of children acculturating to the host country faster than their parents. Studies have reported on immigrant parents’ perceptions of their parenting in host countries. However, less is known about how both children and parents view and make sense of their relationships in new contexts. This exploratory qualitative study aims to capture the dialectical processes in parent-child relationships among Somali families in Sweden. Data were collected using focus group discussions with youth (n = 47) and their parents (n = 33). The data were analysed using a thematic analysis. Two themes, each with three themes of their own, were identified from the analysis: finding a balance between hierarchical and egalitarian relationships and sharing of spaces. Youth and parents described different factors, including contextual changes, generational gaps, peer pressure and lack of a father figures, as affecting their relationships with each other and sometimes creating conflicts between them. Both perceived themselves as active agents in contributing to family life after migrating to Sweden. In general, the youth expressed their emotional needs, the motivations desired from their parents and their desire to be equally treated as sons and daughters. Overall, this study demonstrates that there is a need to offer immigrant families culturally tailored parenting support programmes, thereby strengthening parent-child relationships.
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Yeh, Kuang-Hui, and Olwen Bedford. "Filial belief and parent-child conflict." International Journal of Psychology 39, no. 2 (2004): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207590344000312.
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Tschann, Jeanne M., Janet R. Johnston, Marsha Kline, and Judith S. Wallerstein. "Conflict, Loss, Change and Parent-Child Relationships:." Journal of Divorce & Remarriage 13, no. 4 (1990): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j279v13n04_01.
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Desine, Stacy, Brittany Hollister, Anitra Persaud, and Vence L. Bonham. "Engagement and Education of the Sickle Cell Disease Community: What Sickle Cell Disease Patients and Parents Want to Know about CRISPR Genome Editing." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (2018): 5805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-118735.
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Abstract Introduction: One of the first therapeutic targets of CRISPR genome editing will likely be sickle cell disease (SCD), the most commonly inherited blood disorder in the U.S.SCD affects 100,000 individuals in the U.S. and more than 250 million individuals globally. Two targets of genome editing in SCD currently under investigation are HBB and BCL11A. The first approach (HBB) focuses on correcting the Glu6Val mutation in patient-derived stem and progenitor cells to promote differentiation into normal erythrocytes. The second approach involves disrupting BCL11A, a repressor of fetal hemoglobin. While preliminary results from research using both mechanisms show promise, risks related to insertional mutagenesis and host immune responses remain. As the research advances, limited knowledge exists regarding SCD stakeholders' (patients, parents and physicians) understanding of genome editing and their educational needs. Methods: We conducted a mixed methods study, which included a CRISPR genome editing educational video, pre- and post-video surveys, and fifteen, moderated focus groups: 6 patient groups, 6 parent groups, and 3 physician groups. The surveys included an assessment of participants' knowledge of CRISPR gene editing and the Genetic Literacy and Comprehension (GLAC) instrument. Eligible participants were patients with a diagnosis of SCD, parents of a child with SCD, and physicians who have delivered care to at least five adult or pediatric patients living with SCD for a minimum of 12 months. Differences between the pre- and post-video score of CRISPR technology knowledge were assessed using paired t-tests. NVivo 11 qualitative software tool was used to assist in data analysis. Results: For each of the eight complex genetic terms in the GLAC, patients and parents were asked to rank their familiarity on a scale from 1-7, and to complete fill-in-the-blank, multiple choice questions aimed at assessing their understanding of the term. Baseline genetic literacy levels were high for both stakeholder groups. Patients and parents had an average familiarity score of 6.34, and 6.88, respectively. 89% of both groups scored >70% on the fill-in-the-blank questions. As shown in Figure 1, the educational video tool was effective at increasing CRISPR genome editing knowledge among patients and parents - the average CRISPR genome editing knowledge scores of both groups increased by over two points (p<0.0001 and p=0.05, respectively). Prior to viewing the video, patients and parents had lower CRISPR genome-editing knowledge scores than physicians (p<0.0002 and p<0.0002, respectively). However, after viewing the video, there were no significant differences in scores between patients, parents, and physicians. Several qualitative themes emerged related to patients' and parents' interest in understanding CRISPR genome editing. These themes included the need for easily accessible scientific information regarding: 1) CRISPR's mechanism of action; 2) potential adverse reactions to CRISPR; 3) effects of genome editing on future generations; and 4) burden of participating in a genome editing clinical trial. Discussion: After watching the video tool, patients' and parents' understanding of CRISPR genome editing improved significantly. This suggests that video education tools may be an effective method to educate individuals living with SCD and parents about genome editing. Furthermore, this study reveals patients and parents were not only familiar with complex genetic terms, but also correctly defined them, suggesting a good baseline genetic literacy. The themes indicate the importance of keeping patients and parents informed and supporting their desires to be educated about the applications of genome editing technology which will further the advancement of clinical trials. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Bradford, Kay, LaToya Burns Vaughn, and Brian K. Barber. "When There Is Conflict." Journal of Family Issues 29, no. 6 (2007): 780–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x07308043.
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This study examined direct and indirect associations between overt and covert interparental conflict (IPC), parent—child conflict, and their links to youth problem behaviors. Data were collected from a sample of 641 school-age youth, ages 12 to 18 years, using a school-based survey. Analyses yielded direct positive linkages from overt IPC to antisocial behavior and from covert IPC to depression and antisocial behavior. When parent—child conflict was added to the model, significant direct associations were again observed between covert conflict and depression, with significant indirect effects through increased parent—child conflict. Likewise, significant direct associations were observed between overt conflict and antisocial behavior, with significant indirect effects through increased parent—child conflict. Although there was little variance in the findings when contextualized, youth ratings of religiosity were moderately and negatively associated with antisocial behavior. These findings document distinct pathways in the spillover of IPC to parent—child relations and youth well-being.
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Xiong, Xueying, and Hoon Han. "Will my parents come to Australia when retired? Later-life transnational migration intentions of Chinese parents." Australian Population Studies 4, no. 2 (2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v4i2.68.
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Background China is the second largest source country of immigrants to Australia every year. The elderly parents of these working-age immigrants in Australia usually visit their children on a tourist visa, which allows short term family gatherings. These visits do not require much effort. However, when it comes to long-term transnational migration, the decision becomes hard to make and often involves complex factors, such as personal preferences and lifestyle choices.
 Aims This paper aims to examine the later-life transnational migration intentions of elderly Chinese parents and how the parents’ intentions are affected by personal preferences, personality and lifestyle differences between the generations.
 Data and methods This paper uses data from a two-stage study including an online survey and semi-structured interviews conducted in Sydney from October 2018 to May 2019 with both caregivers (adult children who are first-generation immigrants living in Australia) and their elderly parents.
 Results The study found that external contributors such as language barriers and transport dependence in Australia, and existing social ties as well as another adult child living in China, have a negative influence on moving to Australia.
 Conclusions Elderly parents with an optimistic and outgoing personality are more likely to consider moving to Australia compared to those who are more conservative. Foremost, conflicts due to different lifestyles between the generations reduces the possibility of parents’ later-life migration to Australia.
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Amato, Paul R. "Marital Conflict, the Parent-Child Relationship and Child Self-Esteem." Family Relations 35, no. 3 (1986): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/584368.
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RIESCH, S., J. GRAY, M. HOEFFS, T. KEENAN, T. ERTL, and K. MATHISON. "Conflict and conflict resolution: Parent and young teen perceptions." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 17, no. 1 (2003): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5245(02)88324-9.
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Riesch, Susan K., Jacqueline Gray, Mellisa Hoeffs, Tia Keenan, Tammy Ertl, and Kristin Mathison. "Conflict and conflict resolution: Parent and young teen perceptions." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 17, no. 1 (2003): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mph.2003.24.
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Paschall, Katherine W., Melissa A. Barnett, Ann M. Mastergeorge, and Jennifer A. Mortensen. "FAMILY CONFLICT MODERATES EARLY PARENT-CHILD BEHAVIORAL TRANSACTIONS." Infant Mental Health Journal 38, no. 5 (2017): 588–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21660.
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Wild, L. G. "Exploring Parent and Child Perceptions of Interparental Conflict." International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 17, no. 3 (2003): 366–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/17.3.366.
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Gerard, Jean M., Ambika Krishnakumar, and Cheryl Buehler. "Marital Conflict, Parent-Child Relations, and Youth Maladjustment." Journal of Family Issues 27, no. 7 (2006): 951–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x05286020.
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Wawrzynek, Karin. "Iluzja i deziluzja. Dążenie do wolności pokolenia '68 i jego konsekwencje na przykładzie próby odnalezienia siebie, dziecka tego pokolenia, w powieści Zoe Jenny pt. „Kwietny pył”." Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, no. 13 (June 15, 2016): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/seg.2016.13.6.
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In this article, the example of a child of the ’68 generation, in this case Jo, a protagonist in „The Pollenroom” by the Swiss author Zoë Jenny, serves to illustrate the conflict between the ’85 generation and the ’68 generation and its serious consequences, which concern the urge of freedom, the ideals, the anti-authoritarian view of life, women´s movement as well as the overcoming and disintegration of traditional conventions and structures of society. The characteristic traits of the ’68 generation have fatal repercussions for its descendants. The author seeks to show how difficult it could be to live in this estranged world and find oneself for a child abandoned by its parents who pursued their ideals and the fulfilment of their dreams.
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GOODMAN, CATHERINE CHASE, and MERRIL SILVERSTEIN. "Grandmothers Who Parent Their Grandchildren." Journal of Family Issues 22, no. 5 (2001): 557–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251301022005002.
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Grandparents raising grandchildren is a growing phenomenon born of serious parent difficulties such as drug addiction, child abuse, and neglect. This study focuses on grandmother well-being and the configuration of close relationships across an intergenerational triad consisting of grandmother, parent, and grandchild. Grandmothers who played a linking role in the family and had strong ties to both other generations had greater life satisfaction than grandmothers in most other triad types. Bradburn Affect Balance Scales showed no differences across types. There may be advantages for caregiving grandmothers to have close relationships with both younger generations even when parent-child bonds are weak.
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Moon, Michelle H. "PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIPS AFTER PARENTAL SEPARATION:." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 9, no. 1 (2014): 1787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v9i1.3775.
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Research with adult children of divorce (ACD) has contributed to literature suggesting the adverse long-term effects of parental separation and divorce. The role of the parent-child relationship following parental separation, when a parents availability and support might well be especially important for a child, particularly if there is ongoing parental conflict, has received little empirical attention and was examined here.The present investigation was designed to assess ACDs retrospective ratings of their mothersand fathers parenting in the two years following parental separation. ACDs reports of each of their parents dating behaviors as well as the conflict they remembered between their parents during this period were also examined.The results of the present investigation indicate that ACD view their mothers and fathers parenting behavior in the two years following separation as an important factor related to their current relationships with each of their parents.
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Sherrill, Rachel Baden, John E. Lochman, Jamie DeCoster, and Sara L. Stromeyer. "Spillover between interparental conflict and parent–child conflict within and across days." Journal of Family Psychology 31, no. 7 (2017): 900–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000332.
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Derlega, Valerian J. "Review of Relationship Conflict: Conflict in Parent-Child, Friendship, and Romantic Relationships." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 41, no. 7 (1996): 729–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/004664.
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Waddoups, Anne Bentley, Hirokazu Yoshikawa, and Kendra Strouf. "Developmental Effects of Parent–Child Separation." Annual Review of Developmental Psychology 1, no. 1 (2019): 387–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085142.
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Parent–child separation occurs for many reasons, both involuntary and voluntary. We review the effects on children and youth of parent–child separation due to several of the most common reasons that are responsible for the growth in this family circumstance worldwide. These include early institutionalization; war, persecution, and conflict; separation during asylum; trafficking; conscription into armed conflict; and being left behind when parents migrate for economic or other reasons. Overall, the effects of parent–child separation are consistently negative on children's social-emotional development, well-being, and mental health. They are more severe when the separation is prolonged or accompanied by other forms of deprivation or victimization. Mitigating and protective factors include earlier stable family placement in the case of early institutionalization, parent–child communication and parenting quality, and community support in the host community. We conclude with an evaluation of group, school-based, and community-based interventions for children and youth affected by parent–child separation.
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Itoh, Yu. "Letter Approach to Depressed Patient with Parent-child Conflict." International Journal of Brief Therapy and Family Science 2, no. 1 (2012): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35783/ijbf.2.1_26.
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Kindsvatter, Aaron, and Kimberly J. Desmond. "Addressing Parent-Child Conflict: Attachment-Based Interventions With Parents." Journal of Counseling & Development 91, no. 1 (2013): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00078.x.
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Fauchier, Angèle, and Gayla Margolin. "AFFECTION AND CONFLICT IN MARITAL AND PARENT‐CHILD RELATIONSHIPS." Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 30, no. 2 (2004): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2004.tb01234.x.
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Mahoney, Annette. "Religion and Conflict in Marital and Parent-Child Relationships." Journal of Social Issues 61, no. 4 (2005): 689–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00427.x.
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Smith, Olivia A., Jackie A. Nelson, and Megan J. Adelson. "Interparental and Parent–Child Conflict Predicting Adolescent Depressive Symptoms." Journal of Child and Family Studies 28, no. 7 (2019): 1965–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01424-6.
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Morr Loftus, Mary Claire, and Veronica A. Droser. "Parent and Child Experiences of Parental Work–Family Conflict and Satisfaction with Work and Family." Journal of Family Issues 41, no. 9 (2020): 1649–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19895043.
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This study examined the relationship between parent and young adult child perceptions of parental work–family conflict and work and family satisfaction. Data were collected from 112 parent–child dyads, and children perceived parents to experience significantly more strain-based work–family conflict than parents reported. Parent and child did not differ in ratings of five other dimensions of parent’s work–family and family–work conflict. Parent and child ratings of the parent’s experience of all three dimensions of work–family conflict and one of three dimensions of family–work conflict were positively correlated. Four actor–partner interdependence models using multilevel modeling tested dyadic effects of work–family or family–work conflict on work or family satisfaction. Negative actor effects were found for behavior-based work–family and family–work conflict and for strain-based family–work conflict on family satisfaction. Negative actor effects existed for behavior-based work–family and family–work conflict on work satisfaction, and behavior-based work–family conflict also had a negative partner effect on work satisfaction.
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Li, Xiaowei, and Qianqian Liu. "Parent–grandparent coparenting relationship, marital conflict and parent–child relationship in Chinese parent–grandparent coparenting families." Children and Youth Services Review 109 (February 2020): 104733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104733.
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Makhnach, A. V. "The problem of generation in a foster family as a special small social group." Social Psychology and Society 10, no. 2 (2019): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2019100211.
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The peculiarities of changes in the structure of a foster family after the child adoption, related to the restructuring of borders, rules, norms that exist in the family before adoption are discussed. The structural features of a foster family are described, which make it possible to analyze the characteristics of the family that are important for its resilience. Taking into account the generation factor, the characteristics of the family system in the dyad grandmother (grandfather) — grandson (granddaughter) and the specifics of the developmental stages of a foster family are analyzed. Intergenerational inverted structure can be quite hard, as it seems to all family members. It justifies the assumption that the intergenerational coalition can manifest itself in the gradual forming of the child’s relationship with foster parents and the latent / open conflict between the child and the foster grandmother / grandfather. The possibility of a hidden coalition between the foster mother and the child and pushing the foster father out of this coalition is shown. It is concluded that the study of family composition on the basis of kinship intergenerational relations between foster parents and foster children is not given enough attention, the topic remains poorly investigated, despite its relevance.
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Brook, Judith S., Martin Whiteman, and David W. Brook. "Transmission of Risk Factors across Three Generations." Psychological Reports 85, no. 1 (1999): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.1.227.
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The present study examined the association between the parent-grandmother relationship, the parenting of toddlers, and toddlers' anger. Parent-grandmother relations were assessed when the parents were adolescents. Parent-toddler relations were examined when the toddlers were two years of age The sample consists of 185 2-yr.-old toddlers, one of the parents of each toddler, and the corresponding grandmother of each toddler. The findings support our hypothesis that there would be an indirect effect of the grandmothers' personalities and child-rearing practices on their grandchildren through the influence of the grandmothers on the parents. The influence of both the grandmothers' and the parents' smoking behaviors on the toddlers' anger was mediated by their child-rearing practices. The significance of the findings from a multigenerational study are discussed with reference to incorporating them into prevention programs. The findings are consistent with the notion of the intergenerational transmission of risk factors—from grandparents to parents to toddlers.
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Deković, Maja. "Parent-Adolescent Conflict: Possible Determinants and Consequences." International Journal of Behavioral Development 23, no. 4 (1999): 977–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502599383630.
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The first aim of this study was to examine the factors that might account for variations in the level of parent-adolescent conflict. These factors were grouped into two classes of variables: (1) personal characteristics of the adolescent, such as temperament and pubertal timing; and (2) parental child-rearing style. Second, we examined the relationship between the level of conflict, the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship, and adolescents’ and parents’ well-being. The sample consisted of 508 families with adolescents (12 to 18 years old). During a home visit, a battery of questionnaires was administered individually to mothers, fathers, and adolescents. The amount of conflict was related to the temperamental characteristics of the adolescent but not to pubertal timing or child-rearing style. With regard to the consequences of the parent-adolescent conflict, it appears that a higher level of conflict is a better predictor of parental, rather than adolescents’ well-being.
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Pillet-Shore, Danielle. "Criticizing another's child: How teachers evaluate students during parent-teacher conferences." Language in Society 45, no. 1 (2016): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404515000809.
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AbstractAs the principal occasion for establishing cooperation between family and school, the parent-teacher conference is crucial to the social and educational lives of children. But there is a problem: reports of parent-teacher conflict pervade extant literature. Previous studies do not, however, explain how conflict emerges in real time or how conflict is often avoided during conferences. This article examines a diverse corpus of video-recorded naturally occurring conferences to elucidate a structural preference organization operative during parent-teacher interaction that enables participants to forestall conflict. Focusing on teachers' conduct around student-praise and student-criticism, this investigation demonstrates that teachers do extra interactional work when articulating student-criticism. This research explicates two of teachers' most regular actions constituting this extra work: obfuscating responsibility for student-troubles by omitting explicit reference to the student, and routinizing student-troubles by invoking other comparable cases of that same trouble. Analysis illuminates teachers' work to maintain solidarity with students, and thus parents. (Institutional interaction, parent-teacher conferences, conversation analysis, criticism, praise, evaluating students, assessments, preference organization)*
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Parra-Cardona, Jose Ruben, Hsueh-Han Yeh, and James C. Anthony. "Epidemiological research on parent–child conflict in the United States: subgroup variations by place of birth and ethnicity, 2002–2013." PeerJ 5 (January 24, 2017): e2905. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2905.
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BackgroundChronically escalated parent–child conflict has been observed to elicit maladaptive behavior and reduced psychological well-being in children and youth. In this epidemiological study, we sought to estimate the occurrence of escalated parent–child conflict for United States (US) adolescent subgroups defined by (a) ethnic self-identification, and (b) nativity (US-born versus foreign-born).MethodsUS study populations of 12-to-17-year-olds were sampled, recruited, and assessed for the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 2002–2013 (n = 111, 129). Analysis-weighted contingency table analyses contrasted US-born versus foreign-born who self-identified as: (a) Hispanic, (b) non-Hispanic African-American, (c) non-Hispanic Asian, and (c) non-Hispanic White.ResultsFrequently escalated parent–child conflict was most prevalent among US-born non-Hispanic White adolescents, from 18% at age 12 (95% CI [17.6%, 18.9%]) to 29% at age 17 (95% CI [28.3%, 29.7%]), followed by US-born Hispanic and non-Hispanic Asian children. Estimated prevalence proportions were markedly lower for African-American children, from 8% at age 12 (95% CI [6.8, 8.5]) to 16% at age 17 (95% CI [14.3, 16.7]). Broad and sometimes overlapping CI indicate that larger sample sizes are needed for complete evaluation of an apparent excess occurrence of frequent parent-child conflict among US-born versus foreign-born. Nonetheless, in the larger subgroups, the US-born show a clear excess occurrence of frequent parent-child conflict. For example, US-born Mexican children have 1.7 times higher odds of experiencing frequent parent-child conflict than foreign-born Mexican children (OR = 1.7, 95% CI [1.5, 2.0],p-value < 0.001).DiscussionThe main discovery from this multi-ethnic sample investigation is a rank-ordering of parent-child conflict prevalence estimates from high (non-Hispanic White) to low (non-Hispanic African-American). The pattern also suggests a possibly generalizable excess associated with US-born sub-groups. The epidemiological estimates presented here merit attention in future cross-cultural research focused on parent-child conflict.
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Burt, S. Alexandra, Robert F. Krueger, Matt McGue, and William Iacono. "Parent-Child Conflict and the Comorbidity Among Childhood Externalizing Disorders." Archives of General Psychiatry 60, no. 5 (2003): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.505.
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