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Kirby, Coel Thomas. "Exorcising Matovu's ghost : legal positivism, pluralism and ideology in Uganda's appellate courts." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112605.
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In 1966, the High Court of Uganda legitimised the new nation's first coup d'etat. After two decades of civil war, Ugandans enacted their first popular constitution in 1995. However, the judiciary's dominant positivist ideology, Matovu's ghost, still haunts the new legal order. The author sets out this ideology's presumptions and then critiques them against an alternative, pluralist map of laws in Uganda.The constructive analysis of recent case law (or lack thereof) that follows shows how this ideology undermines the constitution's promises of equality and freedom. This pluralist methodology is also essential to explain contemporary crises like the Lord's Resistance Army, arms proliferation in Karamoja and Museveni's "no-party" rule. In conclusion, exorcising Matovu's ghost is a priority for Ugandans and the process deserves considered thought for legal scholars advocating the "rule of law" or interventions by the International Criminal Court.
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Nouwen, Sarah Maria Heiltjen. "Complementarity in conflict : law, politics and the catalysing effect of the International Criminal Court in Uganda and Sudan." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609009.
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Bosire, Lydiah Kemunto. "Judicial statecraft in Kenya and Uganda : explaining transitional justice choices in the age of the International Criminal Court." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fa1f9f19-174e-47a2-a288-d4d0312786b7.
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Transitional justice has undergone tremendous shifts since it was first used in Latin American and Eastern European countries to address post-authoritarian and post-communist legacies of atrocity and repression. In particular, the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) has increased the demand for prosecutions within a field that was previously marked by compromise and non-prosecution. While there are increasing expectations that countries with unresolved claims of human rights abuses should enact transitional justice policies, most of the literature on the subject largely omits to explain how elites from those countries choose among the possible options of transitional justice, and specifically, how they choose among international prosecutions, domestic prosecutions, and truth-seeking. Using case studies of Kenya and Uganda, this dissertation examines this decision-making process to understand how elites choose and reject different transitional justice policies. Theoretically, the research examines how preferences for transitional justice policies are constituted through “judicial statecraft”: the strategic efforts by heterogeneous, interest-pursuing elites to use justice-related policies as carrots and sticks in the overall contestation of power. The research finds that the choices of elites about judicial statecraft depend on three factors: the extent to which the elites are secure that their policy choices cannot be subverted from within; the cost and credibility of transitional justice threats; and the effects, both intended and unintended, of history.
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McBean, Jean 1948. "Conflict of laws and Canadian matrimonial property redistribution laws." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63988.
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Adupa, Cyprian Ben. "Conflict continuous the historical context for the northern Uganda conflict /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3243792.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2006.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Nov. 17, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-12, Section: A, page: 4659. Adviser: John H. Hanson.
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Ooi, Maisie Su Lin. "Shares in the conflict of laws." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365525.
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Taha, Kofi A. (Kofi Abdul Malik). "Creative capacity building in post-conflict Uganda." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/63238.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-51).
Creative Capacity Building (CCB) is a methodology that emphasizes the ability of people living in poverty to create livelihood technologies, i.e., machines and tools that increase income, improve health and safety, decrease manual labor or significantly save time. By distilling key elements of the design process into a hands-on curriculum that is accessible to any educational level, and relying upon the principles of participatory development and appropriate technology, CCB promotes a democratic framework for the application of technology in development that encourages people to become active creators of technology, not just recipients or users of technology. This thesis describes my personal experiences developing and implementing this new approach with Amy Smith, Director of D-Lab @ MIT, in several post-conflict communities in Northern Uganda. The principle claims of this paper are: 1) by emphasizing local participation and innovation, CCB is software for the hardware of Appropriate Technology 2.0, an updated and strengthened version of the appropriate technology movement that is no longer in favor in development circles; 2) the CCB curriculum is not effective as a stand alone intervention and requires a broader methodology that includes ongoing trainings, resources and venues that develop local capacity; 3) CCB also requires a reinterpretation of the role of the development professional from that of an external, "expert consultant" to a self-reflective participant and facilitator that enhances the abilities of others to transform their own lives and communities 4) the positive impact of every technology intervention, including CCB, is contingent upon successful navigation of the local setting-- in particular the cultural, political, economic, organizational and interpersonal dynamics that affect implementation; and 5) the ethics embedded in CCB have provided me with a framework for a personal theory of practice and a practice of action that prioritizes engagement in short-term poverty elimination strategies over long-term economic or political strategies, and that embraces the vulnerability that is required to bear witness, to reflect, to practice mindfulness in working and interacting with people, and to always maintain hope.
by Kofi A. Taha.
M.C.P.
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Kituyi, Zaitun Nsubuga. "Conflict management, sustainable peace and development : the Mbale 1995/96 conflict (Uganda)." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/66608/.
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This thesis has eight chapters, each organised according to interwoven themes that permit easy linkages between the salient questions of the study. The thesis utilises a multi-disciplinary approach in the analysis of deprivation occasioned by scarcity. The concept of masculinity is also crucial for understanding the issues related to violence escalation, conflict management and peace in Mbale, Uganda. Employing qualitative methodologies, the study examines the way that violence in Mbale has been understood by the survivors, perpetrators, witnesses and state officials. The study analyses the experiences of those involved in these violent conflict situations and seeks to understand the way in which scarce resources and violent masculinity among the Bagisu people impact upon the dynamics of conflict, particularly in terms of violence escalation, conflict management and peace development in the area. The study also seeks to understand why the various processes and structures of government, civil society and traditional authority failed to prevent widespread violence. Subsequently, I examine the questions of effective conflict management, both as a deterrent to violence and as a means of maintaining the peace necessary for sustainable development. I examine the efficacy of alternative policies that might promote a wider, more inclusive and more gender sensitive strategy towards conflict management that might fully tap into the existing and powerful resources within the socio-economic and political fabric for promoting sustainable peace and development. Whilst many commentators would posit witchcraft as a major factor behind the violence, others would stress the importance of socio-economic deprivation, scarcity and violent masculinity as factors contributing to the dynamics of the Mbale violence and its management. The thesis concurs with the latter assessment, exposing violent masculinity and scarcity as powerful influences for the dynamics and management of conflict and violence in Mbale. Violent masculinity inculcates a culture of violent conflict, whilst economic scarcity and deprivation acted as social catalysts for its explosive manifestation. Whilst the violent struggle witnessed in Mbale officially came to an end in 1996, the road to peace was still long and far from easy, having major repercussions, not only for the socio-economic and political developments of the area, but also for the East African region as a whole. A decade on and there have been no significant initiatives to secure 'peace', neither from community leaders nor from responsible government departments, which thereby poses serious questions concerning the sustainability of peace and development, given their inextricable fate. Peace is a vital component to a country's further development: sustainable development requires a peaceful environment. Although this study recognises the importance of formal structures for peace keeping and its maintenance, it also recognises that where such institutionalised structures are not fully developed, as in the case of Mbale, then alternative initiatives tapping into existing grass-root traditions must be employed as supplemental capacities for bringing about and maintaining lasting peace and sustainable development.
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Rogerson, Philippa J. "Intangible property in the conflict of laws." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317842.
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Stingl, Harald. "Forum selection in the conflict of laws /." Wien : Verlag Österreich, 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009337363&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Wright, Timothy Gregory Arthur. "Education and conflict : border schools in western Uganda." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1164/.
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The thesis considers how the delivery of primary education might be maintained in developing countries during armed conflict. The study is located in western Uganda, a region with a history of iterative conflict. The most recent armed conflict, and the focus of the research, was that perpetrated by the ADF, a mixture of guerrilla warfare and terrorism. The research is conceptualised as an interpretive case study of the delivery of primary education in formal settings affected by iterative armed conflict. Data were collected by observation, documentation and through semi-structured interviews held with primary teachers who had experience of working in schools during recent armed conflict as well as with respondents in other key positions within the national education system of Uganda. The analysis indicates that the work and lives of teachers (seen as essential in affecting the delivery of primary education) in this area of Uganda are located within a complex network of influences which include the demands of the national education system as well as the social contexts within which teachers both live and work. The intrusion of armed conflict interacts with these influences to make the professional lives of teachers even more problematic. Given such competing influences, how should teachers respond? The study considers how a revised model of professionalism, based on autonomy, responsibility and reflection might be of relevance. Such a revised model could help teachers to make decisions in conditions when direct managerial control is not available, thereby contributing to the maintenance of primary education.
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Waldburg, Oliver. "Anpassungsprobleme im internationalen Abstammungsrecht : unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des deutsch-portugiesischen Rechtsverkehrs ; gleichzeitig eine Analyse der neuen Kollisionsnormen Artt. 19, 20 EGBGB n.F. /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Verl. für Standesamtswesen, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/324970668.pdf.
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Ajibade, Babatunde Ademola. "Aspects of the intra-federal conflict of laws." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243327.
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Acirokop, Prudence. "Accountability for mass atrocities : the LRA conflict in Uganda." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23898.
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This thesis addresses accountability for mass atrocities. It presents a case study of Uganda that has undergone a two-decade conflict between the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) insurgent group and the national army, the Uganda People’s Defence Armed Forces (UPDF). The government of Uganda has initiated various accountability measures that include international and domestic prosecutions, truth telling, reparations and traditional justice to address international crimes and other human rights violations committed during the conflict. The thesis in particular investigates how all these mechanisms could be used in a way that ensures that Uganda fulfils its international obligations and that the different measures complement each other. The thesis traces the background to the conflict that began in 1986 and explores the consequences of the conflict on the civilian population in Uganda. It alludes to its spread from Uganda to South Sudan and since 2008, to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Central African Republic. It argues that the significant and continuous involvement of the government of Sudan from 1994 to 2005 internationalised the LRA conflict. It further finds that both the LRA and the UPDF perpetrated war crimes and crimes against humanity during the conflict. The thesis further discusses the international obligation of Uganda to prosecute, punish and extradite persons responsible for the commission of international crimes and to ensure remedies to victims of such crimes and other human rights violations. It finds that the lapse of Part II of the Amnesty Act that allowed for a ‘blanket amnesty’ leaves room for Uganda to fulfil its international obligations. The thesis further investigates the Agreement on Accountability and Reconciliation and its Annexure reached between the government of Uganda and the LRA in Juba that ushers in the various accountability pursuits in Uganda. It argues that the implementation and successes of the Agreement depends on the consultations, legislations, policies and the establishment and workings of the institutions envisaged that could lead to justice, truth and reparations in Uganda. The thesis finds that the different accountability measures that Uganda is pursuing correspond to the political, social and historical conditions in Uganda, in particular, decades of armed conflict and human rights violations with impunity of perpetrators. It concludes that the success of the accountability undertakings will largely depend on the high calibre of officials and staff of the different institutions and their ability to deal wisely with challenges that will inevitably arise. It further finds that a political will and commitment is essential to ensure adequate investment in technical, material and financial resources and that non-interference of the government in the work of the institutions will ensure success. It concludes that such a political will and commitment, a robust consultation with stakeholders including victim groups and the creation of alliances locally, nationally, regionally and internationally, Uganda’s accountability pursuits will lead to the desired justice, truth and reparations.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
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Lim, Yew Nghee 1973. "Towards a uniform conflict of laws regime in ASEAN governing international commercial transactions : uniformization of choice of law rules in contract and tort." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33361.
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To compete effectively in the global economy, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations [hereinafter ASEAN] needs supranational legal infrastructure that facilitates international business transactions. As such, this thesis examines choice of law issues in contract and tort in Canada, Louisiana, the Second Restatement on Conflict of Laws 1969, the United Kingdom, the Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations 1980, and Singapore. Using a proposed Model Law on contract and tort choice of law in ASEAN, this thesis will demonstrate that despite differences in the existing choice of law rules, a uniform regime may nevertheless be formulated without significant compromises. On the broader level, this thesis proposes a uniform conflict of laws regime in ASEAN. Using the analogy of contract and tort choice of law, this thesis argues that divergences may be reconciled and a uniform regime forged. It is desired that this thesis will contribute towards the uniformizing of conflict of laws in ASEAN.
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横溝, 大., and Dai YOKOMIZO. "Patent Infringement by Multiple Parties and Conflict of Laws." 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/18566.
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Berthiaume, Adèle. "No-fault automobile insurance and the conflict of laws." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66123.
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Walker, Janet. "The constitution of Canada and the conflict of laws." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ff318f72-f634-4d80-98ea-79722e19bab7.
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This thesis explains the constitutional foundations for the conflict of laws in Canada. It locates these constitutional foundations in the text of key constitutional documents and in the history and the traditions of the courts in Canada. It compares the features of the Canadian Constitution that provide the foundation for the conflict of laws with comparable features in the constitutions of other federal and regional systems, particularly of the Constitutions of the United States and of Australia. This comparison highlights the distinctive Canadian approach to judicial authority - one that is the product of an asymmetrical system of government in which the source of political authority is the Constitution Act and in which the source of judicial authority is the continuing local tradition of private law adjudication. The distinctive Canadian approach to judicial authority provides the foundation for federal arrangements that have obviated the need for explicit mechanisms for coordinating legal systems. It has fostered a distinctive view of court jurisdiction and of the means for determining both whether a particular court has jurisdiction to decide a matter and whether the court should exercise that jurisdiction. It has provided the foundation for a unified court system within the Canadian federation - one in which there is a strong commitment to the shared responsibility of Canadian courts to promote access to justice, to prevent forum shopping, and to resolve multiplicities of proceedings so as to secure the same respect for the administration of justice between jurisdictions as exists within jurisdictions. This approach to judicial authority has also encouraged Canadian courts to draw on their inherent jurisdiction to permit the vindication of the rights of members of the Canadian public through civil litigation, notwithstanding the lack of direct application of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and in spite of the apparent jurisdictional impediments.
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Cunningham, Jeremy. "Schooling for conflict transformation : a case study from northern Uganda." Thesis, Open University, 2014. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54692/.
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Civil wars impede progress towards the Mi llennium Development Goals. As many conflicts erupt within a short time, it is important to know what may increase the chances of sustainable peace. Access to education is a factor but relatively little is known about the contribution of what students learn in school. This thesis aims to respond to a research gap by addressing the foll owing question: 'How can schooling contribute to conflict transformation?' Significant curricular approaches that may be used after civil war - peace education, human rights education and citizenship education - are assessed for their strengths and weaknesses. As no single approach is found to be sufficient for conflict transformation, a framework is proposed based on three fundamental concepts: (i) truth seeking; (i i) reconciliation; and (iii) inclusive citizenship. This framework is examined through a qualitative case study of curriculum in seven schools in a district in northern Uganda that is emerging from a twenty-year civil war. The curriculum of four primary schools, two secondary schools, one special school and one teacher training college was studied over a three-month period. A structure of knowledge, skills and values was used to research the framework at a detailed level. It is found that schools exhibit good socialization of reconciliation values and some development of problem-solving and communication skills. There is some understanding of human rights, but little knowledge of history, or of local, national and international political/legal systems. There is minimal development of discussion and critical th inking skills. It is argued that the framework can be used to investigate other schools and to inform the design of a curriculum that can contribute to conflict transformation, with the ultimate aim of reducing the risk of civil war re-eruption.
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Kersten, Mark. "Justice in conflict : the ICC in Libya and Northern Uganda." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3147/.
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The thesis examines the effects of interventions by the International Criminal Court (ICC) on peace, justice and conflict processes in northern Uganda and Libya. The 'peace versus justice' debate, wherein it is argued that the ICC has either positive or negative effects on 'peace’, has spawned in response to the Court's interventions into active and ongoing conflicts. The thesis is a response to and engagement with this debate. Despite often seeming persuasive, claims within the 'peace versus justice' debate have failed to set out a coherent research agenda on how to study the effects of the ICC's interventions on 'peace'. Drawing on theoretical and analytical insights from the fields of conflict and peace studies, conflict resolution and negotiation theory, the thesis develops a novel and nuanced analytical framework to study the Court's effects on peace, justice and conflict processes. This framework is applied to two specific cases: the ICC's interventions in Libya and in northern Uganda. The core of the thesis examines the empirical effects of the ICC on each case. Approximately 80 interviews were conducted with key figures in Libya, Uganda and at the ICC. In its comparative analysis, the thesis examines why the ICC has the effects that it does, delineating the relationship between the interests of states that refer situations to the ICC and the ICC's self-interests and arguing the negotiation of these interests determines who / which side of a conflict the ICC targets and thus its effects on peace, justice and conflict processes. While the effects of the ICC's interventions are ultimately mixed, the thesis aims to contribute to a more refined way to study the effects of the ICC and to further our understanding of why the ICC has the effects that it does.
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Alyao, Ocero A. "A comparative analysis of health system governance and its impact on maternal health care in post-conflict northern Uganda and non-conflict east central Uganda." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3006579/.
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Background: Northern Uganda is recovering from a 23-year civil war that was largely confined to the region. During this period the rest of Uganda enjoyed a rapid GDP growth rate following wide-ranging macroeconomic reforms by the Ugandan government and its development partners. A post-recovery programme was implemented for Northern Uganda; however, the region still has the worst health status. This contributed to the country’s failure to attain MDG five for maternal health. Limited research has been conducted to determine which national and health system governance factors influence performance and affect access and utilisation of health care in countries like Uganda that have witnessed the dual context of conflict and non-conflict. A better understanding of the governance and policy development process in such settings is required if health policy adoption and implementation is to be more appropriate to the needs of the country’s entire population. Methods: A Political Economy Analysis framework was applied to compare governance factors at national and sub-national level in post-conflict Northern Uganda and in non-conflict East Central Uganda that had influenced the provision and utilisation of maternal health care. An analysis of constitutional, economic and health policies determined contextual factors, while data collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with decision-makers, implementers and communities determined the institutional and agency features. The features were used to access power and accountability relationships and incentives that drove the actions of health system stakeholders in central government, health ministry, district local government and civil society as well as in the local communities during the post conflict period in the Northern and East Central Uganda. Findings: The post-conflict period in Northern Uganda coincided with evidence of increased national political commitment to addressing the healthcare needs of Northern Uganda. However, the President, International Funding Institutions and Finance Ministry technocrats who were the dominant governance stakeholders pursued an approach to economic development that prioritised funding for the development of energy, transportation and defence sectors over that for healthcare. Women parliamentarians emerged as maternal healthcare policy champions but played a limited role in highlighting the special health needs of Northern Uganda. The Health Ministry lacked the political and technical capacity to adapt and implement maternal health care policies to specific sub-national needs. NGOs focused on human rights advocacy in Northern Uganda that enhanced the community’s demand for appropriate healthcare while in East Central Uganda they mainly addressed supply-side issues. Political patronage at national and sub-national levels negatively influenced supply and demand for healthcare. In Northern Uganda donor funding, district-based development partner presence, and CSO health system demand-side activities moderated a more positive influence. Conclusion: Decentralisation offers greater opportunities for health system recovery in settings of confined conflict but is prone to elite capture and corruption in peaceful settings within the same national context. Women leaders are critical in the development of a national health system where there is confined conflict, but political and traditional norms limit their role in the promotion of universal healthcare coverage. Despite the presence of factors that portended better maternal healthcare in the post-conflict setting, the limited involvement of the health ministry in the recovery process diminished the impact. CSOs in collaboration with communities play an important role in enhancing the responsiveness of the health system but are prone to political intrusion. The comprehension of policies, economic processes and social institutions of a country recovering from confined conflict enables the identification of variables which, if addressed, will lead to versatile, equitable health systems for all citizens.
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Akurut, Catherine. "The challenges facing non-governmental organisations in transforming conflict through capacity-building in Nothern Uganda." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1412.
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Capacity-building is an essential component of post-conflict reconstruction (PCR) and peace-building in the aftermath of violent conflict. Civilians, mainly women and children are driven or abducted from their homes during violent conflict and suffer various abuses and atrocities. Many spend the duration of the conflict as refugees in Internally Displaced People (IDP) camps in neighbouring countries. Violent conflict impinges on their psychological well-being and socio-economic development making their re-integration into their former communities extremely complex and challenging. In the case of Northern Uganda, the conflict lasted for over two decades. However, since the ―Cessation of Hostilities Agreement‖ of 2006, the peace-building process has been particularly evident here. Numerous stakeholders have been involved in the capacity-building processes in Northern Uganda, and one such organisation is the Friends of Orphans (FRO) in Pader district, Northern Uganda. The purpose of this research study is to explore the challenges facing the FRO in transforming conflict and building sustainable peace through capacity-building in Pader district. The study explores the programmes the organisation implements and investigates how these programmes are relevant for the transformation of conflict. Apart from reviewing the literature, the researcher conducted semi-structured interviews and used participant observation. The employees of the FRO – all of whom are involved with capacity-building in these communities – participated in these interviews in their capacities as social workers, teachers, administrators and field workers. The beneficiaries of these programmes include former child soldiers, abductees, child mothers, land mine survivors and orphans. Lessons learned by the FRO, as well as the researcher‘s recommendations, are discussed in the study in order to assist the future work of the organisation and other stakeholders who have devoted their efforts to the recovery of areas emerging from conflict.
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Draf, Oliver. "Selected issues of private international law and of contracts on the Internet." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64271.pdf.
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Mwesigwa, Fred Sheldon. "Religious pluralism and conflict as issues in religious education in Uganda." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/559/.
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This study investigates the complications raised in teaching a confessional Religious Education in a multi-religious context pertaining in Ugandan religiously founded public schools, government and private founded schools. The thesis contends that the introduction of Islam, Anglican and Roman Catholic Christian religious traditions in Uganda not only presented alternative religious systems to the existing African traditional religion but ushered in an era of competition for converts that subsequently led to religious conflict. The thesis also submits the view that the missionary aim of formal education in Uganda led to the creation, not only of a denominational, but a divisive educational system. While the study commends the colonial government and the first independent government's efforts towards establishing a nondenominational educational system, it suggests that their failure to address the controversial questions raised by the nature of RE at the time was a missed opportunity. The study probes the current syllabuses, aims and content of CRE and IRE for secondary and primary schools and suggests that their main intention of promoting spiritual growth of students is inappropriate for implementation in the multi-religious schools. The thesis questions the government's proposed exclusion of RE from the education curriculum and its replacement with Moral Education. It suggests that while Moral Education could be a subject on its own, Religious Education needs to be maintained but re-designed to address the multi-religious context. It presents a multi-faith RE as the ideal format of teaching about religion.
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Visser, Cornelis Ane de. "The European Community conflict of laws rules on voluntary assignments /." [S.l.] : Groningen : Hephaestus ; Ulrik Huber Institute for Private International Law [distr.], 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016727383&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Kupfernagel, André. "Der Renvoi im englischen Internationalen Privatrecht /." Stuttgart : Ibidem-Verl, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/509011284.pdf.
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Westfall, David W. "A lost generation? Kony, conflict, and the cultural impacts in northern Uganda." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38176.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work
Gerad D. Middendorf
For over two decades the people of northern Uganda endured horrific atrocities during Africa’s forgotten war in the form of attacks and child abductions by the Lord’s Resistance Army, animal rustling by neighboring ethnic groups, and internal displacement of an unimaginable 90 percent of the northern parts of the country. With the majority of internally displaced persons spending over a decade in IDP camps, an entire generation of Acholi was socialized and acculturated in a non-traditional environment. A decade after the last LRA attack, I ask, what are the cultural impacts of the conflict and how has the culture recovered from the trauma. Using ethnographic analysis, this dissertation is rooted in over 150 interviews. While it has been presented to the world at large that Joseph Kony’s LRA is the one of the biggest problems facing the region, I found it is not the case. Interviewees discussed serious inadequacies in education, land conflict, culture loss, climate change, drought, famine, a perceived generational divide, and a strong distrust of the Ugandan government. Additionally this research examines the case of Uganda through the lens of, and attempts to build upon, Jeffrey Alexander’s cultural trauma process. I argue the increasing reach and instantaneous nature of social media can interact with, alter, and prolong the trauma process. The externalization of defining a problem and solutions for that problem while the trauma process is occurring, or shortly after the trauma has subsided, can lead to retraumatization.
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Selby, Richard James. "Limiting the northerly advance of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in post conflict Uganda." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5697.
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In October 2006 an intervention was initiated to arrest the northerly advance through Uganda of the zoonotic parasite Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. This is a protozoal infection that is vectored by the tsetse fly. It is the aim of this thesis to review the impact of this large scale treatment programme in terms of animal health and human disease. The Stamp Out Sleeping Sickness (SOS) campaign was designed to target the cattle reservoir of T. b. rhodesiense in these newly affected areas by block treating >180,000 head of cattle. This was achieved in collaboration with final year vet students from the University of Makerere, Uganda. Farmers were also encouraged to spray their animals with deltamethrin in order to suppress the tsetse population. In order to monitor the impact of this intervention a base line survey was carried out. Evaluation of the logistics and implementation of the SOS campaign was assessed through interviews with personnel involved. Analysis by PCR revealed the prevalence of T. brucei s.l. as 15.57% (T. b. rhodesiense as 0.81%) within the cattle reservoir prior to SOS treatment. Follow up sampling was carried out at 23 locations at three, nine and 18 months. The prevalence of T. brucei s.l. was reduced post treatment, but in the absence of sustained vector control infections amongst the animals returned by nine months and subsequently exceeded the base line findings (P=<0.0001). It was observed that across most of the SOS area, T. b. rhodesiense did not re-establish following treatment. However, a significant cluster was identified where cases of both human and animal disease were continually reported. This cluster was noted to include the area immediately surrounding the Otuboi cattle market. This link between cattle movement and the spread of T. b. rhodesiense is an established one and is addressed by Ugandan governmental policy which states that ‘cattle traded at market must be treated with trypanocidal drugs prior to movement’. The findings presented here suggest that this policy may not be strictly enforced. The risk of spread is compounded at the northern districts of Uganda restock their domestic livestock following years of civil conflict. The majority of animals are traded in a northward direction – transporting infected animals from the endemic south. The scale of this trade is assessed through questionnaires, analysis of trade records and animal screening. Specific consideration is given to the implications of this cattle trade and impact this may have on the sustainability of the SOS campaign.
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Perazzola, Laura J. "Civil-military operations in the post conflict environment: Northern Uganda case study." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10669.
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Northern Uganda has suffered a violent civil conflict between the Government of Uganda and the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), for over two decades. The conflict has resulted in over 1.6 million internally displaced persons within Uganda, as well as over 66,000 children abducted and forced into soldiering. In 2006, the LRA could no longer sustain the fight against the Government of Uganda and fled to into Southern Sudan. Northern Uganda shifted from a combat zone into an extremely complex post conflict environment. The Government of Uganda began reconstruction efforts to piece the region back together with a series of programs, projects and donors. Central to the overall efforts towards security and development was the Ugandan military, the UPDF. The UPDF conducted a series of civil-military operations to assist in reconstruction and post conflict operations within its own borders. Using the Northern Uganda post conflict environment, this study will explore the impact of civil-military operations within the overall of post conflict operations, to include stability and counterinsurgency operations. Through the Ugandan example, this study will determine the salience of civil military operations in post conflict operations as both a force multiplier and a means to gain popular support for the government.
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Mwagiru, Makumi. "The international management of internal conflict in Africa : the Uganda mediation, 1985." Thesis, University of Kent, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240370.
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Ngoga, Pascal Gilhana. "Guerrilla insurgency and conflict resolution in Africa : a case study of Uganda." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264679.
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Scorgie, Lindsay May. "Rwenzori rebels : the allied democratic forces conflict in the Uganda-Congo borderland." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607948.
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Businge, Patrick Rusoke. "Education, disability and armed conflict : a theory of Africanising education in Uganda." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18009.
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Education in conflict settings is a new field of inquiry and there is a paucity of research about this topic as regards the education of children with disabilities. This qualitative study set out to gain insight into how children with disabilities are educated in the conflict setting of Uganda and how it could be improved. This study used a critical, constructivist and grounded research style to generate data. It was critical because its aims and questions focused on addressing the injustices experienced by children with disabilities. It was constructivist as both the participants and myself co-constructed knowledge. It also had some grounded theory features such as emergence and iteration in its methods and tools. For instance, it had three distinct but interrelated stages. The first stage involved an exploratory study which used online methods to gather data from 27 participants who had lived or worked in Uganda. The second stage was an experiential study in two sites in Uganda which used observation and interview methods to collect data from 35 participants. The third and final stage synthesised significant codes and memos constructed from the exploratory and experiential stages into a theory of education. There were four main findings in this study. First, it revealed the nature and extent of the challenges faced by all children living in conflict settings: forced displacement, dehumanisation, rampant poverty and weakened leadership. Second, it discovered that disabled people experienced rejection in their communities and invisibility in the provision of services such as education. Whilst these practices prevailed in non-conflict situations, they were intensified in conflict settings and were counter to the African beliefs on what it meant to be human and live in a community. Third, education in Uganda was likened to disabled people and considered 'creeping' or 'crippled' because of demotivated teachers, disengaged parents, ailing infrastructure and decreasing quality. Fourth and last, participants had visions of educational change which involved modifying it and transforming it into an education that develops conscience in children, reinforces hope and widens opportunities. This research made the following original contributions: generating original data, conceptualising Africanised interviews, and constructing a theory of Africanising education. According to my knowledge I could claim originality to this study in that by 2012, no other study had generated original data on the interfaces between education, disability and conflict in Northern Uganda using a critical, constructivist, and grounded research style. In addition, this research style led to the emergence of Africanised interviews: interviews embedded in the customs and practices of the African people. Importantly, this study led to the construction of a theory which contained critical knowledge on how Africanisation could be thought of and brought about in the setting. Africanisation was understood as the process of using African philosophies such as 'ubuntu' and communalism to transform the 'creeping' education system, reform the colonial curriculum, renew teacher professionalism, mend communities, and re-humanise the relationships between disabled and non-disabled people. Africanisation also entailed decolonising scholarship and this involved quoting African scholars and exposing their philosophies which had been marginalised by Western scholars.
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Ruiz-Roque, Orlando. "The laws of armed conflict and environmental protection: striking a balance." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26038.
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In this paper we shall consider the existing normative framework of the law of armed conflict, the jus in bello, as it relates to protection of the environment. We will review customary law of aimed conflict and highlight major conventional developments to assess the necessity and feasibility for reform in light of the trend in international environmental law to impose explicit environmental protection obligations on states. The Persian Gulf War of 1991, illustrates the issues presented and the conflicting values inherent in these two branches of international law. The post-war debate raised the questions whether the environment" is adequately protected by existing law from the environmentally destructive potential of modern warfare, or is new conventional law on wartime environmental protection needed.12 Serious consideration of these questions brings the international law-making process to a crossroads as it attempts to accommodate evolving environmental law norms, such as a yet to be defined "right of the environment", with countervailing values encompassed in the laws of armed conflict, which emphasize military necessity despite detriment to the environment
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Singiza, Douglas Karekona. "Exorcising the antiquity spirit of intolerance : possibilities and dilemmas of decriminalising sodomy laws in Uganda." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/5851.
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The general objective of the study is to assess the role of culture and traditions as stumbling blocks in the legal reform that would lead to the decriminalization of same-sex sexual intercourse. Focuses on the sodomy laws in Africa with specific reference to Uganda. Compares the Ugandan and South African legal regimes. Uganda is chosen because it represents one of the African countries where same-sex unions are specifically prohibited by the
Constitution.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof Pierre de Vos of the Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town South Africa.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Zistel, Susanne. "Critical hermeneutics and conflict resolution : an assessment of the transition from conflict to peace in Teso, Uganda, 1986-2000." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1653/.
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Soon after Yoweri Museveni's military seizure of power in Uganda in 1986, an insurgency war broke out in the north-eastern region of Teso. After six years of fighting a resolution was mediated by a number of agents drawn partly from the Museveni government and partly from local, indigenous resources in Teso. Today, despite lingering resentment against Museveni, the Teso insurgency is one of the few rare cases in Africa were a conflict was resolved by peaceful means. Taking a lead from Vivienne Jabri's Discourses on Violence the thesis seeks to situate the emergence and support of the Teso insurgency within the discourse that prevailed in the region at the time. The fighting was enabled by an interpretation of the Museveni government as being hostile to the people of Teso, yet it was also facilitated by a prevailing culture of violence. Understanding what causes an insurgency provides valuable insights into understanding what causes peace. The thesis therefore seeks to situate the emergence and support for peace in discourse. It discusses the different governmental and non-governmental agents that played a role in transforming the 'conflict discourse' into a 'peace discourse'. Reflecting back on the past of the insurgency and looking forward to the future, the thesis places the process of reconciliation in Teso between past and future. The link between past, present and future is also subject to 'hermeneutics'. Hermeneutics signifies the way understanding is accomplished between, for instance, two parties to a conflict. It argues that the reflecting back to the past is conditioned by a particular anticipation of the future, and vice versa. Although providing a valuable framework to analyse the transition from conflict to peace, hermeneutics is problematic in the way it confornts the problem of authenticity, and it also fails to account for power asymmetries which determine the process of understanding. This thesis suggests expanding it to 'critical hermeneutics' as a way of responding to the issues.
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Höra, Niels. "Haftung für fehlerhafte Informationen gegenüber Nichtvertragspartnern /." Frankfurt, M. ; New York, NY : Lang, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989362191/04.
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Lewis, Janet Ingram. "How Rebellion Begins: Insurgent Group Formation and Viability in Uganda." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10615.
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How do armed rebellions begin? Scholars often probe the “origins” and “onset” of internal conflict, but rarely scrutinize how violence initially emerges. This study does so by examining the inception of all rebel groups that formed in Uganda since 1986. It focuses in particular on understanding why only some nascent groups become viable, while others fail too early to make an imprint on the historical record and thus remain omitted from scholarly analyses. By comparing the initial stages of rebellion for groups that become viable with those of groups that fail early, this project offers a rare opportunity to examine how armed conflict begins and how it sometimes ends before large-scale violence occurs. The project highlights the importance of information in the initial trajectories of aspiring rebels. While most existing work envisions rebel initiation as a collective action problem, I posit that in fact insurgencies often begin as small, vulnerable, clandestine groups whose primary challenge is to avoid information leaks to the government. Several arguments at the core of the dissertation follow from this conceptualization of incipient rebellion. First, in weak states – those with minimal institutional penetration and thus minimal monitoring of their territory beyond the capital – barriers to entry for clandestine groups are low and therefore rebel formation will occur more commonly and with less spatial predictability than several dominant theories of conflict initiation suggest. Second, the decisions of civilians who live near newly-formed rebel groups, many of who could provide information about nascent rebels to the government, are critical in determining whether nascent groups survive. Civilians make decisions about whether to provide information to the government about incipient rebels based primarily on information they receive from other civilians; thus, variation in the structure of civilian information networks importantly influences incipient rebels’ chances for becoming viable. By showing a link between ethnicity and information networks, the dissertation advances a new understanding of how ethnicity can influence conflict onset. A third argument calls attention to the importance of domestic intelligence institutions in allowing states to access local information networks, deterring the initiation of new rebel groups.Government
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Williams, Tyne Ashley. "Children as Neglected Agents in Theory and Post-Conflict Reintegration." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78144.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate the current state of literature surrounding childhood and child agency, and how dominant notions of these concepts result in practical implications pertaining to the nature of the participation of former child soldiers in post-conflict reintegration programmes. As the literature and practice surrounding children in post-conflict environments currently stands, there is a recurring preoccupation with traditional notions of childhood which uphold notions of innocence, vulnerability, and dependency, with only minimal attempts to conceptualise child agency as a crucial factor once the guns have been put down. This ultimately results in former child soldiers being dealt with as objects to be secured, as opposed to fully-fledged participants and agents in their own reintegration processes. This research thereby seeks to answer the question: “How would the formulation of a normative framework of child agency alter the orientation of post-conflict reintegration programmes in the future?”
The researcher will engage the matter of child agency in post-conflict reintegration through a critical lens, both in terms of the literary and conceptual foundations contributing towards current narratives, as well as the current state of reintegration programmes as they target former child soldiers in northern Uganda. The qualitative approach of a critical literature review, followed by a critical analysis of the case of northern Uganda, will be employed as the key methods of this research. The literature to be used will be purposively sampled secondary sources. This mini-dissertation upholds the position that, in order for post-conflict reintegration programmes to be successful in their endeavour to reintegrate former child soldiers, children should not be rendered as peripheral actors in these processes. Rather, they should be present as key participatory agents in their own right.Mini Dissertation (MSS)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Political Sciences
MSS
Unrestricted
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Toner, Helen. "Modernising partnership rights in EC family reunification law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273444.
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Geroldinger, Andreas. "Verfahrenskoordination im Europäischen Insolvenzrecht : die Abstimmung von Haupt- und Sekundärinsolvenzverfahren nach der EuInsVO /." Wien : Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung, 2010. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=018948405&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Moubachir, Yasmina. "Impositions et régime fiscal : vers de nouvelles catégories d'impositions /." Paris : LGDJ, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/526770384.pdf.
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Sathanapally, Aruna. "The potential and practice of weak remedies in human rights adjudication : a study of declarations of incompatibility in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547802.
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Le, Péru Alexandre. "Branding and territories : the conflict of applying domestic laws to universal trademarks." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82663.
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The thesis focuses on the branding phenomenon in its relationship with territory. Owners of global brands seek to defend a set of positive associations that goes beyond the concept of trademark per se. In that undertaking, the territorial limitation of trademark rights is perceived as an impediment to a worldwide protection of the branded myth.The thesis analyses the branding phenomenon and the territoriality principle of trademark law. It also depicts the methods currently employed by trademark owners to circumvent national legislations. The thesis supports alternative approaches, which successfully combine branding and territorial values.
Eventually, the conflict of applying domestic law to "universal" trademarks can be solved by an adequate use of the global branding notion and through the establishment or strengthening of relevant regional blocks.
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Lukito, Ratno 1968. "Sacred and secular laws : a study of conflict and resolution in Indonesia." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102778.
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This thesis investigates the history and phenomenon of legal pluralism in Indonesia. The need to explore this topic has been urged by the revival there of Islamic law and adat law, the two greatest non-state normative orderings, in the last two decades. At the same time the ideal of modernity in Indonesia has been characterized by a state-driven effort in the post-colonial era to make the institution of law an inseparable part of national development. The result has been a conception of law as a homogenous system in which the ideology of legal positivism represents the basic tool for lawmaking. This, however, has led to an impasse, seeing that pluralism and multiculturalism are in fact self-evident phenomena in the society. The state has been obliged, therefore, to accommodate these non-state normative orderings.The discussion of Indonesian legal pluralism in this thesis focuses on understanding the state's attitude and behavior towards the three largest legal traditions currently operative in the society, i.e., adat law, Islamic law and civil law. Socio-political factors are shown to have much influenced the relations between state and non-state laws. The state's strategy of accommodation of legal pluralism has in fact largely depended on the extent to which those legal traditions have been able to conform to national ideology. Certain "national legal postulates" have functioned as a yardstick by which the country's legislative and judicial institutions have measured the extent of their accommodation of legal pluralism, although they have had little choice but to do so.
Influenced by Masaji Chiba's theory of "three levels of law" (i.e., official law, unofficial law and legal postulates), this thesis analyzes two aspects of legal pluralism in Indonesia: the political and "conflictual" domains of legal pluralism. The analysis is thus generally based on the state policy of legal pluralism reflected in the legal and political strategies confronting the issue of unofficial laws as well as the conflicts arising from such situations. The first aspect is addressed by looking at a number of statutes and regulations promulgated specifically to deal with Islamic law and adat law, while the second is analyzed in terms of actual cases of private interpersonal law arising from conflict between state and non-state legal traditions, as reflected in legislation and court decisions. From a discussion of these two aspects, the thesis concludes that, although the form of the relations between official and unofficial laws may have changed in conjunction with the socio-political situation of the country, the logic behind legal pluralism has in fact never altered, i.e., to use law as a tool of state modernism. Thus conflicts arising from the encounter between different legal traditions will usually be resolved by means of "national legal postulates," making the unofficial laws more susceptible to the state's domination of legal interpretation and resolution.
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Almawla, Hanan Mohamed. "Moral rights in the conflict-of-laws : alternatives to the copyright qualifications." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8730.
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This thesis examines the intersection between authors' moral rights and conflict-of-laws. The research question has been triggered by two important, interlinked factors. The first is that the currently applicable choice-of-law rules to moral rights are the same as those applicable to copyright. The second concerns the fact that moral rights are different from copyright - both in their nature and in the interest they aim to protect. Since these two factors coincide, it is questionable whether it ought to be the case that moral rights are subjected to the same choice-of-law rules as are applicable to copyright. The thesis therefore aims to discover whether the currently applicable choice-oflaw rules available in the context of moral rights are suitable for achieving the goals and objectives of conflict-of-laws. In the course of this thesis, I evaluate the potential validity of detaching moral rights from copyright in conflict-oflaws and instead attaching it to the characterization model of general personality rights. The research question is mainly addressed from the perspective of Rome I and Rome II Regulations. However, as there is no EU harmonization concerning general personality rights in conflict-of-laws, the examination will be directed towards France and England as examples of civil and common law traditions. Moreover, reference will also be made to CLIP and ALI principles by reason of comparison.
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Hussain, Mohammed Redha. "The treatment of the Gulf States laws in UK courts with specific reference to the rules of conflict of laws." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 1995. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295104.
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李小林. "A comparative study on international cooperation in cross-border bankruptcy matters." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586419.
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Hiser, Karen Louise. "Crop raiding and conflict : farmers' perceptions of human-wildlife interactions in Hoima district, Uganda." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2012. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/428ab6a2-fad5-4301-8bb5-0320a0506d82/1/.
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Conflict between humans and crop raiding wildlife is a growing problem, particularly in tropical, unmechanised farming communities where increased competition for resources intensifies the likelihood of human-wildlife interactions. However, conflict can arise as much from perceptions of risk as actual damage, and perceived and actual degrees of risk do not always match. Hoima District in Uganda reportedly has a long-standing issue of crop raiding. Forest fragments in northern Hoima District support chimpanzees and other primates, and are surrounded by a mosaic of farms. During this study crop damage was monitored in farms next to four forest fragments each week for one year (November 2006 to November 2007), and farmers’ attitudes to crop raiding were explored through interviews and focus groups. Most farms lost less than 1% of their crops, and more than half of farms did not experience crop damage by large vertebrates (primates, porcupine, bush pig and civet). Cattle were responsible for over one third of the total area of damage; more than all other large vertebrates combined. Whilst local people do not consider crop raiding by wildlife to be as severe a risk to crops as disease and weather, conflict with wild animals does exist. Farmers’ attitudes appear less influenced by the area of crop damaged than by the frequency of damage events (real or perceived) and by factors external to crop loss: i) ability to control loss and impacts of loss, ii) a fear of personal safety, iii) labour requirements of managing crops. That farmers’ opinions of crop raiding animals appear to be shaped more by these external factors than by actual levels of crop loss is a likely consequence of the low level of damage present in the study sites. This research illustrates that perceptions of conflict between humans and crop raiding animals should always be examined in tandem with actual losses, and that conflict may persist in areas where little loss occurs. Employment of amelioration techniques must therefore be selected with care, as inappropriate use of these tools risks focusing farmers’ frustrations onto crop raiding activities and exacerbating conditions.
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Saupe, Laura [Verfasser]. "Growing up in times of change: Adolescents in post-conflict northern Uganda / Laura Saupe." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1237048540/34.
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